重庆大学生物有机化学_第四章 酶化学 第二节
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►Enzyme-catalyzed reactions obey the principle of microscopic reversibility (微观可逆性原则,逆反应机理是正反应机理的逆转). ►The factors involved in the catalytic activity of an enzyme can be of four types. 影响酶催化活性的因素有4类 (1) chemical apparatus化学因素; (2) binding site结合位点; (3) a correct and precise orientation正确和准确的定向; (4) the mode of fixation of the substrate must lower the energy of activation of the enzyme-substrate complex in the transition state. 对 底物的固定需要过渡态中降低酶-底物复合物的活化能
四甲基-α-D-葡萄糖
OMe
2-hydroxy-pyridine
OH
OMe C O H
MeO OMe
Covalent catalysis 共价催化
Some enzymes take part in reactions by formation of covalent intermediate between enzyme and substrate. The activated energy can be decreased significantly by this way. 有些酶通过与底物形成共价过渡态中间体参与反应。由 于这种中间体反应活性很高而易变为转变态,使反应的活化能大大降低,从而提 高反应速度。 (1) Nulceophilic catalysis亲核催化作用
The nucleophilic groups attack the electrophilic group or atom of substrate. Such groups include amine, hydroxy, imidazole, thiol, etc. 亲核基团进攻底物 的亲点基团或者亲点原子。这种基团有氨基,羟基,咪唑,巯基。 (2) Electrophilic catalysis亲点催化作用 The electrophilic catalyst draw electrons from substrate. The most typical electrophilic groups include H+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, etc.亲点催化剂从底物中 吸取电子,典型的亲点基团有H+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+,等。
在酶催化中酸碱催化起了重要Baidu Nhomakorabea作用。在酶的结构中有几个功能团,特别是咪唑,它不仅 是强的亲核基团,同时也是个广义碱基团。
影响酸碱催化反应速度的因素有两个,
•酸碱的强度,在这些功能基中,组氨酸咪唑基的离解常数为6.0,这意味这有咪唑基上解 离下来的质子浓度与水中的[H+]相当,因此它在接近于生理液体pH的条件下,即中性条件 下有一半以酸的形式存在,另一半以碱的形式存在。也就是说,咪唑基既可以作为质子的 供体,又可以作为质量受体在酶反应中发挥催化作用。咪唑基是催化中最有效最活泼的一 个催化功能基。
反应(1)的水解速度比(2)快108倍,可归因于前者反应物环状结构的张力。
Acid and Base catalysis酸碱催化
Acid or base catalysis play an important role in enzyme catalysis. There are several functional groups in protein (enzyme) structure, especially imidazole which is not only strong nucleophilic group but also general-base group.
L-glutamic acid imparts a meaty flavor.L谷氨酸有肉味,已作为肉类增强剂,而D谷氨酸计划无味。
10-反-12顺十六(碳)二烯-1-醇 性外激素,是一种性诱剂。
保幼激素,作用是在幼虫阶段 保护昆虫,防止出现成虫的形状
人们可利用生物方法防治害虫。如用保幼激素处理成虫,长出现不孕。 性诱剂用来捕杀害虫比化学方法安全。
生物有机化学 第四章 酶化学 第二节
上节课知识抽考
1、下面共价键的极性排序 C-H、C-O、C-Cl C=O、C-O
2、请区分下面分子的顺反结构
H C
H3C
CH3 C
H
H C
H3C
H C
CH3
3、下面分子哪个的催化活性更好
COO
Br
COO
COO
Br
COO
COO
Br
COO
Sensory Responses at the Molecular Level 分子水平上的感觉识别
Hydrophobic effect of active site活性中心的疏水相互作用
►Hydrophobic forces are probably the most important single factor to explain the large binding free energies which are observed in enzyme-substrate interactions. ►The nonpolar interior of an enzyme is similar to the low dielectric constant of an organic solvent. Electrostatic interactions are no longer shielded by solvent molecule and thus become stronger with the substrate. •酶分子表面上长具有不同程度的凹穴,活性部位靠近或就在这些凹穴疏水环境 中。疏水区的特点是介点常数低。对于两个带点体之间的电力来说,在非极性 环境中的数值明显大于极性环境数值,使得底物分子与催化基团起作用的力要 比活性部位是极性环境时更强,有助于酶促反应。 •此外疏水穴也可能参与底物在某些酶活性部位上的取向排列,由此可认为它决 定酶的专一性的某种类型。
