工程管理专业英语翻译(第二版)徐勇戈
(完整word版)工程管理专业英语徐勇戈课-第二版-后答案
专业英语Unit1第一题1.设计/施工过程Design and construction process2。
房地产开发商Real estate developer3。
投机性住宅市场Speculative housing market4。
项目管理Project management5。
项目全寿命期Project life cycle6。
项目范围Scope of a project/project scope7.专业化服务Professional services8.重大基础项目建设Construction of major infrastructure projects9。
住宅类房屋建设Residential housing construction10.办公和商业用房建设office and commercial building construction11.专业化工业项目建设Specialized industrial projects construction12。
专业咨询师Professional consultants13.总承包商Original contractor14.价值工程value engineering15。
竞争性招标Competitive bidding16.建筑和工程设计公司Architectural and engineering design company17.运营与维护管理operation and maintenance18.设计/施工公司design and construction company19.分包商subcontractor20.设施管理facility management第一章1、从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。
2、项目范围界定后,详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。
工程管理专业英语徐勇戈课-第二版-后答案精编版
专业英语Unit1第一题1.设计/施工过程Design and construction process2.房地产开发商Real estate developer3.投机性住宅市场Speculative housing market4.项目管理Project management5.项目全寿命期Project life cycle6.项目范围Scope of a project/project scope7.专业化服务Professional services8.重大基础项目建设Construction of major infrastructure projects9.住宅类房屋建设Residential housing construction10.办公和商业用房建设office and commercial building construction11.专业化工业项目建设Specialized industrial projects construction12.专业咨询师Professional consultants13.总承包商Original contractor14.价值工程value engineering15.竞争性招标Competitive bidding16.建筑和工程设计公司Architectural and engineering design company17.运营与维护管理operation and maintenance18.设计/施工公司design and construction company19.分包商subcontractor20.设施管理facility management第一章1、从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。
2、项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。
工程管理专业英语第二版第四章课后答案
目录1、本细则编写依据2、专业工程特点3、监理工作的流程如下：4、监理工作的方法5、监理土建质量控制目标、控制要点及措施5.1 钢筋工程监理要点及措施5.2 模板工程监理要点及措施5.3 砼浇筑工程监理要点及措施5.4 大体积砼施工监理要点及措施5.5、深基坑支护监控要点5.6 地下室工程监理工程要点5.7 砌体工程监理要点及措施楼地面工程监理要点及措施5.8 建筑装饰装修工程监控要点5.8.1 材料5.8.2 施工5.8.3 抹灰工程5.8.4 吊顶工程5.8.5 轻质隔墙工程5.8.6 饰面板（砖）工程5.9 屋面工程监控要点土建工程监理实施细则1、本细则编写依据1.1工程建设方面的法律、法规1.1.1《中华人民共和国建筑法》1.1.2《建设工程质量管例条例》1.1.3《建设工程安全生产管理条例》1.1.4《中华人民共和国合同法》1.2 部分有关技术标准1.2.1.1《建设工程监理规范》GB/T50319-2013；1.2.1.2《建筑工程施工质量验收统一标准》GB50300-2001；1.2.1.3《建筑地基基础工程施工质量验收规范》GB50202-2002；1.2.1.4《建筑地面工程施工质量验收规范》GB50209-2002；；1.2.1.5《建筑装饰装修工程质量验收规范》GB50210-2001;1.2.1.6《砌体工程施工质量验收规范》GB50203-2002；1.2.1.7《钢筋焊接及验收规范》JGJ18-2003；1.2.1.8《混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB50204-2002；1.2.1.9《屋面工程质量验收规范》GB50207-2002；2、专业工程特点1.1建筑层数：本建筑物地下室为两层，地上一栋为20层楼，为18层写字楼，裙房为2层。
1.2.建筑高度：为81.9m；1.3.结构特征：本工程是一个集商业、办公为一体的高层建筑,结构体系为钢筋混凝土框架－剪力墙核心筒基本是剪力墙。
工程管理专业英语全文翻译
Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。
工程管理专业英语翻译
工程管理专业英语翻译Chapter 2 Organizing for Project Management 2.1What is Project Management?The management of construction projects knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction process. Construction projects have a specific set of objectives and constraints such as a required time frame for completion. While the relevant technology, institutional arrangements or processes will differ, the management of such projects has mush in common with the management of similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace，pharmaceutical and energy developments.[1] Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project [2]. A project organization will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. According to the Project Management Institute, the discipline of project management can be defined as follows [3]:Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assumes a broader outlook with greater continuity of operations[4].Nevertheless, there are sufficient similarities as well as difference between the two so that modern management techniques developed for general management may be adapted for project management.The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figue2-1. A working knowledge of general management and familiarity with the special knowledge domain related to the project are indispensable. Supporting disciplines such as computer science and decision science may also play an important role. In fact, modern management practices and various special knowledge domains have absorbed various techniques or tools which were once identified only with the supporting discipline [5]. For example, computer-based information systems and decision support systems are nom common-place tools for general management. Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear programming and network analysis are now widely used in many knowledge or application domains[6]. Hence, the representation in Figure 2-1 reflects only the sources from which the project management framework evolves.Figure 2-1 Basic Ingredients in Project ManagementSpecifically, project management in construction encomprasses a set of objectives which may be accomplished by implementing a series of operations subject to resource constraints [7].There arePotential conflicts between the stated objectives with regard to scope, cost, time and quality, and the constraints imposed on human, material and financial resources. These conflicts should be resolved at the onset of a project by making the necessary tradeoffs or creating new alternatives.Subsequently, the function of project management for construction generally include the following1.Specification of project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants.2.Maximization of efficient resource utilization through procurement of labor,materials and equipment according to the prescribed schedule and plan[8].3.Implementation of various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process [9].4.Development of effective communication and mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various participants.The Project management Institute focuses on nine distinct areas requiring project management knowledge and attention:1.Project integration management to ensure that the various project elements areeffectively coordinated.2. Project scope