THE LANCET:1995-2009全球癌症生存率调查
细胞营养素
市场大环境
全球细胞营养食品产业已经进入稳 步发展期,近年来以 6%的增速增 长,2015 年全球细胞营养产品市 场规模约 640 亿元。
2017 年中国特殊医用食品行业规 模达到 33.7 亿元,较 2016年同期 增长 30.12%。
但从总体来看,我国规模占全球市 场不到 3%,与发达国家存在较大 差距。
未病先防 非药物治疗!
细胞营养素发展趋势及国家政策
我国第一部健康法已于2020年6月1号正式实施,国家倡 导主动保养,每位公民都是自己健康的第一责任人,
首选采用非药物疗法防病治病,惜康系列细胞营养素 完全符合国家政策契机!
这是国家政策对慢病管理和未病先防最有力的支持和决心!
回头想想,改革开放几十年,哪次机会不是政策带来的? 在中国,政策就是机遇,同时政策的调整也使得医药、医 疗器械中小型企业生存压力加剧!
其实药物顶多就是将慢性病症控制在一定范围内, 能做到这一点已经算很不错了。
营养修复细胞
“让食物成为你的药物, 而不要让药物成为你的食 物!”
——现代医学之父希波克拉底
细胞营养素发展趋势及国家政策
全国政协十三届一次会议开幕会结 束后,国家卫生计生委副主任、国 家中医药管理局局长王国强在会后 访谈中明确提出养生保健未病先防 的重要性,提出非药物治疗的重要 性和指导意义。
据《中国食品药品监管》期刊显 示,我国至少还有 70%的细胞营养 食品需求没有得到满足,市场潜力 较大
中国近几年发展迅猛,市场的总产值 已从 2004 年的 1.2亿元增加到了 2015 年的 20 亿元。
2017 年中国细胞营养食品产量为 2.47 万吨,同比增长 37%;需求量 为 3.66 万吨,同比增长 27.53%。
1990—2019年中国女性乳腺癌发病及死亡趋势的年龄-时期-队列模型分析
•论著•1990—2019年中国女性乳腺癌发病及死亡趋势的年龄-时期-队列模型分析刘雪薇,王媛,韦丹梅,芦文丽*【摘要】 背景 乳腺癌位居全球女性癌因死亡首位,具有发病率高、疾病负担重等特点。
目的 评估1990—2019年中国女性乳腺癌发病率及死亡率的流行变化趋势。
方法 提取《2019年全球疾病负担》数据库中1990—2019年中国≥15岁女性乳腺癌发病及死亡数据,应用年龄-时期-队列的贝叶斯模型对中国1990—2019年女性乳腺癌发病及死亡趋势进行拟合,进一步估计中国女性乳腺癌发病及死亡风险中的年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应。
结果 1990—2019年中国女性乳腺癌粗发病率从14.14/10万升至52.81/10万,粗死亡率从7.22/10万升至13.40/10万。
乳腺癌标化发病率总体呈上升趋势(1990年为17.07/10万,2019年为35.61/10万),标化死亡率呈平稳略减趋势(1990年为9.16/10万,2019年为8.98/10万)。
年龄-时期-队列模型分析结果显示:所有年龄组女性乳腺癌发病率净漂移值为2.58%〔95%CI (2.34%,2.83%)〕,局部漂移值在65~69岁年龄段达到最高,为3.46%〔95%CI (3.11%,3.80%)〕;死亡率净漂移值为-0.75%〔95%CI (-1.09%,-0.41%)〕,局部漂移值在15~44岁呈平稳趋势,且约60岁之后局部漂移值>0;年龄效应中乳腺癌发病和死亡风险随着年龄增长而增加;以2000—2004年为参考时期,发病风险的时期效应总体呈上升趋势(RR 值为0.79~1.47),死亡风险的时期效应总体呈下降趋势(RR 值为1.08~0.90);以1955—1959年为对照组,乳腺癌发病风险的队列效应总体上有所升高(RR 值为0.27~2.48),乳腺癌死亡风险的队列效应呈先增(RR 值为0.78~1.06)后降趋势(RR 值为1.06~0.44)。
全球癌症调查报告1995–2009
Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995–2009:analysis of individual data for 25 676 887 patients from279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2) Claudia Allemani, Hannah K Weir, Helena Carreira, Rhea Harewood, Devon Spika, Xiao-Si Wang, Finian Bannon, Jane V Ahn, Christopher J Johnson, Audrey Bonaventure, Rafael Marcos-Gragera, Charles Stiller, Gulnar Azevedo e Silva, Wan-Qing Chen, Olufemi J Ogunbiyi, Bernard Rachet, Matthew J Soeberg, Hui You, Tomohiro Matsuda, Magdalena Bielska-Lasota, Hans Storm, Thomas C Tucker, Michel P Coleman,and the CONCORD Working Group*SummaryBackground Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the eff ectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control.Methods Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15–99 years) and 75 000 children (age 0–14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995–2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries.Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Findings 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005–09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15–19% in North America, and as low as 7–9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10–20% between 1995–99 and 2005–09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995–99 and 2005–09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005–09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005–09 was high (54–58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18–23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major defi ciencies in the management of a largely curable disease.Interpretation International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to diff erences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems.Funding Canadian Partnership Against Cancer (Toronto, Canada), Cancer Focus N orthern Ireland (Belfast, UK), Cancer Institute N ew South Wales (Sydney, Australia), Cancer Research UK (London, UK), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA), Swiss Re (London, UK), Swiss Cancer Research foundation (Bern, Switzerland), Swiss Cancer League (Bern, Switzerland), and University of Kentucky (Lexington, KY, USA). Copyright ©Allemani et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY.IntroductionThe global burden of cancer is growing, particularly in urgent.1,2 Prevention is crucial but long term. If WHO’sglobal target of a 25% reduction in deaths from cancerLancet 2015; 385: 977–1010Published OnlineNovember 26, 2014/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62038-9See Comment page 926This online publication hasbeen corrected. The correctedversion fi rst appeared at on Dec 8, 2014See Online/Comment/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62251-0*Members listed at end of reportCancer Research UK CancerSurvival Group, Department ofNon-Communicable DiseaseEpidemiology, London Schoolof Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London, UK (C Allemani PhD,H Carreira MPH,R Harewood MSc, D Spika MSc,X-S Wang PhD, J V Ahn MSc,A Bonaventure MD,B Rachet FFPH,Prof M P Coleman FFPH);Division of Cancer Preventionand Control, Centers forDisease Control andPrevention, Atlanta, GA, USA(H K Weir PhD); NorthernIreland Cancer Registry, Centrefor Public Health, Queen’sUniversity Belfast, Belfast, UK(F Bannon PhD); Cancer DataRegistry of Idaho, Boise, ID,USA (C J Johnson MPH); Unitatd’Epidemiologia i Registre deCàncer de Girona, Departamentde Salut, Institut d’InvestigacióBiomèdica de Girona, Girona,Spain (R Marcos-Gragera PhD);South East Knowledge andIntelligence Team, PublicHealth England, Oxford, UK(C Stiller MSc); Department ofEpidemiology, Universidade doEstado do Rio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil(Prof G Azevedo e Silva MD);National Offi ce for CancerPrevention and Control and25 × 25),3 we will need not only more eff ective prevention(to reduce incidence) but also more eff ective health systems (to improve survival).4In the fi rst international comparison of cancer survival, a transatlantic study of patients diagnosed during 1945–54, survival for 12 cancers in three US states was typically higher than in six European countries.5 In 2008, a global comparison of population-based cancer survival (CONCORD) showed very wide variations in survival from cancers of the breast (women), colon, rectum, and prostate.6 That analysis included 1·9 million adults (age 15–99 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1990–94 and followed up until 1999 from 31 countries (16 with 100% population coverage) on fi ve continents.Three large international comparisons of cancer survival have been published since 2008. The European cancer registry study on survival (EUROCARE)-5 provided survival estimates for all cancers for patients diagnosed during 2000–07 in 29 countries in Europe.7 In SurvCan (cancer survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Central America), relative survival estimates were reported for patients diagnosed during 1990–2001 in 12 low-income and middle-income countries.8 The International Cancer Benchmarking Partnershippublished survival estimates for four common cancers for patients diagnosed during 1995–2007 in six high-income countries.9 These three studies diff er with respect to geographic and population coverage, calendar period, and analytical methods and do not enable worldwide comparison of cancer survival.Surveillance of cancer survival is seen as important by