2019 年 1 月 13 日托福阅读机经
2019年托福阅读考试部分真题答案
2019年托福阅读考试真题答案2019年托福阅读考试真题答案（网友版）1、鸟类是恐龙的后代；2、陨石为什么对地球形成有影响；3、落叶树与长青树；4、讲fish在temperate water和permanent water，然后fun gi在这俩不同环境里对植物的作用，然后为了提高生产农业上的应用；5、一种动物数量减少的三个因素。
人为的物种引进，但是clim ate最显著，让migrate提前；6、讲化学风化和生物风化。
chemistry weathering 跟biolog y weathering，讲rock腐蚀。
有三种过程：水化氧化和碳酸化，化学的有三种：湿度、氧气、钙化物；7、temporary pools，主要说生物在这些pool里的好处，比如说main predator fish没法在那个dry的环境里生存之类的8、碳断代法在北美F考古点的应用。
最初的研究发现人类最早在north American，是F群落，然后研究sample来证明中间出了问题，但是后来reexam的时候证实了，但是后来又discovery了一些spearpoints，发现其实Celvius更早。
是Radio Carbon一个方法分析一个人种的时间，大长段落。
一直以为是很古老的，但是俩人做了research以后发现比它年轻很多，然后有人又做了research证明确实如此；9、在16世纪，欧洲人口增长了大约三分之一。
人口的增长极大地影响了普通欧洲人的生活。
第一阶段的增长有益的，农场的盈余带动了城镇的经济增长。
然而随着人口增多问题也逐渐显现，对政府财政和普通人的生活都造成了严重影响；10、土星pluto’s status；11、蝙蝠定位bats echolocation12、New England农业13、天文，chronites14、动物数量和捕食数量，成功率的关联；15、19世纪美国的文化与艺术。
主要讲美国文学从英国中分离，逐渐演化出国家特色和民族特色，举了很多名人、作家和艺术家的例子；16、一篇讲bat，超声波回声定位，很精准可以捕捉猎物。
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题与答案
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists had determined that nerves ran,essentially,on electricalimpulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such as digestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in thesmall intestine when food enters the stomach,eventually challenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulatesthe release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the productionof different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone.This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to referto secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaning “to excite ”or “to set in motion. ”A hormone is a chemicalproduced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they werecategorized,primarily according to the process by which theyoperated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrinesystem)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Suchglands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily for digestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death.The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track ：They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward a child.Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual ’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At leastone study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heartdisease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots — dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major bloodvessels — will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patientswho are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Becauseof the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affectsnot just physical size but also the digestion of foodand the aging process.Researchers and family physicianstend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases inwhich the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervoussystem (C)affect processes in a different part ofthe body (D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph3 are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→]32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expressesthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficultto measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reachingtheir effects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy