光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计-外文翻译
一种基于单片机控制的新型光伏电池 毕业论文外文翻译
附录AMicroprocessor-Controlled New Class of OptimalBattery Chargers for Photovoltaic ApplicationsAbstractA simple, fast and reliable technique for charging batteries by solar arrays is proposed. The operating point of a battery is carefully for cednear the maximum power point of solar cells under all environmental (e.g., insolation, temperature, degradation) conditions. Optimal operation of solar arrays is achieved using the V oltage-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (VMPPT) technique and the charger operating point is continuously adjusted by changing the charging current. An optimal solar battery charger is designed, simulated and constructed. Experimental and the oretical results are presented and analyzed. The main advantages of the proposed solar battery charger as compared with conventional ones are shorter charge time and lower cost.Index Terms—Charger, microprocessor, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic.I.INTRODUCTIONThe field of photovoltaic systems is quite broad with many stand-alone and grid-connected configurations. Applications of solar energy include water pumping , refrigeration and vaccine storage, air conditioning, light sources, electric vehicles ,PV power plants ,hybrid systems , military and space applications.Reference[8]has divided photovoltaic applications into four categories: large-scale grid connected systems, small remote photovoltaic plants, low power stand-alone systems, and a combination of solar systems with other alternative energy sources. These categories may also be viewed in terms of load characteristics. There are three load types:a DC load, a “dead” AC load, and a “live” AC load(e.g.,a utility system).Most of these applications use batteries as backup energy systems and/or matchingdevices for balancing their energy flow during peak load or poor environmental conditions (e.g., low insolation, high temperature or high degradation).The main drawbacks of PV systems are high fabrication cost, low energy conversion efficiency, and nonlinear characteristics. For increasing conversion efficiency, many Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques have been proposed and implemented. They can be categorized as:A)“Look-up table”methods [12],[13]—The nonlinear and time varying nature of solar cells and their great dependency on radiation and temperature levels as well as degradation(aging,dirt,snow) effects, make it difficult to record and store all possible system conditions.B)“Perturbation and observation(P&O)”methods [14],[15] —Measured cellcharacteristics (current, voltage and power)are employed along with an on-line search algorithm to compute the corresponding maximum power point which is dependent on insolation, temperature or degradation levels. Problems with this approach are undesirable measurement errors(especially for current)which strongly affect tracker accuracy.C)“Computational” methods [2],[16]–[19]—The nonlinear V-I haracteristics of a solar panel are modeled using mathematical equations or numerical approximations, and maximum power points are computed for different load conditions as a function of cell open-circuit voltages or cell short-circuit currents. In the literature, many battery charging techniques are investigated and proposed[20]–[24].These methods use avariety of battery characteristics(voltage and temperature) to achieve a safe and fast charging process. However, two well-known charging methods employing photovoltaic sources are the constant current charging, and the direct connection of solar panel to battery and load(e.g., battery tied solar systems).In this paper, a simple and fast variable-current charging tech-nique, based on “computational” methods, is proposed for photovoltaic applications —where photovoltaic charger and battery are matched with respect to voltage and current. Online measurements of panel open-circuit voltage are used to detect the maximum power point of a solar panel. Battery charge rate is continuously adjusted such that the system operating point is forced near the detected maximum power point of solar panels. The oretical and experimental analyses are used to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the proposed technique.II.MODELING OF PROPOSED FAST SOLARBATTERY CHARGERElectrical models for solar panel, maximum power point tracker, battery and battery charger will be used to simulate the proposed solar charging technique.A.Solar Panel ModelUsing the equivalent circuit of solar cells(Fig.1),the radiation and temperature dependent V-I haracteristics of m parallel strings with n series cells per string is00()sc sa sa s sa I i mI nn V In R i mI mλ-+=- （1） where is the cell short-circuit current(representing in solation level), is the reverse saturation current,is the series cell resistance and is a constant coefficient which depends on the cell material and the temperature T.For the silicon solar panel(,)used for theoretical and experimental analyses of this paper[Table I, manufactured by the Iranian Optical Fiber Fabrication Co.(OFFC)],(1)can be written as at T=250.000051.767()0.00005sc sa sa sa I i V In i -+=- （2） Equations(3a)and(3b)are evaluated for one OFFC panel at T=70 and T=-20, respectively. Computed and measured V-I as well as P-I characteristics for the OFFCpanel are shown in Fig.2 for two insolation levels. This figure illustrates the variations of cell maximum power points (e.g., maxima of P-I curves)with respect to insolation levels.3.0050.000241.69()0.00024sa sa sa i V In i -+=- (3a) 20830.000011.82()0.00001sa sa sa i V In i -+=- (3b) Eqs.(2)and(3)along with Fig.2 depict the strong nonlinear dependency of the Maximum Power Point(MPP)with respect to insolation and temperature levels and justify for any high efficient PV system an accurate MPP tracker.B.V oltage-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking to determine operating points corresponding to maximum power for different insolation and temperature levels,(2)and(3) are commonly used[2],[17]to compute the partial derivative ofpower with respect to cell voltage.Instead of finding the maximum via derivative,[18]and[19]employ numerical methods to show a linear dependency between “cell v oltages corresponding to maximum power ”and“ cell open circuit voltages”MP v OC V M V = (4)This equation characterizes the main idea of the V oltage-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (VMPPT) technique. Is called the“voltage factor”and is equal to 0.74 for the OFFC silicon cells[18],[19].Equation(4)is plotted in Fig.3 together with the computed(almost linear)dependency of with respect to(shown by “+” signs ). C. Nonlinear Battery Model Most battery models ignore the presence of nonlinear electro chemical characteristics[27],[28].For the theoretical and experimental analyses of this paper, we propose a new nonlinear model for Ni-Cd batteries as shown in Fig.4. Measurements show linear variations of, and nonlinear characteristics of with respect to charge rate: （5）where is the charging current and R , Cs and Co are parameter values at biasing current level. For one cell of the 7 Ah Ni-Cd battery used for theoretical and experimental analyzes of this paper, the constants of(5)are obtained from measured characteristics(Table II)at charge rates of,and C. Computed and measured battery characteristics are compared in Fig.5. D.The Proposed Solar Charger For the optimal solar charger,an appropriate combination of the MPPT algorithm and battery charging technique must be selected. For the tracker, the simple and reliable voltage-based MPPT technique is used requiring very few components for sensing the solar-panel, open-circuit voltage. For the charging technique, variable-current charging is selected. This will allow the tracker to continuously adjust battery-charging rate and force the system operating point near the maximum power point of solar panels. Other tracking 1232123()()()()()()())lin s bat so rs bat o lin s bat so cs bat o lin P bat po cp bat o nonlin p bat p bat p bat p R f I R K I I C f I C K I I C f I C K I I R f I K I K I K ==+-==+-==+-==++techniques could also be used. However, they require more components(for sensing panel short-circuit current and/or simultaneous panel voltage and current measurements)resulting in lower overall efficiency.III.SIMULATION OF PROPOSED SOLARBATTERY CHARGERSimulink software and its facilities are used to model the proposed solar battery charger(Fig.6).We have created a block called“PV Source”to simulate the nonlinear V-I characteristics of one OFFC solar panel(2)employing cell short-circuit current as a measure of insolation level [Fig.6(b)].Saturation and delay functions are introduced to limit the fast response of the “controlled voltage source”and to improve convergence. The output of this block is the panel operating voltage.To simulate voltage-based maximum power point tracking, a block called “VMPPT”is introduced[Fig.6(c)]that usesand to generate desired duty cycles for the charge unit.The panel open-circuit voltage is calculated,thereafter the panel voltage corresponding to maximum power(4)is computed and compared with and the error is amplified through a proper transfer function to generate the desired duty cycle.The charger unit consists of a DC/DC buck converter(chopper and output filter)and a LC input filter. The chopper includes a fast switch and a schottky diode. A block called“B attery Parameter Calculation”computes battery parameters [Fig.4 and(5)]corresponding to the system operating point.IV.CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSED SOLARBATTERY CHARGERFig.7 shows the constructed battery charger, which consists of the following parts:Silicon Solar Panel—one OFFC silicon solar panel with maximum output power of about 35 W(Table I)is used togenerate solar energy. Microprocessor—The 8085 Micro Controller Unit(MCU)is used to record and process measured voltage and current waveforms and to compute required signalsfor control and drive circuits. The 1524 IC employed to generate the required PWM command(e.g.,at 50 kHz)and voltage/current signals for the charger unit. Thevoltage-based MPPT for the solar panel is implemented by MCU under different environmental and output operating conditions. Note that the panel open-circuit voltage is continuously measured at a slower rate (e.g., every minute).Fig.8 shows the main functions of the MCU. If multiple solar panels with similar characteristics are used, a reference panel could be relied on to sense the open-circuit voltage. Any shadowing effects caused by dust, snow or clouds will result in power-current characteristics with several maxima. This will complicate MPPT.Charger Unit—A chopper circuit is used to properlyconnect anddisconnect—based on PWM signals—solarpanel from battery and load. Input and output filters are employed to suppress electrical noise at the output of the solar panel and at the input of the battery.Input and output current and voltage sensors are relied on for signal measurements.Battery and Load—Five units of 7 Ah Ni-Cd batteriesare connected in series to store electrical energy. Resistors serve as loads during discharging and charging modes, respectively. In discharge mode, the solar panel is partially or totally inactivated by shadow or eclipse effects.V.ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANDTHEORETICAL RESULTSThree charging methods are investigated: the proposed variable-current charging (method 1), direct connection of battery and load to solar panel(method 2),and constant-current charging(method 3). Battery (full) charging state is detected using the approach (e.g., using magnitude and slope of battery voltage as a function of time)of[24].Experiments are performed for the following three operating conditions.Case A:Operation at an Incidence Angle of about Measured and computed time functions for battery current and voltage as well as solar panel power and voltage are shown in Fig.9 for normal operating condition(e.g.,normal insolation and temperature).As expected,fine tracking of solar maximum output power is achieved throughout the charging process when the proposed charging technique is used[Fig.9(c)],method 1).Charging time for the proposed method is only 3 hours which is about 73%and 52%of the required charging times for methods 2 and 3,respectively. In method 1,panel voltage(corresponding to maximum power)which is determined by(4)is slightly higher at 11 A.M.due to lower environmental temperature.In method 2,panel voltage[e.g.,in Fig.9(d)]and its operating point is dominated by battery voltage.This causes panel output power to decrease from 29 W(for method 1)to about 20 W(for method 2).In method 3,panel voltage[about 17 V in Fig.9(d)]is determined by panel current which is proportional to the constant battery current (e.g.,0.2 C).This rate of charge is used to determine panel operating points for the simulation as outlined in Fig.6.The comparison of computed(X)and measured results forsome selected operating points is shown in Fig.9.Case B:Operation at an Incidence Angle of about Similar experiments are performed for a change in angle of incidence(Fig.10).At 12:30 P.M.the solar panel is rotated forward(in the direction of sun)such that the angle of incidence is changed from about to about. During the first 105 minutes, the charging processes of the three methods are normal and results are similar to Fig.9. At the start of changing the angle of incidence from about to about, maximum panel output power is decreased to about 25 W[Fig.10(c),method 1].Our detailed measurements show that under all operating conditions (e.g., before and after changing the angle of incidence),method 1 continues to adjust panel operating point near the maximum power point of the V-I characteristics. The angle of incidence of about increases charge time of method 1 toabout 3.2 h. Methods 2 and 3 are not able to completely charge the battery since their operating points are not optimally selected. Note the inherent small voltage regulation of method 1,caused by the increasing slope of battery voltage. This is not true for methods 2 and 3 where fast voltage drops [e.g., at 12:30 P.M. and 13:45 P.M.in Fig.10(b)]occur. The measured characteristics of method 3 are interesting: constant-current charging continues for some time after changing the angle of incidence from to,this is so because the battery requires about 20 W of power [Fig.9(c),method 3].At 13:45 P.M.,the solar panel is no longer able to produce the required power since its maximum power is decreased to about 20 W. The converter duty cycle is forced to unity, causing direct connection of panel, battery and load. Therefore, measured characteristics of methods 2 and 3 become similar.Case C: Operation with Eclipse This environmental operating condition is essential in satellite and spacecraft applications .Cease of insolation along with considerable temperature drop makes panel V-I characteristics very different before and after eclipse. We have generated this effect(Fig.11)by completely covering solar panel from 12:00 to 12:30 P.M. and decreasing its temperature from 24 C to 12 C As expected, charge time of proposed method is slightly increased to 2.8 h which is about 65%and 63%of the times required for methods 2 and 3,respectively. Note the increased panel maximum output power from 28 W(before eclipse)to 33 W(just after eclipse)due to temperature effects(Fig.11).The temperature drop does not change panel output power in method 2 because the panel operating point is dominated by the constant battery voltage. Similar analysis holds for method 3 where the panel operating point is mainly determined by constant panel current, caused by the constant battery current. Note that the stored energy in the battery[e.g.,] is not exactly equal for the three charging methods(Table III).This is due to different charging currents, which changes battery charging efficiency[29]VI.CONCLUSIONSV oltage-based maximum power point tracking and a nonlinear battery model are used to introduce a new class of microprocessor based optimal solar battery chargers.A photovoltaic system consisting of a silicon solar panel, charger unit,Ni-Cd batteries and a resistive load is constructed and simulated. Based on theoretical and experimental results which are performed for the proposed charging technique(method 1),the direct connection of solar panel to battery and load(method 2),and the constant current charging(method 3),the following conclusions are drawn:Computed results for selected operating points show good agreements with measurements.Under different operating conditions, the solar panel output powers are larger for the proposed charging technique(method 1)as compared to methods 2 and 3(e.g., 20%to 65%).Therefore, the proposed charging technique requires fewer solar panels(e.g., lower cost).The proposed charging technique is faster than methods 2 and 3(e.g.,40%to 75%shorter charging times)under different environmental conditions. Under low insolation condition(e.g., angle of incidence of about),charging time of proposedtechnique is increased by 20%while methods 2 and 3 fail to charge the battery since their operating points on panel V-I characteristics are not optimally selected.The battery stored energy for the proposed charger is less as compared to methods 2 and 3 due to the dependency of charging efficiency on the charge current[29]. The proposed charging technique does not introduce rapid voltage drops and establishes an inherent small voltage regulation, especially under unfavorable environmental conditions. Therefore, the proposed charging technique is suggested to replace unregulated photovoltaic systems.附录B一种基于单片机控制的新型光伏电池摘要本文提出了一种简单、快速可靠的太阳能电池阵列技术，使光伏电池在各种环境下（例如日照、温度等）都能接近最大功率点，理想的太阳能电池阵列工作点是通过基于最大功率点追踪技术（VMPPT）和控制工作点持续调节对改变的控制流改变来实现的。
毕业论文基于STC89C52单片机的太阳能智能充电系统外文翻译
毕业论文(设计)文献翻译本翻译源自于：维基百科/wiki/Microcontroller毕业设计名称:基于STC89C52单片机的太阳能智能充电系统外文翻译名称：学生姓名：院 (系)：专业班级：指导教师：辅导教师：时间：至微控制器英特尔8742的核心, 片上集成12 MHz的CPU, 128字节的RAM, 2048字节EPROM, 以及I/O设备。
微控制器，也称单片机（有时缩写为μC，UC或MCU）是一种在单个集成电路上包含一个控制器核心，内存和可编程输入/输出外设的小型计算机。
类型为NOR Flash或OTP ROM的存储器也往往包括在芯片上，以及通常少量的RAM。
微控制器(MCU)是专为嵌入式应用，而相比之下，个人电脑或其他一般用途的应用中使用微控制器(CPU)。
微控制器用于自动控制产品和设备，如汽车发动机控制系统，植入式医疗设备，遥控器，办公设备，家用电器，电动工具，玩具。
比起使用一个单独的微控制器，内存和输入/输出设备，微控制器通过降低尺寸和成本来更经济地数控更多的设备和流程。
混合信号微控制器是很常见的，整合了需要控制非数字电子系统的模拟组件。
有些微控制器可使用四位字长，操作频率的时钟速率低至4 kHz来实现低功耗（毫瓦或微瓦）。
他们通常在等待一个事件，如按一个按钮或其它中断时进入节能状态，处于节能状态（CPU时钟和大部分的外设关闭）时功耗可能只有纳瓦级别，使得他们很适合用电池供电长期工作。
其他微控制器，像数字信号控制器（DSP），可能需要注重性能，他们有更大的计算量，更高的时钟速度和更大的功耗。
历史在1971年第一款单片机4位英特尔4004被发布, 在随后的数年时间里英特尔8008和其它功能更为强大微控制器也开始出现。
然而,控制器需要外部芯片来实现某工作方式,这就提高了整个系统的成本,使它不能成为经济的电子器件。
史密森尼学会表示Gary Boone 和 Michael Cochran工程师在1971年成功地创造了第一款单片机。
独立光伏系统中蓄电池充放电控制器的设计
目录摘要 (1)一．太阳能应用的形势与本课题的任务 (3)§1．1人类所面临的能源问题 (3)§1．2太阳能的特点与优势 (3)§1．3国内外太阳能应用的现状 (4)二、太阳能光伏发电系统 (5)§2．1概叙 (5)§2．2太阳能电池 (5)2．2．1太阳能电池的种类 (6)2．2．2太阳琵电池的电气特性与参数 (7)2．2．3太阳能电池的保护 (8)§2．3储能装置 (8)2．3．1独立光伏系统用的储能装置 (8)2．3．2铅酸蓄电池的主要参数 (9)2．3．3铅酸蓄电池常用的充电方法 (9)2．3．4影响铅酸蓄电池寿命的因素及充放电保护 (10)2．3．5铅酸蓄电池放电控制策略 (10)2．3．6铅酸蓄电池充电控制策略 (11)§2．4光伏系统的系统配置与计算 (15)三、独立运行光伏发电系统控制器的研究与设计 (16)§3．1光伏系统控制器应具有的功能 (16)§3．2对蓄电池充放电的控制 (16)§3．3对太阳方位和高度的跟踪 (18)§3．4对太阳能电池最大功率点的跟踪 (20)四、独立光伏发电系统中蓄电池充放电控制器的设计 (22)§4．1一种检测蓄电池在线电压的控制器 (22)§4．2一种检测蓄电池开路电压的控制器 (25)五、本课题的结论、意义及展望 (28)参考文献 (28)摘要本文首先介绍了光伏发电产业的现状，接着介绍了光伏系统的基本组成，基本原理，其中对太阳能电池的特性，蓄电池的特性，及光伏系统的配置分别进行了讨论。
然后探讨了光伏系统的一些关键技术，特别是蓄电池的监控技术。
对蓄电池的监控技术的关键是蓄电池荷电状态的检测，本文探讨了二三种检测方法：一是基于蓄电池在线电压检测蓄电池荷电状态；二是基于蓄电池稳态开路电压检测蓄电池荷电状态；三是公式法。
本文还从理论上探讨了光伏系统控制器应具有的功能：对蓄电池充放电的控制，对太阳方位和高度的跟踪，对太阳能电池最大功率点的跟踪。
外文文献原文和翻译---蓄电池
DescriptionTechnical FieldThe present invention relates to a power source system having a power accumulator for supplying when a commercial power source oe other interruptible power source breaks down,a power supply control method Of the power source system,a power supply control program Of the power source system,a computer readable recoding medium having power supply control program Of the power source system recoded thereon.Background ArtIn recent years ,a power accumulator has drawn wide attention and been used as backup power source.A backup power source is changed when a commercial power source operated normally,and continues supply power to equipment in place of the commercial power source when commercial power source has a defect.Examples of such a backup power source include a UPS（Uninterruptive Power Source）.By instantaneously switching the commercial power source to an output of the backup power source in case of power outage,a computer or a storage unit in use,as well as network equipment such as a server are prevented from being stopped.Such a backup power source combined with the power accumulator is controlled to maintain residual capacity representing the state of charge at a high level.In this system,generally because surplus power is charged in power accumulator efficiently by a power generation action of an electric motor,charge|discharge control is performed so that the SOC does not exceed 100%.In order to supply power to the electric motor when necessary,charge|discharge control is performed so that the SOC does not decrease to 0(zero).Specially,normally in power accumulator,the control is performed so that the SOC fluctuates within a range of 20% to 80%.With regard to elevators,on the other hand,a hybrid elevator that has a cage and a counterweight to inhibit unnecessary power consumption during the operation of hybrid elevator has been developed.Such a hybrid elevator utilizes the power of its battery at the time of power outage,so that in case of power outage or other abnormal state during of operation of the hybrid elevator,the power for driving the elevator is supplied from a power source to carry the elevator to the nearest floor or any floor and safely retrieve the passage from the stage.The following method is proposed as a method for controlling an automatic landing device of the elevator.Patent Document 1,for example,discloses a method for detecting the output voltage ,output current,and a temperature of a battery power source to perform a rescue operation in response to the power supply capacity of the battery power source.Here,as a method for calculating the power supply capacity,a method for calculating the power supply capacity from the open voltage,internal resistance,and minimum voltage(operable voltage) of the battery power source is generally known ,as shown is equation (1) below.The minimum voltage used for calculating the power supply capacity is set with a certain degree of margin,in view of the life of the battery power source .Power Supply Capacity= minimum voltage*(open voltage - minimum voltage)\internal resistance (1)Moreover,the hybrid elevator has to always secure energy amount for carrying the elevator to a necessary floor in case of emergency during the normal operation of commercial power source ,and thereon a large power accumulator with a large capacity required.In the method disclosed in Patent Document 1,the output voltage and the voltage set value are compared with each other by a discharge time and discharge state of the battery is detected by the magnitude relation there between to control the operation of the elevator.Therefore,when the power supply capacity of the battery power source is low,the power supply capacity will be lost,thereby stopping the power supply from the battery.In this case,because charging of the battery power source is started after the interruptible power source returns ,and the rescue operation is conducted upon completion of the charging,the elevator cannot be carried to the nearest floor to perform rescue operation in the case of an abnormal situation of the interruptible power source.As a result,the passengers remain trapped in the elevator.Moreover,when the interruptible power source is stopped due to disaster like as in the hybrid elevator,it is necessary for the backup power source to ensure the minimum power supply capacity for enabling minimum operation. Consequently,because a margin becomes necessary in the capacity of the backup power source,a large power accumulator is necessary.In addition,the minimum voltage used for calculating the power supply capacity has a margin,in view of the life property.Therefore,the value of the actual power supply capacity is smaller than the that of the primary power supply capacity of the power accumulator.Disclosure of inventionAn object of the present invention is to provide a power source system capable of realizing at least the minimum backup function ,increasing the life duration of a power accumulator,and reducing the size of the power accumulator by temporarily improving the power supply capacity of a power accumulator when an interruptible power source is stopped by disaster or the like.The present invention also provide a power supply control method of the power source system ,a power supply control program Of the power source system and a computer readable recoding medium having power supply control program Of the power source system recoded thereon.A power source system according to an aspect of the present invention has:a power unit for supplying power to a load service;a power accumulator for supplying the power to a load service in place of the power unit when the power unit is stopped,and a controller for controlling power supply from the power accumulator to a load service;wherein the controller sets an operable voltage,which is determined as an output voltage foe ending discharge of the power accumulator,at a first voltage when the power unit is operated,and sets the operable voltage at a second voltage lower than the first voltage when the power unit is stopped ,thereby increasing the power supplied to the load device by the power accumulator.According to the power source system described above,the power supply capacity of the power accumulator can be improved by reducing the operable voltage of the power accumulator when the power unit is stopped,the operable voltage being set during the normal operation of the power unit.Furthermore,because the operable voltage of the power accumulator is reduced after the power unit is stopped,and the number of the times that the power accumulator is over-discharged duo to the decrease in the operable voltage can be prevented from increasing.,the life duration of the power accumulator can be increased.In addition,the size of the power accumulator can be reduced because it is not necessary to increase the capacity of the power accumulator beforehand in the light of an increase in power supply when the power unit is stopped.Brief description pf the drawings:[Fig.1 ] Fig.1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power source system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.Best Mode For Carrying the invention.