national and international agencies, cancer patient advocacy groups, departments of health, politicians, and research agencies. Cancer survival research is being used to formulate cancer control strategies,9 to prioritise cancercontrol measures,10 and to assess both the eff ectiveness 11,12and cost-eff ectiveness 13of those strategies.We designed CONCORD-2 to initiate long-term worldwide surveillance of cancer survival on the broadest possible basis. Our aim is to analyse progress toward the overarching goal in the Union for International Cancer Control’s World Cancer Declaration 2013: “there will be major reductions in premature deaths from cancer and improvements in quality of life and cancer survival”.14MethodsCancer registriesWe identifi ed population-based cancer registries that were operational in 2009 and had either published reports onsurvival or were known to follow up registered cancer patients to establish their vital status. Many registries had met quality criteria for inclusion in either the quinquennial compendium Cancer Inc i dence i n F i ve Cont i nents ,15,16published by the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR) and the International Agency for We invited all these registries to contribute data for patients diagnosed during all or part of the 15-yearperiod 1995–2009, including data on their vital status at least 5 years after diagnosis, or at Dec 31, 2009, or a later year. Of 395 registries invited, 306 (77%) agreed to participate: of these, 24 (8%) did not submit data, either because of resource constraints (n=4), legal constraints (1) or reversal of the original decision (3), or because they could not provide complete follow-up data (6) or did not respond to further communication (10). We excluded three registries because they provided data that did not adhere to the protocol and could not berectified, leaving 279 participating registries (71% of those invited).Among the cancers suggested by participating registries, the ten we prioritised for study (referred to as index sites) accounted collectively for almost two-thirds of the estimated global cancer burden in 2008, both in developed and developing countries.4 They comprised cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults (age 15–99 years), and leukaemia in adults, and precursor-cell acute lympho-blastic leukaemia in children (age 0–14 years).Ethics approvalWe obtained approval for CONCORD-2 from the Ethics and Confidentiality Committee of the UK’s statutory National Information Governance Board (now the Health Research Authority; ECC 3-04(i)/2011) and the NationalHealth Service (NHS) research ethics service (southeast; 11/LO/0331). We obtained separate statutory or ethics approval (or both) in more than 40 other jurisdictions to secure the release of data. Registries in all other jurisdictions obtained their own ethics approval locally.We applied strict security constraints to the transmission of data files. We gave every registry a set of unique numeric codes for the name of every fi le; these codes have no meaning outside the CONCORD-2 study.All data fields were numeric or coded. We developed a file transmission utility deploying 256-bit advanced encryption security, with random, strong, one-time passwords that were generated automatically at the point of data transmission but sent separately, thus eliminatingthe need for email or telephone exchanges to confi rm passwords. We also provided free access to a similar commercial utility (HyperSend; Covisint, Detroit, MI, USA) that complies with US federal law on the secure transmission of sensitive health data.Protocol We fi nalised the protocol (in which we defi ned the data structure, fi le transmission procedures, and statisticalanalyses) after a 2-day meeting in Cork, Ireland, in September, 2012, with 90 members of the CONCORD Working Group from 48 countries (the protocol was Center, Beijing, China(W-Q Chen PhD); Ibadan Cancer Registry, University City CollegeHospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (Prof O J Ogunbiyi FWACP); New South Wales Central Cancer Registry, Australian TechnologyPark (M J Soeberg PhD), andCancer Institute NSW (H You MAppStats), Sydney,NSW, Australia;Population-Based Cancer Registry Section, Division of Surveillance, Center for CancerControl and Information Services, National CancerCenter, Tokyo, Japan(T Matsuda PhD); Departmentof Health Promotion and Postgraduate Education, National Institute of Public Health and National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland (Prof M Bielska-Lasota MD);Cancer Prevention andDocumentation, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark (H Storm MD); and Kentucky Cancer Registry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA(Prof T C Tucker PhD)Correspondence to:Prof M P Coleman, Cancer Research UK Cancer SurvivalGroup, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London WC1E 7HT, UK concord@For the protocol see /eph/ncde/cancersurvival/research/concord/protocol/index.htmltranslated the protocol into Chinese (Mandarin), Portuguese, and Spanish, and other native speakers did back-translation to check the translation against the English original. We made the protocol available in all four languages. We held protocol workshops in Argentina (for Spanish-speaking South American researchers), Brazil, China, India, Japan, Puerto Rico, Russia, and the USA (for North America), which we followed up with conference calls and online seminars. We responded to telephone or email queries in Chinese, English, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish.We defined countries, states, and world regions by their UN names and codes (as of 2007).17 Only Cuba and Puerto Rico provided data from the Caribbean and Central America so we grouped them with South America as America (Central and South). We wrote this Article and prepared the maps without prejudice to the status, boundaries, or name of any country, territory, or region. We have shortened some names for convenience (eg, Korea for South Korea), which does not have any political significance. We created world maps and 27 regional maps in ArcGIS version 10, using digital boundaries (shapefiles) of countries and subnational regions from the Database of Global Administrative Areas (GADM 2.0).18 We obtained national populations for 2009 from the UN Population Database17 or national authorities (Canada, Portugal, and the UK) and subnational populations from the relevant registries.We defined solid tumours by anatomical site(topography) and leukaemia by morphology (table 1). We coded topography and morphology according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (3rd edn; ICD-O-3).19 For ovarian cancer, we included the fallopian tube, uterine ligaments, and adnexa, and the peritoneum and retroperitoneum, where high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas are often detected. We excluded Kaposi’s sarcoma and solid tumours with lymphoma morphology.The classifi cation of leukaemias and lymphomas has changed since the mid-1990s. To minimise diff erences in the range of leukaemia subtypes included in our analyses, we asked registries to