分子内催化水解速率
Stress and Strain
The substrate will be activated after binding to active site of enzyme. This is due to 底物结合到酶的活性部位后将被活化,这是因为: (1) The charged groups at active site can arouse redistribution of covalent
的作用)
Proximity and Orientation邻近和定向效应 One property which most profoundly distinguishes enzymes from other catalysts is their ability to bind their substrates in close proximity to each other and to the catalytic groups of enzyme. Thus, enzymes accelerate reactions by juxtaposition (毗邻) of reacting atoms, the proximity effect, and by proper orientation of the relevant chemical groups. (邻近指两个反应的分子,其反应基团需要互相靠近才能 反应,这样提高活性中心区域底物的有效浓度;定向指活性中心一对一对着催化剂基 团的几何定向,这样活化能降低最多))
2-羟基吡啶是一个分子中兼有酚和吡啶 两种结构的化合物,特别能加速这一反 应,把速度提高到酚-吡啶混合物的 7000倍以上,证明了在同一分子中的酸 碱催化基团,能同时作用于底物而发挥 协调的酸碱最好作用,这也是多功能催 化的简单模型。
OMe HO N
O OH
OMe
MeO OMe
四甲基-β-D-葡萄糖
electrons of substrate, resulting in stress. 活性部位的带电基团引起底物共价键 中电子重新分布带来应力。 (2) The mechanical stress of covalent of substrate has inductive fit effect. 底物分子 的共价键中机械应力的诱导作用产生诱导契合。
Factors Responsible for Enzyme Specificity影响酶特异性的因素
►It has been recognized that an enzyme has three levels of specificity酶具有三个水平的 特异性: structural specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. (结构、区域、立体特 异性) ►An enzyme must first recognize some common structural features on a substrate (and a coenzyme) to produce a specific catalysis. Second, catalysis must occur at a specific region on the substrate (or the coenzyme) and the stereochemical outcome must be controlled by the enzyme.首先酶需要识别在底物和辅酶上的一般结构特征以产生特异性 催化,然后催化发生在底物或辅酶的特定部位,得到可控的旋光性产物。 Example
青蒿味 R-香芹酮
薄荷味 S-香芹酮
►The R-isomer has a caraway odor whereas the S-isomer has a spearmint odor. ►R carvone can be converted chemically to (+)-limonene(柠檬烯) which has an “orange-like” odor. The trans-limonene conserves its organe-like odor but the cis-limonene has an unpleasant hydrocarbon-like odor. ►These examples illustrate that olfaction嗅觉 depends on the geometry of the molecule.
►How does enzyme work? Why high efficiency and high specificity?? 酶是怎么工作的,为什么具有高效和高度特异性 It has been recognized that there are at least five factors which can affect catalytic behavior of enzyme. 目前已经发现至少5个因素可以影 响酶的活性 (1)Proximity and orientation (邻近和定向效应) (2)Stress and strain (应力和应变) (3)Acid and base catalysis (酸和碱催化) (4)Covalent catalysis (共价催化) (5)Effect of hydrophobic environment at active site 活性部位疏水环境
•这些功能基供出或接收质子的速度非常迅速,其半衰期小于10-10秒,而却供出和接收质 子的速度几乎相等。由于咪唑基具有如此的优点,所以虽然组氨酸在大多数蛋白质中含量 很少,却很重要。
Acid and Base catalysis酸碱催化
下述非酶催化实例有助于理解酶催化。
在异构反应中,没有加酸或者碱时,异 构化速度几乎测不出来,向反应混合物 中加入苯酚或者吡啶,苯酚能提供质子, 吡啶是质子受体,可以加快达到平衡的 速度,加入两者的混合物时,可以使反 应进行得比单纯加苯酚或吡啶都快。