tomeasure,but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage isclosest in meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated withgrowth hormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains theprimary goal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce moodswings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of thosehormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormonehas on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body isa complex machine,however,and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systemsinto believing they aren ’ t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions ： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideas that arenot presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for waysto decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only thenervous system but also certain chemicals can affectbodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of bloodclots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading ：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only thenervous system .2)Hormones can affect not only life processes? ..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of .。
2019年1月26日托福机经真题回忆
2019年1月26日托福机经真题回忆托福考试结束之后，很多同学们都在迫不及待的等着看真题回忆。
无忧考网为大家整理了2019年1月26日托福机经真题回忆，希望对还没参加托福考试的同学们有一定的帮助。
【听力】Conversation1.学生问老师什么是overtone2.女生假期结束回学校早上刚到付罚款找回自行车3.修改生物共生关系的论文4.咨询摄影和陶艺课程Lecture1.莫高窟和法国的一个cave里面画作的对比2.18世纪巴洛克时期的画的一些改变3.氮气如何被利用4.狗和狼是同一物种5.一个头上有两个颜色的flight strategy;6.一个女艺术家的创新7.人造树叶能发电8.婴儿的哭和笑的作用9.蝙蝠为什么喜欢聚在一起【口语】T ask 1你觉得以下哪件事更需要勇气?1. 提出和朋友不一样的观点;2. 上课反驳老师;3. 承认自己的错误。
T ask2你会选择下面哪个学校?1. 先学很多课，然后再学专业课的学校。
2. 只学专业课的学校。
T ask3学校要取消news program，学生反驳。
T ask4讲的是commiment 和consistent 原则，教授自己为例，参与环保活动，先签名后捐钱后义工。
T ask5要买家具钱不够，女孩愿意借，或者等发工资。
T ask 6关于农业，vertical farming原因：1.immediate access to people;2.减少资源浪费。
【阅读】1.细胞的捕食，类比了狼群和狮子，不是细胞越大捕食能力越强2.城镇发展和商人的关系3.金星大气。
金星与地球相比，离太阳更近，温度更高，就蒸发水蒸气，温室效应更严重，使金星constantly boiling4.提到了冰川和超级大陆5. 松鼠为什么倾向于多吃白橡果，储存红橡果;6.baby pretending functions;7. 关于Pluto 的一些理论8.蜥蜴如何调节体温9.东罗马西罗马10.火星和地球火山的区别11.化石的形成过程12.明清中国咸盐专卖制度13.flightless鸟类的演进【写作】独立写作(今天独立写作题目貌似特别长，有同学说光读题就用了好几分钟)做完presentation后去identify weaknesses 和improve, 会选择哪种方法:第一种是自己看recording去review，第二种是让同学或者同事来给自己提建议改进技巧。
2019年1月托福真题回忆及解析
2019年1月托福真题回忆及解析【导语】托福考试已经被全球150多个国家超过1万所综合性大学、机构和学员认可，范围包括美国、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰以及整个欧洲和亚洲。
所以托福考试很重要。
为了帮助大家更好的参加备考，无忧考网给大家整理了2019年1月5日、1月12日、1月13日、1月26日的托福真题回忆及解析，欢迎阅读！2019年1月5日托福写作真题回忆INTEGRATED 综合写作海洋里的塑料碎片对环境有很不好的影响阅读：有一种海洋吸尘器（ocean cleanup array）可以收集并清除海洋里的塑料碎片优点 1：成本不高。
因为海洋吸尘器是通过洋流将碎片运到设备中，不像其他清洁设备需要很多能源；优点 2：不会对其他海洋生物产生不利影响。
海洋吸尘器是固定在一个地方的，不会像其他清洁设备用网，就不会伤害到海洋生物；优点 3：塑料碎片可循环利用。
海洋吸尘器收集到的大部分塑料物质可以卖给废品回收站循环再利用。
听力：海洋吸尘器也会有一些问题问题 1：放置在海洋里的设备特别容易被破坏，海洋吸尘器需要频繁的修理，修理的费用较高；问题 2：虽然游动的海洋生物不会有影响，但是浮游生物 plankton 会受到较大影响；问题 3：海洋吸尘器收集到是聚乙烯、聚丙烯等物质的碎片混合在一起的，如想要循环利用的话，需要将它们分离，分离需要花钱。
听力反驳：1.这种石墙没有窗户，没法射击前来攻击的敌人，不能起到防御的作用2.发现的 water tank 可能使得食物腐烂，附近有生活做饭的痕迹，但这种行为可能引发爆炸3.Brochs 有的是单独建造的，有的是以 group 形式存在的，而贵族阶级不可能居住在离村庄很远的地方，同时也不会和其他贵族住在一起INDEPENDENT 独立写作话题类别：同不同意Do you agree or disagree with the statement:Scientific discoveries should be shared globally, and the government should not keep them as e specific details and examples to support your answer.2019年1月5日托福听力真题回忆C1：校园场景学生和管理材料部的，女孩宿舍灯泡坏了想取新的。