provide data for all haemopoietic malignant diseases in adults and children, as defi ned by the ICD-O-3 morphology code range 9590–9989. In consultation with specialists in the cancer registry-based project on haematologic malignancies (HAEMACARE) group,20 we selected subtypes of adult leukaemia from nine morphology groups,21 excluding myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms such as chronic myeloid leukaemia (appendix p 2). Precursor-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the most common form of leukaemia in children; we included HAEMACARE group 15—a relatively homogeneous group comprising precursor-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma and precursor-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia For survival analyses, we included only invasive primarymalignant diseases (ICD-O-3 behaviour code 3). To facilitate quality control and comparisons of the intensity of early diagnostic and screening activity, however, we asked registries to submit data for all solid tumours at each index site, including those that were benign (behaviour code 0), of uncertain or borderline malignancy (1), or in situ (2).We asked registries to submit full dates (day, month, year) for birth, diagnosis, and death or last known vital status, both for quality control and to enable comparable estimation of survival.23 When the day of diagnosis or the day or month of birth or last known vital status were missing, we developed an algorithm to standardise the imputation of missing dates for all populations (details available on request). Participating registries completed a detailed question n aire on their methods of operation, including data definitions, data collection procedures, coding of anatomical site, morphology and behaviour, the tracing of registered cancer patients to ascertain theirvital status, and how tumour records are linked with data on vital status.We included patients who were diagnosed with two or more primary cancers at different index sites during 1995–2009 in the analyses for each cancer—eg, colon cancer in 2000, breast cancer in 2005. We measured See Online for appendixprimary malignant diseases occurred at the same index site during 1995–2009, we included the fi rst cancer only. We retained the most complete record for patients with synchronous primary cancers in the same organ.North American registries define multiple primary cancers under the rules of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) programme,24 whereas registries in the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) and elsewhere generally use the rules of the IACR,25 which are more conservative. The North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) prepared a program to enable all North American registries to recode their entire incidence databases to the IACR multiple primary rules, before their datasets for 1995–2009 were extracted for CONCORD-2.Quality controlThe quality and completeness of cancer registration data can affect both incidence and survival estimates and, thus, the reliability of international comparisons.26 We developed a suite of quality control programs,27 extending the checks used in the fi rst CONCORD study,6 cross-checked with those used in the EUROCARE study,28 IARC/IACR tools for cancer registries,29 and WHO’s classifi cation of tumours.22,30–32 We applied these checks systematically in three phases and sent registries a detailed report on how to revise and resubmit their data, if needed, after every phase.F irst, we sent registries a protocol adherence report that showed, for every cancer, the proportion of tumour records that were coded in compliance with the protocol. Second, we checked the data in every tumour record for logical coherence against 20 sets of criteria, including eligibility (eg, age, tumour behaviour), defi nite errors (eg, sex-site errors and invalid dates or date sequence), and possible errors including a wide range of inconsistencies between age, tumour site, and morphology.27 We sent registries exclusion reports that showed, for every index cancer and calendar period, the number of tumour records in each category of defi nite or possible error, the number of tumours registered from a death certificate only or detected at autopsy, and the number of patients whose data could be included in survival analyses. When we identified errors in classification, coding, or pathological assignment, we asked registries to correct and resubmit their data. Finally, we analysed: the proportion of tumour records with morphological verification or non-specifi c morphology; distributions of the day and month of birth, diagnosis, and last known vital status; and proportions of patients who died within 30 days, were reported as lost to follow-up, or were censored within 5 years of diagnosis. Follow-up for vital statusCancer registries use various methods to ascertain the administrative infrastructure, so-called active follow-up can be used to establish vital status via direct contact with the patient, the family, or a local authority (eg, a village headman), or by home visit. Many registries in both high-income and low-income countries also seek information from the hospital or the treating clinician in hospital or primary care.Most registries link their database with a regional or national index of deaths, using identifi ers such as name, sex, date of birth, and identity number. Tumour records that match to a death record are updated with the date of death. Many registries also use other offi cial databases (eg, hospital and primary care databases, social insurance, health insurance, drivers’ licences, and electoral registers) to establish the date on which a patient was last known or believed to have been alive, to have migrated within the country, or to have emigrated to another country. Cancer registrations are updated with the vital status and the date of last known vital status. These methods are typically summarised as passive follow-up.Some registries receive information on the vital status of all registered patients on an almost continuous basis, or at least every month or every 3 months. Other registries seek to trace the vital status of patients registered in a particular calendar year only, 1 year or even 5 years after the end of that year: this approach can increase the proportion of patients lost to follow-up. It also means that 5-year survival estimates for more recently diagnosed patients cannot be obtained, even with the period approach.We asked all 279 participating registries how they ascertained the vital status of registered cancer patients. Of 243 registries that responded to the question, 147 (60%) stated that they used only passive follow-up, 92 (38%) that they used both passive and active follow-up, and four (2%) only active follow-up.Statistical analysisMost registries submitted data for patients diagnosed from 1995 to 2009, with follow-up to 2009 or later; some registries only began operation after 1995 or provided data for less than 15 years. We were able to estimate 5-year survival using the cohort approach for patients diagnosed in 1995–99 and 2000–04, because in