华中科技大学同济医学院博士英语样题
华中科技大学同济医学院博一英语考试参考样体
I：根据JCR分类的期刊的影响因子、全称相关的问题，练习使用JCR和作者查询；5%--5道题II：根据Web of Science搜索作者+单位+领域得到的文章及被引次数的问题；5%--5道题III：一篇Title+Abstract的划分几部分，每部分分别到哪里相关的问题；P20810%--5道题Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp. AbstractWithout an approved vaccine or treatments,Ebola outbreak management has been limited to palliative care and barrier methods to prevent transmission.These approaches,however,have yet to end the2014outbreak of Ebola after its prolonged presence in West Africa.／Here we show that a combination of monoclonal antibodies(ZMapp),optimized from two previous antibody cocktails,is able to rescue 100%of rhesus macaques when treatment is initiated up to5days post-challenge.／High fever,viraemia and abnormalities in blood count and blood chemistry were evident in many animals before ZMapp intervention.Advanced disease,as indicated by elevated liver enzymes,mucosal haemorrhages and generalized petechia could be reversed,leading to full recovery.ELISA and neutralizing antibody assays indicate that ZMapp is cross-reactive with the Guinean variant of Ebola.／ZMapp exceeds the efficacy of any other therapeutics described so far,and results warrant further development of this cocktail for clinical use.Questions：11.Among the eight types of titles,which type does this title belong to?A:noun phrase and prepositional phrase.12.How many parts can you divide the abstract into Name each part?A:Four parts.1.Background,2.objective,3.Methods and Reults,4.Conclusion.13.What is the objective of the study?A:Here we show that…up to5days post-challenge.14.What are the results?A:Advanced disease…with the Guinean variant of Ebola.15.In the sentence,”Advanced disease,as indicated by elevated liver enzymes,mucosal haemorrhages and generalized petechia could be reversed,leading to full recovery.”Please translate the term“generalized petechia”into Chinese?A:全身瘀斑IV：最后一次课，无PPT一篇Introduction+Reference Title：P21720%--10道题IntroductionEbola virus(EBOV)infections cause severe illness in humans,and after an incubation period of3to21days,patients initially present with general flu-like symptoms beforea rapid progression to advanced disease characterized by hemorrhage,multi-organ failure and a shock-like syndrome1.In the spring of2014,a new EBOV variant emerged in the West African country of Guinea2,an area in which EBOV has not been previously reported.Despite a sustained international response from local and international authorities including the Ministry of Health(MOH),World Health Organization(WHO)and Médecins Sans Frontières(MSF)since March2014,the outbreak has yet to be brought to an end after five months.As of15th August2014, there are2127total cases and1145deaths spanning Guinea,Sierra Leone,Liberia and Nigeria3.So far,this outbreak has set the record for the largest number of cases and fatalities,in addition to geographical spread4.Controlling an EBOV outbreak of this magnitude has proven to be a challenge and the outbreak is predicted to last for at least several more months5.In the absence of licensed vaccines and therapeutics against EBOV,there is little that can be done for infected patients outside of supportive care,which includes fluid replenishment,administration of antivirals,and management of secondary symptoms6,7.With overburdened personnel,and strained local and international resources,experimental treatment options cannot be considered for compassionate use in an orderly fashion at the moment.However,moving promising strategies forward through the regulatory process of clinical development has never been more urgent.Over the past decade,several experimental strategies have shown promise in treating EBOV-challenged nonhuman primates(NHPs)after infection.These include recombinant human activated protein C(rhAPC)8,recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2(rNAPc2)9,small interfering RNA(siRNA)10,positively-charged phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers(PMO plus)11,the vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine(VSVΔG-EBOVGP)12,as well as the monoclonal antibody(mAb)cocktails MB-003(consisting of human or human-mouse chimeric mAbs c13C6,h13F6and c6D8)13and ZMAb(consisting of murine mAbs m1H3,m2G4and m4G7)14.Of these,only the antibody-based candidates have demonstrated substantial benefits in NHPs when administered greater than24hours past EBOV exposure.Follow-up studies have shown that MB-003is partially efficacious when administered therapeutically after the detection of two disease“triggers”15,and ZMAb combined with an adenovirus-based adjuvant provides full protection in rhesus macaques when given up to72hours after infection16.The current objective is to develop a therapeutic superior to both MB-003and ZMAb, which could be utilized for outbreak patients,primary health-care providers,as well as high-containment laboratory workers in the future.This study aims to first identify an optimized antibody combination derived from MB-003and ZMAb components, before determining the therapeutic limit of this mAb cocktail in a subsequent experiment.In order to extend the antibody half-life in humans and to facilitate clinical acceptance,the individual murine antibodies in ZMAb were first chimerized with human constant regions(cZMAb).The cZMAb components were then producedin Nicotiana benthamiana17,using the large-scale,cGMP-compatible Rapid Antibody Manufacturing Platform(RAMP)and magnICON vectors that currently also manufactures the individual components of cocktail MB-003,before efficacy testing in animals.References1.Bausch DG,Sprecher AG,Jeffs B,Boumandouki P.Treatment of Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers:a strategy for testing new drugs and vaccines under outbreak conditions.Antiviral Res.2008;78:150–161.doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.152.[PubMed][Cross Ref]2.Baize S,et al.Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea-Preliminary Report.N Engl J Med.2014doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404505.[PubMed][Cross Ref]3.WHO.int.WHO-Ebola virus disease(EVD)2014<http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/ebola/en/>..Chronology of Ebola Hemorrhagic FeverOutbreaks.2014</vhf/ebola/resources/outbreak-table.html>.5.Reliefweb.int.W.African Ebola epidemic‘likely to last months’:UN.2014<http://reliefweb.int/report/guinea/w-african-ebola-epidemic-likely-last-mo nths-un>.6.Clark DV,Jahrling PB,Lawler JV.Clinical management of filovirus-infected patients.Viruses.2012;4:1668–1686.doi:10.3390/v4091668.[PMC freearticle][PubMed][Cross Ref]7.Guimard Y,et anization of patient care during the Ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemic in Kikwit,Democratic Republic of the Congo,1995.J InfectDis.1999;179(Suppl1):S268–273.doi:10.1086/514315.[PubMed][Cross Ref]8.Hensley LE,et al.Recombinant human activated protein C for the postexposure treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever.J Infect Dis.2007;196(Suppl2):S390–399.doi: 10.1086/520598.[PubMed][Cross Ref]9.Geisbert TW,et al.Treatment of Ebola virus infection with a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor:a study in rhesus ncet.2003;362:1953–1958. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15012-X.[PubMed][Cross Ref]10.Geisbert TW,et al.Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference:a proof-of-conceptncet.2010;375:1896–1905.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60357-1.[PubMed][Cross Ref]Questions:16.What is the difference between abstract and introduction?A:There are no references in the abstract and no results in introduction.17.How many parts can you divide the introduction into?Name each part?A:Four Parts.Background,Conclusion,Objective,Method18.What problem is posed on this article?A:The current objective is to develop a therapeutic superior to both MB-003and ZMAb,which could be utilized for outbreak patients,primary health-care providers, as well as high-containment laboratory workers in the future.19.In the first paragragh,what does“supportive care”refer to?A:It includes fluid replenishment,administration of antivirals,and management of secondary symptoms20.What style of referencing system does it belong to?A:Citation order system.21.How many authors are listed in item1?A:Four.22.Where is the article published in Item2?A:New England Journal of Medicine.23.What kind of the reference source does item3belong to?24.What type does the title belong to in item10?A:Title and subtitle25.Please translate the Chinese title“肝素疗法的前瞻性随机研究：into English by using the same method as Item10.A:Heparin therapy:Prospective randomized studyVI：Journal Instruction for authors：10%--11道题General InformationJAMA Internal Medicine is an international peer-reviewed journal providing innovative and clinically relevant research for practitioners in general internal medicine and internal medicine subspecialities. The Editor of JAMA Internal Medicine is Rita F.Redberg,MD,MSc,University of California San Francisco School of Medicine,San Francisco,California.The journal is published online every Monday and in print each month.Authorship Criteria and Conditions and Authorship FormEach author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content.One or more of the authors should take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole,from inception to published article.1,2According to the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors(ICMJE),as revised in2013,2authorship credit should be based on the following4criteria:(1)substantial contributions to conception or design of the work,or the acquisition,analysis,or interpretation of data for the work;and(2)drafting of the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content;and(3)final approval of the version to be published;and(4)agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Each author should be accountable for the parts of the work he or she has done.In addition,each author should be able to identify which coauthors are responsible for specific other parts of the work and should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of any coauthors.Changes in AuthorshipAuthors should determine the order of authorship among themselves and should settle any disagreements among themselves before submitting their manuscripts.Changes in authorship(ie,order,addition,and deletion of authors)should be discussed and approved by all authors.Any requests for such changes in authorship after initial manuscript submission and before publication should be explained in writing to the editor in a letter or email from all authors.1(pp134-135)Manuscript SubmissionManuscripts should be submitted online via the online manuscript submission and review system.At the time of submission,complete contact information(affiliation,postal/mail address,e-mail address, telephone and fax numbers)for the corresponding author is required.First and last names,e-mail addresses,and institutional affiliations of all coauthors are also required.Manuscripts submitted through the online system should not also be submitted by mail or e-mail.After the manuscript is submitted,the corresponding author will receive an acknowledgment confirming receipt and a manuscript number.Authors will be able to track the status of their manuscripts via the online system. After manuscript submission,all authors of Letters to the Editor and Invited Commentaries will be sent an Authorship Form to complete and submit(see sample Authorship Form).All authors of all other manuscripts will receive an Authorship Form at the time of request for/receipt of a revision to their manuscript.See Manuscript Checklist,Manuscript Preparation and Submission Requirements,1,2and other details in these instructions for additional requirements.Manuscript StyleManuscripts should be prepared in accordance with the AMA Manual of Style,10th edition,1and/or the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct,Reporting,Editing,and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.TitleTitles should be concise,specific,and informative and should contain the key points of the work.1(p8) Please limit the length of titles to150characters for reports of research and other major articles and 100characters for Editorials,Viewpoints,Commentaries,and Letters.For scientific manuscripts, overly general titles are not desirable and questions and declarative sentences should be avoided.For reports of clinical trials,meta-analyses,and systematic reviews,include the type of study as a subtitle (eg,A Randomized Clinical Trial,A Meta-analysis,A Systematic Review).For reports of other types of research,do not include study type or design in the title or subtitleReferencesAuthors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the references and for their correct text citation.Cite all references in the text or tables.Number references in the order they appear in the text;do not alphabetize.In text,tables,and legends,identify references with superscript arabic numerals.When listing references,follow AMA style1(pp39-79)and abbreviate names of journals according to the journals list in PubMed.List all authors and/or editors up to6;if more than6,list the first3followed by“et al.”Note:Journal references should include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number.Examples of reference style:1.Garbutt JM,Banister C,Spitznagel E,Piccirillo JF.Amoxicillin for acute rhinosinusitis:a randomized controlled trial.JAMA.2012;307(7):685-692.2.Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services.CMS proposals to implement certain disclosure provisions of the Affordable Care Act./apps/media/press/factsheet.asp?Counter=4221.Accessed January30,2012.3.McPhee SJ,Winker MA,Rabow MW,Pantilat SZ,Markowitz AJ,eds.Care at the Close of Life: Evidence and Experience.New York,NY:McGraw Hill Medical;2011.Questions:25.What kinds of articles does JAMA provide?A:They provide innovative and clinically relevant research for practitioners in general internal medicine and internal medicine subspecialities.26.How many criteria are the authorship credit based on?A:There are4criteria.27.What is required if there are changes in authorship?A:Any requests for such changes in authorship after initial manuscript submission and before publication should be explained in writing to the editor in a letter or email from all authors28.Can authors submit their articles via mail or e-mail?A:No29.How do authors know the status of their manuscript?A:Authors will be able to track the status of their manuscripts via the online system30.What is the requirement for the title of reports of research and other major articles?A:Please limit the length of titles to150characters for reports of research and other major articles 31.Structured abstract can be further divided into two kinds.What are they?A:The first kind is divided into five parts:Background,Objective,Methods,Results and Conclusion and the other one is divided into four parts:Objective,Methods,Results and Conclusion.32.In test,tables,and legends,how are the references identified?A:In text,tables,and legends,identify references with superscript arabic numerals.33.If the authors are more than six,how to list the authors’name?A:if more than6,list the first3followed by“et al.”34.In reference Item3,what is“Care at the Close of Life:Evidence and Experience”?A:The name of the cited book.35.In reference Item3,NY:McGraw Hill Medical is publisher.。
华科2012博士入学英语试题_及参考答案
华科2012博士入学英语试题及参考答案Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minorit y businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should[A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding. 【B】concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation. [C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on thecorporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt change the brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how even the thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made about irresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waiting for a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter in front of her had been heaped with food. The dish was described on the menu as "smoked chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla," and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She held the egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to her mouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And she would probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percent to about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat. "The tortilla is really going to absorb a lot of fat," he said. "It looks like an egg roll is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside."The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. "Cooked white meat chicken, binder added, smoke flavor. People like smoky flavor — it's the caveman in them.""There's green stuff in there," he said, noting the spinach. "That makes me feel like I'm eating something healthy.""Shredded Monterey Jack cheese.... The increase in per-capita consumption of cheese is off the chart."The hot peppers, he said, "add a little spice, but not too much to kill everything else off." He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar."This is highly processed?" I asked."Absolutely, yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rules out all that stuff you have to chew."By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. "When you're eating these things, you've had 500, 600, 800, 900 calories before you know it," said the consultant. "Literally before you know it." Refined food simply melts in the mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants.(B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience.(D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much(C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today.(D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word "vigor" most nearly means(A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftinessPassage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continent. Theoretically，this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt）and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct：it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.On the other hand，the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines，and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction，as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling，in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it，could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides，and since there is no intermediate trench，the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate，which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle，pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic，where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas，such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor，except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor，except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because，in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs，there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin，such as the Gulf of Mexico，the Black Sea，and perhaps the NorthSea.1. According to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins，which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates？（A）Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors（B）Spreading of ocean trenches（C）Movement of mid-ocean ridges（D）Sinking of ocean basins（E）Differences in temperature under oceans and continents2. It can be inferred from the passage that，of the following，the deepest sediments would be found in the（A）Indian Ocean（B）Black Sea（C）Mid-Atlantic（D）South Atlantic （E）Pacific3. The author refers to a “conveyer belt ” in line 13 in order to（A）illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle（B）show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents （C）demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge（D）describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling（E）account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges4.According to the passage，which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides？（A）The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan（B）The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge（C）The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge（D）The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge（E）The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan5. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage？（A） A Description of the Oceans of the World（B）Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation（C）The Traditional View of the Oceans（D）Convection and Ocean Currents（E）Temperature Differences Among the Oceans of the WorldPassage 4In the eighteenth century, Japan‟s feudal overlords, from the shogun (shogun: n.<日>幕府时代的将军) to the humblest samurai (samurai: n.(封建时代的)日本武士,日本陆军军官), found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords‟ failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due tofactors beyond the overlords‟ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords‟ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to ke ep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords‟ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan‟s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.Most of the country‟s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun‟s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns‟ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from(A) an economic history of Japan(B) the memoirs of a samurai warrior(C) a modern novel about eighteenth-century Japan(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western counterpart(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales2. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan‟s Tokugaw a shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16?(A) Warmly approving(B) Mildly sympathetic(C) Bitterly disappointed(D) Harshly disdainful(E) Profoundly shocked4. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector(A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese(C) remained within families (D) existed only in castle-towns(E) took up most of the officeholder‟s time5. The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.(B) Most of the country‟s wealth appeared to be in city merchants‟ hands.(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.汉译英北京，7月11日-中国警方命令一个报道中国社会和经济发展超过10年的知名西方时事通刊物志停刊，该刊物的英国编辑如是说。
历年考博专业课真题
中科院 2003 生化考博题 1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控? 2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展? 3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理? 4.七种重组体筛选方法,原理? 5.包含体? 6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株.如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因. 7.蛋白质一,二,三,四结构?用什么方法测定. 8.从 cDNA 文库中用特定一对引物利用 PCR 扩增一个酶蛋白基因.将该基因重组到一个通 用表达载体上进行表达. 对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明, 重组蛋白具有相应酶活性. 是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成?为什么?复旦大学 2002 年试题(金融学) 1,分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果. (20 分) 2,试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应,评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果. (30 分) 3,什么叫可维持的国际收支结构,结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件. (20 分) 4, 全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型, 并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣. (30 分)2004 年人大民法考博试题 民法: 1,论请求权 2,人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质 3,相邻权与地役权的区别 4,论商业秘密权 民事诉讼: 1,论不要证事实 2,论当事人更换 3,论上诉审程序 4,破产申请要件 中国人民大学民商法专业考博试题 民法 93. 1.论合同自由 2.新闻监督与侵害名誉权 3.证券市场的现状与对策 94. 1.试论我国物权制度的建立与完善(40) 2.我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限 公司的异同(30) 3.侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别(30)95. 1.论物权分类 2.企业法人与社团法人的关系 3.侵权行为与违约行为的异同 96. 1.评析民法通则 2.物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别 3.缔约过失责 任与合同责任的联系与区别 4.评析人身保险合同(3,4 选一) 97. 1.论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法 2.行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除 权的区别 3.论典权的性质,典权与抵押,质押,买卖和租赁的法律关系 4.论保险合同中 当事人的基本权利义务 98. 1.国有企业改革中的民法适用问题 2.效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别 3.试 析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释 200 条 4.侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间 的比较 99. 1.我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位 2.用益物权 的种类及逐一评述 3.知识产权及其他财产权的异同,著作权与工业产权的异同 4.有限责 任公司与股份有限公司的异同 2000. 1, WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响 2, 论经营权 3, 论合同自愿原则 4, 网 络环境下的知识产权保护 2001. 1.法人有限责任 2.善意取得 3.表见代理 4.代位权行使的要件 2002. 1. 论民事法律行为的发展和完善 2. 论物权请求权 3. 合同成立和效力的关系 4. 知 识产权在民法中的地位 2003 1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善 2.评析物权行为理论 3.论信托法律关系中的受托 人的权利性质 4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同 5.论知识产权的私权本质 2004 1,论民法请求权 2,从人格权和人格的关系论述人格权的民事法律性质 3,论相邻权 和地役权的关系 4,论商业秘密权 民诉 93. 1.论市场经济条件下民事诉讼法的完善. 2.论公示催告程序. 3.诉讼保全与债的 保全的关系 4.民事诉讼法中当事人制度的新的发展. 5.其他组织问题 94. 1. 试析我国民事诉讼法中保护当事人行使诉讼权利的优先及其在民事诉讼法条文中的 体现 2.财产保全与先予执行的异同 3.试述督促程序在适用中的问题及处理方法 4.试论 法院对涉外仲裁裁决执行的审查 95.1. 试析民事审判中重实体轻程序的现象 2. 申请代位执行的根据 3. 公示催告程序 4. 诉 权与起诉权的关系 96. 1.评严格执行民事诉讼法,确保案件公正审理 2.代位申请执行与代位权 3.当事人 查证与法院取证的根据 4.涉外民事诉讼中管辖权冲突的解决途径 97. 1.关于建立我国民事审判模式的理论思考 2.评析新民事诉讼法 3.论举证责任倒置 4.论民事诉讼法与仲裁法的关系 98. 1.建立我国诉讼标的理论 2.调解与审判分离理论 3.启动再审的三种方式间的关系 99. 1.试述程序公正与程序效益价值之间的关系 2.重塑我国再审程序制度的理论思考 3.论执行难及其解决途径 2000. 1.诉权在司法实践中的保护 2,诉讼程序与非讼程序的交叉适用 3,论执行的性质 4,论缺席判决 2001. 1.调解制度的完善 2.执行权性质及与裁判权的区别 3.诚信原则是否适用于民诉 举证责任的分配 2002. 1.评析民诉法关于审前准备的规定 2.法律推定与事实推定的效力 3.判决的形式 确定力与实质确定力 4.执行竞合及其解决 2003 1.论书证的分类及其法律意义 2.论检察机关在民事诉讼中的作用(地位) 3.论当事人能力与民事权利能力的一致与分离 4.辨析代位申请执行和代位权 2004 1,论民事诉讼法中的免予证明事实 2,论当事人变更 3,论二审对一审的裁判 4,论 破产申请提出的条件武汉大学 2004 年医学考博试题 消化内科试题 1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因 2 IBD 遗传易感性表现在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的发病机制 4 GERD 的诊断与治疗 5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗 6 NSAID 诱发溃疡的机制病生 试题一,简答题 1 简述凋亡的基本过程 2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响 3 低钾血症对机体的影响 4 心肌肥大的基本特点 5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制 6 何为缺血预处理?它有哪些保护作用? 二,论述题 1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸碱平衡紊乱,为什么? 2 何为自由基?试述它在体内的作用. 2004 年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题 一名解(原题为英文) 1.休克抑制期 2.骨不连 3.骨筋膜室综合征 4.非少尿型肾功衰 5.预存自体回输血二.问答题 1.创伤的检查与诊断方法 2.脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3.腰椎间盘的分型 进展及治疗方法 4.周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法 5.