management to ensure that all the work required(and only the required work ) is included.3. Project time management to provide an effective project schedule .4. Project cost management to identify needed resources and maintain budget control .5. Project quality management tu ensure functional requirements are met .6. Project human resource management to development and effectively employ project personnel .7. Project communications management to ensure effective internal and external communications .8. Project risk management to analyze and mitigate potential risks .9. Project procurement management to obtain necessary resources from external sources .These nine areas form the basis of the Project Management Institute’s certification program for project managers in any industry .Wordsdomain 领域aerospace 航天pharmaceutical 医药的distinguish 区别，区分mission-oriented 以目标（任务）为导向的predetermined 预定的continuity 连续的ingredient 组成部分，成分indispensable 不可或缺的framework 框架，构架discipline 纪律scope 范围common-place 常见的linear programming 线性规划onset 开始trade off 均衡，权衡schedule 进度delineation 叙述，说明maximization 最大化utilization 使用communication 沟通integration 综合，整合certification 认证Notes[1] in common with 指“有共同之处”。
建筑工程管理专业英语
建筑工程管理专业英语Building Engineering Management Professional EnglishIntroductionBuilding engineering management is a specialized field that combines both engineering principles and management concepts to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of construction projects. As the construction industry becomes increasingly globalized, proficiency in English has become an essential skill for professionals in this field. This article aims to explore key vocabulary, concepts, and skills related to building engineering management in English.1. Fundamentals of Building Engineering ManagementBuilding engineering management involves planning, coordinating, and overseeing construction projects to ensure they are completed on time, within budget, and according to quality standards. This requires a comprehensive understanding of various aspects, including project management, cost estimation, risk assessment, and legal regulations.2. Project Management in Building EngineeringEffective project management is crucial for the success of any construction project. This involves defining project objectives, setting timelines, allocating resources, and monitoring progress. Key project management vocabulary includes:- Project scope: The specific goals, deliverables, and tasks of a construction project.- Work breakdown structure (WBS): A hierarchical breakdown of tasks and activities needed to complete the project.- Critical path: The sequence of activities that determine the project's shortest duration.- Gantt chart: A visual representation of project tasks, timelines, and dependencies.3. Cost Estimation and BudgetingAccurate cost estimation and budgeting are essential to ensure financial viability and prevent cost overruns in construction projects. Understanding the following vocabulary is important:- Quantity takeoff: Determining the exact quantities of materials and labor required for the project.- Cost breakdown structure: Categorizing project costs into specific components (e.g., materials, labor, equipment).- Contingency funds: Additional budget allocated for unforeseen circumstances or risks.4. Risk Assessment and Quality ControlIdentifying and managing risks is crucial to minimize potential disruptions and ensure project quality. Key concepts include:- Risk assessment: Identifying potential risks and their impact on project objectives.- Risk mitigation: Implementing strategies to reduce the likelihood and impact of identified risks.- Quality control: Ensuring that construction activities and materials meet specified standards and regulations.5. Legal and Regulatory ConsiderationsCompliance with legal and regulatory requirements is vital to avoid legal disputes and ensure a project's success. A few key legal aspects include:- Building codes: Regulations governing the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings.- Permits and licenses: Official approvals required for specific construction activities.- Contractual agreements: Legal agreements between stakeholders, including contractors, suppliers, and clients.ConclusionProficiency in English is increasingly important for professionals in building engineering management. With a solid foundation in key vocabulary, concepts, and skills, individuals in this field can effectively communicate, manage projects, estimate costs, assess risks, and ensure compliance with legal requirements. Continued learning and practice of English in the context of building engineering management will undoubtedly enhance career prospects in the global construction industry.。
工程管理专业英语翻译
1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction.用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间2.In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。
3.This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process.在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法5.In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。
工程管理专业英语第二版
Professional English for Construction Management
主编：徐勇戈
Contents (continued)
Chapter 8 Construction Planning Chapter 9 Time Control for Construction Projects Chapter 10 Cost Control for Construction Projects
Unit 1 The Owner’s Perspective
1.1 The Project Life Cycle
Since an owner is essentially acquiring a facility on a promise in some form of agreement, it will be wise for any owner to have a clear understanding of the acquisition process in order to maintain firm control of the quality, timeliness and cost of the completed facility.
Owners must recognize that there is no single best approach in organizing project management throughout a project's life cycle. All organizational approaches have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the knowledge of the owner in construction management as well as the type, size and location of the project.
工程管理专业英语总结
工程管理专业英语总结引言工程管理是一个广泛应用于建筑、工程和项目领域的专业领域。
在这个领域，掌握一定的英语专业术语是非常重要的。