most datasets, all patients had been followed up for at least 5 years. We used the period approach33 to estimate 5-year survival for patients diagnosed during 2005–09, because 5 years of follow-up data were not available for all patients (appendix p 174).We estimated net survival up to 5 years after diagnosis for both adults and children. Net survival represents the cumulative probability that the cancer patients would have survived a given time, say 5 years or more after diagnosis, in the hypothetical situation that the cancer was the only possible cause of death. Net survival can bedeath (background mortality). We used the recently developed Pohar Perme estimator34 of net survival imple-mented with the program stns35 in Stata version 13.36 This estimator takes unbiased account of the fact that older patients are more likely than younger patients to die from causes other than cancer—ie, that the competing risks of death are higher for elderly cancer patients.To control for the wide differences in background mortality between participating jurisdictions and over time, we constructed 6514 life tables of all-cause mortality in the general population of each country or the territory covered by each participating registry, by age (single year), sex, and calendar year of death, and by race or ethnic origin in Israel (Arab, Jewish), Malaysia (Chinese, Malay, Indian), New Zealand (Māori, non-Māori), and the USA (Black, White). The method of life table construction depended on whether we received raw data (numbers of deaths and populations) or mortality rates, and on whether the raw data or the mortality rates were by single year of age (so-called complete) or by 5-year or 10-year age group (abridged). We checked the life tables by examination of age-sex-mortality rates, life expectancy at birth (appendix p 175), the probability of death in the age bands 15–59 years, 60–84 years, and 85–99 years and, where necessary, the model residuals.Of the 279 participating registries, 21 provided complete life tables that did not need interpolation or smoothing, for each calendar year. F or 172 registries, we obtained raw data from either the registry, the relevant national statistical authority, or the Human Mortality Database.37 We derived life tables for 1996 and 2010 if possible, each centred on three calendar years of data (eg, 1995–97, 2009–11) to increase the robustness of the rates. We modelled raw mortality rates with Poisson regression and flexible functions to obtain smoothed complete life tables extended up to age 99 years. We then created life tables for every calendar year from 1997 to 2009 by linear interpolation between the 1996 and 2010 life tables.38 Rather than extrapolate, we used the 1996 life table for 1995.62 of 279 registries provided abridged mortality rates, or complete mortality rates that were not smoothed. We used the Ewbank relational model39 with three or four parameters to interpolate (if abridged) and smooth the mortality rates for the registry territory against a high-quality smooth life table for a country with a similar pattern of mortality by age. We could not obtain reliable data on all-cause mortality for 24 registries. We took national life tables published by the UN Population Division40 and interpolated and extended them to age 99 years with the Elandt-Johnson method.41For each country and registry, we present estimates of age-standardised net survival for each cancer at 5 years after diagnosis. We report cumulative survival probabilitiesNational coverage Regional coverageRegional territory (no data) No coverage500010000 km 0as percentages. F or adults, we used the International Cancer Survival Standard (ICSS) weights, with age at diagnosis categorised into five groups: 15–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years, and 75–99 years for eight solid tumours and leukaemia in adults; and 15–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years, 75–84 years, and 85–99 years for prostate cancer.42 F or children, we estimated survival for the age groups 0–4 years, 5–9 years, and 10–14 years; we obtained age-standardised estimates by assigning equal weights to the three age-specifi c estimates.43 We derived CIs for both unstandardised and age-standardised survival estimates assuming a normal distribution, truncated to the range 0–100. We derived SEs with the Greenwood method44 to construct the CIsWe did not estimate survival if fewer than ten patients were available for analysis. If between ten and 49 patients were available for analysis in a given calendar period (1995–99, 2000–04, 2005–09), we merged data for two consecutive periods. For less common cancers in the smallest populations, we sometimes needed to merge data for all three periods. When between ten and 49 patients in total were available, we only estimated survival for all ages combined. If 50 or more patients were available, we attempted survival estimation for each age group. If an age-specific estimate could not be obtained, we merged data for adjacent age groups and assigned the combined estimate to both age groups. If two or more age-specifi c estimates could not be obtained, we present only the unstandardised estimate for all ages combined.Role of the funding sourcesThe funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all data in the study and had fi nal responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.Results279 cancer registries from 67 countries provided data for this study (fi gure 1; appendix pp 112–40). Nine African countries took part (ten registries), eight countries were in Central and South America (27 registries), Canada and the USA comprised North America (57 registries), 16 countries were in Asia (50 registries), 30 European countries participated (128 registries), and New Zealand and Australia represented Oceania (seven registries). For countries with less than 100% coverage of the population, the country name is used for brevity in the text (eg, Libya, the USA), but a more accurate term is used in the tables (eg, Libya [Benghazi], US registries). Some registries provided data for only part of their territory.We examined records for 28 685 445 patients diagnosed with cancer of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults (age 15–99 years), leukaemia in adults, and precursor-cell 1 682 081 (5·9%) records were for an in situ cancer, mostly of the cervix, breast, colon, or prostate. The proportions of in situ cancer are not comparable directly because some registries do not record in situ cancer, others did not submit data for index sites in which in situ malignant disease is common, and screening programmes in which in situ cancers are frequently detected were introduced in some countries during 1995–2009. The variation between continents is still of interest: for example, a little over 1% of cervical cancers in African registries were in situ, compared with 20% in Central and South American registries and 81% in Oceania. For breast cancer in situ, the variation was from 0·1% in African registries to 16% in North American registries and about 4–5% in other regions of the world (appendix pp 3–63). Patients with in