过去式与过去分词分规则变化和不规则变化两种
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分规则变化和不规则变化两种。不规则变化需逐个记忆,规则变化遵循以下原则:
(1) 一般情况下,在动词后加ed构成:work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted等。
(2) 在以-e结尾动词后只加d:close / closed, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled等。
(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,应将y改为i 再加-ed:study / studied, carry / carried等。
(4) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且(中间只有一个元音字母)且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed:stop / stopped, admit / admitted, refer / referred, prefer / preferred等。
【注】(1) 以字母l结尾的动词,若末尾一个音节为重读音节,则必须双写l再加-ed,如control / controlled,但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节,则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语),如travel / travel(l)ed。
(2) 动词picnic(野餐)的过去式和过去分词是picnicked,不是picniced。
(3) 词尾-ed 读音规则是:在清辅音后读作[t],元音和浊辅音后读作[d],在辅音[t]或[d]后读作[id]。
参考资料:引用
过去式和过去分词构成法
1)英语中大部分动词都以加-ed词尾的办法构成过去式及过去分词:
现在时(动词原形)过去式过去分词
work worked worked
appear appeared appeared
talk talked talked
play played played
这类动词称为规则动词(Regular Verbs)。
2)在加-ed 词尾时要注意几个问题:
a.若末尾已有字母e,则只加-d:
live —— lived please —— pleased free —— freed b.若以“辅音(字母)+y”结尾,先变y为i再加-ed:
try —— tried study —— studied simplify —— simplified c.若是以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾,该音节又重读者,末尾字母要双写,然后再加-ed:
stop —— stopped fit —— fitted chat —— chatted d.其他的词都直接加-ed:
lack —— lacked open —— opened repeat —— repeated 3)另外,还有几点值得注意:
a.以“一个元音+l”结尾的词,英国人都把l双写,美国人都不双写:
travel —— travelled (英),traveled (美)
marvel —— marvelled (美),marveled (美)
b.l前若有两个元音,l一概不双写(英美都如此):
reveal —— revealled appeal —— appealed
c.有少数词,尽管末尾音节并不重读,末尾辅音字母在英国仍双写:
worship —— worshipped (英) ,worshiped (美)
kidnap —— kidnapped (英), kidnapped (美)
但progarm—— programmed(英,美),progarmed(美国人有时用这种拼法)。
d.以x结尾的词,x不双写:
mix —— mixed fix —— fixed
注:在加-ing 词尾时,4)中所列词的情况也一样。
不规则动词
1.原形同过去式和过去分词相同的不规则动词cost-cost-cost
cut-cut-cut
hit-hit-hit
hurt-hurt-hurt
let-let-let
put-put-put
read-read-read
2.原式同过去分词或过去式相同的不规则动词become-became-become
come-came-come
run-ran-run
beat-beat-beaten
3.过去分词同过去式相同的不规则动词
bring-brought-brought
buy-bought-bought
fight-fought-fought
think-thought-thought
catch-caught-caught
teach-taught-taught
build-built-built
lend-lent-lent
send-sent-sent
spend-spent-spent
lose-lost-lost
smell-smelt-smelt(smell-smelled-smelled)feel-felt-felt
keep-kept-kept
sleep-slept-slept
sweep-swept-swept
leave-left-left
meet-met-met
burn-burnt-burnt(burn-burned-burned)learn-learnt-learnt(learn-learned-learned)mean-meant-meant
sell-sold-sold