本文将总结一些常用的工程管理专业英语术语，以便大家更好地理解和应用于工程管理的实践中。
项目管理术语1. Project Management - 项目管理Project Management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing a team’s work to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time.2. Project Scope - 项目范围Project scope defines the work that needs to be accomplished to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functionality.3. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) - 工作分解结构The Work Breakdown Structure is a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team.4. Milestone - 里程碑A milestone is a specific point in time within a project at which progress is measured or objectives are achieved.5. Critical Path - 关键路径The critical path is the longest sequence of activities in a project plan that must be completed on time for the project to be completed on schedule.6. Risk Management - 风险管理Risk management involves identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events.资源管理术语1. Resource Allocation - 资源分配Resource allocation is the process of assigning and managing available resources efficiently to complete tasks within the project.2. Resource Leveling - 资源平衡Resource leveling is a technique used to resolve conflicts caused by over- or under-allocation of resources by smoothing out resource utilization over time.3. Resource Histogram - 资源柱状图A resource histogram is a bar chart that shows the number of resources assigned to a project over time.4. Resource Constraints - 资源约束Resource constraints are limitations on the availability or utilization of resources that may impact the project schedule.5. Resource Pool - 资源池A resource pool is a collection of resources, such as people, equipment, and materials, that are available for assignment to project activities.成本管理术语1. Cost Estimation - 成本估算Cost estimation is the process of predicting the cost of completing a project witha defined scope.2. Cost Baseline - 成本基准A cost baseline is the approved budget for the project, excluding any management or contingency reserves.3. Earned Value Management (EVM) - 挣值管理Earned Value Management is a project management technique that measures project performance and progress based on the budgeted cost of work performed.4. Variance Analysis - 方差分析Variance analysis is the process of comparing actual project performance to planned or expected performance to determine the causes of discrepancies.5. Cost Control - 成本控制Cost control involves monitoring project expenses and taking corrective actions to ensure that the project remains within budget.沟通与协作术语1. Stakeholder - 利益相关者A stakeholder is any individual, group, or organization that may be affected by or affect the outcome of a project.2. Communication Plan - 沟通计划A communication plan outlines the key information that needs to be communicated to stakeholders and the methods and frequency of communication.3. Conflict Resolution - 冲突解决Conflict resolution is the process of resolving disputes or disagreements among project team members or stakeholders.4. Team Building - 团队建设Team building involves activities or interventions designed to enhance the effectiveness and cohesiveness of project teams.5. Collaboration - 协作Collaboration is the act of working together towards a common goal or objective.结论掌握工程管理专业英语术语对于在工程管理领域取得成功非常重要。
工程管理专业英语相关翻译
1.1T he Project Life Cycle1段：Project managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects.项目经理或组织可以把每一个项目划分成若干个阶段，以便有效地进行管理控制，并与实施该项目组织的日常运作联系起来。
这些项目阶段合在一起称为项目生命期。
许多组织识别出一套具体的生命期供其所有的项目使用。
2段：For example, from the perspective of an owner, the project life cycle for a constructed facility may be illustrated schematically in Figure1-1.从业主的角度来看，建设项目的生命周期可用图1-1表示。
Essentially, a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.从本质上讲，一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。
in a timely fashion. 及时meet market demands or needs 满足市场需求Various possibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage, and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.在项目规划阶段，很多不同的方案都可能被考虑，同事每一天备选方案的技术可行性都经过评估和比较，以选出最优方案。
工程管理外文翻译(原文+译文)
Concrete Construction matterT. Pauly, M. J. N. PriestleyAbstractViewed in terms of accepted practices, concrete construction operations leave much to be desired with respect to the quality, serviceability, and safety of completed structures. The shortcomings of these operations became abundantly clear when a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck northern Paki-stan on October 8, 2005, destroying thousands of buildings, damaging bridges, and killing an esti-mated 79,000 people. The unusually low quality of construction operations prevalent was a major cause of the immense devastation.Keywords: Concrete Placing Curing Construction TechnologyPlacing ConcreteIf concrete is placed in the surface, the sur-face should be filled with water sufficiently to prevent it from absorbing the concrete of its water. If fresh concrete is to be placed on or nearby to concrete that has solidified, the surface of the placed concrete should be cleaned absolutely, preferably with a high-pressure air or water jet or steel-wire brushes. The surface should be wet, but there should be no much water. A little quantity of cement grout should be brushed over the whole area, and then followed immediately with the application of a 1/2-in Layer of mortar. The fresh concrete should be placed on or against the mortar.In order to decrease the disintegration re-sulting from carriage after it is placed. The con-crete should be placed as nearly as probably in itsfinal point. It should be placed in layers to permit uniform compaction. The time interval between the placing of layers should be limited to assure perfect bond between the fresh and previously placed concrete.In placing concrete in deeper patters, a ves-sel should be used to limit the free fall to not over 3 or 4 ft, in order to prevent concrete disintegra-tion. The vessel is a pipe made of lightweight metal, having adjustable lengths and attached to the bottom of a hopper into which the concrete is deposited. As the patters are filled, sections of the pipe may be