situ cancer were not included in survival analyses.We excluded a further 360 773 (1·3%) patients either because their year of birth, month or year of diagnosis, or year of last vital status were unknown, or because the tumour was not primary invasive malignant disease (behaviour code 3) or the morphology was that of Kaposi’s sarcoma or lymphoma in a solid organ, or for other reasons (table 2). The proportion of patients with an unknown date of last vital status ranged from 0% to 40% or more for some cancers in some African registries. Proportions are presented in the appendix (pp 3–63) for each registry, for all cancers combined, and for each cancer separately.Of 26 642 591 patients eligible for inclusion in the survival analyses, 905 841 (3·4%) were excluded because their cancer was registered from a death certifi cate only or discovered at autopsy (table 2), and 59 863 (0·2%) were excluded for other reasons, including defi nite errors (eg, unknown vital status or sex, sex-site error, or invalid dates or sequence of dates) or possible errors (eg, apparent inconsistencies between age, cancer site, and morphology) for which the record was not later confi rmed as correct by the relevant registry.Of 25 676 887 patients available for survival analyses (96·4% of those eligible), pathological evidence of malignant disease (histological, cytological, or haema-tological findings) was available for 23 338 015 patients for all cancers combined (91·1%; table 2), ranging from 83·1% in Asian registries, 85·5% in African registries, and 87·4% in Central and South American registries to 90–95% in Europe, Oceania, and North America. The range of pathological evidence at a national level was very wide, from 15% in The Gambia, 36% in Mongolia, and 66% in Chinese registries, up to 99% or more in Belgium, Mauritius, and Sweden. F or 938 703 (3·7%) patients, morphological features were poorly specifi ed (eg, malignant neoplasm or tumour, ICD-O-3 codes 8000–8005): this proportion also varied widely, from around 1% in North American registries to 17% for all African registries combined and as high as 59% in。
铁死亡与肺癌关系的研究现状
779综述新医学2023年11月第54卷第11期DOI : 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2023.11.003铁死亡与肺癌关系的研究现状张国威 卢珠明【摘要】 在全球所有癌症中,肺恶性肿瘤发病率排名第一,严重威胁着人类健康。
在晚期肺癌患者中,现行治疗方案并未显著提升患者的5年生存率,因此迫切需要改善治疗现状的新策略。
在近期的研究中,铁死亡吸引了人们的特别关注,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶失去活性和细胞内的脂质过氧化物累积是铁死亡启动机制,这些变化共同导致了细胞膜破损,且此过程还伴随铁依赖性活性氧的增产。
本文旨在探讨铁死亡在肺癌发展过程中的靶基因,以及其作为肺癌治疗策略的可能性。
【关键词】 铁死亡;肺癌;靶基因;治疗策略Research progress in the association between ferroptosis and lung cancer Zhang Guowei △, Lu Zhuming.△Guangdong Medical University , Zhanjiang 524000, ChinaCorresponding author , Lu Zhuming , E -mail:**************.cn【Abstract 】 Globally , the incidence of malignant lung tumors is the highest among all cancers , posing a serious threat tohuman health. Current treatment options for advanced lung cancer have not significantly improved the 5-year survival rate , thus necessitating urgent development of new therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis garners notable attention. The initiating mechanisms include the inactivation of glutathione peroxidase and accumulation of intracellular lipid peroxide. These changes collectively result in cell membrane damage , accompanied by an iron -dependent increase in reactive oxygen species production. The aim of this article is to delve into the role of ferroptosis target genes in lung cancer development and to evaluate their potential as therapeutic strategies.【Key words 】 Ferroptosis ; Lung cancer ; Target gene ; Treatment strategy基金项目:江门市基础与应用基础研究重点项目(2220002000183)作者单位:524000 湛江,广东医科大学(张国威,卢珠明);529000 江门,江门市中心医院(张国威,卢珠明)通信作者,卢珠明,E -mail:**************.cn在全球所有癌症中,肺恶性肿瘤发病率排名第一,严重威胁着人类健康。
全球死亡恶性肿瘤构成、癌症死亡病例分布、各年龄段癌症发病率、癌症的发病因素及如何预防各种癌症
全球死亡恶性肿瘤构成、癌症死亡病例分布、各年龄段癌症发病率、癌症的发病因素及如何预防各种癌症一、世界癌症发病及死亡情况1、癌症死亡病例分布、各种癌症死亡人数占比及死亡前10的恶性肿瘤构成情况世界卫生组织(WHO)国际癌症研究机构(IARC)最新报告称,全世界罹患癌症的人数在“迅速增长”,仅2018年一年就新增1810万病例,死亡人数高达960万。
到本世纪末,癌症将成为全球头号“杀手”,也是阻碍人类预期寿命延长的最大“拦路虎”。
罹患癌症或死于癌症的可能性在一定程度上取决于你住在哪里。
全球近半数新增癌症病例和超过半数癌症死亡病例来自亚洲,亚洲人口占世界总人口的60%。
但美洲的情况也不容乐观:其癌症发病率占全球总数的21%;死亡病例占全球总数的14.4%。
不过,美洲人口仅占世界总人口的13.3%。
欧洲的癌症病例和癌症死亡病例分别占全球总数的23.4%和20.3%,但其人口仅为世界总人口的9%。
世界癌症死亡病分布情况数据来源:公开资料整理癌症病例数量增加有多种原因,如全球人口增加、老龄化加剧等。
亚洲是癌症重灾区,肺癌、乳腺癌和结肠直肠癌则是罹患人数最多的癌症。
在经济富裕的国家,因贫困和感染而出现的癌症病例减少了,但与生活方式选择(比如肥胖和饮酒)相关的癌症却增加了。
发布的《2020-2026年中国肿瘤医疗服务行业市场前景规划及投资方向分析报告》显示:肺癌、乳腺癌和结肠直肠癌是罹患人数最多的癌症。
肺癌死亡人数最多,预计2018年将造成180万人死亡,占预计癌症死亡总人数的18.4%;结肠直肠癌造成的死亡人数排第二,将导致88.1万人死亡;乳腺癌排名第五,将导致62.7万人死亡。
肺癌、结肠直肠癌和乳腺癌这3种癌症加在一起,占2018年全球预计癌症死亡人数的1/3。
此外,胃癌和肝癌分别会导致78.3万人、78.2万人死亡,排名第三和第四。
各种癌症死亡人数占比数据来源:公开资料整理癌症对男性和女性的杀伤力并不一样。
最新全球癌症生存数据报告
最新全球癌症生存数据报告有关癌症生存率的全球数据并不多见。
在CONCORD-2研究中,加拿大多伦多Partnership 抗癌中心的Allemani C1博士等通过对以人口为基础的登记数据进行中心分析得出全球癌症生存率监测数据,并以此作为衡量卫生体系有效性的标准,并为全球癌症控制政策的制定提供参考。
论文发表于近期的LANCET杂志在线版。
CONCORD-2研究对世界范围的癌症生存数据进行了跟踪监测以及分析,在这项大型调查中,研究者共收集了来自67个国家的279个癌症登记处数据,对25,700,000位成年癌症患者(15-99岁)及75,000位儿童(0-14岁)患者的数据进行中心分析,调查范围囊括了包括结肠癌、直肠癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、乳腺癌,前列腺癌、卵巢癌、白血病等在内的多种癌症。
图1 调查涉及的国家和地区该研究中,共有来自67 个国家的279 个以人口为基础的癌症患者人群入组,受试者均于1995-2009 年期间确诊,随访至2009 年12 月31 日之后,共纳入成年病例2570 万(年龄15-99 岁),儿童病例7.5 万名(年龄0-14 岁)。
监测癌症类型如下:成人胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌(女性)、宫颈癌、卵巢癌和前列腺癌,以及成人和儿童白血病。
研究者利用标准化质控流程,采用有关注册库进行误差纠正。
按年龄(单年)、性别校正每个国家或地区的背景死亡率后对5 年生存率予以评估,同时在某些国家还根据种族或人种进行校正。
采用国际癌症生存标准权重进行年龄标准化评估。
图2 调查涉及的亚洲国家和地区研究结果发现,大多数发达国家的结肠癌、直肠癌和乳腺癌患者的5年生存率呈现稳步上升。
来自22个国家于2005-09 年确诊的结肠癌和直肠癌患者生存率达到60%以上;有17 个国家的乳腺癌患者5 年生存率达到85%以上。
所有国家肝癌和肺癌仍是致命性疾病,这两种癌症的5 年生存率欧洲均低于20%,北美则为15%-19%,蒙古和泰国低至7%-9%。
神刊:全球癌症发病死亡统计报告
神刊:全球癌症发病死亡统计报告2018年9月12日,影响因子世界排名第一(2017年度影响因子高达244.585,排名第二的《新英格兰医学杂志》仅79.258)美国癌症学会官方期刊《临床医师癌症杂志》在线发表世界卫生组织(WHO)国际癌症研究机构(IARC)法国里昂总部与美国癌症学会亚特兰大总部的全球癌症(GLOBOCAN)统计报告2018年版(上一版为2012年版),对185个国家36种癌症的发病和死亡进行了推算,全文共31页。
该报告根据 GLOBOCAN 2018 癌症发病和死亡推算值,提供了全球癌症负担状况报告,重点关注了全世界五大洲20个区域(北美、中美、南美、加勒比地区,北非、西非、中非、东非、南非,西欧、北欧、南欧、东欧,西亚、中南亚、东亚、东南亚,澳大利亚和新西兰、美拉尼西亚、密克罗尼西亚和波利尼西亚)之间的差异。
2018年将有大约1810万癌症新发病例和960万癌症死亡病例(剔除非黑色素瘤皮肤癌后分别为1700万和950万)。
各种癌症占所有癌症的发病比例和死亡比例(注意:不是发病率和死亡率)如下:•两性:肺癌的发病比例(11.6%)和死亡比例(18.4%)最高,发病比例其次为女性乳腺癌(11.6%)、前列腺癌(7.1%)、结直肠癌(6.1%),死亡比例其次为结直肠癌(9.2%)、胃癌(8.2%)、肝癌(8.2%)。
•男性:肺癌的发病比例(31.5%)和死亡比例(27.1%)最高,发病比例其次为前列腺癌(29.3%)、结直肠癌(23.1%),死亡比例其次为肝癌(12.7%)、胃癌(11.7%)。
•女性:乳腺癌的发病比例(46.3%)和死亡比例(13.0%)最高,发病比例其次为结直肠癌(15.7%)、肺癌(14.6%)、宫颈癌(13.1%),死亡比例其次为肺癌(11.2%)结直肠(7.0%)、宫颈癌(6.9%)。
不过,根据经济发展水平及其相关社会和生活方式因素的不同,各个国家之间、每个国家之内的癌症发病比例和癌症死亡比例差异巨大。
全球前十位癌症发病率变化趋势图关注防癌险
图左:女性;图右:男性
白血病发病趋势
2013年全球有 41.4万名新增白 血病患者,26.5万 名患者死于白血 病.
图左:女性;图右:男性
30%得癌症可以预防
从全球范围看,1990年 ~2013年,前列腺癌病例增 长了3倍多,部分原因是人口 增长和人口老龄化.类似的因 素也导致全球女性乳腺癌发 病率的增加.
三招教你选择防癌险
要考虑保障范围和期限 业内人士表示,挑选防 癌险首先要考虑保障范围 和期限,比如看原位癌之类 的轻症癌症是否在其保障 范围内.
三招教你选择防癌险
看清保障期限是否合适
由于防癌险通常分为定期保 障和终身保障这两种保障期限类 型,投保前要看清产品保障期限是 否足够覆盖癌症高发期.购买防癌 险时,在选择保障期限时,至少要能 覆盖35岁~55岁这一段重压时期, 如果能保障至70岁或终身当然更 安心 .
30%以上的癌症可以得 到预防,需要通过改变或避免 以下主要危险因素:
30%得癌症可以预防
☉烟草使用☉体重超重或 肥胖
☉不健康饮食,水果和蔬 菜摄入量低
☉缺乏身体活动☉酒精使 用
☉性传播人乳头瘤病毒感 染
30%得癌症可以预防
☉乙肝病毒感染☉城 市空气污染
☉电离辐射和非电离 辐射
☉家庭使用固体燃料 产生的室内烟雾
图左:女性;图右:男性
前列腺癌发病趋势
2013年全球有 144.2万名新增前 列腺癌患者,29.3 万名患者死于前 列腺癌.
胃癌发病趋势
2013年全球有 98.4万名新增胃 癌患者,84.1万名 患者死于胃癌.
图左:女性;图右:男性
肝癌发病趋势
2013年全球有 79.2万名新增肝 癌患者,81.8万名 患者死于肝癌.