托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本：Types of Social GroupsLife places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their ownright. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.Paragraph 1: Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.▉托福TPO13阅读Passage1题目：1. The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ delicate○ elaborate○ private。
月日托福机经
2009年1月10日托福机经1月10日托福机经阅读：第一篇： functionism(忘了是这个词还是functional) culture第一段先举了生物学的例子，这里有题，问为什么要举生物学的例子。
大概就是典型的结构主义思想，每一个器官都是有功能的。
引出文化，文化也一样，不是无缘无故的。
然后给出了两个人的观点。
第一个人的意思是每一个文化主要取决于大众的需要，并且大众的需要分两层，第一是basic demand，衣食住行，第二层是宗教，政治还是什么的。
但是这个理论有缺陷，就是他不能解释为什么每个文化都需要解决基本需求问题，但是文化和文化之间不一样呢。
另一个人的观点是文化是用来消除亲家之间的conflict的，后面记得不是很清楚，不敢乱说了。
最后貌似说了这两个观点都不是完美的第二篇：讲古代人的畜牧史，貌似就是说古代人掌握了动物什么时候来喝水，然后就趁机下手逮动物。
其中两个概念很混乱，breeding和domestication，想死的感觉啊……!记得比较清楚的是说，他们并不是每种动物都养，经过了很多代人的经验，才放弃了一些不好养的动物。
第三篇：美国觉得污染会杀死鱼，于是设立了sanctum，但是在这里面可以捕鱼。
所以造成了过度捕捞，过度捕捞比起污染什么的对鱼的数量下降来说更致命。
鱼随之会变得更少，并且更小。
外界环境也会影响鱼，温度，气候什么的。
鱼类有丰富营养，比如鳗鱼什么的，每年增长速度貌似才5%，但是每年增加的需求量就有15%。
然后说了中国养了很多鱼。
最后说了海藻，海藻繁殖快，营养高，相比之下，农产品生产过程很慢。
日本就养海藻。
加试：电报电话在欧洲和美国的发展，鸟类学说话1月10日托福机经听力：1. 学生放假忘了cancel电话服务，暑假的时候貌似他的宿舍有人住，电话打爆了，她的电话费就奇高无比。
但是她和电话公司签了合同，上面有说了不用要自己cancel的。
最后老师说可以帮助联系下暑假住的学生，但是如果联系不到，那个女生就要自掏电话费了。
2019年1月13日托福机经真题回忆
2019年1月13日托福机经真题回忆【听力】听力Conversation1 男大早晨拖着电脑去computer center修，工作人员说没有预约不能修，给他改到晚上了。
2 问老师表现主义expressionism一些问题，老师举了个舞台剧的例子，后来讲发展还有modern play的不同。
Lecture两个原因导致恐龙灭绝，第一个是行星撞击，第二个是火山爆发，但是教授更同意第二个，因为现有的证据，一些鸟在恐龙灭绝时仍然能够活，说明气候改变是逐步的，并非突然的。
莎士比亚(有同学做到这篇听力吗?听英音的感觉如何?)art history 讲怎么制作玻璃前半部分是制玻璃的两个方法藻类和一种动物的共生关系评析板块构造形成时间的两个理论噪音对海洋生物的危害听力对话和讲座求补充~【口语】口语Task 1你的朋友第一次来你的国家，如果做到有礼貌和受尊敬，你给建议应该做什么不应该做什么Task2版本一：学校设立student hall来休息和做项目，你觉得好不好版本二：学校占据学生的课余时间可不可取Task3学校建立mentorprogram,协助国际生更快的适合学习，形成好的关系。
听力男生同意，他之前刚到的时候花了好长时间去学习一些东西，比如买东西之类的。
第二，不用在线上跟人交谈，能更好的交流Task4chemical disguise 化学伪装。
猎物释放气息迷惑捕猎者，阅读写的是prey为了避开Predator能够absorb chemicalsubstance，听力的例子是starfish吃impel，starfish看不见，只能靠闻觅食，impel吃草，然后starfish靠近的时候impel会让自己闻起来像草，就不会被starfish吃掉了。
Task5男生的sister生了小宝宝，但他驾照丢了，办法一：坐巴士，但今天的巴士已经离开，只能坐明天的，之后又要马上返回，没有太多时间跟家人相处，办法二：等下周新驾照申请好之后再开车回去，但又要等一周，男生cannotwait to see the babyTask6技术影响音乐，录音机发明之前，音乐表演不设限长度，但录音机发明之后，音乐表演有时间限制;录音机发明前，歌手要唱很大声，为了让更多人听到，录音机发明后，歌手能够唱quietsongs，听众能够在家听【阅读】阅读地震测量植物种子的一种成分还是物质日本建筑发展历史非洲农作模式地球大气层和海洋的形成恐龙的灭绝美国实业的发展，举了洛克菲勒的例子蝴蝶效应和世界变暖印第安农业的变化;wool industrial在欧洲的发展;测量地球真正的age;Corel reefslife on Mars【写作】写作独立写作agree or disagree：students are more interested in politics than they werein the past.综合写作考拉数量下降问题阅读栖息地破坏，被分割成一部分一部分了考拉过马路时会发生车祸人们家里有棚栏，考拉爬不过被狗攻击三个解决方案听力反驳在栖息地之间种树，、形成绿化带，协助考拉从一个栖息地转移到另一个栖息地能够在栅栏旁种树让他们爬上去避免被狗伤害，同时在花园里建造round pole让他们爬走逃生。
2019 年 4 月 13 日托福机经
2019年4月13日托福阅读机经1.鸟类栖息地Bird Colonies。
2.新西兰兔。
3.新西兰农场经济Farming New England in Colonial Times。
4.鸟类筑巢。
5.西班牙对印加文化的记录Documenting the Incas6.梯田Terrace7.美国东海岸经济带。
8.动物进化。
19.美索不达米亚和埃及Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlements Patterns10.Spider’s Coloration for Prey,主要关于crab spider捕食，说了蜘蛛的变色，是为了变成和花想配的颜色然后去埋伏去捕食那些蜜蜂的，但它的变色更多是为了猎物而不是为了躲避捕食者。
11.关于狼群回归生态系统12.尼罗河Nile Floods13.飞蛾的形成The moth diversity14.欧洲两次工业革命15.整篇主要说一个地区的人民是靠什么为生的，本来说是主要靠种玉米吃玉米，但是一些专家不认为这样，认为玉米只是占一小部分，还有很多别的食物来源。
16.两河流域不同的地理环境导致了文化等的不同。
217.The dawn of life生命起源讲18.19世纪欧洲经济Economic Changes in Late-Nineteenth-Century Europe19.Understanding the Construction of the Egyptian Pyramids金字塔看作一部分high-ranking可以获得永生的象征20.Early Farming in the Colorado Plateau21.新西兰农场经济32019年4月13日托福听力机经Conversation1.男生与女生交流宿舍舍友关系，以及商量排球比赛，提供场地等问题。