股骨头缺血坏死的 FICAT 分期 6.你对骨肉瘤的最新看法 7.骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征.协和 2003 年分子生物学专业试题(博士) 1, 近年来人们对真核基因调控理论有了深入的认识, 现在大家普遍接受"unified theory" 的理论,请你谈一谈对该理论的理解及其你的观点. 2,用微球菌核酸酶酶解染色质,然后进行电泳,发现 200bp,400bp,600bp,800bp... 的条带,试问从该现象可以得出什么结论?图 1 所示的条带不是非常狭窄,试解释其原因武汉大学 2001 比较文学与世界文学专题试题 一.20 分.AB 任选 A.莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态"外化"为舞台形象 的?表现主义文学(如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》)又是如何系统的运用这类"外化"手法的? B. 以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例, 谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的 见解.(说明:不限于戏剧,也可以举小说等为例.) 二.30 分.在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中,你对哪一部印象最深?描述你阅读它事的初始 感受,然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思,剖析和评价. 三.20 分.CD 任选 C.结合具体的作家和作品,论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征. D.从 T.S.艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学"总体论"出发,结合其他西方学 者的相关理论,论述民族文学,总体文学与比较文学的相互关系. 四.30 分.古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了"迷狂说".中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧 浪诗话.诗辨》中提出了"妙悟说".结合他们的具体论述,以"迷狂说与妙悟说"为题 ,从学说产生的时代与社会环境, 诗任的创作过程, 艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨 析第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题 学科专业: 传染病学 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 32 分) 1. ICAM-1 2. interleukin 12(IL-12) 3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 4. TCR/CD3 complex 5. hematopoietin receptor family 6. individual idiotype(IdI) 7. integrin 8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )? 2. 简述杀伤性 T 细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理. 3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染 性疾病防治中的作用. 4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性 T 细胞(Th)相互作用的关系. 三. 问答题(每题 18 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点. 主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测 的方法和原理. 2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展? 第四军医大学 一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫 学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD4 2. T cell receptor(TCR) 3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) 4. selectin 5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC) 7. immunotolerance 8. biological reponse modifier(BRM) 9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene) 10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性. 2. 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞(Tc 或 CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不 同? 3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理. 4. NK 细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK 细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性? 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分) 供传染病学专业试题: 1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 供消化内科专业试题: 1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和 结果测定? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD8 2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ ) 3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold) 4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers) 5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory 6. HLA class II antigen 7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP) 9. high affinity IL-2 receptor 10. artificial active immunization 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用. 2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点. 3. 试述分泌型 IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程. 4. 试比较 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原,表面受体等)的异同点. 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分.请注意:每位考生只能从 1,2 题中选一题,3,4 题中选 一题,共答两题,多答者不计分.) 1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学 检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理. 2. 为了避免 IgG 抗体 Fc 段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的 F(ab')2 段,试问如何应 用 SDS-PAGE 方法对 F(ab')2 进行鉴定? 3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展. 4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展. 第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业:免疫学,传染病学,消化内科 考试科目:免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement 2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor subunit shared by some cytokine receptors) 3. flow cytometry(FCM) 4. carrier effect 5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus 6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets 7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP) 8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 9. SH-2(src-homology region 2) 10. Ab2β (internal image) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分)1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展? 2. 参与活化 T 细胞与活化 B 细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能? 3. 试述 HLA 在临床上的主要应用. 4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化 T 细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主 要操作步骤. 5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO),干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用. 三. 选择问答题(每题 10 分,共 20 分.请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为 无效.) 免疫学专业: 1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig 超家族,造血因子受体超家族,神经生长因子受体超家族以及 趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出 2 个成员. 2. 试比较人 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的 免疫功能? 传染病学专业: 1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如 何进行相应的免疫学功能检测? 2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系. 消化专业: 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展. 2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特 点.分泌型 IgA 是如何进行合成和分泌的? 第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. Fas(CD95)/FasL 2. common chain of cytokine receptor 3 . TCR/CD3 complex 4. negaive selection of thymocytes 5. artificial active immune 6. anti-idiotypic 7. IgSF 8. Integrin9. chemokine 10. B7/CD28 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 60 分) 1. 比较 MHCⅠ和 MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程. 2. 比较 CTL 和 NK 杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点. 3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点. 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案 克隆此基因. 5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战 src="./images/smilies/sad.gif" border=0 smilieid="2">1)肿瘤免疫;(2)基因治疗; (3)CD 抗原. 第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. B7/CD28 2. Th1 subset 3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily(STR superfamily) 4. antibody affinity maturation 5. AP-1 6. single chain variable fragment(ScFv) 7. NK cell receptor 8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon 9. Ig fold 10. CD40/CD40L 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与 T 细胞功能性亚群形成的关系. 2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律,回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么? 3. 试从结构和功能等角度,阐述白细胞分化抗原(CD),粘附分子(integrin)和免疫球 蛋白超家族(IgSF)三类分子的相互关系.目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么? 三. 问答题(24 分,第 1 题为免疫学专业考生试题,第 2 题为血液病学科考生试题,第 3 题为消化内科考生试题,只允许答本专业试题)1. 试比较 TCR 和 BCR 结构及其识别抗原,淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理. (免疫学专业). 2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展.(血液病学专业). 3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展.(消化内科专业). 一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题 (免疫学专业和专业基础) 一.名词解释(每题 3 分,共 45 分) 1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules) 2.NK-kB 3.Immunoglobulin superfamily 4.antigen-presenting cell (APC) 5.death domain R and CXCR 7.Lectin (or mitogen) 8.Clusters of differentiation, CD) 9.B7 family 10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL) 11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) 12.MHC restriction 13.Affinity-chromatography 14.Cyctosprin A, CsA 15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC) 二.问答题(每题 10 分,共 30 分) 1.何为 Th1 和 Th2 亚群?如何检测?在临床上有何意义? 2.试述免疫球蛋白(Ig)的结构与功能的关系. 3.试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR/CD3)与 B 细胞受体(BCR)的组成,结构及其识别 抗原的特点. 三.选择问答题(各专业考生只答一道本专业试题,25 分) 免疫学专业: 1.试述 B7/CD28, CTLA-4,CD40/CD40L,LFA-1/ICAM-1,CD2/LFA-3 的结构,分布以及相互 作用后介导的主要生物学功能.消化内科: 2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类?机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素(机制)?简述提高 抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策. 血液病学专业: 3.何为白血病的免疫学分型?何为移植物抗宿主反应(GVHR)?GVHR 发 生的主要原因(条件)是什么? 一九九年九博士生入学考试试题 (专业基础: 免疫学) 一.名词解释(每题 5 分,共 45 分) 1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin) 3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor) 4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen) 5. Interleukin 18(IL-18) 6. 整合素(integrin) 7. Fas/FasL 8. FcR(免疫球蛋白 Fc 段受体) 9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM) 10. Th1/Th2 11. 基因疫苗(DNA 疫苗) 12. chemokines and chemokine receptor 13. 免疫耐受 14. 共刺激分子 15. 死亡结构域(death domain) 二.问答题(第 1,2 题各 18 分,第 3 题 19 分) 1. 试比较杀伤性 T 细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导 免疫功能有何不同? 2. 70 年代以来,有关 Ig 和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学 诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用. (1)1972 年:胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解 Ig,获得 Fab,Fc,F(ab')2 等片段 (2)1977 年:放射免疫法 (3)1984 年:淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体(4)1987 年: Ig 基因的结构 3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前 提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略. 一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业) 问答题(每题 25 分) 1. 试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR),B 细胞受体(BCR)和 NK 细胞受体(NKCR)的组成,识别配 体以及信号转导的异同点. 2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例,T 细胞和 B 细胞是如何相互作用? 有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与 T,B 细胞的相互作用? 3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实 HFRS 病毒感染机体(以 Balb/C 小鼠为例)可产生 HFRS 病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性 CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用, 请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实. 4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫 学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义,发展趋势以及应用前景.中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1996 年博士研究生入学试题 1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的 特征,这些差别特征有哪些方面?并举例说明. 2 试述三种粘多糖的名称,在动物体内的 主要分布, 主要构成单糖及其它糖类. 3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系. 4 J. D. Watson 因其证明 DNA 的双螺旋结构,曾与 Crick 共获诺贝尔奖.这位科学泰头在他后 来一体名著中解释 DNA 形状时写过这样一段话:"Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments". 你认为他在这里用 configulation 一词描述 DNA 的三维结构确切吗?为什么? (此段英原文不必译出, 但须回答为什么, 否则无分) 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1998 年博士研究生入学试题一, 填充题 1 DNA 具有的两个重要功能是 , 核糖体的功能是 2 逆 转录酶是一种多功能酶,它兼有 指导的 DNA 聚合酶, 指导的 DNA 聚合酶. 3 能够用来 将外源的 DNA 片段转移到活细胞内部的 , 或 统称为克隆载体. 4 绝大多数真核生物信 使 RNA3'端有 . 5 证明 DNA 是遗传信息携带者的科学家是 . 6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水 解,碱水解引起 , , 和 的破坏. 7 蛋白质的三维构象也称 或 . 8 生物膜主要是由 和 两大类物质组成, 生物膜的基因结构形式是 . 膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过 ,和 等 方式进行. 9 1997 年诺贝尔化学奖授予 , 主要是基于他们阐明了 反应机制分子结构及 酶 的作用机制. 10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自 和 . 11 糖蛋白的糖链,是由专一性很低 强的 ,从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的.二,解释名词和英文符号的科学 含义 1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat 5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR 8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing 三,问答题 1 热力学第二定律证明任何体 系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵, 然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立 起高度有序的结构,这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律?为什么? 2 回答下述 问题是对或是错,假若是错请解释为什么? 1) 在底物饱和的条件下,酶的催化反应速率 与酶浓度成比例. 2) 在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是,酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而 下降. 3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义. 4 在静息态的神经细胞中,胞内外的 K 与 Na 浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大, 此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差 的总称是什么?假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化, 其 反应表示为请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么?其意义何在? 5 举例简述对细胞中 多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性. 6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)? 请举例说明. 7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系. 8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein) 比较重要的核蛋白体有那些? 9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称, 化学组成及其生理意义. 10 什么是终止密码子,已知的终止密码了有那些? 11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手 段,在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数? 中国科学院 动物研究所高级生物化学 1999 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 填充题 1 主动运输的主要特点 是 , , , , . 2 辅酶中 A 分子中含有 , , , . 3 线粒体 DNA 的复制方式是 , 其复制特点是 . 4 高能磷酸化物可分为 , , , . 5 糖类物质是含 和 化合物;常见 的糖有 和 ,它们分解后可分为 , , , . 6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为 和 蛋白质,按生物功能可分为 , , , , . 7 酶作为生物催化剂的特点是 , , , , . 二,解释基本概念 1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏 5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff 反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类 9 蜡 10 同工酶 三,问答题(任选 7 题) 1 试述 逆转录酶的生物学意义. 2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡. 3 简述生物膜运送的分 子机理. 4 写出 20 种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号. 5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含 量的基本原理是什么? 6 简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则. 7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原 理. 8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式. 9 根据你的生理学,细胞生物学和分子生 物学的知识, 构思一实验方案, 差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的 特异功能基因. 中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 解 释基本概念 1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶 5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶 I 和辅酶 II 8 叶酸 9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素 13 脱氨基作用 14 转 氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子 17 质粒 18 基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体 二, 回答问题 (其 中 7,8 两题任选一题) 1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能. 2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其 在生物进化和生物功能中的意义. 3 RNA 在那些类型?比较它们的结构与功能. 4 阐述 生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制. 5 试述脂蛋白的种类, 化学组成和生物功能. 6 说明真核生物的 DNA 聚合酶的种类及其生理功能. 7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和 细胞核的相互关系.中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题 中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 (一,二,三题为必答题,五和六可任选一题) 一, 请解释下列 名词,并写出它们的英文术词: 1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默 5 功 能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡 二, 限制性内切酶是如何发现的? 限制性内切酶可分成几类?如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究? 三, 请分别列出 用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术,并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关 系. 四, 请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同,并在你所熟悉的生物(植物或动物)的范围 内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题. 五, 获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后,怎样才能阐明 该基因的功能?请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案. 六, 在真核生物 基因的 DNA 序列中,哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能?。
