汽车专业英语2版参考译文 - 第2章 内燃机

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汽车专业英语2版参考译文-20180227-2

汽车专业英语2版参考译文-20180227-2

第二章内燃机** 工作原理使用煤气作燃料、成功地以四冲程工作循环进行工作的最早的内燃机由尼古拉斯·奥古斯特·奥托于1876年研制成功。

奥托是一位在道依茨公司(许多年来,一直是世界上最大的内燃机制造商)工作的自学成才的德国工程师。

奥托的助手之一戈特利布·戴姆勒后来研制成功了一台使用汽油的发动机,1885年的4315号专利对该发动机进行了描述。

戴姆勒首次将这种发动机用于汽车上。

汽油机将空气与汽油的可燃混合气吸入气缸,当这些混合气得到压缩后,通过一个定时的火花将可燃混合气点燃。

因此,这样的发动机有时也被称为点燃式(S.I.)发动机。

为了完成一个工作循环,这些发动机的活塞需要走过四个行程:离开气缸盖向外运动,从而吸入空气与燃油的进气行程;向里朝向气缸盖运动,从而使混合气得到压缩的压缩行程;向外运动的做功行程以及向里的排气行程。

进气行程。

进气门开启,排气门关闭。

活塞下行,离开气缸盖(见图2-1a)。

活塞沿着气缸的快速运动导致了压力降低或叫做低压。

在该行程完成三分之一时,此低压会达到低于大气压力约0.3巴的最大值。

实际上产生的低压将取决于发动机的转速和负荷,而一个典型的平均值为低于大气压力0.12巴。

这个低压会将按照10~17份空气与1份汽油的比例(重量比)进行混合的新鲜空气与雾化汽油的混合物吸入气缸。

一种利用缸内低压来实现进气的发动机被称为“通常进气”或“自然吸气”式发动机。

压缩行程。

进、排气门都关闭。

活塞开始上行,朝向气缸盖运动(见图2-1b)。

在活塞达到最内的位置时,进入气缸的混合气会被压缩到原始气缸容积的1/8~1/10。

这种压缩使空气和雾化的汽油分子会靠的更近,并且不仅提高了缸内气体压力,而且还提高了温度。

一般,在节气门全开、发动机运转在大负荷下,最大的气缸压缩压力范围在8~14巴之间。

做功行程。

进、排气门全关闭,并且就在活塞到达压缩行程的上止点之前,火花塞将浓可燃混合气点燃(见图2-1c)。

汽车专业用语中英文翻译对照

汽车专业用语中英文翻译对照

2009-12-16 11:50发动机 engine内燃机 intenal combusiton engine动力机装置 power unit汽油机 gasoline engine汽油喷射式汽油机 gasoline-injection engine火花点火式发动机 spark ignition engine压燃式发动机 compression ignition engine往复式内燃机 reciprocating internal combustion engine 化油器式发动机 carburetor engine柴油机 diesel engine转子发动机 rotary engine旋轮线转子发动机 rotary trochoidal engine二冲程发动机 two-stroke engine四冲程发动机 four-stroke engine直接喷射式柴油机 direct injection engine间接喷射式柴油机 indirect injection engine增压式发动机 supercharged engine风冷式发动机 air-cooled engine油冷式发动机 oil-cooled engine水冷式发动机 water-cooled engine自然进气式发动机 naturally aspirated engine煤气机 gas engine液化石油气发动机 liquified petroleum gas engine柴油煤气机 diesel gas engine多种燃料发动机 multifuel engine石油发动机 hydrocarbon engine双燃料发动机 duel fuel engine热球式发动机 hot bulb engine多气缸发动机 multiple cylinder engine对置活塞发动机 opposed piston engine对置气缸式发动机 opposed-cylinder engine十字头型发动机 cross head engine直列式发动机 in-line engine星型发动机 radial engine筒状活塞发动机 trunk-piston engine斯特林发动机 stirling engine套阀式发动机 knight engine气孔扫气式发动机 port-scavenged engine倾斜式发动机 slant engine前置式发动机 front-engine后置式发动机 rear-engine中置式发动机 central engine左侧发动机 left-hand engine右侧发动机 right-hand engine短冲程发动机 oversquare engine长冲程发动机 undersquare engine等径程发动机 square engine顶置凸轮轴发动机 overhead camshaft engine双顶置凸轮轴发动机 dual overhead camshaft engine V形发动机 V-engine顶置气门发动机 valve in-head engine侧置气门发动机 side valve engine无气门发动机 valveless engine多气门发动机 multi-valve engine卧式发动机 horizontal engine斜置式发动机 inclined engine立式发动机 vertical engine二冲程循环 two-stroke cycle四冲程循环 four-stroke cycle狄塞尔循环 diesel cycle奥托循环 otto cycle混合循环 mixed cycle定容循环 constant volume cycle工作循环 working cycle等压循环 constant pressure cycle理想循环 ideal cycle热力循环 thermodynamic cycle冲程 stroke活塞行程piston stroke长行程 long stroke上行程 up stroke下行程 down stroke进气行程intake stroke充气行程charging stroke压缩行程compression stroke爆炸行程explosion stroke膨胀行程expansion stroke动力行程 