2.学生问宿管她妹妹来能不能拿到guest pass；3.学生说了primary资料和second资料，然后说他要做一个关于欧洲德国的迁移研究，老师说你用primary数据要注意；4.一个男学生有些一首诗，教授说他教不了因为他只会分析，给了两个建议(1)上一个教授的课。
2019 年 1 月 5 日托福机经
2019年1月5日托福阅读机经1.一种树为什么生长范围这么广，受益于同时开花结果，还有一种菌类的帮助2.火灾有利于森林的物质更替，火灾有利于森林生物，在分解死去树木中的营养物质方面，火灾比自然分解要快很多，这些营养可以被活的植物再次利用；后面举例说明美国黄石国家公园在1988年着火，让部分之前消失的物种重新出现。
3.1968年世界动荡：战后生活平静知识分子阶层人数变多，不满意于上一代统治现状，大家对自由的呼声更高，反对集权统治，要求自由平等，二是因为媒体的力量。
这些动乱给大学、宗教、社会等带来了很多变革4.地球表面的形成，从太阳系形成说起，尘埃到行星幼体，推翻以前的理论5.Costs and Benefits of Dispersal:讲动物的dispersal female比male移动的少因为有male competition，分别列举了松鼠跟狮子。
6.梯田耕种17.Agriculture in Medieval Japan:日本的农业发展：某模式，既最大程度利用了耕种土地，又最大化了产量和产率，很少的土地就能养活一家人。
8.美国人相较于其他发达国家居民更频繁换工作9.导致冰河世纪末期大型哺乳动物灭绝的原因假说10.地球大气层的替换与氧气的生成11.古代states建立条件和灭亡的原因12.动物适应更恶劣环境袋鼠和北美蟾蜍适应环境的不同方法13.威尼斯的建筑借鉴了东方例如埃及的建筑特点，威尼斯经济中心给建筑带来的影响14.海洋的形成，通过研究地球轨道orbit运动，太阳活动的变化去猜测海洋的形成，最终得出结论地球海洋形成是慢慢演变的215.科学家通过研究北冰洋冰架核，通过研究火山，判断过去全球气候16.某些文明collapse的原因也是其兴起的原因，或者涉及forest depletion、saltiness、yellow fever。
17.glacier的motion移动的原因包括interior和升温。
2019年托福阅读试题及答案(卷二)
2019年托福阅读试题及答案（卷二）【待插入句子】Indeed, at the height of Athenian democracy there was no government separate from its citizenry.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square to add the sentence to the passage.【待插入段落】During the fifth century B. C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people," the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.1.首先公布答案：3rd square;2.然后我们来看一下待插入的句子：Indeed表示强调，翻译成“确实”;at the height of…在...的巅峰;还有一个there was no…用否定来表示强调：没有政府是跟全体市民分隔开的，言外之意就是说雅典的民主程度非常之高。
2019托福阅读考试试卷真题和答案(10页)
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencinga severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’spotential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves ofcoal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat.By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’spotential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling incircles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763：Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The useof powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helpediron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting ofpig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 inthe 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the Britishiron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production wasonly 17：000 tons, but by 1844： with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, ithadincreased to 3,000：000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexportedto other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually becameinsufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT：A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inv entionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy： its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendouslyimp ortant. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed withiron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appe tite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
2019年1月26日托福机经
2019年1月26日托福阅读机经1.Towns in the High Middle Ages第一段说在一个时间的欧洲，lord控制者土地和经济，但是这个时候towns确实是存在的，它和villages的区别不在于居民人数的多少，而在于其他的方面。
第二段说towns的几个特征，首先人口密度大，labor diversity，periodic market based on many instead of barter，贸易收入在总收入中占有一定的比例。
再有就是有个特征说了一大段，大概意思是village可能有也可能没有这个特征，但是towns一定有。
但是不能作为区分towns和village的依据，此外，除了这些，还有一些建筑物，这些建筑物不一定全有，但肯定是有一些。