(Embodiment 1)Fig.1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power source system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.As shown in Fig.1,a power source system 10 according to the present invention has an interruptible power source 100,a load device 200,a power accumulator 300,a charge|discharge control device 400,a power supply control device 500,and an electric control unit 600.The interruptible power source 100 is ,for example ,a commercial power source,such as a generator having an engine as a source of power.The power accumulator 300 stores surplus power from the interruptible power source 100 and regenerative electric power generated by the load device 200,and supplies the stored electric power to the load device 200 according to need.The power accumulator 300 is configured by connecting N number of electric power accumulation element blocks B1,B2,......BN in series.Each of the electric power accumulation element blocks B1,B2,......BN is configured electrically connecting a plurality of electrical storage elements 301 series.An alkaline storage battery such as a nickel hydride battery ,an organic battery such as a lithium-ion battery ,and an electrical double layer capacitor can be used as each of the electrical storage elements 301 .Note that the number N of electric power accumulation element blocks and the the number of the electrical storage elements 301 are not particularly limited.The power accumulator 300 has a predetermined range of operating voltage determined beforehand ,so that the battery characteristics,life duration and reliability of the power accumulator 300 are not degraded.Operable voltage,which is the minimum voltage (final voltage) of this operating voltage range is the voltage for ending discharge of the power accumulator 300 .During the normal operation ,when the output voltage of the power accumulator 300 falls below the operable voltage,discharge of the power accumulator 300;namely,power supply from he power accumulator 300,is stopped.However,power supply from the power accumulator 300 is possible until the output voltage of the power accumulator 300 falls below the operable voltage;namely,by reducing the operable voltage.In this case,the power accumulator 300 is over-discharged temporarily,but the the battery characteristics and the like of thepower accumulator 300 are not impinged so long as the discharge of the power accumulator 300 is executed without degrading the the battery characteristics,life duration and reliability of the power accumulator 300.The charge|discharge control device 400 controls charge|discharge of the power accumulator 300.The charge|discharge control device 400 is connected to the interruptible power source 100,load device 200 and power accumulator 300,and controls the charge from the interruptible power source 100 to the power accumulator 300 and the discharge from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200.When consumption current of the load device 200 increases drastically or the electric power required by the load device 200 exceeds predetermined value , The charge|discharge control device 400 discharges the insufficient electric power from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200 .The charge|discharge control device 400 performs the charge|discharge control such that the SOC of the power accumulator 300 normally falls within an approximate range of 20% to 80%.However,a load leveling power source or a plug-in hybrid vehicle that effectively utilizes night power is charged when the SOC is 100%,and is discharged when the load device thereof requires energy.The power supply control device 500 controls power supply from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200 when the interruptible power source 100 is stopped.The total control ECU 600 is connected to the charge|discharge control device 400 and the power supply control device 500 to control the entire power source system 10 .Next,the power supply control device 500 of the power source system 10 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention is described. In Fig.1 the power supply control device 500 has a voltage measuring part 501,a current measuring part 502, a temperature measuring part 503,a communication 504 ,and a controller 520.外文参考文献翻译描述：科学领域：该项发明和一种当商业性供电或其他间断电源损坏时拥有提供电源供应的的动力蓄电池，一种电源系统的电源供应控制程序，一个拥有电源系统已经刻录好的程序的电源控制程序的计算机的可读记录媒介。
光伏发电系统中蓄电池充电控制研究
光伏发电系统中蓄电池充电控制研究黄英华;王良玉;韩菲【摘要】在光伏发电系统中,储能蓄电池达不到其使用寿命是制约光伏产业发展的一个重要因素.本文针对太阳能电池——蓄电池充电系统的特点,设计了一种基于PIC16F877A单片机的智能化光伏充电控制系统.该系统采用三段式充电控制策略,在快充阶段采用最大功率点跟踪控制策略,在过充和浮充阶段,采用基于比例积分PI 调节的恒压充电.实验表明该控制策略很好地实现了对光伏电池的三段式充电,缩短了充电时间,具有较好的过充和浮充精度,从而达到延长光伏系统中蓄电池使用寿命的目的.【期刊名称】《华北科技学院学报》【年(卷),期】2013(010)001【总页数】5页(P67-71)【关键词】太阳能电池;光伏充电系统;三段式充电【作者】黄英华;王良玉;韩菲【作者单位】北京化工大学北方学院,河北三河065201【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM9120 引言当前，充分开发利用太阳能光伏发电技术已成为世界各国政府可持续发展的能源战略决策。
随着光伏发电技术发展，光电转换效率不断提高以及光电池制造成本不断下降，各种新型太阳能电池先后问世。
然而由于光伏发电的特殊性，目前应用于光伏系统中的蓄电池问题最多，已成为最关注的焦点。
其实光伏发电系统中所使用的储能蓄电池基本都不是专门为光伏系统设计的，由于阀控密封式铅酸(VRLA)蓄电池具有价格低廉、电压稳定、无污染等优点，近年来被广泛应用于光伏发电系统中的储能蓄电池。
但在实际使用中，本来应工作10～15年的VRLA蓄电池，大都在3～5年内损坏，有的甚至仅使用不到1年便失效了，造成了极大的经济损失。
通过对损坏的VRLA蓄电池的统计分析得知:因充放电控制不合理而造成的VRLA电池寿命终止的比例较高。
如VRLA蓄电池早期容量损失、不可逆硫酸盐化、热失控、电解液干涸等都与充放电控制的不合理有关［1］。
另外，由于光伏电池受到当地纬度、经度、时间、空气状态及气象条件等各种因素的影响，输出功率是随温度、光照强度等因素而不断变化的。
电力系统自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译专业名称：电力系统自动化英文资料：INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING METHODSAbstract -Many methods can be used to start large AC induction motors. Choices such as full voltage, reduced voltage either by autotransformer or Wyes - Delta, a soft starter, or usage of an adjustable speed drive can all have potential advantages and trade offs. Reduced voltage starting can lower the starting torque and help prevent damage to the load. Additionally, power factor correction capacitors can be used to reduce the current, but care must be taken to size them properly. Usage of the wrong capacitors can lead to significant damage. Choosing the proper starting method for a motor will include an analysis of the power system as well as the starting load to ensure that the motor is designed to deliver the needed performance while minimizing its cost. This paper will examine the most common starting methods and their recommended applications.I. INTRODUCTIONThere are several general methods of starting induction motors: full voltage, reduced voltage, wyes-delta, and part winding types. The reduced voltage type can include solid state starters, adjustable frequency drives, and autotransformers. These, along with the full voltage, or across the line starting, give the purchaser a large variety of automotives when it comes to specifying the motor to be used in a given application. Each method has its own benefits, as well as performance trade offs. Proper selection will involve a thorough investigation of any power system constraints, the load to be accelerated and the overall cost of the equipment.In order for the load to be accelerated, the motor must generate greater torque than the load requirement. In general there are three points of interest on the motor's speed-torque curve. The first is locked-rotor torque (LRT) which is the minimum torque which the motor will develop at rest for all angular positions of the rotor. The second is pull-up torque (PUT) which is defined as the minimum torque developed by the motor during the period of acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown torque occurs. The last is the breakdown torque (BDT) which is defined as the maximum torque which the motor will develop. If any of these points are below the required load curve, then the motor will not start.The time it takes for the motor to accelerate the load is dependent on the inertia of the load and the margin between the torque of the motor and the load curve, sometimes called accelerating torque. In general, the longer the time it takes for the motor to accelerate the load, the more heat that will be generated in the rotor bars, shorting ring and the stator winding. This heat leads to additional stresses in these parts and can have an impaction motor life.II. FULL VOLTAGEThe full voltage starting method, also known as across the line starting, is the easiest method to employ, has the lowest equipment costs, and is the most reliable. This method utilizes a control to close a contactor and apply full line voltage to the motor terminals. This method will allow the motor to generate its highest starting torque and provide the shortest acceleration times.This method also puts the highest strain on the power system due to the high starting currents that can be typically six to seven times the normal full load current of the motor. If the motor is on a weak power system, the sudden high power draw can cause a temporary voltage drop, not only at the motor terminals, but the entire power bus feeding the starting motor. This voltage drop will cause a drop in the starting torque of the motor, and a drop in the torque of any other motor running on the power bus. The torque developed by an induction motor varies roughly as the square of the applied voltage. Therefore, depending on the amount of voltage drop, motors running on this weak power bus could stall. In addition, many control systems monitor under voltage conditions, a second potential problem that could take a running motor offline during a full voltage start. Besides electrical variation of the power bus, a potential physical disadvantage of an across the line starting is the sudden loading seen by the driven equipment. This shock loading due to transient torques which can exceed 600% of the locked rotor torque can increase the wear on the equipment, or even cause a catastrophic failure if the load can not handle the torques generated by the motor during staring.A. Capacitors and StartingInduction motors typically have very low power factor during starting and as a result have very large reactive power draw. See Fig. 2. This effect on the system can be reduced by adding capacitors to the motor during starting.The large reactive currents required by the motor lag the applied voltage by 90 electrical degrees. This reactive power doesn't create any measurable output, but is rather the energy required for the motor to function. The product of the applied system voltage and this reactive power component can be measured in V ARS (volt-ampere reactive). The capacitors act to supply a current that leads the applied voltage by 90 electrical degrees. The leading currents supplied by the capacitors cancel the laggingcurrent demanded by the motor, reducing the amount of reactive power required to be drawn from the power system.To avoid over voltage and motor damage, great care should be used to make sure that the capacitors are removed as the motor reaches rated speed, or in the event of a loss of power so that the motor will not go into a generator mode with the magnetizing currents provided from the capacitors. This will be expanded on in the next section and in the appendix.B. Power Factor CorrectionCapacitors can also be left permanently connected to raise the full load power factor. When used in this manner they are called power factor correction capacitors. The capacitors should never be sized larger than the magnetizing current of the motor unless they can be disconnected from the motor in the event of a power loss.The addition of capacitors will change the effective open circuit time constant of the motor. The time constant indicates the time required for remaining voltage in the motor to decay to 36.8% of rated voltage after the loss of power. This is typically one to three seconds without capacitors.With capacitors connected to the leads of the motor, the capacitors can continue to supply magnetizing current after the power to the motor has been disconnected. This is indicated by a longer time constant for the system. If the motor is driving a high inertia load, the motor can change over to generator action with the magnetizingCurrent from the capacitors and the shaft driven by the load. This can result in the voltage at the motor terminals actually rising to nearly 50% of rated voltage in some cases. If the power is reconnected before this voltage decays severe transients can be created which can cause significant switching currents and torques that can severely damage the motor and the driven equipment. An example of this phenomenon is outlined in the appendix.