removed.Immediately after the concrete is placed, it should be compacted by hand pudding or a me-chanical vibrator to eliminate voids. The vibrator should be left in one position only long enough to reduce the concrete around it to a plastic mass; then the vibrator should be moved, or disintegra-tion of the aggregate will occur. In general, the vibrator should not be permitted to penetrate concrete in the prior lift.The mainly advantage of vibrating is that it permits the use of a drier concrete, which has a higher strength because of the reduced water content. Among the advantages of vibrating con-crete are the following:1.The decreased water permits a reduction in the cement and fine aggregate because less cement paste is needed.2.The lower water content decreases shrinkage and voids.3.The drier concrete decreases the cost of finishing the surface.4.Mechanical vibration may replace three to eight hand puddles.5.The lower water content increases the strength of the concrete.6.The drier mixture permits theremoval of some patters more quickly, which may reduce the cost of patters.Curing ConcreteIf concrete is to gain its maximum strength and other desirable properties, it should be cured with adequate moisture and at a favorable tem-perature. Failure to provide these conditions may result in an inferior concrete.The initial moisture in concrete is adequate to hydrate all the cement, provided it is not should replace the moisture that does evaporate. This may be accomplished by many methods, such as leaving the patters in place, keeping the surface wet, or covering the surface with a liquid curing compound, which comes being to a water-tight membrane that prevents the escape of the initial water. Curing compounds may be applied by brushes or pressure sprayers. A gallon will cover 200 to 300 sq ft.Concrete should be placed at a temperature not less than 40 or more than 80°F.A lower tem-perature will decrease the rate of setting, while ahigher temperature will decrease the ultimate strength.Placing Concrete in Cold WeatherWhen the concrete is placed during cold weather, it is usually necessary to preheat the water, the aggregate, or both in order that the ini-tial temperature will assure an initial set and gain in strength .Preheating the water is the most ef-fective method of providing the necessary tem-perature. For this purpose a water reservoir should be equipped with pipe coils through which steam can be passed, or steam may bedischarged directly into the water, several outlets being used to given better distribution of the heat.When the temperatures of the mixtures are known, some specific charts may be used to cal-culate the temperature of concrete. A straight line pass all three scales, passing through every two known temperatures, will assure the determina-tion of the third temperature. If the surface of sand isdry, the fact lines of the scales giving the temperature of concrete should be used. However, if the sand contains about 3 percent moisture, the dotted lines should be used.Specifications usually demand that freshly placed concrete shall be kept at a temperature of not less than 70°F for 3 days or 50°F for 5 days after it is placed. Some proper method must be provided to keep the demanded temperature when the cold weather is estimated.Reinforcing steels for concreteCompared with concrete, steel is a high strength material. The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as compres-sion, i.e., the yield strength, is about 15 times the compressive strength of common structural con-crete, and well over 100 times its tensile strength. On the other hand, steel is a high-cost material compared with concrete. It follow that the two materials are the best used in combination if theconcrete is made to resist the compressive stresses and the compressive force, longitudinal steel reinforcing bars are located close to the ten-sion face to resist the tension force., and usually additional steel bars are so disposed that they re-sist the inclined tension stresses that are caused by the shear force in the beams. However, rein-forcement is also used for resisting compressive forces primarily where it is desired to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of compression members, as in the lower-floor columns of multi-story buildings. Even if no such necessity exits , a minimum amount of reinforce- ment is placed in all compression members to safeguard them against the effects of small accidental bending moments that might crack and even fail an unre-inforced member.For most effective reinforcing action, it is essential that steel and concrete deform together, i. e., that there be a sufficiently strong bond be-tween the two materials to ensure that no relative movements of the steel bars and the surrounding concrete occur. This bond is provided by the rela-tively large chemical adhesion which develops at the steel-concrete interface, by the natural roughness of the mill scale of hot-rolled rein-forcing bars , and by the closely spaced rib-shap-ed surface deformations with which reinforcing bars are furnished in order to provide a high de-gree of interlocking of the two materials.Steel is used in two different ways in con-crete structures: as reinforcing steel and as prestressing steel .reinforcing steel is placed in the forms prior to casting of the concrete. Stresses in the steel, as in the hardened concrete, are caused only by the loads on the structure, except for possible parasitic stresses from shrinkage or similar causes. In contrast, in priestesses concrete structures large tension forces are applied to the reinforcement prior to letting it act jointly with the concrete in resistingexternal.The most common type of reinforcing steel is in the form of round bars, sometimes called rebars, available in a large range of diameters,from 10 to 35 mm for ordinary applications and in two heavy bar sizes off 44 and 57 mm these bars are furnished with surface deformations for the purpose of increasing resistance to slip be-tween steel and concrete minimum requirements