第三段一些学者补充他们的不同点。
例如xx system，严格的civil laws反正就是挺正式的一些特点。
第四段说到了towns的发展扩大，分为北欧和南欧。
北欧就是很正常的数量变多城市扩大，但是在南欧，towns的数量并没有增加，总体人数的增加来源于有移民搬去了就的聚集地。
第五段说towns的经济发展，说了lord control了一个地区但是并不住在这个区域，所以就造成了一个现象，也是分了北欧南欧来说，在北欧有三足鼎立有点相互制约的感觉，记不清是不是说lord没什么话语权。
但是在南欧，虽然也是三足鼎立，可是lord还是有一定的话语权的，权利也是逐渐地向其他组织转移。
122.The Chaco Phenomenon大约11世纪的时候，在某个canyon出现了大量的great houses，后来停止了建造，然后在13世纪的时候被遗弃了。
建造这种house很费木材和人力，需要collective work。
它所在的位置如今是很干很恶劣的地方，于是17世纪的人们推测这个地方是从前是个绿洲，不然的话人们是不会过来盖房子的。
后来因为过度砍伐导致生态环境严重恶化所以被遗弃。
2019年01月12日托福写作机经预测
2019年01月12日托福写作机经预测综合写作小范围预测综合写作1编号：W1-20181216题目：讨论腓尼基人有没有航行到欧洲过。
阅读Phoenicians had not been sent to sail around the Africa.1.船及设备太简陋，跑不了SP么远（simple technology）。
2.埃及统治者对航海没有兴趣国王也没有理由去雇佣sailors,3.这可能就是一个故事，因为当时有了sea monster和magical islands听力：Phoenicians的确sail到过欧洲。
1.尽管当时的船跟simple,但是后来有科#家仿造了他们的船，并用这个船到达了非洲。
2.虽然其他埃及统治者不感兴趣，但是N二世和别的帝王不一样，他喜欢water trading ,他能派人去find new trading patterns。
3.有很多确定的细节，比如确定的日子，天气，如果是编造的，不可能如此详细。
高分思路1.human is not such a perfect animal so it must possess certain flaws, some of which are resistant to be corrected2.the generation in this time has changed to be much lazier due to the highly-developed modern technology3.the problem including desertification and global warming is a world issue预测综合写作2编号：W1-20181125题目：消灭缅甸蟒在佛罗里达沼泽地肆虐的三个方法阅读：有三种方法消灭缅甸蟒。
1.放狗去找到它们，人再去把它们铲除2.设置一些笼子和诱饵3.给hunters bounty 鼓励他们抓蛇听力：三种方法各有其弊端。
新托福阅读机经分类
新托福阅读机经分类阅读1.caveart洞穴壁画：主要谈西欧的壁画内容，为什么画动物，相同的壁画代表了相同猎手对相同猎物德向往等加了一堆理论。
非洲和欧洲的caveart都存有28000年的历史（此处有题，问欧洲caveart的历史）。
caveart的边线有时很难确认，所以专家猜测是因为这部分art存有religiouspurpose（此处有题，问专家为什么说道存有religiouspurpose）。
对于caveart中广泛以动物为主题，也存有许多相同猜测（这句话发生在最后的summary题里），存有一个猜测就是increasetheluckofhunting，这种猜测可以被animal身上的chip证明（这里也存有题，问chip的促进作用），但是，话锋一转，说道实际上大多数动物身上并没chip，因此主要目的也许不是increasetheluckofhunting，而是在theendof…（某个时代）的时候因为动物数量增加，通过画动物去保佑自然界中动物数量能激增（这儿也存有题）。
另外一个表述就是caveart尽量避免画人，因为画人被指出可以减少人丧生的可能性。
有些动物更多地发生在caveart中，如horse，（除了三四种想不起来了），是因为1.theyprovidemeatandmaterial，2.它们size小，人们害怕它们，并且它们的犯罪行为难以掌控。
另外一些动物，例如鹿不常被图画至，是因为它们用处并不大。
（关于选哪种动物的原因，也存有题，就是个negativeinformation题）3.美国舞蹈家loiefuller（富勒）：她为一颇盛个性的艺术家，尤其讨厌尝试各种恶搞自然现象的表现形式和采用各种代莱舞台技术。
其与许多艺术家、科学家（居里夫妇）存有交流合作。
在法国创立了自己的女性剧团和舞蹈学校，但在其去世前就已复办。
4.皮亚杰（jeanpiaget）对美国教育界的影响：说道了他的一个理论，有关scheme的。
1月12日托福阅读真题解析
2013年1月12日托福阅读真题解析第一篇植物开花与日照的关系【机经回忆】什么因素影响花期植物通过感受不同光照事件长短，决定播种，科学家通过对叶子遮光处理，分为三种：不受光影响，长日照和短日照，检测植物的信号。
但是最后还是没有收获，但是日照长短对植物的影响是明显的【重点词汇解析】sunlight 日光long-day 长日照short day 短日照plant 植物seed 种子signal 信号obvious 明显的【机经解析】光照长短对植物生长的影响Light duration or photoperiod refers to the amount of time that a plant is exposed to sunlight. When the concept of photoperiod was first recognized it was thought that the length of periods of light triggered flowering. The various categories of response were named according to the light length (i.e., short-day and long-day). It was then discovered that it is not the length of the light period butthe length of uninterrupted dark periods that is critical to floral development. The ability of many plants to flower is controlled by photoperiod.Plants can be classified into three categories, depending upon their flowering response to the duration of darkness. These are short-day, long-day, or day-neutral plants. Short-day, (long nights) plants form their flowers only when the day length is less than about 12 hours in duration. Short-day plants include many spring and fall flowering plants such as chrysanthemum and poinsettia. Long-day, (short