Ⅲ. REDUCED VOLTAGEEach of the reduced voltage methods are intended to reduce the impact of motor starting current on the power system by controlling the voltage that the motor sees atthe terminals. It is very important to know the characteristics of the load to be started when considering any form of reduced voltage starting. The motor manufacturer will need to have the speed torque curve and the inertia of the driven equipment when they validate their design. The curve can be built from an initial, or break away torque, as few as four other data points through the speed range, and the full speed torque for the starting condition. A centrifugal or square curve can be assumed in many cases, but there are some applications where this would be problematic. An example would be screw compressors which have a much higher torque requirement at lower speeds than the more common centrifugal or fan load. See Fig. 3. By understanding the details of the load to be started the manufacturer can make sure that the motor will be able to generate sufficient torque to start the load, with the starting method that is chosen.A. AutotransformerThe motor leads are connected to the lower voltage side of the transformer. The most common taps that are used are 80%, 65%, and 50%. At 50% voltage the current on the primary is 25% of the full voltage locked rotor amps. The motor is started with this reduced voltage, and then after a pre-set condition is reached the connection is switched to line voltage. This condition could be a preset time, current level, bus volts, or motor speed. The change over can be done in either a closed circuit transition, or an open circuit transition method. In the open circuit method the connection to the voltage is severed as it is changed from the reduced voltage to the line level. Care should be used to make sure that there will not be problems from transients due to the switching. This potential problem can be eliminated by using the closed circuit transition. With the closed circuit method there is a continuousVoltage applied to the motor. Another benefit with the autotransformer starting is in possible lower vibration and noise levels during starting.Since the torque generated by the motor will vary as the square of the applied voltage, great care should be taken to make sure that there will be sufficient accelerating torque available from the motor. A speed torque curve for the driven equipment along with the inertia should be used to verify the design of the motor. A good rule of thumb is to have a minimum of 10% of the rated full load torque of the motor as a margin at all points of the curve.Additionally, the acceleration time should be evaluated to make sure that the motor has sufficient thermal capacity to handle the heat generated due to the longeracceleration time.B. Solid State or Soft StartingThese devices utilize silicon controlled rectifiers or Scars. By controlling the firing angle of the SCR the voltage that the device produces can be controlled during the starting of the motor by limiting the flow of power for only part of the duration of the sine wave.The most widely used type of soft starter is the current limiting type. A current limit of 175% to 500% of full load current is programmed in to the device. It then will ramp up the voltage applied to the motor until it reaches the limit value, and will then hold that current as the motor accelerates.Tachometers can be used with solid state starters to control acceleration time. Voltage output is adjusted as required by the starter controller to provide a constant rate of acceleration.The same precautions in regards to starting torque should be followed for the soft starters as with the other reduced voltage starting methods. Another problem due to the firing angle of the SCR is that the motor could experience harmonic oscillating torques. Depending on the driven equipment, this could lead to exciting the natural frequency of the system.C. Adjustable Frequency DrivesThis type of device gives the greatest overall control and flexibility in starting induction motors giving the most torque for an amount of current. It is also the most costly.The drive varies not only the voltage level, but also the frequency, to allow the motor to operate on a constant volt per hertz level. This allows the motor to generate full load torque throughout a large speed range, up to 10:1. During starting, 150% of rated current is typical.This allows a significant reduction in the power required to start a load and reduces the heat generated in the motor, all of which add up to greater efficiency. Usage of the AFD also can allow a smaller motor to be applied due to the significant increase of torque available lower in the speed range. The motor should still be sizedlarger than the required horsepower of the load to be driven. The AFD allows a great degree of control in the acceleration of the load that is not as readily available with the other types of reduced voltage starting methods.The greatest drawback of the AFD is in the cost relative to the other methods. Drives are the most costly to employ and may also require specific motor designs to be used. Based on the output signal of the drive, filtered or unfiltered, the motor could require additional construction features. These construction features include insulated bearings, shaft grounding brushes, and insulated couplings due to potential shaft current from common mode voltage. Without these features, shaft currents, which circulate through the shaft to the bearing, through the motor frame and back, create arcing in the bearings that lead to premature bearing failure, this potential for arcing needs to be considered when applying a motor/drive package in a hazardous environment, Division2/Zone2.An additional construction feature of a motor used on an AFD may require is an upgraded insulation system on the motor windings. An unfiltered output signal from a drive can create harmonic voltage spikes in the motor, stressing the insulation of the motor windings.It is important to note that the features described pertain to motors which will be started and run on an AFD. If the drive is only used for starting the motor, these features may not be necessary. Consult with the motor manufacturer for application specific requirements.D. Primary Resistor or Reactor StartingThis method uses either a series resistor or reactor bank to be placed in the circuit with the motor. Resistor starting is more frequently used for smaller motors.When the motor is started, the resistor bank limits the flow of inrush current and provides for a voltage drop at the motor terminals. The resistors can be selected to provide voltage reductions up to 50%. As the motor comes up to speed, it develops a counter EMF (electro-magnetic field) that opposes the voltage applied to the motor. This further limits the inrush currents. As the inrush current diminishes, so does t>e voltage drop across the resistor bank allowing the torque generated by the motor to increase. At a predetermined time a device will short across the resistors and open the starting contactor effectively removing the resistor bank from the circuit. This provides for a closed transition and eliminates the concerns due to switchingtransients.Reactors will tend to oppose any sudden changes in current and therefore act to limit the current during starting. They will remain shorted after starting and provide a closed transition to line voltage.E .Star delta StartingThis approach started with the induction motor, the structure of each phase of the terminal are placed in the motor terminal box. This allows the motor star connection in the initial startup, and then re-connected into a triangle run. The initial start time when the voltage is reduced to the original star connection, the starting current and starting torque by 2 / 3. Depending on the application, the motor switch to the triangle in the rotational speed of between 50% and the maximum speed. Must be noted that the same problems, including the previously mentioned switch method, if the open circuit method, the transition may be a transient problem. This method is often used in less than 600V motor, the rated voltage 2.3kV and higher are not suitable for star delta motor start method.Ⅴ. INCREMENT TYPEThe first starting types that we have discussed have deal with the way the energy is applied to the motor. The next type deals with different ways the motor can be physically changed to deal with starting issues.Part WindingWith this method the stator of the motor is designed in such a way that it is made up of two separate windings. The most common method is known as the half winding method. As the name suggests, the stator is made up of two identical balanced windings. A special starter is configured so that full voltage can be applied to one half of the winding, and then after a short delay, to the second half. This method can reduce the starting current by 50 to 60%, but also the starting torque. One drawback to this method is that the motor heating on the first step of the operation is greater than that normally encountered on across-the-line start. Therefore the elapsed time on the first step of the part winding start should be minimized. This method also increases the magnetic noise of the motor during the first step.IV .ConclusionThere are many ways asynchronous motor starting, according to the constraints of power systems, equipment costs, load the boot device to select the best method. From the device point of view, was the first full-pressure launch the cheapest way, but it may increase the cost efficiency in the use of, or the power supply system in the region can not meet their needs. Effective way to alleviate the buck starts the power supply system, but at the expense of the cost of starting torque.These methods may also lead to increased motor sizes have led to produce the required load torque. Inverter can be eliminated by the above two shortcomings, but requires an additional increase in equipment costs. Understand the limitations of the application, and drives the starting torque and speed, allowing you for your application to determine the best overall configuration.英文资料翻译：异步电动机起动的方法摘要：大容量的交流异步电动机有多种启动方法。
蓄电池光伏充放电控制器的设计
蓄电池光伏充放电控制器的设计一、本文概述随着全球对可再生能源需求的日益增长，光伏技术已成为实现这一目标的重要手段。
蓄电池光伏充放电控制器是光伏系统中的关键组成部分，其设计对于提高系统的效率和稳定性具有至关重要的意义。
本文旨在深入探讨蓄电池光伏充放电控制器的设计原理、关键技术及其在实际应用中的优化策略。
本文将概述光伏系统的基本原理及蓄电池充放电控制器在其中的作用，阐明其设计的重要性和挑战性。
接着，将详细介绍蓄电池光伏充放电控制器的基本结构和功能，包括充电控制、放电控制、过充保护、过放保护等关键模块。
在此基础上，本文将重点分析控制器设计中的关键技术，如最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）算法、充电算法、放电算法等，并探讨其在实际应用中的优化方法。
本文还将关注控制器设计的可靠性和安全性，分析可能存在的风险和挑战，并提出相应的解决方案。
本文将通过案例分析，展示蓄电池光伏充放电控制器在实际应用中的性能表现，为未来相关领域的研究和实践提供有益的参考。
二、光伏系统基础知识光伏系统，也称为太阳能光伏系统，是一种利用光生伏特效应将太阳能直接转换为电能的系统。
其核心组件是光伏电池（也称为太阳能电池），这些电池由半导体材料制成，如硅。
当太阳光照射到光伏电池上时，光子会与电池中的电子发生相互作用，导致电子从原子中释放并被收集，形成电流。
这就是所谓的“光伏效应”。
光伏系统的基本组成部分包括光伏电池板（也称为太阳能板或模块）、光伏逆变器、电池储能系统和负载。
光伏电池板负责将太阳能转换为直流电（DC），然后通过光伏逆变器转换为交流电（AC），以便与大多数家庭和工业设备兼容。
电池储能系统则用于存储多余的电能，以便在夜间或阴雨天等无阳光的情况下供电。
负载则代表系统需要供电的设备或设施。
在设计蓄电池光伏充放电控制器时，对光伏系统的理解至关重要。
控制器需要精确地管理电池的充电和放电过程，以防止过充、过放、过热等问题，这些问题都可能对电池的性能和寿命产生负面影响。