for these deformations have been developed in experimental research. Different bar producers use different patterns, all of which satisfy these requirements.Welding of rebars in making splices, or for convenience in fabricating reinforcing cages for placement in the forms, may result in metal-lurgical changes that reduce both strength and ductility, and special restrictions must be placed both strength and ductility, and special restric-tions must be placed both on the type of steel used and the welding procedures the provisions of ASTM A706 relatespecifically to welding.In reinforced concrete a long-time trend is evident toward the use of higher strength materi-als, both steel and concrete.Reinforcing bars with 40ksi yield stress , almost standard 20 years ago , have largely been replaced by bars with 60ksi yield stress , both because they are more economical and because their use tends to reduce congestion of steel in the forms .The ACI Code permits reinforcing steels up to Fy=80ksi. Such high strength steels usually yield gradually but have no yield plateau in this situation the ACI Code requires that at the speci-fied minimum yield strength the total strain shall not exceed 0.0035 this is necessary to make cur-rent design methods, which were developed for sharp-yielding steels with a yield plateau, appli-cable to such higher strength steels. there is no ASTM specification for deformed bars may be used , according to the ACI Code , providing they meet the requirements stated under special circumstances steel in this higher strength range has its place, e.g., in lower-story columns of high-rise buildings.In order to minimize corrosion of rein-forcement and consequent spelling of concrete under sever exposure conditions such as in bridge decks subjected to deicing chemicals , galvanized or epoxy-coated rebars may be specified.Repair of Concrete StructuresReinforced concrete is generally a very du-rable structural material and very little repair work is usually needed. However, its durability can be affected by a variety of causes, including those of design and construction faults, use of inferior materials and exposure to aggressive en-vironment. The need for a repair is primarily dic-tated by the severity of the deterioration as de-termined from the diagnosis. Good workmanship is essential if any thing more than just a cosmetic treatment to the creation is required.1. performance requirements of repair systemHaving established the causes of the defect by carefully diagnosing the distress, the next step should be to consider the requirements of the re-pair method that will offer an effective solution to the problem (see fig.).①DurabilityIt is important to select repair materials that provide adequate durability. Materials used for the repair job should be at least as durable as the substrate concrete to which it is applied.②Protection of steelThe mechanism of protection provided to the reinforcing depends on the type of repair ma-terials used. For example, cementations materials can protect the steel from further corrosion by their inhibitive effect of increasing the alkalinity of the concrete, whereas epoxy resin mortars can give protection against the ingress of oxygen,moisture and other harmful agents.③Bond with substrateThe bond with the substrate must produce an integral repair to prevent entry of moisture and atmospheric gases at the interface. With most re-pair materials, the bond is greatly enhanced with the use of a suitable bonding aid such as an un-filled epoxy resin systems and slurry of Portland cement, plus any latex additives for a Portland cement-based repair system. Precautions should also be takento remove all loose and friable ma-terials from the surfaces to be bonded.④Dimensional StabilityShrinkage of materials during curing should be kept to a minimum. Subsequent dimensional change should be very close in the substrate in order to prevent failure⑤Initial Resistance to Environmentally In-duced DamageSome initial exposure conditions may lead to premature damage lo repairs. For example, partially cured Portland cement repairs can dete-riorate from hot weather preventing full hydration of the cement. To prevent this from happening extra protection during curing time may be nec-essary.⑥Ease of ApplicationMaterials should be easily mixed and ap-plied so that they can be worked readily into small crevices and voids. Ideally, the material should not stick to tools, and should not shear while being trowel led nor slump after placement.⑦AppearanceThe degree to which the repair material should match the existing concrete will depend on the use of the structure and the client' s re-quirements. A surface coating may be required when appearance is important or when cover to reinforcement is small.2. Selection of Repair MethodsA suitable repair counteracts all the defi-ciencies which are relevant to the use of the structure.The selection of tile correct method and material for a particular, application requires careful consideration, whether to meet special requirements for placing strength, durability or other short-or long-term properties. These con-siderations include:1. Nature of the DistressIf alive crack is filled with a rigid material, then either the repair material will eventually fail or some new cracking will occur adjacent to the original crack. Repairs to live cracks must either use flexible materials to accommodate move-ments or else steps must be taken prior to the re-pair to eliminate the movement.2. Position of the CrackTechniques which rely on gravity to intro-duce the material into the crack are more suc-cessfully carried out on horizontal surfaces but are rarely effective on vertical ones.3. EnvironmentIf moisture, water or contaminants are found in the crack, then it is necessary to rectify the leaks Repair to slop leaks may be further com-plicated by the need to make the repairs while the structure is in service and the environment is damp.4. WorkmanshipThe skill the operatives available to carry put the repairs is another relevant