nights) plants form flowers only when day lengths exceed 12 hours. They include almost all of the summer-flowering plants, as well as many vegetables including beet, radish, lettuce, spinach, and potato. Day-neutral plants form flowers regardless of day length. Some plants do not really fit into any category but may be responsive to combinations of day lengths. The petunia will flower regardless of day length, but flowers earlier and more profusely under long daylight. Since chrysanthemums flower under the short-day conditions of spring or fall the method for manipulating the plant into experiencing short days is very simple. If long days are predominant, a black plastic sheet is drawn over the chrysanthemum for 12 hours daily to block out light until flower buds are initiated. To bring a long-day plant into flower when sunlight is not present longer than 12 hours artificial light is added until flower buds are initiated.Light DurationLight duration refers to the amount of time that a plant is exposed to sunlight. Travelers to Alaska often marvel at the giant vegetables and flowers that growunder the long days of the arctic sun even with cool temperaturesWhen starting transplants indoors, generally give plants 12 to 14 hours of light per day. Plant are generally intolerant of continuous light for 24 hours PhotoperiodThe flowering response of many plants is controlled by the photoperiod (the length of uninterrupted darkness). Photoperiod response can be divided into three types.Short day plants flower in response to long periods of night darkness. Examples include poinsettias, Christmas cactus, chrysanthemums, and single-crop strawberrieLong day plants flower in response to short periods of night darkness. Examples include onions and spinachDay neutral plants flower without regard to the length of the night, but typically flower earlier and more profusely under long daylight regimes. Day neutral strawberries provide summer long harvesting (except during heat extremes)光照长短对花期的形成和长短的影响Bougainvillea plants were exposed to artificially reduced light intensity to capture different Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), 0% (direct sunlight), 30, 50 and 75% shading and to observe the effects of shading on flower formation and longevity, leaf chlorophyll and sugar content and quality of plants. Plant attained the greatest leaf size with maximum branching when seedlings weregrown in 30 and 50% shading, whereas 0% shading showed the lowest value. Growth parameters related to the plant characteristics such as branch initiation, branch growth and potassium content increased under high shading treatments. Plants exposed to 0% shade showed the highest sugar content and the sugar content decreased by increasing shading. The low light intensity that results in decreased sugar and chlorophyll contents may be attributed to the reduction of flower initiation and in turn to the acceleration of flower abscission. In addition, more than 30% shading led to stop up flower initiation completely. Hence, it is suggested that 0% shading can be applied to maintain frequent flower initiation and flower longevity.第二篇英国农业的发展【机经回忆】这篇阅读讲英国农业如何在欧洲其他各国的农业**之前独自发展至小康水平。
2019年1月13日托福听力加阅读真题回忆及解析
2019年1月13日托福听力加阅读真题回忆及解析为了帮助大家备考托福，小编为大家整理了2019年1月31日托福听力真题解析回忆，在托福考试中仍旧会出现以往的旧题，本次的真题及解析希望能给备听力考试的同学们带来帮助~在此小编祝考生们都能取得优异的成绩，考取理想的院校!2019年1月13日托福听力真题回忆及解析Conversation 1话题分类：男性和工作人员内容回忆：一位男性早晨去维修电脑，因为没有预约，所以被维修中心工作人员告知不能维修。