华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingClozeAfter yuppies and dinkies.a new creature from adland stalks the block. The NYLON, an acronym linking New York and London, is a refinement of those more familiar categories such as jet-setters and cosmo-crats(cosmopolitan aristocrats…do keep up). Marketing professionals have noted that【C1】______the demise of Concorde, a new class of high-earner increasingly【C2】______his or her time shuttling【C3】______the twin capitals of globalization. And NYLONS prefer their home comforts【C4】______tap in both cities. Despite the impressive【C5】______of air miles, they are not adventurous people. As【C6】______from Tom Wolfe’s Masters of the Universe of the 1980s .NYLONS have done more than well【C7】______the long boom and new economy of the last ten years. They are DJs, chefs, games designers, Internet entrepreneurs, fashionistas, publishers and even a(n)【C8】______band of journalists and writers. They are self-consciously trendy and some are even able to 【C9】______houses in both cities. Others will put up【C10】______a house in one, and a view【C11】______a room in the【C12】______. Of course, their horizons do【C13】______beyond just New York and London. For many, Los Angeles is an important shopping mall. More significantly for adland, NYLONS provide some useful marketing savings. Campaigns no longer have to differ very much in the two cities,【C14】______NYLONS bring them ever closer together. The restaurants are the same, with Nobu now in London and Conran in New York. Many plays【C15】______in both cities at the same time, and DJs shuttle between the two, 【C16】______the same garage to the same people in【C17】______clubs. Time Out and Wallpaper are the magazines of【C18】______All this is fine for NYLONS. But not so much【C19】______for everybody else watching Notting Hill turn【C20】______a pale imitation of Greenwich Village.1．【C1】A．regardless ofB．even thoughC．althoughD．despite正确答案：D解析：本题考核的知识点是逻辑+语法。
2003年春季华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。
华中科技大学博士英语作文题目
华中科技大学博士英语作文题目As a doctoral student at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, I have been immersed in a rigorous academic environment that has challenged me to grow both intellectually and personally. 华中科技大学的博士生活是一个充满挑战的学术环境，不仅考验着我的学术能力，也让我在个人成长方面有了很大的突破。
The journey of pursuing a doctoral degree is a demanding one, requiring dedication, perseverance, and a deep passion for one's field of study. 追求博士学位的路途是艰辛的，需要专注、毅力以及对自己研究领域的热爱。
One of the most rewarding aspects of being a doctoral student at Huazhong University of Science and Technology is the opportunity to engage with top researchers and scholars in my field. 在华中科技大学攻读博士学位的最大收获之一就是有机会与该领域的顶尖研究人员和学者交流。
The resources and support provided by the university have been instrumental in shaping my research and helping me reach newheights in my academic journey. 学校提供的资源和支持对我研究的塑造起到了重要的作用，帮助我在学术道路上不断取得新的突破。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
华中科技大学考博英语-4.doc
华中科技大学考博英语-4(总分：99.99，做题时间：90分钟)一、Translation(总题数：6，分数：100.00)By far the most common snake in Britain is the adder. In Scotland, in fact, there are no other snakes at all. The adder is also the only British snake with a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers sunny hillsides and rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all.Most people regard snake bites as fatal misfortune, but not all bites are serious, and very few are fatal. 1 Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with amateurs heroically, but mistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presents any danger. 2 British snakes are shy animals and are far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of them. The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can happen if you take it by surprise and step on it accidentally or if you try to catch it or pick it up which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming it will normally get out of the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly and may attack before moving if you are very close.The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight of the person bitten. The bigger the person, the less harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer far more seriously from snake bites than adults. A healthy person will also have better resistance against the poison. 3 Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just as many cases of bites having little or no effect, as there are of serious illness.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sociology is concerned with people and with the rules of behavior that structure the ways in which people interact. As one of the social sciences, sociology has much in common with psychology and anthropology.The subject matter of social science inquiry is patterned social regularities. 4 A search for these regularities shows that most human behavior, from big and momentous acts to small and insignificant ones, is patterned.All of the social sciences are interested in patterned regularities in human social behavior. The distinction among the social sciences is chiefly in the kinds of regularities of interest. Psychology occupies itself principally with patterns of learning, motivations and mental disorders. Because mental behavior also has a biological base, psychology is related to the natural science as well as the social. Anthropology has traditionally limited its inquiry to small, preliterate societies and has turned to focus on culture and cultured systems. The focus on such societies provides anthropologists with field laboratories in which they study many of the concerns of the other social sciences. 5 To the extent that anthropologists turn their attention to modern societies, there is little difference in the subject matter of anthropology and sociology; in many colleges and universities, they are in the same department. The chief differences continue to be in methodology and level of analysis.Whatever their particular area of concern, all social sciences rely on the scientific method of inquiry. 6 This means they rely on critical and systematic examination of the evidence before reaching any conclusions and that they approached each research question from a position of moralneutrality. This scientific approach is what distinguishes the social sciences from journalism and other fields that comment on the condition.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Every year, according to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), millions of men and women suffer from depressive illness. 7 Worse, thousands of depressives, including an alarming number of teenagers, take their own lives—often, it is believed, before their condition is identified.A NIMH survey has found that only about one third of depressed people seek treatment. Yet when treated, 80 to 90 percent can be helped with new drugs and therapy, and may never have another episode—if those around them spot their troubles early and treatment begins promptly. Clinical depression should not be confused with the blues. 8 Everyone has brief "down" periods, and sometimes depression strikes tor perfectly understandable reasons: the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or the breakup of a marriage. But most people gradually adjust to their losses. Clinical depression differs from the blues in duration and severity. For some it may be associated with disturbances in the brain"s neurochemistry (神经化学系统). Says Dr. Frederick K. Goodwin, director of the Center on Neuroscience, Behavior and Society at George Washington University Medical Center, "In depression-prone people, what starts as a normal response takes on a biochemical life of its own. The regulatory, systems keep running, and you get a kind of burnout."9 Untreated, the condition frequently recurs, and with each recurrence the chances of yet another episode increase. Half of those who have an untreated first episode will have a second, and after three episode, there is a 90 percent chance of a fourth. So early treatment is critical. Depression is a crippling illness. But with a little help from observant friends or family, and with proper medical treatment, most people recover and return to healthy, productive lives.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Did life emerge spontaneously on earth, or did it come from outer space? 10 The scientific community is sharply split on the question, and the evidence from Mars (火星) not only heats up the debate but also adds a third possibility: life-forms may have arisen on Mars first and then hitched a ride on a meteorite (陨石) to Earth—or vice versa. As Stanford University chemist Richard Zare puts it, "Who is to say that we are not all Martians?"Sounds implausible? Consider the alternatives. Sir Fred Hoyle, the distinguished British astronomer, favors an even more radical theory. The idea is that billions of years ago, the solar system was peppered by biological "seeds", which took root wherever conditions were right. That would explain how life may have arisen at roughly the same time on Earth and on Mars. 11 But it also raises awkward questions about where those seeds came from and what, or who, sent them flying through space.There is something to this theory. 12 Even scientists who reject it acknowledge that some of life"s building blocks probably had extraterrestrial (外星的) origins. Indeed, they now believe that everything from organic chemicals to amino acids (氨基酸), the constituents of proteins, was carried in by the comets, asteroids (小行星) and meteorites.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Americans are the first of the big spenders. 13 Among twenty major countries, the U. S. ranks third from last in individual willingness to save, putting aside a bare 4% of disposable income.A key reason is world-beating U. S. consumer debt, which has ballooned in 20 years from $100 billion to $900 billion. Things were not always thus. Thriftiness, not to say tightfistedness, used to be a Yankee (美国人的) virtue. As recently as 1984, Americans were saving 8% of their after-tax income. The image of Americans as spoiled children is fairly new, though now firmly established.14 Instead of putting something aside for a rainy day, Americans now start saving only when recession hits, while in other parts of the world like Asia, higher savings are associated with prosperity and growth.Savings also help maintain that happy state of affairs. Capital accumulation funds capital investment, so it comes as no surprise that as in savings, the U. S. lags in investment: 18.5% of GDP in 1994 against 24.8% for Germany, 28.9% for Japan and even more for Asia"s Young Tigers. Given the right encouragement, can Americans become born-savers again? If not, Joseph Gorman, CEO of TRW Inc., the $8 billion American auto-components manufacturer, warns, " 15Macro-economists would argue that we are condemned to run a big trade deficit because our country consumes far more than it saves, and other countries save far more than they consume. So goods are going to flow largely to the consumers, but the capital profits and the jobs will flow to the producers, who are the savers." In other words, Americans will be the grasshoppers (蚱蜢) in a world of ants.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16 We are all now aware that some new scientific or technological advances, though useful, may have unpleasant side effects. More and more, the tendency is to expert caution before committing the world to something that may not be reversible.The trouble is, it"s not always easy to tell what the side effects will be. In 1846, a man called Sobrero produced the first nitroglycerine (硝化甘油). When heated, a drop of it exploded. The Italian chemist realized in horror its possible application to warfare and stopped his research at once. It didn"t help, of course. 17 Others followed his research and other high explosives were indeed being used in warfare by the close of the 19th century.Did that make high explosives entirely bad? In 1867, Alfred Nobel learned how to mix nitroglycerine with other substances to produce a safer-to-handle mixture he called "dynamite". With dynamite, earth could be moved at a rate far beyond that of pick and shovel.We can"t abandon industrialization, because our food supply depends on it. If everyone decided to grow food without chemical fertilizers or insecticides or machinery, it would mean that only one quarter of the world population could be fed.Can we abandon some of our industrial technology and hold onto the rest? That would be very difficult, since it all hangs together.We can save, conserve, cut out waste, but what we have we must keep. 18 The only solution, as always in the history of mankind, is to solve problems by still further advances in technology.（分数：24.99）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