中国肝癌的治疗现状
目录
中国肝癌治疗现状 中期肝癌治疗的现状及展望
中国是肝癌发病重灾区
男性发病率:34.7/100,000(292,966例) 女性发病率:13.7/100,000(109,242 例)
占全球病人的55%
0 3.0 5.3 8.3 17.6 117 Age-standardised incidence rates per 100,000
索拉非尼 中位OS: 6.5月
安慰剂 中位OS: 4.2月
0.25
风险比HR: 0.69 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.87) p=0.00058
0 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
(周)
0.25
风险比 HR: 0.68 95% CI: 0.50-0.93 P=0.014
介入
6.26%
局部 消融
4.11%
系统药 物治疗
C期:半数患者选择介入治疗
C期患者接受的治疗方法分布图( N=1161 占全部人群53.9%)
100%
75%
50% 33.61%
25%
0%
手术
52.29%
介入
C期治疗中,介入治疗最 为 常 见 (52.29%) , 手 术 治 疗 占 第 二 位 (33.61%) , 1.21%接受靶向治疗(14 例)
介入
11.61%
局部 消融
2.68%
系统药 物治疗
B期:近2/3患者仍接受手术治疗
B期患者接受的治疗方法分布图(N=585 占全部人群27.1%)
100%
75% 63.32% 50%
25%
0%
手术
B期治疗中,手术最为常 见(62.32%),其次是介入 和消融,1.03%接受靶向 治疗(6例)
国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告
国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告根据您的题目“国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告”,我将按照报告的格式来为您撰写一篇文章。
请注意,由于我是人工智能助手,无法提供实时数据,以下内容仅为虚构。
国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告1. 引言癌症是全球范围内的重大健康问题,给社会和家庭带来了巨大的负担。
作为一个发展中国家,中国也面临着日益增长的癌症发病率和死亡率的挑战。
为了更好地了解中国癌症的现状,国家癌症中心定期发布全国最新癌症报告。
本文将概述国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告的主要结果和研究成果。
2. 研究方法国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告是基于全国范围内的癌症数据进行分析得出的。
研究所采用的方法包括收集癌症登记资料、筛选研究样本、数据清理和统计分析。
研究对象为来自全国不同地区、不同年龄段和性别的癌症患者。
3. 报告结果根据09年全国最新癌症报告,中国的癌症发病率呈逐年上升的趋势。
其中,肺癌、胃癌和肝癌是中国最常见的三种癌症类型。
报告还指出,男性的癌症死亡率高于女性,年龄越大,癌症发病率和死亡率越高。
此外,报告还分析了不同地区之间的癌症患病差异,提供了癌症防治的相关建议。
4. 讨论与结论国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告的结果对于完善中国的癌症防治策略具有重要意义。
该报告为政府部门、医疗机构和公众提供了详尽的数据和分析结果,有助于制定有效的癌症预防措施和治疗方案。
然而,报告也揭示了中国目前在癌症防治领域面临的挑战,包括医疗资源不均衡、癌症筛查和早期诊断不足等问题。
5. 参考建议基于该报告的研究结果,我们向政府部门提出以下建议:- 加强癌症预防宣传,推广健康生活方式,减少癌症危险因素的暴露;- 提升基层医疗机构的癌症筛查和早期诊断能力,以提高早期发现和治疗癌症的机会;- 加大对癌症患者的综合治疗和康复支持,提高其生活质量和康复率。
6. 结语国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告为我们提供了深入了解中国癌症现状的机会。
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中国09最新癌症统计数据出炉
中国09最新癌症统计数据出炉近年来,癌症已成为全球范围内令人担忧的公共健康问题。
根据最新的统计数据,中国09年的癌症发病率和死亡率呈现出令人忧心的趋势。
本文将介绍这些数据,并探讨一些可能的原因和解决方案。
根据中国国家癌症中心发布的数据,09年中国共有约370万新发癌症病例,癌症的发病率为278人/十万人。
与08年相比,癌症发病率略有增加。
此外,根据同一组织的数据,09年中国共有约238万癌症死亡病例,癌症的死亡率为178人/十万人。
这一数字也比08年有所上升。
那么,为什么中国的癌症发病率和死亡率继续增加呢?首先,随着人口老龄化和生活方式的改变,癌症的发病率在全球范围内普遍上升。
中国作为世界人口最多的国家之一,其人口老龄化的趋势更为明显。
其次,环境污染和不良饮食习惯也是导致癌症增加的因素。
中国的快速工业化和城市化进程导致了大量的污染物排放和环境问题,这对人体健康构成了潜在威胁。
此外,中国的饮食结构也发生了很大的改变,高盐、高糖和高脂肪的饮食习惯增加了患癌症的风险。
面对这一担忧的状况,政府和个人应采取一系列措施来减少癌症的负担。
政府应加强环境保护措施,尤其是在工业化和城市化进程中关注环境健康问题。
此外,政府应加大对癌症的防治研究投资,提高癌症早期筛查和治疗的覆盖率。
对于个人而言,保持健康的生活方式非常重要。
这包括均衡的饮食、适量的运动、戒烟限酒等。
此外,个人应定期进行身体检查,及早发现异常情况。
除此之外,全社会应加强癌症防治的宣传教育。
通过广泛的媒体渠道,提高公众对癌症的认知和意识。
同时,应加强对癌症患者和其家人的心理支持,帮助他们更好地面对疾病带来的种种挑战。
总的来说,中国09年的癌症统计数据令人担忧,癌症的发病率和死亡率持续上升。
人口老龄化、环境污染和不良饮食习惯被认为是主要原因。
政府和个人应共同努力,加强癌症防治工作。
政府应加强环境保护和防治研究投资,而个人则应保持健康的生活方式和定期身体检查。
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• Pepsinogen I 由 胃底腺 的主细胞所分泌 • Pepsinogen II由 胃底腺,贲门腺,幽门腺,Brunner腺 所分泌,虽 然PG II 的浓度相对较低,但其分泌区域比PG I大
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阳性者建议立即进行胃镜检查。如未发现癌变,在两年 后进行下一次的胃蛋白原检测
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Dinis-Ribeiro M, Yamaki G, Miki K, Costa-Pereira A, Matsukawa M, Kurihara M:J Med Screen. 2004;11(3):141-7. Miki K.: Gastric Cancer. 2006;9(4):245-53. Epub 2006 Nov 24.
国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告
国家癌症中心09年全国最新癌症报告近年来,癌症已成为世界各国健康领域的头号“杀手”。
在中国,癌症的发病率与致死率也在持续上升。
国家癌症中心每年都发布癌症报告,以提供相关数据和信息,帮助公众更好地认识、预防和治疗癌症。
本文将介绍2009年全国最新的癌症报告。
2009年的癌症报告显示,中国癌症患者的数量持续攀升,已经成为全国范围内的重大健康问题。
其中,肺癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、肝癌和大肠癌等五种癌症是最常见的类型。
这五种癌症占据了全国癌症发病率和死亡率的主要部分。