工作人员帮他预约了晚上的维修时间。
Lecture 1学科分类：考古学标题：恐龙灭绝的原因内容：目前对于恐龙的灭绝原因有两个说法：1.小行星撞击;2.火山爆发。
教授更赞同火山爆发，因为目前现有的证据表明，一些鸟类在恐龙灭绝的时候，仍然可以存活，说明气候的变化不是突然性的，而是渐渐改变的。
Lecture 2学科分类：艺术史标题：玻璃的制作方法内容：前半部分讲玻璃有两个制作方法，其中一个方法费时间;人们用玻璃容器储存食物的原因是玻璃不会影响食物的味道。
后半部分讲有一个人改进了上面制作方法的缺点，还会把自己的名字留在器皿的底部，既为了商业原因，也是为了遵循艺术传统。
Conversation 2话题分类：学生和教授内容回忆：学生向老师请假expressionism的一些问题。
老师举了舞台剧的例子，并延续下去讲了发展的过程，还有modern play现代戏剧的区别。
Lecture 3学科分类：Archaeology标题：板块构造内容：分别分析了板块构造关于时间的两个理论。
一种是late，—种是early。
教授不太同意late的那一种理论。
Lecture 4学科分类：环境学标题：人类船舶对海洋的影响内容：海洋中的船舶在航行中会产生噪音，因此会对在海洋里生活的海洋生物造成影响。
2019年1月13日托福阅读真题回忆及解析Passage One学科分类：商业类题目：the consolidation of the early corporations内容回忆：主要讲公司的发展，并购，合并，垄断。
2019年托福阅读试题及答案(卷一)
2019年托福阅读试题及答案（卷一）托福阅读文本：Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneursincreased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations inmanufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average percapita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year —30 percent over the course of a generation.Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods,since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs —even without technological improvements —had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient bydistributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of theproduction process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expandedthe scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according tothe amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles bywage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previouslyjourneymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer apowerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However,it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even moreimportant new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines andassembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 theprolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour milldriven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into。
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2019年1月13日托福阅读机经1.Measuring Earthquake Size地震的测量。
2.Architectural Change in Eighth-Century Japan日本建筑发展历史。
3.life on Mars火星有无生命。
史前动物的大量减少可能是甶于全球气温升高导致的。
第一段是说这个动物在50000年之前有记录，然后在10000年之前之后就没有看到相关的记录了。
第二段说，这个动物必须要在环境很好的地方生孩子并且会迁移到食物丰富的地方，然后气温上升导致了这个动物吃的植物在他们迁移之前就已经开完了花结完了果实，所以它们就没有吃的了。
然后另一个原因是它们迁移去到的地方，甶于温度升高导致有很多的飞虫，这些飞虫会在这个动物身上产卵最终导致动物死亡。
最后一个原因是因为人类的捕杀，因为有证据史前人类很好知道了这个动物会躲在哪里。
4.India农业发展和影响。
5.海底壁画。
在海里发现岩洞里面有壁画，有一个是auk。
科学家进而研究岩洞为什么在水里，发现画是两个时期画的，第一个时期是2700年以前，画了auk的一部分（具体记不清哪部分了）剩余的部分和其他动物是第二个时期画的，在1800-1900年以前，这时候冰川后期，大部分水被冻成冰所以海平面比现在低750(单位不记得）也就是说当时岩洞是高于海平面的。
80%的话都是有箭和矛，这也就代表着当时人们画这些动物可能是因为它们的value，auk虽然是很好的sea diver但是它在陆地上很笨拙因此更容易被捕获，所以1800年后开始灭绝1了。
（时间不确定）后面讲了一个地方的人value auk用它的fat烧油什么的，就是它对人的用处。
6.关于ants的。
7.The Extinction of the Dinosaurs恐龙灭绝。
8.Wool Industry in Fifteenth-Century Europe;羊毛产业在欧洲的发展:欧洲15世纪的羊毛产业。
由城市发展到农村，由城市发展到农村的原因是城市的手工业被类似行业协会的组织控制价格，而农村不受控制，所以价格较低，于是商人进入农村收购产品。
采用承包生产机制，提到了西班牙。
十五世纪变成了羊毛主要出口国，西班牙大量出口羊到意大利和英国，英国变成了主要进口国，英国进行成品加工。
然后英国因为水车的原因布匹处理速度很大提升，要把各种东西打在布匹上使布匹软化的工序原来需要很多人，有了水车后一个人就能搞定了。
然后由于伦敦靠海，布匹产量大，使得贸易很方便，伦敦人口越来越多也更加繁华了。
新型生产模式使得新公司大量涌入市场，老公司觉得破坏了原有生产模式。
部分北欧政府限制老公司的资源，以更好的保护员工等。
9.Attempts at Determining Earth’s Age测量地球真正的age。