factors. Some-times this can mean the difference between a permanent repair and premature failure of the re-pair material.5. CostThe cost of repair materials is usually small compared with the costs of providing access, preparation and actual labor.6. AppearanceThe repair surface may be unsightly, par-ticularly when it appears on a prominent part of the building. In this case, the repair system will include some form of treatment over the entire surface.Reference[1]Philip Jodidio, Contemporary European Architecture, Taschen, Koln, pp.148-153[2]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, Waterfronts, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 1994, pp.297-300[3]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, The New Waterfront, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996, pp.118-120[4]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, The New Waterfront, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996, pp.52-55[5]Robert Holden, International Landscape Design, Laurence King Publishing, London, 1996, pp.10-27[6] A new concept in refrigerant control for heat pumps ,J.R.Harnish,IIR Conference Pa-per,Cleveland,Ohio.May,1996[7]Carrier Corporation-Catalog 523 848,1997[8]Waste Heat Management Handbook, Na-tional Bureau of Standardc Handbook 121, Pub-lica-tion PB 264959, February,1997Ten design principles for air to air heat pumps,Allen Trask,ASHRAE Journal,July,1997重庆科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文学院建建筑工程学院专业班级工管103学生姓名李学号201044241附件1：外文资料翻译译文混凝土施工事项T.Pauly, M.J.N.Priestley摘要：根据一般承认的惯例看,巴基斯坦的混凝土结构建筑物在结构上的质量，效用和安全需要上都留下了很多值得关注的问题。
工程管理专业英语单词
历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清consolidate加固container容器、集装箱contract合同contractor承包商consultant 咨询工程师construction planning施工计划、施工组织设计construction procedure施工方法construction operation施工作业coordinate协调cost estimation成本估算cost engineer估算师、造价工程师cost engineering工程估价creativity创新性craftsman工匠deflation通货紧缩derrick 起重机design estimate设计估算detailed design详细设计detailed estimate详细估算delivery运输demolition拆毁、破坏discounte折现dragline拉铲挖土机drill钻孔duration持续时间dynamite 炸药earthwork to be excavated土方开挖economic evaluation经济评价engineer's estimate工程师估算、标底erection建立、安装estimate 估算estimate stage估算阶段evaluate 评价evaluation stage评估阶段excavation挖掘、开挖execute执行expenditure支出facility 设施facility design 设施设计facilities management设施管理factor系数、因素false work 脚手架D Efeasibility 可行性field management现场管理financing融资formwork模板formula公式formulation构思framework框架freight delivery货物运输function 功能、公式fuctional design 功能设计"functional" organization“职能式”组织fundation基础furnaces 锅炉GDP(Gross Domestic Product)国内生产总值general contractor 总承包商general office overhead 总部管理费GNP(Gross National Product)国民生产总值grout 水泥浆、灌浆hierarchical structure层次结构分解high-rise apartment高层公寓implementation执行、实施incentive 动机incremental analysis增量分析index指数inflation 通货膨胀infrastructure 基础设施infrastructure and heavy construction重大基础设施建设ingenuity灵活性ingredient组成部分initiation启动inspire 鼓励installation contractors安装承包商integration整合interest period计息期interstate roadway州际公路innovation 革新institutional and commercial building写字楼interpersonal 人际的investment consideration投资分析IRR internal rate of return 内部收益率J job-site productivity工地生产率labor characteristic 劳动力特征H F G Ilabor efficiency劳动效率labor jurisdiction劳动仲裁labor productivity劳动生产率lease租约、契约lift举起、电梯linear interpolation线性插值法linear programming线性规划load荷载loan security贷款担保logistic后勤、物流long-term长期MARR minimum attractive rate of return 最低收益率maintenance维持、维护marginal efficiency of capital资本边际收益率matrix矩阵methodology方法论monitor监督、班长mortgage抵押motivation动机、激励multistrory building多层建筑mutually exclusive proposals互斥方案net benefit净收益NFV net future value净终值NPV net present value净现值off-the-shelf material现货材料oligopoly垄断onset 开始on site现场on-site installation现场安装operation运营、操作opportunity cost机会成本overlap重叠overdraft透支overseer监督者owner业主parameter参数PBP payback period 投资回收期pension养老金performance绩效piled river打桩机pipeline管道planning horizon 规划期O L N Mplatform平台prebid site 投标前现场preliminary estimate初步估算prequalify资格预审prequalified 通过资格预审的prestressed concrete member预应力混凝土构件processing plant 加工厂procurement 采购production function生产函数profitability 盈利Project Management Institute项目管理协会"project" organization“项目式”组织public agency公共机构pump 泵quasi-governmental corporation国营企业quotation报价ratio 比率real estate 房地产real estate investmental corporation房地产信托基金receipt 收据reimbursement偿还reinforcing bars 钢筋、钢筋束residential housing construction住宅建筑retail 零售renovation翻修resource资源review复习、检查、审核revenue收入reward回报risk 风险ROI return on investment 投资回收率rotary-percussion drill旋转冲击钻safety consciousness安全意识schedule进度scheduling进度计划scheme计划scope 范围screening estimate匡算security sensitivity安全敏感性sensitivity analysis灵敏度分析semi-processed半成品的sewage 下水道R Q Pshop drawing施工图shovel 正铲挖土机single-family house独户住宅site manager现场经理skyscraper摩天大楼slab 楼板slippage or contraction延误或提前socially desirable programs 社会公益项目social rate of discount社会折现率solvency 清偿specialty contractor专业承包商specification规范、说明statute法规stadium体育场staff（全体）职员stockpile储存strategy 策略strike 罢工structural design结构设计subcontractor分包商subgrade 路基suborganization次级组织supervise 监督superintendent监督、指挥syndicator辛迪加term术语terminal 终端the rate of return收益率time value of money资金时间价值transfer 移交transportation运输tunnel隧道turnkey 交钥匙unforeseen expense不可预见费用utilities building公用事业建筑utilization 利用value engineering价值工程vendor商贩、供货商weld 焊接work package 工作A As-built drawings竣工图Annual net value净年值Arbitration仲裁 A dashed line 虚线Activity-on-branch network双代号网络图Activity-on-node network单代号网络图 A vertical axis纵坐标Archival information档案资料B Bottom-up design自下而上的设计Bids and quotations投标和报价Bill of quantities工程量清单Bid estimate 投标估价Benefit cost ratio成本收益率Budgeted cost预算成本C Conceptual planning stage概念规划阶段Capital intensive资金密集的Competitive bidding竞争性招/投标Contract price合同价格claims索赔Constructors建造商changes变更clause条款Conceptual design概念设计construction operations施工作业Construction contractor施工承包商Construction equipment 施工设备Concrete mixers混凝土搅拌机Cost estimation成本估算Cost control成本控制Cost Engineering工程估价Construction supervision施工监督Construction cost建造成本Control estimate控制估算Conceptual estimate概念设计估算Construction procedures施工方法Cost indices成本指数Consumer