历年湖北省华中科技大学英语考博真题
以下是[⽆忧★考]为⼤家整理的《历年湖北省华中科技⼤学英语考博真题》的⽂章，供⼤家参考阅读！ 华中科技⼤学 2010年招收博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题 考试科⽬：英语 适合专业：各专业 Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%) Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank inthe passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the .United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 1 en event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 5 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competitionmerely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world……and even outer space. 1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D, Before 2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given 3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whichever 4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose 5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write 6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other 7. A. HoweverB. AndC. ThereforeD. So 8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed 9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch 11. A. matters B. affairs C. things D. events 12. A. on B. through C. with D. of 13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose 14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in 15. A. source B. origin C.course D. finance 16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success 17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured 18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something 19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered 20. A. by B. with C. at D. about Part II Reading comprehension (20x2=40%) Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage One Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by" induction". Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries …… such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the" force" of gravity …… could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a-fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain. What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances. 21. According to Bacon, facts 。
华中科技大学同济医学院博士英语样题
Model TestName St. No. ScoreI. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)2007 JCR Science Edition Journals from: subject categories MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNALSorted by:I m pact Fact orJournals 1 - 20 (of 100)[ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ] Page 1 of 5Ranking is based on your journal and sortselections.Rank Abbreviated JournalTitle(linked to journalinformation)ISSNTotalCitesImpactFactorImmediacyIndexArticlesCitedHalf-life1 NEW ENGL J MED0028-4793 186402 52.589 11.962 343 7.02 LANCET0140-6736 135949 28.638 8.636 305 7.73 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC0098-7484 103620 25.547 7.965 229 6.84 ANN INTERN MED0003-4819 40783 15.516 4.056 162 8.65 ANNU REV MED0066-4219 3829 13.415 2.879 33 6.16 PLOS MED1549-1277 3725 12.601 2.705 166 1.97 BRIT MED J0959-8146 62151 9.723 6.210 210 8.28 ARCH INTERN MED0003-9926 30282 8.391 1.734 278 7.29 CAN MED ASSOC J0820-3946 8324 7.067 3.053 94 6.410 ANN MED0785-3890 3143 5.779 0.593 54 6.11.What is the option of this journal citation report?2.What is the subject category?3.How is the list sorted?4.What is the Impact Factor of New England Journal of Medicine?5.What is the full title of BRIT MED J?II. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)Web of Science®ResultsSubject Heading=(LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICINE) AND Author=(WANG SY) AND Institution=(HUAZHONG UNIV SCI TECHNOL)Timespan=All Years. Databases=IC, SCI-EXPANDED, CCR-EXPANDED [back to 1840], SSCI.1. Zhang ZH, Wang SY, Li Q, et al.Capillary leak syndrome in children with C4A-deficiency undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a double-blind, randomised controlled studyLANCET 366 (9485): 556-562 AUG 13 2005Times Cited:02. Zhang SH, Wang SY, Yao SLEvidence for development of capillary leak syndrome associated withcardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric patients with the homozygous C4A nullphenotypeANESTHESIOLOGY 100 (6): 1387-1393 JUN 2004Times Cited:43. Zhang SH, Wang SY, Yao SLAntioxidative effect of propofol during cardiopulmonary bypass in adultsACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA 25 (3): 334-340 MAR 2004Times Cited:46.What is the website you can use to find the SCI collection?7.What is the subject heading?8.Where is Wang SY from?9.How many articles of Wang SY are collected by SCI?10.How many times are his articles cited?III. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 18, 15541-15549, May 2, 2003Induction of Prothrombinase fgl2 by the Nucleocapsid Protein of Virulent Mouse Hepatitis Virus Is Dependent on Host Hepatic Nuclear Factor-4Qin Ning, Sophia Lakatoo, Mingfeng Liu, Weiming Y ang, Zhimo Wang, M. James Phillips, and Gary A. LevyFibrinogen-like protein 2/fibroleukin (Fgl2) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both experimental and human fulminant hepatic failure. We have reported recently that the nucleocapsid(N) protein from strains of murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3, MHV-A59),which cause massive hepatocellular necrosis but not from strains(MHV-JHM, MHV-2) which do not produce serious liver disease, induces transcription of fgl2. The purpose of the present study was to characterize both viral and host factor(s) necessary for viral induced transcription of fgl2. Mutation of residues Gly-12, Pro-38,Asn-40, Gln-41, and Asn-42 within domain 1 of the N protein of MHV-A59 to their corresponding residues found in MHV-2 abrogated fgl2 transcription, whereas mutation of other N protein domains,including a protein expressed from an internal reading frame (I protein), did not affect fgl2 gene transcription. We then examined the 372 to 306 sequence within the 1.3-kb fgl2promoter region upstream from the transcription start site that was previously identified as necessary for N protein-induced gene transcription.We demonstrated that the 331/325 HNF4 cis-element and its cognate transcription factor, HNF4, are necessary for virus-induced fgl2gene transcription. In uninfected macrophages and macrophages infected with MHV-2, an unidentified protein occupies the HNF4cis-element. Following stimulation with MHV-A59, it was shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay that HNF4binds the HNF4 cis-element in the fgl2promoter. We further report the unprecedented presence of HNF4in peritoneal macrophages. Collectively, the results of this study define both viral and host factors necessary for induction of fgl2prothrombinase gene transcription in MHV infection and may provide an explanation for the hepatotrophic nature of MHV-induced fulminant hepatic failure.11.How many parts can you divide the abstract into? each part?13.Which sentence is the purpose of the study?14.Which sentence is the conclusion?IV. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)15.How many parts can you divide the introduction into? each part?17.Which sentence is the purpose of the study?18.Which sentence is the conclusion?V. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)References and Notes1. State Council AIDS Working Committee Office, U.N. Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China, A Joint Assessment of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China (Beijing, 2004).2. J. Watts, Lancet362, 1983 (2003).3. Ministry of Health of China, UNAIDS, and WHO, 2005 Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 2006].4. M. J. Rotheram-Borus, P. A. Newman, M. A. Etzel, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.25 (suppl.2), S105 (2000).5. The Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group, Lancet356, 103 (2000).6. S. Allen et al., AIDS17, 733 (2003).7. H. Amaro, A. C. Morrill, J. Dai, J. Health Psychol.10, 287(2005).8. M. E. Bentley et al., AIDS12, 1869 (1998).9. R. Fox, N. J. Odaka, R. Brookmeyer, B. R. Polk, AIDS1, 241 (1987).10. J. A. Inciardi, H. L. Surratt, S. P. Kurtz, J. C. Weaver, AIDS Care17 (suppl. 1), S88 (2005).11. R. R. Robles, T. D. Matos, H. M. Colon, C. A. Marrero, J. C. Reyes, Drugs Soc. (New York) 9,173 (1996).12. A. Erikson et al., Correspondent15, 24 (2006).13.T. Frieden et al., N. Engl. J. Med.353, 2397-2402 (2005).14. R. Bayer, N. Engl. J. Med.334, 1540 (1996).15. L. B. Leveton, H. C. Sox, M. A. Stoto, Eds. HIV and the Blood Supply: An Analysis of CrisisDecision-Making (Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 1995).16. Chinese Ministry of Health, U.N. Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China, The ThirdConference on HIV/AIDS International Cooperation Projects in China, Kunming, 3 to 4 September 2005.17. UNAIDS-WHO, "Policy statement on HIV testing"(www.who.int/entity/rpc/research_ethics/hivtestingpolicy_en_pdf.pdf).18. Ministry of Health Expert Consultation Committee, "Report on HIV screening among keypopulations in Henan province" (Ministry of Health, Beijing, 2005).19. Ministry of Health Expert Consultation Committee, "Report on HIV screening among keypopulations in Yunnan Province" (Ministry of Health, Beijing, 2005).20. HIV-positive mothers are given the options of abortion or ART perinatally, cesarean delivery(where available), and free formula milk for 12 months.21. State Council Regulations on AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Articles 3, 10, 39, 41, 55, 56.22. The Infectious Diseases Control Act of the People's Republic of China, Articles 12, 16, 68, 69.We thank S. Korenman, Associate Dean for Ethics at the UCLA School of Medicine, for reviewing this manuscript, W. W. Cao for review of relevant publications, and W. Aft for editorial assistance.19.What kind of the reference source does the first reference belong to?20.What kind of the reference source does the second reference belong to?21.What kind of the reference source does Reference 15 belong to?22.What kind of the reference source does Item 20 belong to?VI. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)SCI Impact Factor 1.677Acta Pharmacologica Sinica Information For Authors GENERAL1 Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, published monthly in English, is the official journal of the Chinese Pharmacological Society and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica is listed in Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, CSA Medical Biotechnology, CSA Bioengineering, CSA Neuroscience, Current Contents/Life Sciences, Excerpta Medica, FSTA, Global Health, IndexCopernicus, Index Medicus, Kagaku Gijutsu Bunken Sokuho, MEDLINE, Рефератнвныйжурнап, Research Alert, Science Citation Index, SciSearch, Scopus, Tropical Diseases Bulletin, and many other abstracting and indexing services.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica welcomes current Original articles on all aspects of the life sciences and related areas, both experimental and clinical, from any part of the world. Reviews based primarily on authors?own research of internationally important topics are also welcome. Manuscripts should be prepared in accordance with the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication" as presented at /.2 Prior or duplicate publications are not accepted. All manuscripts, especially data, must not be published or submitted for publication elsewhere. English translations of published articles are not acceptable. The authors should make a full statement on submission about all submissions and previous reports that might be regarded as redundant or duplicate publications of the same or very similar work.The source of financial grants and other funding must be acknowledged, including a frank declaration of the authors' industrial links and affiliations. The contribution of colleagues or institutions should also be acknowledged.…23.What is the SCI Impact Factor of Acta Pharmacological Sinica?24.What kinds of original article are welcomed by Acta Pharmacological Sinica?25.What is the website presenting the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted toBiomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication"?26.Does Acta Pharmacological Sinica accept English translations of published articles?27.What must be acknowledged if an article is accepted to be published in Acta PharmacologicalSinica?。