此外,皮肤癌、宫颈癌、食管癌、前列腺癌等也是不容忽视的癌症类型。
肺癌一直以来都是中国最主要的癌症之一,其中吸烟是肺癌的主要危险因素。
据报告显示,中国吸烟人口数量巨大,且吸烟率远高于全球平均水平,因此导致的肺癌病例数量居高不下。
除了吸烟,空气污染、室内污染等环境因素也对肺癌发病起到了重要作用。
胃癌则主要与饮食和幽门螺杆菌感染有关。
中国在过去几十年间饮食结构的改变,高盐、腌制食品、缺乏新鲜蔬菜水果等不健康的饮食习惯加剧了胃癌的发病率。
此外,幽门螺杆菌感染的高发也是胃癌发病的重要原因。
乳腺癌在女性中的发病率逐年上升,已成为中国女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一。
尽管还无法确定乳腺癌的确切原因,但家族遗传、雌激素水平异常、生育史和年龄等被认为是乳腺癌的危险因素。
肝癌同样威胁着中国人的健康。
乙型肝炎病毒感染是肝癌的主要原因之一。
中国是乙型肝炎感染高发国家,乙肝疫苗的普及和肝癌的早期筛查以及其他预防措施的推广至关重要。
大肠癌是中国男性和女性中第三常见的癌症,其发病率也在上升。
大肠癌的危险因素包括高脂肪低纤维饮食、肠息肉、炎症性肠病以及家族遗传等。
定期进行肠镜检查和生活方式的改善可以有效降低大肠癌的发病率。
除了上述五种常见癌症外,皮肤癌、宫颈癌、食管癌、前列腺癌等也值得关注。
早期预防、早期诊断和早期治疗是降低癌症致死率和提高生存率的关键措施。
改善生活方式、远离致癌物质、加强健康教育和普及乙肝疫苗等也是预防癌症的重要手段。
2020年全球癌症统计数据解读(全文)
2020年全球癌症统计数据解读(全文)癌症是严重危害人类生命健康的疾病。
根据世界卫生组织2019年的估计,在全球183个国家中的112个国家的年龄<70岁的人群中,癌症是导致人类死亡的第1或第2大原因。
因此,了解癌症流行数据对于癌症防控非常重要。
为此,___(IARC)在1965年成立,并开展了GLOBOCAN项目,旨在统计全球185个国家/地区的36种癌症发病率、死亡率以及癌症发展趋势等相关数据,以便研究者能够描述全球癌症流行病学和推动癌症病因学研究。
2020年12月,IARC更新了GLOBOCAN数据库,发布了最新版本GLOBOCAN 2020,其中包括癌症发病率、死亡率以及癌症发展趋势等数据。
根据GLOBOCAN 2020数据库的数据,全球2020年新发癌症19,292,789例,9,958,133例癌症患者死亡。
女性乳腺癌成为最常见的癌症,占总体癌症发病的11.7%。
其次是肺癌(11.4%)、结直肠癌(10.0%)、前列腺癌(7.3%)和胃癌(5.6%)。
肺癌仍是导致癌症死亡的首要原因,估计有1,796,144人死于肺癌,占总体癌症死亡的18.0%。
其次是结直肠癌(9.4%)、肝癌(8.3%)、胃癌(7.7%)和女性乳腺癌(6.9%)。
可以看出,癌症发病和死亡呈明显的地区和性别差异。
总之,GLOBOCAN 2020数据库提供了全球癌症流行病学的基础数据,为癌症防控和病因学研究提供了重要的支持。
癌症的发病率和死亡率在全球范围内迅速增加,这不仅与人口老龄化和人口数量增加有关,还反映了癌症主要危险因素的流行和分布变化。
研究表明,其中一些危险因素与社会经济发展水平有关。
GLOBOCAN 2020数据库提供了最新的全球癌症负担状况,并根据人类发展指数(HDI)将全球经济发展水平分为非常高、高、中、低四层,用于分析癌症发病率、死亡率与HDI的关系。
此外,GLOBOCAN2020还新增了2040年癌症负担的预测数据。
中国国家癌症中心重磅数据!癌症5年生存率40.5%,甲状腺癌最高为84.3%,乳腺癌82%
中国国家癌症中心重磅数据!癌症5年生存率40.5%,甲状腺癌最高为84.3%,乳腺癌82%编者按:这些数据,希望给更多的人带来希望,10年间,中国癌症5年生存率由30.9%提高到40.5%,下一个10年,可能提高的更多。
科研人员需要继续努力,患者及家属,耐心等待。
这些年只要提到国内癌症的五年生存率,最多引用的就是2015年国家癌症中心首次报告的国内第一份涉及17个癌症登记处的癌症生存数据协同报告。
这份报告依据的是在03年-05年诊断的患者生存数据,当时的标准5年相对总体生存率为30.9%。
又是10年过去,如今国内的患者数据又是如何呢?上周,《柳叶刀》子刊《柳叶刀全球健康》上发布了2003-2015年间中国癌症患者生存率数据,反映了12年间中国的癌症患者生存实况。
跟踪近66万癌症患者中国国家癌症中心、中国医学科学院和北京协和医院研究人员分析了中国17个癌症登记处的人群癌症数据,覆盖人口2340万,并根据性别、年龄和地理区域分析了2003年-2015年间26种不同癌症类型的5年相对生存率。
数据显示,2003年至2013年间,共诊断出约有67.88万例浸润性癌症(癌细胞一旦突破了上皮基底膜结构,即称浸润癌)患者,最终有资格纳入最终样本分析的患者有659,732例,占比总数97.2%。
研究人员一直随访这些患者至2015年底。
各癌种的五年生存率如果不考虑年龄和性别,癌症的总体生存率从2003-05年间的30.9%到2012-15年间40.5%,增长了近10%。
但不同癌症类型的5年相对生存率差异很大,例如甲状腺癌,从03年-05年的67.5%增长到84.3%,妇科肿瘤中的子宫内膜癌从55.1%增长到72.8%。
但也有例外,在“基本平稳,缓慢上升”的整体趋势下,胰腺癌和胆囊癌的总生存率却一直在下降,尤其是胰腺癌,10年里从11.7%跌到了7.2%。
(点击可放大)男女有别在癌症领域,发病率“男女有别”。
根据2017北京肿瘤防治研究办公室、上海疾控中心发布的数据,北京和上海男性发病率最高的三个癌种分别为肺癌、结直肠癌和胃癌;女性为乳腺癌、肺癌、甲状腺癌/结直肠癌。
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THE LANCET:1995-2009全球癌症生存率调查全球范围内有关癌症生存数据很少。
来自英国的研究者Claudia A 等以基于人口的癌症登记数据进行集中分析,启动世界性的癌症生存率监控,并通报有关癌症控制的全球政策,文章发表于近期的THE LANCET。
研究收集了67 个国家共279 个以人口为基础的癌症患者人群,于1995—2009 期间确诊,随访至2009 年12 月31 日之后,共纳入成年病例2570 万(年龄15-99 岁),儿童病例7.5 万名(年龄0-14 岁)。
纳入调查的癌症包括:成人的胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌(女性)、宫颈癌、卵巢癌和前列腺癌,以及成人和儿童白血病。
采用标准化的质控流程;通过有关注册库纠正误差。
按年龄(单年),性别和历年调整在每个国家或地区的背景死亡率评估5 年生存率,同时在某些国家还根据种族或人种来调整。
评估的年龄标准化采用国际癌症生存标准权重。
在大多数发达国家,结肠癌、直肠癌和乳腺癌的5 年生存率已稳步上升。
22 个国家2005-09 年确诊的结肠癌和直肠癌患者生存率达到60%以上;17 个国家的乳腺癌5 年生存率达到85%以上。
肝癌和肺癌在所有国家中仍是致命性疾病,两种癌症的5年生存率在欧洲均低于20%,在北美为15-19%,在蒙古和泰国则低至7-9%。
前列腺癌5 年生存率在许多国家显著上升:在南美、亚洲和欧洲的22 个国家中,1995-99 年和2005-09 年5 年生存率显著上升了10-20%,但世界各地的生存率存差异很大,在保加利亚和泰国不到60%,而在巴西、波多黎各和美国的生存率则超过95%。
宫颈癌的5 年生存率亦有较大的区域差异,从低于50%到高于70%,而且1995-99 年和2005-09 年期间的改善程度都较小。
2005-09 确诊为卵巢癌患者中,5 年生存率仅厄瓜多尔、美国和17 个国家亚欧洲国家超过40%。
胃癌生存率在日本和韩国(54-58%)高于其他国家(<40%)。
而日本和韩国成人白血病的5 年生存率低于大多数国家(18-23%)。
儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的5 年生存率在一些国家不足60%,但在加拿大和欧洲四国高达90%,这表明可治愈的疾病管理存在很大缺陷。
国际性的生存率趋势比较显示了很大差异,这可能是由于获得早期诊断和最佳治疗的差异。
癌症生存率在全球范围内的连续监测应成为癌症患者和研究者不可或缺的信息来源,同时也促进政府改进卫生政策和卫生保健体系。