光伏发电系统外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics Power Generation Systems（光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案）国外作者：Tamer T.N.Khatib，Azah Mohamed，Nowshad Amin文献出处：《European Journal of Scientific Research》,2009，Vol.33 No.3, pp515-524字数统计：英文1337单词，7006字符；中文2149汉字外文文献：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics PowerGeneration SystemsAbstract:This paper presents a new controller scheme for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The proposed PV controller scheme controls both the boost converter and the battery charger by using a microcontroller in order to extract maximum power from the PV array and control the charging process of the battery. The objective of the paper is to present a cost effective boost converter design and an improved maximum power point tracking algorithm for the PV system. A MATLAB based simulation model of the proposed standalone PV system has been developed to evaluate the feasibility of the system in ensuring maximum power point operation.1.IntroductionRecently, the installation of PV generation systems is rapidly growing due to concerns related to environment, global warming, energy security, technology improvements and decreasing costs. PV generation system is considered as a clean and environmentally-friendly source of energy. The main applications of PV systems are in either standalone or grid connected configurations. Standalone PV generationsystems are attractive as indispensable electricity source for remote areas. However, PV generation systems have two major problems which are related to low conversion efficiency of about 9 to 12 % especially in low irradiation conditions and the amount of electric power generated by PV arrays varies continuously with weather conditions. Therefore, many research works are done to increase the efficiency of the energy produced from the PV arrays.The solar cell V-I characteristics is nonlinear and varies with irradiation and temperature. But there is a unique point on the V-I and P-V curves, called as the maximum power point (MPP), at which at this point the PV system is said to operate with maximum efficiency and produces its maximum power output. The location of the MPP is not known but can be traced by either through calculation models or search algorithms. Thus, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are needed to maintain the PV array’s operating point at its MPP. Many MPPT techniques have been proposed in the literature in which the techniques vary in many aspects, including simplicity, convergence speed, hardware implementation and range of effectiveness. However, the most widely used MPPT technique is the perturbation and observation (P&O) method. This paper presents a simple MPPT algorithm which can be easily implemented and adopted for low cost PV applications. The objective of this paper is to design a novel PV controller scheme with improved MPPT method.The proposed standalone PV controller implementation takes into account mathematical model of each component as well as actual component specification. The dc–dc or boost converter is the front-end component connected between the PV array and the load. The conventional boost converter may cause serious reverse recovery problem and increase the rating of all devices. As a result, the conversion efficiency is degraded and the electromagnetic interference problem becomes severe under this situation. To increase the conversion efficiency, many modified step-up converter topologies have been investigated by several researchers. V oltage clamped techniques have been incorporated in the converter design to overcome the severe reverse-recovery problem of the output diodes. In this paper, focus is also given in the boost converter design. Another important component in the standalone PV systemsis the charge controller which is used to save the battery from possible damage due to over-charging and over-discharging. Studies showed that the life time of a battery can be degraded without using a charge controller.The proposed new controller scheme for the standalone PV system controls both the boost converter and the charge controller in two control steps. The first step is to control the boost converter so as to extract the maximum power point of the PV modules. Here, a high step-up converter is considered for the purpose of stepping up the PV voltage and consequently reducing the number of series-connected PV modules and to maintain a constant dc bus voltage. A microcontroller is used for data acquisition that gets PV module operating current and voltage and is also used to program the MPPT algorithm. The controller adopts the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique to increase the duty cycle of the generated pulses as the PV voltage decreases so as to obtain a stable output voltage and current close to the maximum power point. The second control step is to control the charge controller for the purpose of protecting the batteries. By controlling the charging current using the PWM technique and controlling the battery voltage during charging, voltages higher than the gassing voltage can be avoided.2.Design of the Proposed Photovoltaic SystemMost of the standalone PV systems operate in one mode only such that the PV system charges the battery which in turns supply power to the load. In this mode of operation, the life cycle time of the battery may be reduced due to continuous charging and discharging of the battery. The proposed standalone PV system as shown in terms of a block diagram in Figure 1 is designed to operate in two modes: PV system supplies power directly to loads and when the radiation goes down and the produced energy is not enough, the PV system will charge the battery which in turns supply power to the load. To manage these modes of operation, a controller is connected to the boost converter by observing the PV output power.3.MethodologyFor the purpose of estimating the mathematical models developed for the proposed standalone PV system, simulations were carried in terms of the MATLAB codes. Each PV module considered in the simulation has a rating of 80 Watt at 1000 W/m2, 21.2 V open circuit voltage, 5A short circuit current. The PV module is connected to a block of batteries with of sizing 60 Ah, 48 V.4.Results and DiscussionThe simulation results of the standalone PV system using a simple MPPT algorithm and an improved boost converter design are described in this section. Simulations were carried out for the PV system operating above 30o C ambient temperature and under different values of irradiation. Figure 9 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various irradiation values. From the figure, it is observed that the PV current increase linearly as the irradiation value is increased. However, the PV voltage increases in logarithmic pattern as the irradiation increases. Figure 10 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various temperature values. It is noted from the figure that, the PV voltage decreases as the ambient temperature is increased.Figure 4 compares the PV array P-V characteristics obtained from using the proposed MPPT algorithm and the classical MPPT P&O algorithm. From this figure, it can be seen that by using the proposed MPPT algorithm, the operating point of PV array is much closer to the MPP compared to the using the classical P&O algorithm.In addition, the proposed boost converter is able to give a stable output voltage as shown in Figure 5. In terms of PV array current, it can be seen from Figure 6 that the PV current is closer to the MPP current when using the improved MPPT algorithm. Thus, the track operating point is improved by using the proposed MPPT algorithm. In terms of efficiency of the standalone PV system which is calculated by dividing the load power with the maximum power of PV array, it is noted that the efficiency of the system is better with the proposed MPPT algorithm as compared to using the classical P&O algorithm as shown in Figure 7.5.ConclusionThis paper has presented an efficient standalone PV controller by incorporating an improved boost converter design and a new controller scheme which incorporates both a simple MPPT algorithm and a battery charging algorithm. The simulation results show that the PV controller using the simple MPPT algorithm has provided more power and better efficiency (91%) than the classical P&O algorithm. In addition, the proposed boost converter design gives a better converter efficiency of about 93%. Such a PV controller design can provide efficient and stable power supply for remote mobile applications.中文译文：光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案摘要：本文提出了一种新的光伏（PV）发电系统控制器方案。
毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 光伏电力系统 中英文对照
翻译原文 (4)Photovoltaic (PV) Electric Systems (4)The Advantages of Mitsubishi Solar Panels (5)1光伏电力系统光伏电力系统利用太阳能电池吸收太阳光线，并将这种能量转化成电能。
这个系统让广大家庭通过一种清洁，可靠，平静的方式来产生电能，这样就可以补偿将来的部分电能支出，也减少了对输电网的依赖。
太阳能电池一般是由经改进的硅，或者其他能够吸收阳光并将之转化成电能的半导体材料制成。
太阳能电池是相当耐用的（1954年在美国安装的第一个光伏电力系统至今仍在运营）。
绝大多数的生厂商都担保自己的产品的电源输出至少维持20年。
但大多数的有关太阳能研究的专家认为一个光伏电力系统至少能维持25到30年。
1.1 太阳能电池的类型目前有单晶硅，多晶硅和薄膜三种基本形式的光伏组件。
这些类型的电池工作效率都很好但单晶硅电池效率最好。
薄膜技术的电池以成本低为特色，而且伴随着太阳能电池板的发展它的效率也在不断地提高。
越来越多的生厂商以及各种各样的电池型号在当今市场上出现。
一个太阳能技术的支持者可以帮你分析各个系统的利弊，如此你就可以得到为你所用数十年的最佳的系统设计方案。
1.2光伏电力系统如何运作光电板通常安装在建筑物顶部，通过逆变器来引到建筑物中。
逆变器将通过太阳能板产生的直流电转化成交流电，而在当今美国交流电是向建筑提供电动力的主要形式。
朝南方向的太阳能板能使能量的收集效果最大化，大部分都是与建筑物顶部成60度的位置安放太阳能电池。
有关太阳能电池发电的更多的信息，可以查询Cooler Planet’s的《太阳能电池如何工作》。
朝南方向的太阳能板能使能量的收集效果最大化，大部分都是与建筑物顶部成60度的位置安放太阳能电池。
1.3 太阳能电池板与光伏建筑一体化太阳能电池板是用于捕获太阳光的平面板，他们以阵列的形式安装在建筑物顶部或者柱子上。
他们是传统的用于获得太阳能的阵列形式。
中英文翻译--光伏系统设计-精品讲解学习
Photovoltaic System Design1 IntroductionAfter PV workers unremitting efforts, solar cell production technology constantly improve, and increasingly widely used in various fields. Posts and telecommunications in particular, the telecommunications industry in recent years because of the rapid development of communication power requirements have become more sophisticated, so stable and reliable power Solar energy is widely used in communications. And how the various regions of solar radiation conditions, to the design of both economic and reliable photovoltaic power system, which is one of the many experts and scholars study the long-standing issue, but there are many excellent research results, for the development of China's photovoltaic laid a solid foundation. The author of the study at the design methodology of experts found that the design has only considered the self-maintenance of battery time (that is, the longest consecutive rainy days), without taking into account the loss of electric batteries as soon as possible after the recovery time (ie, two sets of the longest continuous rain days, the shortest interval between the days). This problem particularly in the southern China region should pay great attention to the southern region because of our rainy day is long too, and for the convenience of independent photovoltaic power system, because there is no other emergency backup power protection, so this problem should be included in the design considered together.In this paper, an integrated design method of the previous advantages, combined with the author over the years actually engaged in the design of photovoltaic power systems experience, the introduction of two sets of the longest consecutive rainy days, the shortest interval between the number of days as the basis for the design of one, and comprehensive consideration of the the impact of solar radiation conditions of the factors that made solar cells, the formula for calculating battery capacity, and related design methods.2 Many factors affect the designSun solar cells on the ground square on the radiation of light spectrum, light intensity by the thickness of the atmosphere (ie air quality), geographic location, the location of the climate and weather, terrain and surface features such as the impact of its energy in one day, January and a year of great change, or even years between the total annual amount of radiation There were also large differences.Square solar photoelectric conversion efficiency, by the battery itself,temperature, sunlight intensity and battery voltage fluctuations, which is three in one day will change, so square photovoltaic solar cell conversion efficiency is also variable.Battery is charging in the float state, with the square of its voltage output and load power consumption changes. Batteries to provide energy is also affected by environmental temperature.Solar energy battery charge and discharge controller made by the electronic components manufacturer, it is also necessary energy, while the use of components of performance, quality, etc. is also related to the size of energy consumption, thus affecting the efficiency of charge.Load of electricity, but also as determined by uses, such as communications relay stations, unmanned weather stations and so on, have a fixed power equipment. Some equipment such as a lighthouse, beacon lights, civilian power consumption such as lighting and equipment power consumption are often changing.Therefore, the solar power system design, the need to consider many factors and complex. Characteristics are: the data