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案华科2021博士入学英语试题及参考答案Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks. Civilrights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselvesin business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontractsthat are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record theirefforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments innew plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The worldof corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons forjoint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups andminority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.11. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks. [C] propose a temporary solution to a problem. [D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm. [B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government. [D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned business es, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should[A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding. 【B】 concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation. [C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the2corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt changethe brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how eventhe thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made aboutirresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waitingfor a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter in front of her had been heapedwith food. The dish was described on the menu as \chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla,\and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She heldthe egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to hermouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And shewould probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percentto about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat. \is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside.\The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. \. People like smoky flavor ― it's the caveman in them.\\eating something healthy.\\off the chart.\3The hot peppers, he said, \He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar.\\yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rules out all that stuff you have to chew.\By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. \it,\mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants. (B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience. (D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much (C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society 3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today. (D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word \ (A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftiness4Passage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earthwith rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinkingcurrents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position ofthe continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate betweenthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin， such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea，and perhaps the North5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I V ocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so ____ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous2. Our ________ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers.A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ____a violent act previously seen on television.A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating4. This kind of material can _____heat and moisture.A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain5. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible6. The ____of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _______ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to9. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _______.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I don’t know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _______ gl ance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _________ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt ________ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous15. the boy gave a ______ look at his classmate’s test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid16. Rubber boots are ___________ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _______ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _____ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned19. The wrestler’s _______ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the ______ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurialII Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation--a risky and expensive budget item--might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industrycompetition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the author"s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change.D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry.C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development.D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B. The federal government"s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The author"s purpose in this passage is to____.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation.D. show that America"s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens（这句话似乎不完整）. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a haled burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.有三种简单却强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们分别是：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类的苦难不可抑制的怜悯。
华中科技大学考博英语模拟题3
华中科技大学考博英语模拟题3Part ⅠClozeDirections: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major 1 to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful 2 on the economy in at least four ways:Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system 3 the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely, the construction and 4 of most highways the 5 of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily 6 for by country or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation 7 are also the responsibilities of local government.Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls. Private 8 in many ways, for the 9 of assuring that business serves the best 10 of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a 11 , such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable 12 , but limits their ability to raise prices 13 , since the public depends on their services. Often control is 14 to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of 15 in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control.Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by 16 tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also 17 the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself.Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to 18 and individuals. For example, tariffs 19 certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to 20 better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves,by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system.1.A.economyB.horrorC.magnifierD.element答案：D[解答] 名词词义辨析。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
2010年医学考博试题
交大2010病生题名解：英文题目（翻译0.5分，答题1分）代酸、微血管病性溶血性贫血、水中毒、紫绀、弥散障碍、SiRNA、呼吸爆发、内质网应激是非题12道（全英文）单选30道（中文）多选4道（中文）简答题5道（中文）1、以恶性淋巴瘤为例简述凋亡不足的机制2、肺心病机制3、休克失代偿期神经体液机制4、呕吐引起代碱的机制5、氧自由基损伤机制病例分析一道（英文题目，中文回答）主要内容是慢性肾衰的表现和引起这些表现的机制（肾性高血压机制、肾性贫血机制等等）2010中山考博病生试题一：名词解释：20分Apoptosis；Heat-shock protein；renal osteodystrophy；hepatic encephalopathy二：论述题：80分1、试述自由基导致缺血-再灌注损伤的机制。
2、试述持久、过度的神经-体液代偿反应引发心力衰竭的主要因素。
3、试述慢性支气管炎反复发作与呼吸衰竭的相关性及机制。
4、试述DIC与休克的因果转化关系及发生机制。
2010协和考博病生试题名词解释：五分一个1 cross-talk 2心脏前向衰竭3 sirs 4 肿瘤异质性5高动力型休克6 oxidative-stress判断题：两分一个1突变基因都是异常基因2体温低于40度不伴严重并发症可不急于解热3呼吸性酸中毒，代谢性碱中毒AB升高，SB降低4儿茶酚胺可对抗GC的免疫抑制作用5维生素B1缺乏可引起血液性缺氧6肾脏是MODS最常累及的器官7生理性黄疸非酯性黄疸<34umol/L8二型呼衰不需氧疗9典型休克有效循环血量和血压都低10心力衰竭最常见诱因是心律失常选择题;两分一个1下列有关钠排出不准确的是;A 多吃多排B少吃少排C不吃不排D不吃也排2 易发生脑出血和脑蛛网膜下腔出血的是A 低容量低钠血症B高容量高纳血症C低容量高纳血症D高容量高纳血症3 非少尿性急性肾衰尿量A >500毫升B >400毫升C >1000毫升D >1500毫升4 易发生1型呼衰的是A 弥散障碍B 阻塞性通气不足C 功能性分流D 死腔样通气5 低排低阻性休克见于A 心源性休克B感染性休克C 失血性休克D 过敏性休克6 呼吸衰竭易发生;A 代酸并呼酸B 呼酸C代酸D 代酸并呼碱7 肝性脑病最常见诱因：A 过量放腹水B氮负荷过多C 利尿剂使用不当D 碱中毒8 高血压导致A 收缩性心衰B 舒张性心衰C 高输出量心衰D 右心衰9 目前已经承认的气体分子不包括A COB CO2C NOD H2S10 酸性尿可见于A 代谢性酸中毒B呼吸性酸中毒C代谢性碱中毒D忘记了填空题：两分一个酶偶联的受体包括三个空水肿基本机制;两个空长期使用B受体易导致;一个空急性低血钾引起死亡的原因;一个空氧中毒决定于;一个空热休克蛋白ARDS疾病发展的普遍的规律三个空慢性肾衰发病共同环节一个空氧反常一个空问答题;十分一个1什么是血液重新分布，见于什么情况2线粒体在凋亡中的作用3高血压导致心率衰竭机制4 H1N1病毒导致ARDS机制5 缺氧导致肺动脉高压机制2010南京大学考博病生试题名词解释：icterus，脑型氧中毒，血管重塑，剩余碱，肺顺应性单项多项简答1、DIC和肾性出血的不同2、蛋白组学概念，检测方法，疾病举例2010北京大学考博病生试题一、名词解释（均为英文题干，顺序有错）1、缺血再灌注损伤2、无复流现象3、呼吸爆发4、弥漫性血管内凝血5、急性呼吸窘迫综合征6、慢性肾衰竭7、高容量性低钠血症8、代谢性酸中毒9、应激10、充血性心力衰竭二、问答题1、急性细菌性痢疾的患者会发生何种脱水？机制？2、左心衰竭患者端坐呼吸的机制？3、慢性肺缺氧的患者发生肺原性心脏病的机制？4、血氨升高影响脑部功能代谢的机制？5、青年男性，23岁，车祸伤，脾破裂，失血1600ml，心率120次/分，血压100/85mmHg，皮肤苍白出冷汗，尿量减少。
华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题
目录2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (2)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (8)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(1) (15)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(2) (21)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (28)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (29)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(1) (30)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(2) (31)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题Cloze (1x10=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Some kids have a hard time 1 to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college. Here you are able to choose 2 or not you want to go to class. However, this responsibility comes with a great price. If you do not go to class, you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade. With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more 3 . 4 hating every minute of school, I value it 5 a time for me to prepare for the big test. This new schedule has also changed me in that now I 6 school is worth my time. I do not dread going to class. Yes, it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week, it is not as 7__ as high school. Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and 8 simple questions, college courses call 9 _ analysis and thought. Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books. These to this routine, I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more 10 and it has helped me in my thought process.1. A) content B) to adopt C) finding D) adjusting2. A) where B) when C) whether D) if3. A) effective B) efficiently C) effort D) affect4. A) Instead of B) Rather than C) Instead D) Other than5. A) for B) upon C) as D) with6. A) should like B) feel like C) look like D) would like7. A) unpleasant B) pleasant C) enjoyable D) misfortune8. A) answered B) answer C) answering D) to answer9. A) in B) for C) up D) about10. A) likely B) prepared C) ready D) readilyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage 1Extremely refined behaviour, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living ______.has been typical of rich and leisured societiesadvocates that women are the same as menbegan in nineteenth-century Provencelooks down on extremely refined behaviourThe ideals of chivalry demanded that ______.a knight should never have physical relationships with womena knight should inspire his lady to valiant deedsa knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a womanromantic people should influence literatureThe rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy ______.were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one's sword or handkerchiefwere practiced by the majority of societydid not apply to a large section of societywere fairly simple to followThe average working man in fifteenth-century Italy ______.spent all his life outdoorsspent all his life in his own poor huthad better social manners than workers todaywas unlikely to have possessed a swordConsideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are ______.the essential basis of all systems of good mannersnot a universal feature of etiquettetaught to the lower classes by the upper classesoften neglected by polite societyPassage 2One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London, killing time, when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house. It represented a human figure covered with long, dark hair, with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression. On coming nearer, he heard a man call out "Walk in, ladies and gentlemen, the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited --only five pence the wild man from Africa -- he eats raw food, and many other pleasing and surprising performances." Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything, for the place was full to suffocation (窒息), and the noise awful. At last, Mr Kerry obtained, by means of squeezing and pushing, a place in the front, when to his horror, he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.It was a man, nearly naked, covered with long, shaggy hair, that grew even over his nose and cheekbones. He sprang about, sometimes on his feet, sometimes on all-fours, but always uttering the most fearful yells, and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous. Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding, and began heartily to wish himself outside. Suddenly, the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork. This he tore to pieces eagerly, and ate in the most voracious (贪婪的) manner, among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience. "I'll go now," thought Mr Kerry, "for who knows whether, in his hungry moods, he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me." Just at this instant, some sounds struck his ear that surprised him.He listened more attentively and, to his amazement, found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells, the savage was talking Irish. Now, Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely, and by degrees, not only the words were known to him, but the very voice was familiar, so turning to the savage, he addressed him in Irish, at the same time fixing him with a severe look."Who are you " said Mr Kerry."Billy McCabe, sir.""And what do you mean by playing your tricks here, instead of earning your living like an honest man ""Well," said Billy, "I'm earning the rent to pay you. One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because ______.he had nothing else to dohe was late for an appointmenthe was looking for something to dohe was reluctant to go homeInside the house, at first, Mr Kerry ______.was nearly suffocatedcould see nothingwas pushed aboutcouldn't hear anythingThe wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by ______.the way he movedthe way he dressedthe looks he gavethe cries he madeMr Kerry decided to leave the house because ______.he flt extremely frightenedhe was worried what might happenhe didn't wish to eat with the savagehe feared he might have a heart attackThe wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since ______.he was on show in Londonhe was a primitive savagehe previously spoke gibberishhe was thought to be AfricanPassage 3Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn't find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles theriver entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to ______.A. track animals to the riverB. put away the maps they had been usingC. approach the river from different directionD. get down to the river without much difficulty22.The travelers wanted to get to the river because ______.A. it would lead them to the waterfallB. it would show them which way to goC. it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD. it was a quicker route than going over the mountains23. One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that ______.A. it was too hot to move quicklyB. there was no proper pathC. they all tried to go in different waysD. they could not follow the animal tracks24. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because ______.A. they had a sense of achievementB. the going was much easier thenC. they were eager to see the waterfallD. they knew they were near their destination25. To get past the waterfall the guide had to ______.A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB. cross the river above the waterfallC. slide down a steep river bankD. swing across the river from a high branchPassage 4Will you be watching 'Horizon' on Monday evening, or is that when you're down at the local HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.This week's Horizon: How Much Can You Drink Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the "serious drinking problem" that troubles an estimated 700 000 people in this country. Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health: in the next 12 months 10 000 people may die prematurely from the effects of drink. Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial. Guinness is not now projected as "good for you". Nevertheless, social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.Well, perhaps it is. Darts (a game) players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks. Though it must be added that next day's hand shaking was greater than normal. Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood, may give some protection against heart disease.But people's bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol. The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis (a kind of disease) of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.So how much can you drink The answer, if you are a woman, is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that women, unfair though it may be, are more at risk from alcohol. Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man, four units for a woman.That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers, formed 18 months ago, which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers. After an initial screening to ensure that they aren't physically damaged by alcohol, Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks. "The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything," says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson. "We replace the pub life with a different social life."Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit: "Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst. Alternate alcohol with mineral water. Put the glass on the table between sips. Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last 40 minutes. Most important, plan how much to drink in an evening, count the drinks and then stop."26. Based on what do you think this article is writtenA. A magazineB. A newspaperC. A medical journal.D. A TV program.27. Can alcohol ever be good for youA. Yes, in moderate amount.B. No, even in moderate amount.C. Maybe, in moderate amount.D. Never, even in moderate amount.28. How can Drink Watchers help youA. By checking your health.B. By providing social base.C. By helping you cut down on your drinking.D. All the above.29. What do you think the word "soft" in the third line of paragraph 7 meansA. gentleB. non-alcoholicC. mildD. calm30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the textA. 700 000 people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.B. 10 000 people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.C. Six units of beer for men and 4 units for women everyday is 'safe'.D. Different people react almost the same to alcohol.TranslationSection A From English into Chinese (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.People could land on Mars in the next 20 to 30 years provided scientists can find water on the red planet, the head of NASA's (美国国家宇航局) surface exploration mission said on September 16.Two partially solar-powered "robot geologists" -- Mars Exploration Rovers, or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者) have been trundling across 3 miles of the planet and into craters since January, beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.1. Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars, Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said, "My best guess is 20 to 30 years, if that becomes our primary priority."The two MER robots, dubbed Spirit and Opportunity, have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful -- important for scientists hoping to know if there was once -- or could still be -- life on Mars.Without water, the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet, which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue, couldn't unravel."If we cannot find water,it really makes it difficult to send humans. Water is the key," said Thompson, who was attending a mining engineers' conference.2. Such a mission would take 11 to 12 months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts, plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey, to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars "that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon," where water could still be present."There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates. We believe it's an ongoing process," he said.3. Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information, and Thompson said, "If there is water, we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."Section B From Chinese into English (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷,销售以来,公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分.1. 德高望众的亚伯拉罕•林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是第一位发现圣诞贺卡中蕴藏着政治效力的美国总统,在此过程中,圣诞老人的形象永远留在了人们心中.美国内战期间,奴隶们控制的南方政权与北方的联邦政府相抗衡,当时林肯总统要求政治漫画家托马斯•纳斯特在圣诞老人的画像上配上联邦军队,旨在鼓舞士兵的士气.托马斯•纳斯特是第一个让胖胖的圣诞老人穿上现在看来传统的红色外套和宽大皮带的人.2. 据说看到这个活泼可爱的家伙站在北方联邦军队一边,南方军队的士气大大的受挫.没过多久,他们就战败了.二战期间,同盟国政府同样用圣诞祝词来鼓舞占领区的战士们,幽默的贺卡给战士们带来了充满希望的援助.3. 事实上,正是从这个阶段开始,圣诞节寄贺卡的传统在美国总统中流传起来——至今他们都是世界上最认真的寄卡人之一.Writing(20%)Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic "Learning is a life-long profession". You are required to write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist (1) ___ and attracts over three million visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England (2) ____ the time of James I who (3) ____ from 1603 to 1625, but is (4) ____ known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors (5) ____, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to (6) ____ her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, (7) ____ the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were (8) ____ over specially from France and with one (9) ____ the executioner cut off her head.The Tower was also the (10) ____ of one of London's most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1843. His elder son, Edward, became king (11) ____ his father's death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, (12) ____ protector, persuaded Edward's brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke (13) ____ that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, (14) ____ himself Richard III.After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. (15) ____ said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being (16) ____ their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, (17) ____ it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two (18) ____ which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The (19) ____ were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, (20) ____ the age of the Princes.1. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights2. B. until B. by C. to D. at3. A. reined B. reigned C. powered D. controlled4. A. hardly B. little C. best D. well5. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded6. A. get the worst of B. get rid of C. get the best of D. get done with7. A. apart from B. besides C. together with D. rather than8. A. brought B. taken C. got D. won9. A. knock B. hit C. shot D. stroke10. A. spot B. scent C. place D. view11. A. on B. at C. with D. by12. A. their B. the C. his D. a13. A. announced B. published C. advertised D. revealed14. A. naming B. calling C. declaring D. giving15. A. That is B. This is C. They are D. It is16. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on17. A. so that B. since C. as D. although18. A. skeletons B. boys C. remains D. dead bodies19. A. ashes B. bones C. corpses D. sketches20. A. definitely B. certainly C. roughly D. possiblyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneWe all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord's fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children's choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing 'Silent Night', 'Jingle Bells' and so on.This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.21. Why does the author describe the customers as a 'captive audience'They usually like the music thrown at them.Because they can't escape the music.He wants to show how easy they are to please.Because they've paid a special charge called a 'music toll'.22. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ____.it's usually very tastefulit's chosen very carefully by the ownerit tries to create a soothing atmosphereit doesn't aim to increase profits23. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoidHappy songs.Certain instruments.Children's choirs.Any extremes.24. From what the writer says, it's reasonably clear that he or she ____.loves pop musiclikes music in public placesenjoys classical musicis keen on Christmas carols25. The writer of the passage would probably like to ____.join an 'air pollution action group'get rid of music just in restaurantsstart a movement against 'canned music'make people listen to the piped music in public placesPassage TwoThe teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to determine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context.The problems facing developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is 'inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development (and) national development as a whole is bound up with the world context'. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development - it is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as adequate 'literacy environment'.Who are the 'illiterates' and how do we define them At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, 'may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position.' Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: 'Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development.'An educational definition - i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered - is shown to be inadequate in that educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act with responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a 'reading-level type'; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.。