背景介绍全球癌症负担正在不断增加,尤其是在中低收入国家。
实施初级预防的有效战略已成为紧迫的任务。
预防至关重要,但是一项长期任务。
如果WHO 要在2025 年前实现全球30-69 岁人群的癌症及其他非传染性疾病年死亡人数下降25%的目标,不仅需要更有效的预防措施(减少发病率),也需要更有效率的医疗体系(改善生存)。
首个国际性癌症生存率比较在跨大西洋国家间进行,针对1945 年至1954 年间确诊的12 种癌症,美洲3 国的生存率均高于欧洲6 国。
2008 年,一个全球性、以人口为基础的癌症生存率研究(CONCORD)显示,原发的乳腺癌、结肠癌、直肠癌和前列腺癌在不同国家中生存率差异很大,这次调查共纳入1990 年至1994 年诊断出患有癌症,随访至1999 年的190 万成年患者,分布在五大洲的31 个国家。
自2008 年以来已发布了三个大型的癌症生存率国际性比较结果。
欧洲癌症登记库的生存率研究EUROCARE)-5 对欧洲29 个国家2000-07 年确诊癌症患者进行了生存率评估。
SurvCan 提供12 个中低收入国家于1990-2001 年确诊病例的相对生存期评估结果(在非洲、亚洲、加勒比海和中美洲)。
国际癌症标杆合作组织发布了6 个高收入国家1995-2007 年期间4 种癌症确诊病例的生存率评估结果。
这三个研究的地理和人口覆盖率、时期和分析方法各不相同,并没有进行癌症生存率的全球性比较。
研究者设计了这项CONCORD-2 研究,旨在发起长期的、尽可能广泛的癌症生存率监测。
目的是国际癌症控制的世界癌症宣言2013 总体目标:“大幅减少癌症过早死亡和改善癌症生存率和生活质量。
方法癌症登记库确定2009 年处于运作的以人口为基础的癌症登记库,以及已发表的生存率报告或已知可确立生存状况的癌症登记患者随访记录。
许多癌症登记库达到质量要求,纳入国际癌症登记协会和国际癌症研究机构(IARC)发布的五大洲癌症发病率五年纲要或类似的纲要。
研究者邀请所有这些登记库提供1995 年至2009 年期间诊断的癌症病例,包括确诊后5 年以上或在2009 年12月31 日之后的生存状况。
395 个受邀登记库中306 个(77%)同意参与,其中:24 个(8%)未能提交数据,原因是数据资源有限(n =4)、法律限制(n=1)和改变主意(n= 3)、以及因为无法提供完整的随访资料(n=6)或没有进一步回应(n=10)。
3 个登记库因所提供的数据未遵守方案和不能进行纠正被剔除,因为他们提供的是不遵守协议,并不能纠正的数据,最终参与的登记数据库共279 个。
参与的登记癌症库中有10 个优先获采用(援引为索引点),2008 年占据发达国家和发展中国家在内的全球癌症负担近三分之二,包括成人胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌(女性)、子宫颈癌、卵巢癌和前列腺癌(年龄15-99 岁),以及成年人白血病、儿童前体细胞急性淋巴细胞性白血病(年龄0-14 岁)。
伦理委员会批准研究通过了英国法定国家信息管理委员会(即现在的健康研究审批机构; ECC3-04(I)/2011)的伦理与保密委员会和国家健康服务(NHS)的研究伦理服务处(东南;11/ LO/0331)批准。
也在其他40 多个司法管辖区获得独立的法律或伦理委员会批准。
方案通过解剖部位定义实体瘤,通过形态学定义白血病。
根据肿瘤学国际疾病分类编码肿瘤部位和形态(第3 版;ICD-O-3)。
卵巢癌包括了输卵管,子宫韧带和附属器,以及腹膜及后腹膜。
在淋巴瘤形态学中排除实体瘤和卡波西肉瘤。
登记库提供的数据为根据ICD-O-3 形态代码范围9590-9989 定义的成人和儿童的所有血液系统恶性疾病。
从九个形态学组中选择成人白血病亚型,骨髓增生异常和骨髓增殖性肿瘤排除在外,如慢性髓性白血病。
儿童中最常见的前体细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病中纳入前体细胞淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤和前体细胞淋巴细胞白血病(B 细胞,T 细胞,和未特别指明类型)。
对于生存率的分析,只纳入侵袭性原发恶性肿瘤(ICD-O-3 的行为代码3)。
为了便于质量控制和比较早期诊断和筛查活动强度,要求登记库提供每个索引的所有实体肿瘤数据,包括良性(行为代码为0),不确定的或边缘恶性肿瘤(1),或原位瘤(2)。
收集的日期数据包括出生日期、诊断和死亡日期或最后已知状况日期的完整时间(日、月、年)参与的登记库须完成有关运作方式的详细调查问卷,包括数据的定义、数据收集程序、解剖部位,形态和行为编码、登记癌症患者的跟踪,以及肿瘤记录如何与已经生存状况数据的链接等。
对确诊患有不同位置两处以上原发肿瘤的患者,分析每癌种的数据。
测量患者从确诊之日起至死亡时或失访时或终检时的生存期。
当1995 年至2009 年有两个或多个原发恶性疾病发生在相同的索引点时只收入第一癌症的数据。
研究也保留了患者同一器官同步原发癌的最完整记录。
质量控制癌症登记库数据的质量和完整性可影响发病率及生存率评估,从而影响国际性比较的可靠性。
研究者开发了一套质量控制程序。
首先,方案遵守报告显示每一肿瘤的记录按照方案编码;其次,检查每个肿瘤记录针对20 套标准的逻辑连贯性,包括合格性(如年龄,肿瘤特征),明确错误(例如,性别或部位错误、无效的日期或日期顺序),以及年龄,肿瘤部位、形态的不一致。
对错误数据采取纠正措施等。
最后进行分析:有形态学或非特定形态验证的肿瘤记录比例;出生日月、诊断和最后已知生命状态的分布;30 天内死亡的患者比例报告为失访。
生命状况随访癌症登记库使用各种方法来确定登记癌症患者的生命状况(存活、死亡、移民、失访)。
大部分登记库中的数据与地区或国家死亡人数索引相关,使用姓名、性别、出生日期和身份证号码等标识。
登记库也常常使用其他官方数据库。
统计分析方法评估成人和儿童确诊后的5 年生存率。
净生存率表示癌症患者在特定时间内(如诊断后5 年或更长时间)的累积概率,假设的前提是癌症是唯一可能的死亡原因。
采用Stata版本的程序stns 来实现净生存率的Pohar Perme 评估函数。
为了控制参与辖区之间和时间的推移引起的背景死亡率巨大差异,按年龄(单年)、性别、死亡年历、种族或人种和登记库在每个国家或地区构建了全因死亡率的6514 生命表。
对于每一个国家和登记库,呈现每个患者诊断后5 年生存率评估。
以百分比报告累积生存概率。
使用了国际癌症存活标准(ICSS)的权重将成年人按诊断时的年龄分为五组。
儿童则通过分配相等的权重分成三个年龄组。
结果共67 个国家279 癌症登记库提供的数据纳入这项研究。
其中9 个非洲国家(10 个登记库),8 个中南美洲国家(27 个登记库),2 个北美国家(57 个登记库),16 个亚洲国家(50 个登记库),30 个欧洲国家(128 个登记库),以及2 个大洋洲国家(7 个登记库)。
共检查1995 年至2009 年期间确诊的28685445 例患者记录,诊断癌症包括:成人胃、结肠、直肠、肝、肺,乳腺(女性)、子宫颈、卵巢和前列腺癌(年龄15-99 岁),成年白血病和儿童前体细胞急性淋巴细胞性白血病(年龄0-14 岁)。
其中原位癌记录1682081 例(5.9%),大多为宫颈、乳腺、结肠、前列腺癌。
原位癌症的比例没有直接可比性,但在不同洲之间也存在差异。
原位癌症并未纳入生存率分析。
可进行生存率分析的25676887 例病例中,有病理证据的恶性肿瘤(组织学、细胞学或血液学发现)的共23338015 例。
是否有病理证据在不同国家差异很大。
938703 例(3.7%)肿瘤形态特征难以鉴别。
每种癌症的形态确认在不同洲和国家间差别很大。
48.2%的肝癌、84.4%的肺癌,其它实体瘤和成人白血病90%以上,和99%的儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病可获得形态学数据。
胃癌共1645596 例:1995-99 年登记数据由48 个国家的191 个登记库提供;2000-04 年登记数据由56 个国家的241 个登记库提供;2005-2009 年年登记数据由59 个国家的241 个登记库提供。
2005-09 年确诊患者中,5 年生存率较高的是韩国(58%)、日本(54%)和毛里求斯(41%)。