price index消费价格指数Cash flow profile现金流量图Credit risk信用风险Competitive bidding公开招标Contract price合同价格Clause条款Contract negotiation合同谈判Contract dispute合同纠纷Cost overrun成本超支Cost committed承诺成本Cost to date到期成本Cost exposure附加成本Critical path method关键线路法Construction yard施工现场D detailed engineering design详细的工程设计design methodology设计方法detailed design详细设计drilling and blasting钻孔和爆破detailed estimates详细估算dispute resolution mechanism争端解决机制design drawing设计图纸dummy activities虚工作document contral文档控制E Economic feasibility经济可行性Estimate stage估算阶段evaluation stage评估阶段equipment utilization and mechanization 设备利用率和机械化earthwork to be excavated土方开挖Economic evaluation经济评价Expenditure支出Excavation开掘Estimated total cost预计总成本F Feasibility study可行性研究Facility operation and maintenance设施的运营与维护formulation构思Facilities management设施管理Functional organization职能式组织First line supervision基层监督Field management现场管理Force-account charges自营工程费Free float自由时差Fast track快速路径法Final checkout最终的竣工验收历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清2 G Gantt chart甘特图H Horizontal axis水平坐标I Integrate整合Instruction and commercial building construction 办公和商业用房建设Infrastructure and heavy construction重大基础项目建设Installation contractors安装承包商Ill-defined定义不清的Inflation通货膨胀Internal rate of return内部收益率Intangible asset无形资产Interest rate利率In-house overhead expenses内业管理费Independent float独立时差Inspection logs 检查日志Information transfer and flow信息的传递与流通information flow信息流L Linear programming线性规划logistics物流labor productivity劳动生产率labor jurisdictions劳动仲裁logistic problems后勤问题lifting and erecting提升和安装leverage杠杆作用legal documents法律文件lump sum contract总价合同M Monthly payments月付款额Matrix-type suborganization矩阵式次级组织Monitoring and control监督与控制Material procurement and delivery材料采购和运输Mortgage抵押Milestone里程碑Municipal project市政项目Monte carlo simclation蒙特卡罗模拟N Nominated subcontractor指定分包商Non-productive activities非生产性活动Net annual cash flow年净现金流Net benefit净收益Negotiation谈判Net present value净现值Net future value净终值Numerous alternative plans众多的备选方案Network diagrams网络计划图O Overlap 搭接，交叠on-site现场Operation and maintenance managers运行与维护经理On-site Installation现场安装Overseer监督者Overdraft透支Overlapping and rehandling 搭接和再处理P Procurement Management采购管理Public agency公共机构Professional services专业服务Project organization项目式组织Preliminary estimates初步估算Payback period投资回收期Payment支付Private corporation民营公司Predecessor relationship前后顺序关系Pre-qualification of contractors and sub-contractors with regard safety在安全方面对承包商和分包商的资格预审Procurement accounts采购账目Q Quotation报价R Residential housing construction住宅类房屋建设risk-reward风险和回报Return on investment投资回收率Revenues收入Real estate properties房地产Risk sharing风险分担Re-construction返工，重修Re-evaluation重新评价Random sample随机抽样Relational data model关系数据模型3 S Speculative housing market投机性住宅市场Scope of the project项目的范围Specialized industrial construction专业化工业项目建设sensitivity灵敏度Shop drawings 施工图Subcontractors分包商Specialty Contractor专业承包商Specialized subcontractor专业分包商Structural design结构设计Security sensitivity安全敏感性Screening estimates匡算Subcontractor quotations分包商报价Social rate of discount社会折现率Simulate模拟sunk cost沉没成本Semi-automated半自动化的Sub-network子网络图Statistical method 统计方法Sampling by attributes特征抽样Sampling by variables变量抽样Sampling plan抽样计划Storage and retrieval存储和查询T The project life cycle项目生命周期The Real estate developer房地产开发商The feasibility study report可行性研究报告The state of economy经济状况Turnkey project/contract交钥匙工程/合同Top-down design自上而下的设计Technical feasibility技术可行性Tangible asset有形资产Technology choice技术选择Total float总时差Total quality control全面质量管理Tracing decision跟踪决策U Unit cost method of estimation单位估价法Unit price contract单价合同Unforeseen circumstances 不可预见事件V Vendor供货商Value engineering价值工程Video conferencing电视会议W Work package工作包Warranties and guarantees保证和担保Warehouse management仓库管理缩写REITs—real estate investment trusts房地产信托（基金）PERT—program evaluation and review technology计划评审技术PMBOK—project management body of knowledge项目管理体系PMI—the project management institute美国项目管理协会ISO—the international organization for standardization国际标准化组织OSHA—US occupational safety and health administration美国职业安全和健康署GDP--gross domestic product国内生产总值GNP--Gross National Product国民生产总值MARR--minium attractive rate of return最低收益率CMC—construction management contractor建设项目管理承包商CAD—computer aided design计算机辅助设计CPA--Certified public accounting特许公共会计师AIA—American institute of architects美国建筑师协会AGC—the associated general contractors美国总承。
工程管理专业英语
Chapter 12 Organization and Use of Project Information
Appendix 1 Glossary Appendix 2 Translation for Specialty English Appendix 3 Project Management World Wide Web Sites
工程管理专业英语
Professional English for Construction Management
主编：徐勇戈
Contents (continued)
Chapter 8 Construction Planning Chapter 9 Time Control for Construction Projects Chapter 10 Cost Control for Construction Projects
Unit 1 The Owner’s Perspective
1.3 Selection of Professional Services
When an owner decides to seek professional services for the design and construction of a facility, he is confronted with a broad variety of choices. The type of services selected depends to a large degree on the type of construction and the experience of the owner in dealing with various professionals in the previous projects undertaken by the firm. Generally, several common types of professional services may be engaged either separately or in some combination by the owners.
建筑工程管理专业英语 (2)
建筑工程管理专业英语概述建筑工程管理是一个涉及规划、设计、施工和运营建筑项目的综合学科。
在这个领域，专业英语是必不可少的工具。
本文将介绍一些在建筑工程管理中常见的专业英语词汇和表达，以帮助学习者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
建筑工程管理职责项目规划•Project planning：项目规划•Feasibility study：可行性研究•Project objectives：项目目标•Project budget：项目预算•Time schedule：时间进度表•Risk assessment：风险评估设计和工程图纸•Architectural design：建筑设计•Structural design：结构设计•MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) design：机电管道设计•Working drawings：施工图纸•Blueprints：蓝图•Specifications：技术规范施工过程•Construction site：施工现场•Construction materials：建筑材料•Excavation：挖掘•Foundation：基础•Concrete pouring：浇筑混凝土•Steel reinforcement：钢筋加固•Framing：框架施工•Plumbing and electrical installation：管道和电气安装•Finishing work：装修工作•Quality control：质量控制•Safety measures：安全措施项目管理•Project management：项目管理•Project manager：项目经理•Stakeholders：利益相关者•Team collaboration：团队协作•Resource allocation：资源分配•Progress monitoring：进度监控•Change management：变更管理•Problem-solving：问题解决运营和维护•Operation and maintenance：运营和维护•Facility management：设施管理•Energy efficiency：能源效率•Preventive maintenance：预防性维护•Emergency repairs：紧急维修•Life cycle cost analysis：寿命周期成本分析建筑工程管理实例为了更好地理解这些专业英语词汇的运用，让我们看一下一个建筑工程管理实例。