华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)
华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingClozeThe most famous painter in Victoria’s history is Emily Carr. When she was a child, she discovered that walking in the woods【C1】______more to her than playing with other children, and that she was more interested in【C2】______the streets of old Victoria than playing at home with【C3】______and spending her time making up. Emily was a cute little girl who spent【C4】______of her childhood in Beacon Hill Park, 【C5】______was very close to her home. Drawing【C6】______her, and she also liked to play with the pets. She had ducks and chickens, and even【C7】______a monkey. She was【C8】______interested in the First Nations people and the Chinese people she saw in Victoria’s Chinatown. Their culture and way of dressing seemed so【C9】______from her own. As she became a young .strong and【C10】______woman, Emily began to go on long trips into the forests to【C11】______and draw what she saw. She loved the free and simple【C12】______of the First Nations people. In the summer of 1895 she went on【C13】______with two other women to 【C14】______the wilderness along the Cowichan River that runs through Duncan, 【C15】______north of Victoria. She knew more about their lifestyle and the forests of B. C. than【C16】______other European woman. When you look at her paintings, you can sense the【C17】______of these dark, mysterious forests. Her paintings are now very famous and, 【C18】______the dark colors may not be attractive to some people, they【C19】______the beauty and mystery of the deep woods and the skill of a great artist Emily was a very brave and independent woman. She walked through the woods alone, even though she knew that bears and wolves might be her only【C20】______.1．【C1】A．attractedB．appealedC．alluredD．induced正确答案：B解析：本题考核的知识点是：动词搭配和辨析。
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Model TestName St. No. ScoreI. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)2007 JCR Science Edition Journals from: subject categories MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNALSorted by:I m pact Fact orJournals 1 - 20 (of 100)[ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ] Page 1 of 5Ranking is based on your journal and sortselections.Rank Abbreviated JournalTitle(linked to journalinformation)ISSNTotalCitesImpactFactorImmediacyIndexArticlesCitedHalf-life1 NEW ENGL J MED0028-4793 186402 52.589 11.962 343 7.02 LANCET0140-6736 135949 28.638 8.636 305 7.73 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC0098-7484 103620 25.547 7.965 229 6.84 ANN INTERN MED0003-4819 40783 15.516 4.056 162 8.65 ANNU REV MED0066-4219 3829 13.415 2.879 33 6.16 PLOS MED1549-1277 3725 12.601 2.705 166 1.97 BRIT MED J0959-8146 62151 9.723 6.210 210 8.28 ARCH INTERN MED0003-9926 30282 8.391 1.734 278 7.29 CAN MED ASSOC J0820-3946 8324 7.067 3.053 94 6.410 ANN MED0785-3890 3143 5.779 0.593 54 6.11.What is the option of this journal citation report?2.What is the subject category?3.How is the list sorted?4.What is the Impact Factor of New England Journal of Medicine?5.What is the full title of BRIT MED J?II. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)Web of Science®ResultsSubject Heading=(LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICINE) AND Author=(WANG SY) AND Institution=(HUAZHONG UNIV SCI TECHNOL)Timespan=All Years. Databases=IC, SCI-EXPANDED, CCR-EXPANDED [back to 1840], SSCI.1. Zhang ZH, Wang SY, Li Q, et al.Capillary leak syndrome in children with C4A-deficiency undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a double-blind, randomised controlled studyLANCET 366 (9485): 556-562 AUG 13 2005Times Cited:02. Zhang SH, Wang SY, Yao SLEvidence for development of capillary leak syndrome associated withcardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric patients with the homozygous C4A nullphenotypeANESTHESIOLOGY 100 (6): 1387-1393 JUN 2004Times Cited:43. Zhang SH, Wang SY, Yao SLAntioxidative effect of propofol during cardiopulmonary bypass in adultsACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA 25 (3): 334-340 MAR 2004Times Cited:46.What is the website you can use to find the SCI collection?7.What is the subject heading?8.Where is Wang SY from?9.How many articles of Wang SY are collected by SCI?10.How many times are his articles cited?III. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 18, 15541-15549, May 2, 2003Induction of Prothrombinase fgl2 by the Nucleocapsid Protein of Virulent Mouse Hepatitis Virus Is Dependent on Host Hepatic Nuclear Factor-4Qin Ning, Sophia Lakatoo, Mingfeng Liu, Weiming Y ang, Zhimo Wang, M. James Phillips, and Gary A. LevyFibrinogen-like protein 2/fibroleukin (Fgl2) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both experimental and human fulminant hepatic failure. We have reported recently that the nucleocapsid(N) protein from strains of murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3, MHV-A59),which cause massive hepatocellular necrosis but not from strains(MHV-JHM, MHV-2) which do not produce serious liver disease, induces transcription of fgl2. The purpose of the present study was to characterize both viral and host factor(s) necessary for viral induced transcription of fgl2. Mutation of residues Gly-12, Pro-38,Asn-40, Gln-41, and Asn-42 within domain 1 of the N protein of MHV-A59 to their corresponding residues found in MHV-2 abrogated fgl2 transcription, whereas mutation of other N protein domains,including a protein expressed from an internal reading frame (I protein), did not affect fgl2 gene transcription. We then examined the 372 to 306 sequence within the 1.3-kb fgl2promoter region upstream from the transcription start site that was previously identified as necessary for N protein-induced gene transcription.We demonstrated that the 331/325 HNF4 cis-element and its cognate transcription factor, HNF4, are necessary for virus-induced fgl2gene transcription. In uninfected macrophages and macrophages infected with MHV-2, an unidentified protein occupies the HNF4cis-element. Following stimulation with MHV-A59, it was shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay that HNF4binds the HNF4 cis-element in the fgl2promoter. We further report the unprecedented presence of HNF4in peritoneal macrophages. Collectively, the results of this study define both viral and host factors necessary for induction of fgl2prothrombinase gene transcription in MHV infection and may provide an explanation for the hepatotrophic nature of MHV-induced fulminant hepatic failure.11.How many parts can you divide the abstract into? each part?13.Which sentence is the purpose of the study?14.Which sentence is the conclusion?IV. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)15.How many parts can you divide the introduction into? each part?17.Which sentence is the purpose of the study?18.Which sentence is the conclusion?V. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)References and Notes1. State Council AIDS Working Committee Office, U.N. Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China, A Joint Assessment of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China (Beijing, 2004).2. J. Watts, Lancet362, 1983 (2003).3. Ministry of Health of China, UNAIDS, and WHO, 2005 Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 2006].4. M. J. Rotheram-Borus, P. A. Newman, M. A. Etzel, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.25 (suppl.2), S105 (2000).5. The Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group, Lancet356, 103 (2000).6. S. Allen et al., AIDS17, 733 (2003).7. H. Amaro, A. C. Morrill, J. Dai, J. Health Psychol.10, 287(2005).8. M. E. Bentley et al., AIDS12, 1869 (1998).9. R. Fox, N. J. Odaka, R. Brookmeyer, B. R. Polk, AIDS1, 241 (1987).10. J. A. Inciardi, H. L. Surratt, S. P. Kurtz, J. C. Weaver, AIDS Care17 (suppl. 1), S88 (2005).11. R. R. Robles, T. D. Matos, H. M. Colon, C. A. Marrero, J. C. Reyes, Drugs Soc. (New York) 9,173 (1996).12. A. Erikson et al., Correspondent15, 24 (2006).13.T. Frieden et al., N. Engl. J. Med.353, 2397-2402 (2005).14. R. Bayer, N. Engl. J. Med.334, 1540 (1996).15. L. B. Leveton, H. C. Sox, M. A. Stoto, Eds. HIV and the Blood Supply: An Analysis of CrisisDecision-Making (Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 1995).16. Chinese Ministry of Health, U.N. Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China, The ThirdConference on HIV/AIDS International Cooperation Projects in China, Kunming, 3 to 4 September 2005.17. UNAIDS-WHO, "Policy statement on HIV testing"(www.who.int/entity/rpc/research_ethics/hivtestingpolicy_en_pdf.pdf).18. Ministry of Health Expert Consultation Committee, "Report on HIV screening among keypopulations in Henan province" (Ministry of Health, Beijing, 2005).19. Ministry of Health Expert Consultation Committee, "Report on HIV screening among keypopulations in Yunnan Province" (Ministry of Health, Beijing, 2005).20. HIV-positive mothers are given the options of abortion or ART perinatally, cesarean delivery(where available), and free formula milk for 12 months.21. State Council Regulations on AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Articles 3, 10, 39, 41, 55, 56.22. The Infectious Diseases Control Act of the People's Republic of China, Articles 12, 16, 68, 69.We thank S. Korenman, Associate Dean for Ethics at the UCLA School of Medicine, for reviewing this manuscript, W. W. Cao for review of relevant publications, and W. Aft for editorial assistance.19.What kind of the reference source does the first reference belong to?20.What kind of the reference source does the second reference belong to?21.What kind of the reference source does Reference 15 belong to?22.What kind of the reference source does Item 20 belong to?VI. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)SCI Impact Factor 1.677Acta Pharmacologica Sinica Information For Authors GENERAL1 Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, published monthly in English, is the official journal of the Chinese Pharmacological Society and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica is listed in Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, CSA Medical Biotechnology, CSA Bioengineering, CSA Neuroscience, Current Contents/Life Sciences, Excerpta Medica, FSTA, Global Health, IndexCopernicus, Index Medicus, Kagaku Gijutsu Bunken Sokuho, MEDLINE, Рефератнвныйжурнап, Research Alert, Science Citation Index, SciSearch, Scopus, Tropical Diseases Bulletin, and many other abstracting and indexing services.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica welcomes current Original articles on all aspects of the life sciences and related areas, both experimental and clinical, from any part of the world. Reviews based primarily on authors?own research of internationally important topics are also welcome. Manuscripts should be prepared in accordance with the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication" as presented at /.2 Prior or duplicate publications are not accepted. All manuscripts, especially data, must not be published or submitted for publication elsewhere. English translations of published articles are not acceptable. The authors should make a full statement on submission about all submissions and previous reports that might be regarded as redundant or duplicate publications of the same or very similar work.The source of financial grants and other funding must be acknowledged, including a frank declaration of the authors' industrial links and affiliations. The contribution of colleagues or institutions should also be acknowledged.…23.What is the SCI Impact Factor of Acta Pharmacological Sinica?24.What kinds of original article are welcomed by Acta Pharmacological Sinica?25.What is the website presenting the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted toBiomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication"?26.Does Acta Pharmacological Sinica accept English translations of published articles?27.What must be acknowledged if an article is accepted to be published in Acta PharmacologicalSinica?。