used in most previous statistical data, the statistical data measurement and data selection are important.Designers of the mission are: In the solar cell matrix under the conditions of the environment (that is, the scene of the geographical location, solar radiation, climate, weather, terrain and surface features, etc.), the design of solar cell and battery power system matrix is We should pay attention to economic efficiency, but also to ensure system reliability.Location of a particular energy of solar radiation data to meteorological information provided the basis for the design of solar cells used phalanx. These meteorological data required to check the accumulation of several years or even decades on average.Various regions on the Earth by sunlight and radiation changes in the cycle for the day, 24h. In a square area of solar cells also have the power output 24h of the cyclical changes in its laws and sun radiation in the region, the changes of the same. However, changes in weather will affect the square of the generating capacity. If you have a few days consecutive rain days, almost square on the power generation should not rely on batteries to power, and battery depth of discharge and then need to be added as soon as possible good. Most designers in order to weather the sun to provide a daily total of radiation energy or the annual average sunshine hours as the design ofthe main data. Each year because of a regional data is not the same as for the sake of reliability should be taken within the last decade of the minimum data. Under the load of electricity consumption, in sunshine and no sunshine when battery power is required. Weather provided by solar power or the total amount of radiation the total sunshine hours on the battery capacity of the size of the decision is indispensable data.Phalanx of the solar cell, the load should include all power system devices (except for use but also have a battery and electrical circuits, controllers, etc.) consumption. Matrix components of the output power and the number of series-parallel, and series are required in order to obtain the operating voltage, in parallel are necessary in order to obtain the current work, an appropriate number of components through which the composition of series-parallel connection of solar cells required phalanx.3 Designed capacity of batteriesSolar cell power supply system is the battery energy storage devices. And solar cell batteries are usually square matching job at Floating state, with the square of its voltage output and load power consumption changes. Its load capacity than the power required is much greater. Batteries to provide energy is also affected by environmental temperature. And solar cells in order to match the job requirements of long life battery and easy maintenance.(1)Battery SelectionAnd be able to support the use of solar cells, many different types of batteries, widely used at present have lead-acid maintenance-free batteries, ordinary lead-acid batteries and alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries of three. Domestic use are mainly maintenance-free lead-acid batteries, because of its inherent "free"maintenance of properties and less polluting to the environment characteristics, it is suitable for the performance of reliable power systems solar power, especially in unattended workstations. Ordinary lead-acid batteries require regular maintenance because of its larger environmental pollution, so the main suitable for the maintenance of the ability or have the use of low-grade occasions. Although alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries have better low-temperature, over-charge, take-off performance, but because of their higher prices, only applies to more special occasions.(2)Calculation of battery capacityBattery capacity to ensure continuous power supply is very important. At one year,the month of matrix generation has very different. Phalanx at the generating capacity can not meet the electricity needs of the month, to rely on battery power give supplement; electricity required in more than month, are relying on batteries to store excess energy.Phalanx so inadequate generating capacity and surplus value, is to determine the basis for one of the battery capacity. Similarly, the continuous overcast and rainy days during the load of electricity must also be obtained from the battery. Therefore, the power consumption during this period to determine the battery capacity is also one of the factors.光伏系统设计1引言经过光伏工作者们坚持不懈的努力，太阳能电池的生产技术不断得到提高，并且日益广泛地应用于各个领域。
独立光伏系统中蓄电池充电控制策略
独立光伏系统中蓄电池充电控制策略随着新能源技术的发展，独立式光伏发电系统正在越来越广泛应用于室内外各种规模的电力供应，从而解决用户的电力供应问题。
随着社会的发展，对电力技术的要求也越来越高，独立式光伏发电系统中蓄电池的充电控制策略成为用户们重视的一个话题。
蓄电池在独立式光伏发电系统中一般被用来储存太阳能转换成的电能。
传统的蓄电池充电控制方法主要有固定阈值和恒流恒压法。
简单来说，固定阈值就是在蓄电池充电时，自动控制器按照一个固定的电压和时间充电到蓄电池，当电池电压达到某一设定阈值，控制器则停止充电。
而恒流恒压法是指当蓄电池电压达到一定的阈值时，控制器会从蓄电池中获取一定功率，从而将蓄电池充满电。
这两种方法虽然能够有效地保护蓄电池，但是这些方法只能满足简单的系统控制要求，因此，针对不同系统而言，需要一种更加灵活、能够有效提高储能效率的充电控制策略。
为了满足不同用户使用的特殊要求，许多研究者都开发出了一些成熟的，能够在效率和可靠性上得到保证的独立式光伏系统中蓄电池充电控制策略，其中包括以下一些策略：1、改进的固定阈值控制：与传统固定阈值控制不同，改进后的控制策略将蓄电池充电分为三个阶段：快速充电、常规充电和自我放电。
这种控制策略的优势在于可以更有效地提升电池的使用寿命，并能更高效地完成充电任务。
2、非线性充电算法：非线性充电算法是一种基于三个充电参数的优化算法，首先使用决策树算法，根据蓄电池的电压、温度、电流等参数来确定充电参数，然后以最优的参数进行充电，从而达到更好的充电效果。
3、PID控制策略：PID控制也是一种经典的控制策略，它将蓄电池的电压作为反馈信号，通过一定的控制系数来调节电流，从而实现蓄电池的高效充电。
4、粒子群搜索算法：粒子群搜索算法是一种近似优化算法，它将多变量充电参数分解为多个粒子实体，然后通过对每个粒子的适应度函数的迭代迭代，来寻找最优的组合，从而提升充电效率。
在上述技术的基础上，一些研究者已经提出了综合的蓄电池充电控制策略，如模糊规则控制、改进的自适应遗传算法等，这些策略都能够有效地提升蓄电池的充电效率。
基于AT89S52单片机控制的太阳能充电器(硬件)设计附外文文献及译文
中国矿业大学本科生毕业设计附外文文献及翻译基于MC-SILICON的双面太阳能电池在工业环境中的实现姓名：学号：学院：信息与电气工程学院专业：电气工程与自动化设计题目：单片机控制的太阳能充电器（硬件）专题：指导教师：职称：副教授摘要在污染和能源口趋紧张的背景下，太阳能作为一种新型的绿色可再生能源，具有储量大、利用经济、清洁环保等优点。
因此，太阳能的利用越来越受到人们的重视。
本文试图设计一种切实可行的太阳能充电控制器，通过对蓄电池充电，满足小功率的用户需求。
本文重点研究了用AT89S52实现太阳能充电控制技术。
详细介绍了100瓦太阳能电池板向12伏蓄电池充电的太阳能控制器硬件系统，包括系统的硬件电路设计、各部分电路的功能、工作原理和电子元器件型号的选取。
硬件系统由直流稳压电源电路，A/D实现对蓄电池端电压的动态监测及转换、AT89S52控制以及输出继电器开关电路四个部分组成，完成了整个太阳能充电控制器电路原理图的设计和制作。
用PROTEUS仿真软件进行了电路仿真，并且制作了相应的电路板。
但是由于时间关系，没能完成实物的实验测试。
本文还对太阳能电池的结构原理、太阳能电池板的伏安特性、常用的铅酸蓄电池原理及工作情况作了详细介绍，并在此基础上介绍常用的蓄电池充电方法。
关键词：太阳能；蓄电池；充电控制；AT89S52；ADC0809ABSTRACTAgainst the background of energy shortage and its pollution, solar energy as a new kind of energy has a lot of advantages such as large reserves, economic, cleanliness and so on. So, people begin to pay more attention to the use of solar energy. The paper designs a feasible solar energy charging controller and storage batteries are charged to meet the needs of low-power users.This article focuses on the use of single-chip realization of solar charge control technology. 100-watt solar panels to 12-volt solar battery charge controller hardware system is detailed, including system hardware circuit design, the various parts of the circuit functions, working principles and models of selected electronic components. Hardware system is composed of four parts, which are DC regulated power supply circuit, A / D to achieve on the battery terminal voltage of the dynamic monitoring and conversion, AT89S52 relay control and output switching circuit. And finish the entire solar charge controller circuit schematic design and production. PROTEUS simulation with circuit simulation software was accomplished, and a corresponding circuit board was produced. However, due to time constraints, failed to complete the kind of experimental test.In this paper, also the structure of the principle of solar cells, solar panels of the Volta metric characteristics of lead-acid batteries commonly used in the work of principle was detailed, and the basis of methods commonly used on rechargeable batteries was introduced.Key words: solar; battery; charge control; AT89S52; ADC0809目录摘要 (i)ABSTRACT (ii)1 绪论 (1)1.1 课题研究背景 (1)1.1.1 当前面临的能源和环境问题 (1)1.1.2 太阳能的开发和利用 (2)1.1.3 光伏发电的特点 (3)1.2 蓄电池充电系统 (3)1.2.1充电器的发展及其简单的类型 (3)1.2.2 太阳能充电器 (4)1.3 本课题研究的主要内容 (5)2 太阳能电池的研究和分析 (6)2.1 太阳能电池的原理 (6)2.2 太阳能电池的分类 (6)2.3 太阳能电池的等效电路 (7)2.4 太阳能电池板的输出特性及影响因素 (8)2.4.1光伏电池的主要参数 (8)2.4.2太阳的光照强度对光伏电池转换效率的影响 (10)2.4.3 温度对光伏电池输出特性的影响 (10)2.4.4 本系统所采用的光伏电池 (11)2.5 本章小结 (12)3 蓄电池 (13)3.1 蓄电池的概念及其一般特性 (13)3.1.1 电池的定义 (13)3.1.2 主要参数指标 (13)3.1.3 充放电特性 (15)3.2 铅酸蓄电池 (16)3.2.1 铅酸蓄电池的电极反应 (17)3.2.2 铅酸蓄电池的充放电特性 (18)3.3 太阳能----蓄电池充电技术研究 (20)3.3.1 恒流充电 (20)3.3.2 恒压充电 (21)3.3.3 恒压限流充电 (22)3.3.4 两阶段、三阶段充电 (22)3.3.5 快速充电 (22)3.3.6 智能充电 (23)3.4 本章小结 (23)4 太阳能充电控制器的研究及设计 (24)4.1太阳能充电器原理 (24)4.1.1 主控芯片的设计 (24)4.1.2 模数转换模块ADC0809简介 (28)4.1.3 电源模块的设计 (30)4.1.4 分频器的设计 (30)4.1.5 外围电路的设计 (30)4.1.6ADC0809与AT89S52接口 (32)4.1.7 74LS00 (33)4.2 单片机的防干扰技术 (35)4.2.1干扰分析 (35)4.2.2硬件抗干扰方法 (36)4.3 系统的软件设计概述 (37)4.4 本章小结 (39)5 结论 (40)5.1 全文工作总结 (40)5.2 进一步工作设想 (40)致谢 (42)参考文献 (43)翻译部分 (45)中文译文 (45)英文原文 (53)1 绪论1.1 课题研究背景1.1.1 当前面临的能源和环境问题[1,2,3,4]能源犹如人体的血液。
太阳能光伏发电外文翻译汇总
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化专业姓名：刘哲瑄外文出处：University of Technology, Mauritius University of Mauritius B SeetanahAJ Khadaroo学号： 2011316020526 ：附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文太阳能发电技术——光伏发电系统控制器1 太阳能充放电控制器现状1.1太阳能光伏发电太阳能作为新能源有着巨大的优势，所以世界各国都在努力研发新技术进行获取比较成熟的是太阳能光伏发电技术。
太阳能光伏发电现已成为新能源和可再生能源的重要组成部分，也被认为是当前世界最有发展前景的新能源技术。
目前太阳能光伏发电装置已广泛应用于通讯、交通、电力等各个方面。
在进行太阳能光伏发电时，由于一般太阳能极板输出电压不稳定，不能直接将太阳能极板应用于负载，需要将太阳能转变为电能后存储到一定的储能设备中，如铅酸蓄电池。
但只有当太阳能光伏发电系统工作过程中保持蓄电池没有过充电，也没有过放电，才能使蓄电池的使用寿命延长，效率也得以提高，因此必须对工作过程加以研究分析而予以控制，这种情况下太阳能充电控制器应运而生。
1.2充电控制器的作用及现状太阳能充电控制器具备充电控制、过充保护、过放保护、防反接保护及短路保护等一系列功能，解决了这一难题，这样控制器在这个过程中起着枢纽作用，它控制太阳能极板对蓄电池的充电，加快蓄电池的充电速度，延长蓄电池的使用寿命。
同时太阳能充放电控制器还控制蓄电池对负载的供电，保护蓄电池和负载电路，避免蓄电池发生过放现象，由此可见，控制器具有举足轻重的作用。
目前市场上有各种各样的太阳能控制器，但这些控制器主要问题对于蓄电池的保护不够充分，不合适的充放电方式容易导致蓄电池的损坏，使蓄电池的使用寿命降低。
目前，控制器常用的蓄电池充电法包括三种;恒流充电法、阶段充电法和恒压充电法。
外文翻译--蓄电池
外文原文：Batteries一.1Application of products1．Power Station, Substation；2．Telecommunication & Communication；3．Uninterruptible Power Supply；4．Emergency Power Supply；5．Solar Power Energy Storage System；6．Nuclear Power Station, Hydroelectric Power Station；7．Wind Power Discharge Energy Storage；8．Microwave Relay Station；9．Railway Passenger Coach Illumination；10．Electric Automobile and Electric Bicycle ；11．Boat Electricity Powered Yacht and Electric Ship；12．Street Lamps and urban Road Lighting Project；13．Navigation market, Signal lamp；14．Navigation market, Signal lamp ；15．Safety and Explosion Protection in Underground collie ries；16．Battery Cars and Forklift；17．Starting and Illumination of Automobiles；18．Fire Prevention, Alarm and Safety System ；19．Portable Power Source；20．Portable Electric Instrument；21．All DC Power Supply System；22．All AC Inverter System .二、Introduce of products1．Valve-Regulated Sealed Stationary Lead-Acid Batteries1.1 Life performance：Utilizing of floating charge(2.23±0.05 v/cell·25℃), Life battery: than 20years (Figure 1 )Utilizing of cycling(discharge depth of 80%),Life of battery:more than of 1,500 times. (Figure2)Charging and Discharge Curves of Cells Figure(Figure3、4)1.2 CheckinsChecking can be carried out if batteries are in conformity with following conditions when they are delivered to customers:(1)No physical damage in battery case, top cap and terminal.(2)No leakage of acid.(3)Capacity of batteries can reach 100% of its rated capacity when they are fully charged.(4)Open Circuit voltage △∪≤0.035V/cell.(5)Adoption of 2.23V/cell·25℃(constant voltage)Floating charge voltage △∪≤±0.05V/cell within 6 months of float charging.(6)No heating and leakage of acid when batteries are in float charging.1.3 Installation(1)Batteries of GFM series can be installed either upright or horizontally.(2)Beware of short circuit during processes of transporting and installing since batteries are usually charged when they are manufactured.(3)Please specify the pack number when several battery packs are installed.(4)In case of electric shock, insulation Instrument is recommended when installation, utilization or maintenance is under way.(5)Electric instrument shall reach ±1% of voltage regulation precision when range of variation of the negative is between 0~100%.(6)pole terminals shall take on an expression of metallic luster when they are brushed with filament steel before batteries are connected.(7)Jumper cables shall be as short as possible in order not to produce too much pressure drop.(8)Before terminals and battery system are conducted, please check the total voltage of the battery system and both positive and negative polarity so as to guarantee a right installation.1.4 Maintenance(1)When floating charge voltage outnumbers 2.23±0.05V/cell, please adjust it, or it will affect life of batteries.(2)Please check and keep a record of floating charge voltage of each battery once a month. After 6 months running, if floating charge voltage outnumbers 2.23±0.05V/cell, please contact the manufacturer. Technicians will be sent to deal with it.(3) The joining part shall be inspectel every year to see whether there are loose parts, when there does exist looseness,deal with it in time.