工程管理专业英语全文翻译
Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。
工程管理专业英语翻译(第二版)徐勇戈
U2—S1什么是项目管理?建筑项目管理不仅需要对设计和实施过程有所理解,而且需要现代管理知识。
建设项目有一组明确的目标和约束，比如竣工日期.尽管相关的技术、组织机构或流程会有所不同，但建设项目同其他一些如航天、医药和能源等准等领域的项目在管理上仍然有共同之处。
一般来说，项目管理和以项目任务为导向的企业宏观管理不同，待项目任务的完成后，项目组织通常也会随之终止。
(美国)项目管理学会对项目管理学科有如下定义：项目管理是一门指导和协调人力物力资源的艺术,在项目整个生命周期，应用现代管理技术完成预定的规模、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度目标。
与此形成对照，一般的工商企业管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连贯性和连续性.然而，由于这两者之间有足够的相似和差异，使得现代管理技术开发宏观管理可以用于项目管理。
项目管理框架的基本要素可以用图2—1表示。
其中，应用宏观管理知识和熟悉项目相关知识领域是不可或缺的。
辅助性学科如计算机科学和决策科学也会发挥重要作用。
实际上，现代管理实践与各专业知识领域已经吸收应用了各种不同的技术和工具，而这些技术和工具曾一度仅仅被视作属于辅助学科领域.例如，计算机信息系统和决策支持系统是目前常见的宏观管理工具。
同样，许多像线性规划和网络分析这样的运算研究工具，现在广泛应用在许多知识和应用领域。
因此，图2—1反映了项目管理框架演变的唯一来源。
具体来说,建设项目管理包含一组目标，该目标可能通过实施一系列服从资源约束的运作来实现.在规模、成本、时间和质量的既定目标与人力、物力和财力资源限制之间存在着潜在冲突。
这些冲突应该在项目开始时通过必要的权衡和建立新备选方案来解决。
另外,施工项目管理的功能通常包括以下：1。
项目目标和计划说明书中包括规模、预算安排、进度安排、设置性能需求和项目参与者的界定。
2。
根据规定的进度和规划,通过对劳动力、材料和设备的采购使资源的有效利用最大化.3。
在项目全过程中，通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工的适当协调控制来实施项目各项运作。
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U2-S1什么是项目管理？建筑项目管理不仅需要对设计和实施过程有所理解，而且需要现代管理知识。
建设项目有一组明确的目标和约束，比如竣工日期。
尽管相关的技术、组织机构或流程会有所不同，但建设项目同其他一些如航天、医药和能源等准等领域的项目在管理上仍然有共同之处。
一般来说，项目管理和以项目任务为导向的企业宏观管理不同，待项目任务的完成后，项目组织通常也会随之终止。
（美国）项目管理学会对项目管理学科有如下定义：项目管理是一门指导和协调人力物力资源的艺术，在项目整个生命周期，应用现代管理技术完成预定的规模、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度目标。
与此形成对照，一般的工商企业管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连贯性和连续性。
然而，由于这两者之间有足够的相似和差异，使得现代管理技术开发宏观管理可以用于项目管理。
项目管理框架的基本要素可以用图2-1表示。
其中，应用宏观管理知识和熟悉项目相关知识领域是不可或缺的。
辅助性学科如计算机科学和决策科学也会发挥重要作用。
实际上，现代管理实践与各专业知识领域已经吸收应用了各种不同的技术和工具，而这些技术和工具曾一度仅仅被视作属于辅助学科领域。
例如，计算机信息系统和决策支持系统是目前常见的宏观管理工具。
同样，许多像线性规划和网络分析这样的运算研究工具，现在广泛应用在许多知识和应用领域。
因此，图2- 1反映了项目管理框架演变的唯一来源。
具体来说，建设项目管理包含一组目标，该目标可能通过实施一系列服从资源约束的运作来实现。
在规模、成本、时间和质量的既定目标与人力、物力和财力资源限制之间存在着潜在冲突。
这些冲突应该在项目开始时通过必要的权衡和建立新备选方案来解决。
另外，施工项目管理的功能通常包括以下:1. 项目目标和计划说明书中包括规模、预算安排、进度安排、设置性能需求和项目参与者的界定。
2. 根据规定的进度和规划，通过对劳动力、材料和设备的采购使资源的有效利用最大化。
3. 在项目全过程中，通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工的适当协调控制来实施项目各项运作。
4. 设立有效的沟通机制来解决不同参与方之间的冲突。
项目管理学会聚焦九个不同独特领域，这些领域需要项目经理所具有的知识和关注度：1. 项目宏观管理，确保项目要素有效协调。
2. 项目范围管理，确保所需的所有工作（并且只有所需的工作）。
3. 项目时间管理，提供有效的项目进度。
4. 项目成本管理，确定所需资源和维持预算控制。
5. 项目质量管理，确保满足功能需求。
6 . 项目人力资源管理，有效地开发和聘用项目人员。
7 . 项目沟通管理，确保有效的内部和外部通信。
8. 项目风险管理，分析和规避潜在风险。
9. 项目采购管理，从外部获得必要资源。
U5-S2怎样在竞争性招标中进行项目投标？什么是竞争性投标？商务词典给出关于竞争性投标的定义是：竞争性投标是透明的采购方法，从根据公开宣传的拟订合同的范围、规格、价款和条件而受到邀请的承包商、供应商和卖方进行竞争出价，以及根据一定标准来对竞标价进行评估。
竞争性投标的目的是通过刺激竞争和防止徇私舞弊来以最低标价获得货物和服务。
在公开的竞争性招标中，密封的投标报价会在所有想见证开标的人面前公布。
在有限的竞争性招标中，密封投标价只在出席的授权人员面前公布。
是否投标一个项目？对于建筑公司来说，因为在准备投标阶段已经花费了大量时间以及金钱，所以决定投标项目不是一个小事儿。
投标的动机根据大量的因素而变化。
在经济市场高涨时，承包商更可以自主选择投标哪些项目。
在经济市场不景气时，承包商可能不得不选择不理想的投标项目。
公司的主要动机是获得良好的投资回报。
一个公司的成长和繁荣必须有自身的投资利润。
如果一个项目有可以获得良好项目投资回报的必要因素，则投标动机会很高。
但是，对于不同公司这些因素并不相同。
除了利润驱动外，公司可能会因其他原因而进行投标。
如果公司想建立一种新的客户关系或者维持一个稳固的客户，它可能会投标一个较低利润的项目。
一个不同寻常且能够丰富公司投资组合的项目，即使其边际效益很低，也能激发承包商的兴趣。
如果项目有很高的社会关注度或社会效益，则公司可以将其视为一种市场营销策略。
在这种情况下，关注客户关系或者社会认可的长期目标比短期利润目标更有价值。
U6-S3合同中的索赔、纠纷、仲裁和调解有时候，项目经理可能必须处理升级到索赔的纠纷，这些索赔需要仲裁和诉讼才能解决。
这些问题可能发生在建造过程中，可能发生在项目开始之前，或者发生在项目完成之后。
尽管总承包商意在不惜一切代价避免这些问题，但是诉讼会给他们压力。
一个平时重视文档工作，且对法律术语，先前的法庭裁决和过往的行业实践相对较为熟悉的项目经理总能更好地应对不避免的纠纷。
这个章节的目的不是把项目经理变成律师，而是想说明法律实务最好还是交给律师。
在日常建设管理活动中，项目经理要实事求是地签发和接收大量具有法律意义的文件。
这部分意图创造一种责任意识，这种意识伴随着所有合同、文件和其他指令的管理，以及他们如何与潜在的法律行为相协调。
什么引发索赔和纠纷？导致纠纷和索赔误解的主要原因如下：1. 计划及其说明书包含错误、遗漏、歧义或者缺少适当的协调。
2. 合同一方提交给合同另一方的问题和议案无响应或者不完全不准确响应。
3. 业主、工程师、承包商、分包商或者供应商管理不尽责。
4. 不愿意或无能力遵守合同的意图或工作执行过程中的应恪守的行业标准。
5. 现场情况与合同文件中描述的有极大差异。
6. 不可预见的地质条件。
7. 在整修和复原工作中，发现现有建筑情况和图纸中反映的而严重不符。
8. 附加工作和变更指令。
9. 合同任何一方的违约。
10. 干扰、延误和赶工引起与初始进度计划偏差11. 业主、承包商、分包商任何一方财务状况的恶化。
如果或当这些误会发生时，合约各方应采取一些妥协措施弥补这些误会和纠纷—这才是谈判的实质，仅当解决纠纷的努力失败才有必要咨询索赔顾问或公司的律师。
即使那时，各方索赔的优劣势可能会显现，索赔继续或放弃的决定会变得容易。
如果这种情况出现，且索赔顾问或律师对会议进行安排，项目经理必须收集或有现成的以下与纠纷和争端相关的文件：1.陷入纠纷各方的往来信函—信件和传真。
2.日报表、工作日志、与问题相关的日记。
3.检验和检测报告。
4.各方的所有支付申请和已收款清单。
5.工作进度表—计划进度和实际进度。
6.现场劳力人员时间表。
7.施工图交底记录和建筑师、分包商或供应商处图纸发放和移交证明的提送函。
8.附加工作或变更指令。
9.各办公室的备忘录、现场备忘录、电话对话备忘录。
10.传真书、投标文件、报价单、书面的或明确的电话标书。
11.变更需求、变更建议、变更估算和所有变更的支撑数据。
12.工作现场图片记录。
13.所有已签发或待处理的采购单。
14.任何暂停的或完成的竣工图纸。
如果后续的工作有必要，这些文件将会用到，要么是在索赔顾问或公司律师的工作过程中，要么是为仲裁做准备。
随着工作的进行，如果所有的这些文件能够被妥当归档，顾问或律师的工作将变得容易很多，而且他们会轻松地抓住问题并对所提交的索赔在何种程度上是合理的做出决定。
然而，当反对者仅仅了解所示合同文件的深度和完善性，纠纷的解决会更快。
U12-S1设计和施工行业正在经历着一场从二维CAD和纸质CAD和纸质图纸向三维的、语义丰富的数字模型的重大转变。
这种趋势已经到了一个地步：该项技术通常指建筑信息模型，正在以某种形式应用于多数行业。
根据麦格劳-希尔建筑信息公司的一项调查表明：2008年，在所调查的建筑师，工程师，承包商和业主中，有45%的人将BIM应用于其项目的30%甚至更多。
预计BIM将在未来几年持续增长。
行业面临的挑战之一是不仅将BIM当作设计流程中的一个工具，而且当作项目各参与方之间信息交换的接口。
一个典型的建设项目需要多个参与方相互合作与信息交换，这些参与方包括客户、建筑师、工程师、估价师、工料测算师、承包商和监管部门。
传统上，信息交换是以图纸和文件形式进行的。
因为每一方都区域在其组织内部使用BIM工具，因此就存在着使用数字模型作为信息交换媒介的强烈动机。
然而，这些参与方频繁使用不同工具，要么来自不同供应商，要么来自特定的业务领域，工具的多样性对模型交换造成挑战。
工业基础类（IFC）是由智能建筑联盟定义的，其设计模型是公认的行业标准。
IFC模型能够语义丰富的捕捉物体的三维几何特征以及其他一些与建筑物相关的元数据。
例如，我们将门作为一个实例对象来考虑，这个门将会位于在某建筑物既定楼层中的一堵墙上。
它的属性会与其热工性能、成本以及消防安全性能等相关。
访问哪个组件来解决故障可以由模型内追踪系统来确定，例如，热区域系统、成本分解结构和消防安全系统。
该模型中必要的属性定义和系统描述皆是源于法律规定和分析软件输入要求。
当前许多重要的BIM工具都用于产业支撑输入和IFC文件输出。
多年来，作为一种互操作格式，IFC不仅可以作为工具之间模型交换的机制，还可以作为我们进行设计分析和自动化的软件工具的输入格式。
本文提出将成功的观察和IFC的挑战作为建筑模型的互操作性标准。
建筑信息模型是一个融策略，流程和技术于一体的共生网络，它们一起构建了一个“贯穿于建筑物生命周期，以数字格式管理必要的建筑设计和项目数据的方法论”。
能够保证设计过程效率的实质性效益的BIM工具逐渐成为协作式设计和模型流程中的一部分。
一个建筑或建筑群的建设是一个复杂的工作，包含许多参与方和多种不同的活动。
即使小项目让一个公司单独完成也会超过其能力范围，而大项目必然需要数以十计的组织，这些组织包括客户、建筑师、工程师、融资方、施工方和分包商。
可将这些流程比作计算中的协同设计，其中，硬件领域知识和软件工程师各自彰显其价值，与此同时，项目的完成也需要系统过程中的设计，生产以及运营/管理之间的深度协作。
这些已使用的信息模型具有大、复杂且高度互相依赖的特点，不仅包括项目管理、进度计划和成本计划/估算等跨领域的关注点，同时还包括建筑构件、结构、电气、供热通风与空调和机械等方面的工程系统。
传统上，在参与方之间进行信息交换的主要媒介是图纸或其它纸质文件（例如，工程量清单、成本计划、建筑规范），现在在许多项目案例中仍在延用。
虽然许多组织用一些软件来定义设计模型，但是当他们将模型呈现给别的组织时通常是以2D图纸的形式。
信息交换服务用来通知接收方，并且记录下信息是否被传达，因此，当争议或问题发生时，它可以清楚地确定一个决议。
公司更愿意使用图纸而不愿意将数字信息在三维空间中表现出来，通常三维空间数字信息与同意义的图纸相比有更多的附加信息。
例如，建筑师经常将建筑材料类型与建筑物实体联系在一起，目的是为客户呈现出一个直观真实的建筑物，而未必是因为材料用在建设中。