210.Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs：珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人)11.地球大气层和海洋的形成。
12.植物种子的一种成分还是物质。
13.Consolidated Industry in the United States，美国实业的发展，有洛克菲勒的例子。
14.通过研究butterfly来证明global warming对animal的影响15.Early Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa：第一段：讲到公元前10000年前，在AfHca的农业发展，人们开始用roots和tree crops种植作物（有题，问early food production,选非洲部分地区用root种植作物）撒哈拉南部是种cereal crops。
第二段：大概5000后，撒哈拉沙漠干涸，游牧民族南迀到顧師苏丹，然后是2000年后埃及文明在尼罗河附件开始形成，他们最终定居在东非的highlands,那里适宜游牧。
（有题，问Sahara区域的developments不包括，选inhabitants放弃游牧）这些游牧民族枯雨期狩猎，丰水期耕种（有题，问游牧民族的特征，选不同的food sources)第三段：但是养牲口的要求很高，每天要饮水，要大面积的草场，所以如何挑选草场很重要，因为季节对于草的长势影响很大，且即便是少量放牧，也要求有广袤的草场，所以，人们必须长期游牧，且需要在没有某种办的区域，因为这种办会带来sleeping sickness(有题，问什么fly 导34致什么，选往南，没有这种fly的地方放牧)。
（有题，问raising cattle的difficulty不包括，选在south会suffer from sleeping sickness)第四段：人们也不光游牧，还农耕，然后举了个撒哈拉放牧人的例子，所以农业开始发展起来，farming的人口越来越多，人们还发明了shifting agriculture,解释了下原理和好处(有题，问shifting agriculture的好处，选对equipment要求低）第五段：shiftingagriculture这种方法的使用并不是偶然的，因为在选择合适的土地的时候，需要合理判断土壤fertility,农耕效率等等问题，然后这种方法就火速传开了（有题，问这种农耕方法的描述，选careful selection spread)(有题，问shifting agriculture的好处，选对equipment要求低）第五段：shifting agriculture 这种方法的使用并不是偶然的，因为在选择合适的土地的时候，需要合理判断土壤fertility,农耕效率等等问题，然后这种方法就火速传开了（有题，问这种农耕方法的描述，选careful selection和spread)16.The Spread of Farming and Pastoralism in Africa：第一段，之前人们主要靠hunting和gathering维生，stone age开始人们开始planting, domesticating animals。
第二段，在农业方面，人们最开始只是去保护一些野生植物，只有当人们开始种植一些适应能力强的植物，真正的种植才开始。
畜养动物也是一样，人们最开始保护一些野生动物，后来开始真正驯养。
第三段，种植使得人们的生活更加稳定，种植后的作物也可以提供额外的食物，可以供养孩子，另外孩子多劳动力也就多了。
第四段，生活稳定后，人们就会建造更多固定的住所，比如会造石屋。
这使得工具种类越来越多，也衍生出来一些不参与到农业中的职业，比如牧师。
另外人们还制造出来各种pottery，对目前的考古学相当重要。
第五段，农业的改变产生了比较重大的社会影响。
社群中人们需要更好的合作协调。
第六段，农业发展也带来的不好的方面，使得贫富差距更加大，那些控制生产的人更加富有。
农业发展不仅对农业有好处，对于herding也有好处。
牛可以产牛奶，自然灾害时还可以作为肉吃，而且迁徙过程中，动物还可以carry things around。
5 17.agriculture and its consequences讲了从hunter-gatherer到domestication的转变18.动物灭绝：史前动物的大量减少可能是甶于全球气温升高导致的。
第一段是说这个动物在50000年之前有记录，然后在10000年之前之后就没有看到相关的记录了。
第二段说，这个动物必须要在环境很好的地方生孩子并且会迁移到食物丰富的地方，然后气温上升导致了这个动物吃的植物在他们迁移之前就已经开完了花结完了果实，所以它们就没有吃的了。
然后另一个原因是它们迁移去到的地方，甶于温度升高导致有很多的飞虫，这些飞虫会在这个动物身上产卵最终导致动物死亡。
最后一个原因是因为人类的捕杀，因为有证据史前人类很好知道了这个动物会躲在哪里。
2019年1月13日托福听力机经conversation1.男大早晨拖着电脑去computer center修，工作人员说没有预约不能修，给他改到晚上了。
2.学生找老师问关于剧院的一个延展课题，问老师expressionism一些问题，老师举了个舞台剧的例子，后来讲发展还有modern play的不同。
3.学生去找学校的交通管理部门询问停车场的问题，学生不想去北区停车因为他经常半夜回来所以不方便，想申请一个地儿，工作人员说你的理由可以，但是被接受的机会很小。
4.hip-hop文化的发展Lecture1.两个原因导致恐龙灭绝，第一个是行星撞击；第二个是火山爆发。
但是教授更同意第二个，因为现有的证据，一些鸟在恐龙灭绝时仍然可以活，说明气候改变是逐步的，并非突然的。
62.考古学：研究一个U文明；关于亚马逊热带雨林是否存在过community3.藻类和一种动物的共生关系。
4.讲的是art history讲怎么制作玻璃前半部分是制玻璃的两个方法有个方法费时间还有个缺点人们为什么用玻璃因为玻璃保存食物不会变味道后半部分讲一个人改进了这个方法并且把他的签名sign到玻璃上为了business还是为了art tradition。
5.关于文艺复兴的。
6.评析板块构造形成时间的两个理论。
7.噪音对海洋生物的危害。
8.讲莎士比亚的。
如何确定作品的作者。
采用一种科学软件，用catalog汇总作者遣词造句的习惯，和莎士比亚的其他作品进行比对，发现三种备选的作者里最符合莎士比亚其他作品的风格。
但是这种方法无法判断合作完成的作品。
79.天文学讲远距离航行的三种保护措施10.到爱因斯坦的理论，谈论了接近光速会怎么样，举了spaceship里的人会怎么样的例子。
82019年1月13日托福口语机经Task1你的朋友第一次来你的国家，如果做到有礼貌和受尊敬，你给建议应该做什么，不应该做什么。
Task2学校设立study hall来休息和做项目，你觉得好不好？Task3学校建立mentor帮助国际生适应环境；男的觉得很好，1)自身在意大利的经历没有帮助，很不方便；2)练习意大利语，可以更好地进行交流Task4化学伪装，chemical disguise猎物释放气息迷惑捕猎者.例子：海星看不见，只能靠嗅觉觅食。
有一种海星的猎食对象可以通过吃草让自身的味道闻起来像草，不像海星会吃的食物的味道，从而躲避海星的捕猎。
9Task5男生的sister生了小宝宝，但他驾照丢了，办法一：坐巴士，但今天的巴士已经离开，只能坐明天的，之后又要马上返回，没有太多时间跟家人相处；办法二：等下周新驾照申请好之后再开车回去，但又要等一周，男生cannot wait to seethe baby。
Task6technology影响music，第一：录音机发明之前，音乐表演不设限长度，但录音机发明之后，音乐表演有timelimit，比如控制在3min；第二：录音机发明前，歌手要唱很大声，为了让更多人听到，录音机发明后，歌手可以唱quiet songs，听众可以在家听。