(4)Longer life perfoimance can be maintained when the optimum environment temperature is between 15℃and 25℃(batteries of GFM series can function well under the temperature of -50℃ and +60℃).(5)Avoid overdischarge (discharge voltage is less than final voltage) and overcharge (charging voltage is above floating charge voltage for a long time, or charging voltage is 1.5times more than total amount of discharge),batteries shall be charged as soon as possible after their discharge, or the life of batteries will be affected.(6)Take a record of time, voltage, current and temperature of batteries each time they are discharged.(7)Please contact the manufacturer in advance if customers want to have a parallel connection of two or more batteries.(8)Use soapy rather than organic solvent to clean batteries;don't use dry cloth, for it can easily generate static electricity when batteries are mopped with it.(9)Batteries shall be kept in cool, dry and ventilated environment, with joining parts of batteries and charging equipment being disconnected.2．2 Valve-Regulated Sealed Stationary BatteriesTechnical Features2.1 Valve-regulated and sealed construction:(1)Valve-regulated and sealed cons truction, using unique recombin ation technology and no water topping is required during the whole process of operation.(2)The electrolyte of sulphuric acid is fixed by silica gel without flooded electrolyte, the batteries can be installed either in vertical or in horizontal po-sition.(3)Voltage uniformity across a series strmg of battevies is better than that of AGM type.(4)Tubular positive plates with high-pressure die-cast spines of antimony-free alloy, and excellent corrosion-resistant performance, pasted negative plates.(5)Using imported sealing compound from Germany.(6)No electrolyte stratification, no equalizing charge is required.2.2 Long lifeExpected service life of 20-25 years during float charge peration(25℃).2.3 Containers and covers(1)Imported batteres containers and covers from ltaly.They are made of opaque ABS plastics.(2)No gas permeation from containors and covers and the gasre-combination efficiency exceeds 99%.2.4 Execll(1)Imported Amer-Sil separators from Luxemburg. Which are characterized by high quality, high porosity, low resistance and corrosion protection. (2)Excellenthigh-rate discharge performance.2.5 SeparatorsImported valves from Germany to prevent cell container bulge, crack and electrolyte dry-out.2.6 Safety terminals and Poles(1)The battery fitted with the terminals with specially treated copper inserts.(2)Voltage dropacross battery is ≤10mV.(3)HAGEN PATENTPOL TERMINALS.2.7 Float charge voltage2.23V/cell at 20℃.2.8 High-performance(1)The battery have excellent discharge performance by comparision to normal stationary batteries.(2)The battery have high performance at discharge rates for short period by comparision to GFD type.(3)The rate of self-discharge is extremely low, it is less than 30% of the rated capacity when put the battery in storage for two years at 10℃.(4)The battery have excellent deep discharge recovery and can be recharged to 100% capacity within 12 hours.(5)Installation space and requirement of ventilation can be minimised and no washing equipment is needed.2.9 Charge voltageGFMD batteries must only be charged with regulated chargers usually used for sealed lead batteries. At 20℃ the floatcharge voltage is 2.23V/battey. If the mean ambient temperature differs substantially from 20℃ for long periods, the set float voltage should be adjusted in accordance with the graph in Figure 5.2.10 Charge currentThe maximum charge current at 20℃ is 2.5I10A up to a cell voltage of 2.4 volts. The recharging time of the battery depends upon the charger voltage and the current limit, see Figure 6.2.11 Deep discharge protectionGFMD batteries have excellnt deep discharge recovery. The batteries can be recharged to 100% capacity in 12 hours, even following 30 days connected toa load in the discharged state.2.12 Low self-dischargeThe rate of self-discharge by the GFMD batteries is extremely low by omparision to normal lead batteries. Figure 7 indicates the available capacity and storage times atvarious temperatures.中文译文：蓄电池一、产品应用1．发电厂、变电所；2．电信、通讯；3．UPS不间断电源；4．EPS不间断电源；5；太阳能蓄能系统；6；核电站、水电站；7；风力发电蓄能；8微波中继站；9铁路客车照明；10电动汽车、电动自行车；11船舶、电动游艇、电动船12路灯及城市亮化工程；13航标灯、信号灯；14应急照明；15煤矿井下安全防爆；16电瓶车、叉车；17汽车起动、照明；18防火、警报、安全系统；19手提式电源；20可携式电动器具；21所有直流电源系统；22所有交直流电源系统。
外文翻译--一种光伏电池最大功率点的控制系统
图2 Boost电路及等效模型 图3 控制系统 （a）框图 (b)MPPT指令
其中晶体管可以被电压源所替代，电压值为其平均值。同样，二极管可以被电流源替代。
A.PV模型的理想工作点
在本文中，PV系统模型的等效电路图如图4所示。PV输出电压V和输出电流I之间的关系在文献[13][14]中给出，有
PV板的输出功率P=VI，在理想工作点，可证明
故又可得出：
其中，A = q/(γkTNcell) , Ncell为串联单元的数量。
在本文章中，根据SM55建立PV系统模型。它由36个相连的单晶单元串联而成。其在标准环境（光照辐射度为1000W/m2，上午，太阳光谱，单元温度为25。C）下的测量的铭牌相关参数如表1所示。
从20世纪80年代末开始，世界电力工业出现了由传统的集中供电模式向集中和分散结合的供电模式过渡的趋势。近年来，以可再生能源利用为主的新型发电技术，主要是太阳能光伏发电和风力发电，还包括燃料电池发电等，凭借发电方式灵活，与环境兼容等优点得到了快速发展。
光伏发电系统具有非线性的特征。其P-V特性 I-V特性如图1所示。光伏系统（以下称PV）的输出电压和输出电流的乘积的最大功率点称其为“MPP”。为了达到最大的利用率，PV平板必然要在其最大功率点处工作运行。然而，PV系统由于其光照辐射度、单元温度以及负荷的变换的影响，其运行点会偏离MPP。此时为了在PV系统和负荷之间插入最大功率工作点跟踪系统（即MPPT），它可以调节系统使其在任何的环境下，都可以工作在MPP处，并且提高了系统的利用率[1]。在现代工程中，许多MPPT的调节器使用微控制器和计算机以实现复杂的算法，而且还有部分使用人工神经网络。这些系统都有着十分良好的性能。然而它们过于昂贵并且这些方法均需要得到一套独立的、稳定的电能供给来维持其运行；因此它们只在高能量场合适合应用。另外一种算法基于利用公式 以搜索功作点，既由“ ”产生的信号作为MPPT的搜索的方向。这就使得在电压和电流为连续信号的情况，决定最大功率点成为了可能。在最近几年，很多基于这种控制算法的MPPT得用应用和证明。在参考文献[9]和[10]中，推荐了一种类似的MPPT控制系统，其中同样含有boost电路以使得 的值为零，其中Iout为直直转换
电池充电器设计外文翻译文献
电池充电器设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)The design of the lithium battery chargerIntroductionLi-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers,Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeablebattery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements.Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent°from the battery Bad.The A VR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel A VR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute.The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost.The A VR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object" C" currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with" C" to write, the elucidation carries on the software design's is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density.An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries:1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA)2.The battery of NiCd3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH)4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion)At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system.The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want ～only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage;Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent°froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine 26 such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc.NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCd's.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage.Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current.Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding.The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the electric voltage method to want to limit to flow for the ever ; The battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs refresh the method.Settle the electric current method for the ever , and have severals to stop the judgment method for refresh differently.Biggest refresh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example,The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).If the electric current to flow refresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction conservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function ofthe heating to the battery.When electricity.After pond be filled with, if continue to refresh, then all electric powers conversion is the thermal energy of the battery.At fast charge this will make the battery.Heat quickly, if the hour of can not compare with stop refresh and then will result in battery damage.Therefore, while design the battery charger, to the temperature.It is count for much that carry on the supervision combine to stop refresh in time.The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refresh.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stop.The method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describe speaks as follows.The method of the havings of say.Time of t –this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in ually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V – be the electric voltage to outrun the upper ually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent froming refresh the electric current leads to causes battery lead greatly hot, the restrict of the electric current at this time very key.This method Is a lithium battery basic to refresh and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger usually still continues into after attain biggest electric voltage Go the second stage refresh, to attain 100% battery capacity. For battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs are originally method can Be the spare judgment stops refreshing the project.The method exploitation that this judgment of the dV/ dt – electric voltage variety rate stops refresh negative electric voltage variety rate.For the battery of some types, be the battery to be filled with the subsequence Refreshing continuously will cause electric voltage descend. At this time this project was very fit.This method usually useds for the ever to settle the electric current to refresh, Be applicable to to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMH. The electric current of I – is to refresh the electric current small in a certainthe number that set in advance stop refresh. Usually used for the ever to settle the electric voltage to refresh the method.Be applicable to the SLA Battery and lithium battery.The T –temperature absolute zero can be the basis that battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs stop refresh, but even suited for to be the backup project.Any battery for temperature to outrun initial value have to stop refresh.The basis that the dT/ dt – temperature rising velocity fast charge variety rate of the temperature of hour can be to stop refresh.Please consult the norm that the battery produces the company( battery of NiCdOf typical model be worth for the 1 oC/ min) the – be applicable to the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs.Need to stop refresh when the DT – outrun the temperature value of the environment temperature to be the bad battery temperature and the environment temperature to exceed the certain threshold.This method can be the battery of NiCd and The project that battery of SLA stops refresh.While refreshing in the cold environment this method compares the absolute zero to judge the method better.Because most systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperature to be the environment temperature.DV/ dt=0 –s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric voltage will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type quicklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity.Need only Want to will refresh the calculate way to pass lately the ISP downloads the processor of FLASH saving machine can get the new model number.However, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on market consumedly, and need a kind of hardware of stock only.This design provide The in keeping with SLA, NiCd, NiMH of the integrity and the database function of the battery of Li- Ion.锂电池充电器的设计介绍:根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。
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Design of a Lead-Acid Battery Charging and Protecting IC in Photovoltaic SystemZENG De-you,LING Chao-dong,LI Guo-gang (Yuanshun IC Design R&D Center, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China) Source: Microelectronic Device&Technology,June 20071.IntroductionSolar energy as an inexhaustible, inexhaustible source of energy more and more attention. Solar power has become popular in many countries and regions, solar lighting has also been put into use in many cities in China. As a key part of the solar lighting, battery charging and protection is particularly important. Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid battery has a sealed, leak-free, pollution-free, maintenance-free, low-cost, reliable power supply during the entire life of the battery voltage is stable and no maintenance, the need for uninterrupted for the various types of has wide application in power electronic equipment, and portable instrumentation. Appropriate float voltage, in normal use (to prevent over-discharge, overcharge, over-current), maintenance-free lead-acid battery float life of up to 12 ~ 16 years float voltage deviation of 5% shorten the life of 1/2. Thus, the charge has a major impact on this type of battery life. Photovoltaic, battery does not need regular maintenance, the correct charge and reasonable protection, can effectively extend battery life. Charging and protection IC is the separation of the occupied area and the peripheral circuit complexity. Currently, the market has not yet real, charged with the protection function is integrated on a single chip. For this problem, design a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC is very necessary.2.System design and considerationsThe system mainly includes two parts: the battery charger module and the protection module. Of great significance for the battery as standby power use of the occasion, It can ensure that the external power supply to the battery-powered, but also in the battery overcharge, over-current and an external power supply is disconnected the battery is to put the state to provide protection, the charge and protection rolled into one to make the circuit to simplify and reduce valuable product waste of resources. Figure 1 is a specific application of this Ic in the photovoltaic power generation system, but also the source of this design.湖北科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）：外文翻译Figure1 Photovoltaic circuit system block diagramMaintenance -free lead -acid battery life is usually the cycle life and float life factors affecting the life of the battery charge rate, discharge rate, and float voltage. Some manufacturers said that if the overcharge protection circuit, the charging rate can be achieved even more than 2C (C is the rated capacity of the battery), battery manufacturers recommend charging rate of C/20 ~ C/3. Battery voltage and temperature, the temperature is increased by 1 °C, single cell battery voltage drops 4 mV , negative temperature coefficient of -4 mV / ° C means that the battery float voltage. Ordinary charger for the best working condition at 25 °C; charge less than the ambient temperature of 0 °C; at 45 °C may shorten the battery life due to severe overcharge. To make the battery to extend the working life, have a certain understanding and analysis of the working status of the battery, in order to achieve the purpose of protection of the battery. Battery, there are four states: normal state, over -current state over the state of charge, over discharge state. However, due to the impact of the different discharge current over -capacity and lifetime of the battery is not the same, so the battery over discharge current detection should be treated separately. When the battery is charging the state a long time, would severely reduce the capacity of the battery and shorten battery life. When the battery is the time of discharge status exceeds the allotted time, the battery, the battery voltage is too low may not be able to recharge, making the battery life is lower.Based on the above, the charge on the life of maintenance -free lead -acid batteries have a significant impact, while the battery is always in good working condition, battery protection circuit must be able to detect the normal working condition of the battery and make the action the battery can never normal working state back to normal operation, in order to achieve the protection of the battery.3.Units modular design3.1The charging moduleChip, charging module block diagram shown in Figure 2. The circuitry includes current limiting, current sensing comparator, reference voltage source, under -voltage solar batteryarray Charge controller controller Discharge controller DC loadaccumulatordetection circuit, voltage sampling circuit and logic control circuit.Figure2 Charging module block diagramThe module contains a stand -alone limiting amplifier and voltage control circuit, it can control off -chip drive, 20 ~30 mA, provided by the drive output current can directly drive an external series of adjustment tube, so as to adjust the charger output voltage and current . V oltage and current detection comparator detects the battery charge status, and control the state of the input signal of the logic circuit. When the battery voltage or current is too low, the charge to start the comparator control the charging. Appliances into the trickle charge state when the cut -off of the drive, the comparator can output about 20 mA into the trickle charge current. Thus, when the battery short -circuit or reverse, the charger can only charge a small current, to avoid damage to the battery charging current is too large. This module constitutes a charging circuit charging process is divided into two charging status: high -current constant -current charge state, high -voltage charge status and low -voltage constant voltage floating state. The charging process from the constant current charging status, the constant charging current of the charger output in this state. And the charger continuously monitors the voltage across the battery pack, the battery power has been restored to 70% to 90% of the released capacity when the battery voltage reaches the switching voltage to charge conversion voltage Vsam charger moves to the state of charge. In this state, the charger output voltage is increased to overcharge pressure V oc is due to the charger output voltage remains constant, so the charging current is a driverV oltage amplifierV oltage sampling comparatorStart amplifier State level control Charging indicator Logical moduleUndervoltage detection circuitR - powerCurrent sampling comparator Limiting amplifier Power indicator湖北科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）：外文翻译continuous decline. Current down to charge and suspend the current Ioct, the battery capacity has reached 100% of rated capacity, the charger output voltage drops to a lower float voltage VF.3.2 Protection ModuleChip block diagram of the internal protection circuit shown in Figure 3. The circuit includes control logic circuit, sampling circuit, overcharge detection circuit, over -discharge detection comparator, overcurrent detection comparator, load short -circuit detection circuit, level -shifting circuit and reference circuit (BGR).Figure3 Block diagram of battery protectionThis module constitutes a protection circuit shown in Figure 4. Under the chip supply voltage within the normal scope of work, and the VM pin voltage at the overcurrent detection voltage, the battery is in normal operation, the charge and discharge control of the chip high power end of the CO and DO are level, when the chip is in normal working mode. Larger when the battery discharge current will cause voltage rise of the VM pin at the VM pin voltage at above the current detection voltage Viov, then the battery is the current status, if this state to maintain the tiov overcurrent delay time, the chip ban on battery discharge, then the charge to control the end of CO is high, the discharge control side DO is low, the chip is in the current mode, general in order to play on the battery safer and more reasonable protection, the chip will battery over -discharge current to take over the discharge current delay time protection. The general rule is that the over -discharge current is larger, over the shorter the discharge current delay time. Above Overcharge detection voltage, the Sampling circuitOver discharge detection comparatorControl logic circuitLevel conversion circuit Overcharge detection comparator Over -current detection comparator2 Over -current detection comparator1Over -current detection circuitLoad short detection circuitchip supply voltage (Vdd> Vcu), the battery is in overcharge state, this state is to maintain the corresponding overcharge delay time tcu chip will be prohibited from charging the battery, then discharge control end DO is high, and charging control terminal CO is low, the chip is in charging mode. When the supply voltage of the chip under the overdischarge detection voltage (Vdd <Vdl,), then the battery is discharged state, this state remains the overdischarge delay time tdl chip will be prohibited to discharge the battery at this time The charge control side CO is high, while the discharge control terminal DO is low, the chip is in discharge mode.ProtectionmoduleFigure4 Protection circuit application schematic diagram4.Circuit DesignTwo charge protection module structure diagram, the circuit can be divided into four parts: the power detection circuit (under-voltage detection circuit), part of the bias circuit (sampling circuit, the reference circuit and bias circuit), the comparator (including the overcharge detection /overdischarge detection comparator, over-current detection and load short-circuit detection circuit) and the logic control part.This paper describes the under-voltage detection circuit (Figure 5), and gives the bandgap reference circuit (Figure 6).湖北科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）：外文翻译Figure5 Under -voltage detection circuitFigure6 A reference power supply circuit diagramBattery charging, voltage stability is particularly important, undervoltage, overvoltage protection is essential, therefore integrated overvoltage, undervoltage protection circuit inside the chip, to improve power supply reliability and security. And protection circuit design should be simple, practical, here designed a CMOS process, the undervoltage protection circuit, this simple circuit structure, process and easy to implement and can be used as high -voltage power integrated circuits and other power protection circuit.Undervoltage protection circuit schematic shown in Figure 5, a total of five components: the bias circuit, reference voltage, the voltage divider circuit, differential amplifier, the output circuit. The circuit supply voltage is 10V; the M0, M1, M2, R0 is the offset portion of the circuit to provide bias to the post -stage circuit, the resistance, Ro, determine the circuit's operating point, the M0, M1, M2 form a current mirror; R1 M14 is the feedback loop of the undervoltage signal; the rest of the M3, M4 and M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, composed of four amplification comparator; M15, DO, a reference voltage, the comparator input with the inverting Biasing circuit Reference circuit Bleeder circuit difference amplifier Output circuitAmplifierAmplifierinput is fixed (V+), partial pressure of the resistance R1, R2, R3, the input to the inverting input of the comparator, when the normal working of the power supply voltage, the inverting terminal of the voltage detection is lost to the inverting terminal voltage of the comparator is greater than V+. Comparator output is low, M14 cutoff, feedback circuit does not work; undervoltage occurs, the voltage divider of R1, R2, R3, reaction is more sensitive, lost to the inverting input voltage is less than V when the resistor divider, the comparator the output voltage is high, this signal will be M14 open, the voltage across R into M at both ends of the saturation voltage close to 0V, thereby further driving down the R1> R2, the partial pressure of the output voltage, the formation of the undervoltage positive feedback. Output, undervoltage lockout, and plays a protective role.5. Simulation results and analysisThe design of the circuit in CSMC 0.6 μm in digital CMOS process simulation and analysis of the circuit. In the overall simulation of the circuit, the main observation is that the protection module on the battery charge and discharge process by monitoring Vdd potential and Vm potential leaving chip CO side and DO-side changes accordingly. The simulation waveform diagram shown in Figure 7, the overall protection module with the battery voltage changes from the usual mode conversion into overcharge mode, and then return to normal working mode, and then into the discharge mode, and finally back to normal working mode. As the design in the early stages of the various parameters to be optimized, but to provide a preliminary simulation results.湖北科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）：外文翻译Figure7 Overvoltage and under-voltage protection circuit simulation waveform6.ConclusionDesigned a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC. This design not only can reduce the product, they can reduce the peripheral circuit components. The circuit uses the low-power design. This project is underway to design optimization stage, a complete simulation can not meet the requirements, but also need to optimize the design of each module circuit.光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计曾德友，凌朝东，李国刚（华侨大学元顺集成电路研发中心，福建泉州 362021）来源：微电子器件与技术 2007年第6期1.引言太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源越来越受到重视。