power stroke排气行程exhaust stroke膨胀换气行程 expansion-exchange stroke换气压缩行程 exchange-compression stroke止点dead center止点 dead center上止点 top dead center(upper dead center)下止点 lower dead center(bottom dead center)上止点前 budc(before upper dead center)上止点后 atdc(after top dead cetner)下止点前 bbdc(before bottom dead center)下止点后 abdc(after bottom dead center)缸径 cylinder bore缸径与行程 bore and stroke空气室energy chamber气缸余隙容积 cylinder clearance volume燃烧室容积combustion chamber volume气缸最大容积 maximum cylinder volume压缩室 compression chamber排气量displacement发动机排量 engine displacement活塞排量 piston swept volume气缸容量 cylinder capacity单室容量 single-chamber capacity容积法 volumetry压缩比compression ratio临界压缩比critical compression ratio膨胀比 expansion ratio面容比 surface to volume ratio行程缸径比 stroke-bore ratio混合比 mixture ratio压缩压力 compression pressure制动平均有效压力brake mean effective pressure(bmep) 空燃比 air fuel ratio燃空比 fuel air ratio燃料当量比 fuel equivalence ratio扭矩torque单缸功率power per cylinder升功率power per liter升扭矩 torque per liter升质量 mass per liter减额功率 derating power输出马力shaft horsepower马力小时,马力时 horsepower-hour总马力 gross horse power总功率 gross power净功率 net power燃油消耗量 fuel consumption比燃料消耗率 specific fuel consumption空气消耗率 air consumption汽车英文术语A /C Air Conditioning 空调A /T Automatic Transaxle (Transmission) 自动变速器ACC Air Condition Clutch 空调离合器ACT Air Charge Temperature 进气温度AFC Air Flow control 空气流量控制AFS Air Flow Sensor 空气流量传感器AI Air Injection 二次空气喷射ACL AirCleaner 空气滤清器AIV Air Injection Valve 空气喷射阀ALCl Assembly Line Communication Link 总装线测试插座ALDl Assembly lne Diagnostic Link 总装线诊断插座ALT Alternator 交流发电机APS Absolute Pressure Sensor 绝对压力传感器ATS Air Temperature Sensor 空气温度传感器AP Accelerator Pedal 加速踏板ABS Anti-lock Brake System 防抱死刹车系统ATF Automatic Transmission Fluid 自动变速箱油液A /F Air Fuel Ratio 空气燃料混合比AMP Ampere(S) 安培( 电流强度) APPROX Approximately 大约,近似ATDC After Top Dead Center 上止点后AUTO Automatic 自动ATT Attachment 附件ALR Automatic Lock Return 自动馈回缩器B+ Battery Positive Voltage 蓄电池正极BARO Barometric Pressure 大气压力BARO Sensor Barometric Pressure Sensor 大气压力传感器BP Barometric Pressure Sensor 大气压力传感器BAT Battery 电瓶BTDC Before Top Dead Center 上死点前BDC Bottom Dead Center 下死点CMP Camshaft Position 凸轮轴位置CARB Carburetor 化油器CCC Converter Clutch Control 转换离合器控制CDI Capacitive Discharge Ignition 电容放电式点火CMFI Central Multiport Fuel lnjectoion 中央多点燃油喷射CES Clutch Engage Switch 离合器接合开关CFI Central Fuel lnjection 中央燃油喷射CFI Continous Fuel Injection 连续燃油喷射CID Cylinder Identification Sensor 汽缸传感器CIS Continous Fuel lnjection 连续燃油喷射CKP Crank shaft Position 曲轴位置CKP Sensor Crank shaft Position Sensor 曲轴位置传感器CL Closed Loop 闭环控制CP Crank shaft Position 曲轴位置CPP Clutch Pedal Position 离合器踏板位置CPS Camshaft Position Sensor 凸轮轴位置传感器CPS Crank shaft Position Sensor 曲轴位置传感器CTP Closed Throttle Position ,节气门关闭位置CTS Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor 发动机水温传感器CYP Cylinder Position 汽缸位置CAT Catalytic Converter 触酶转换器CO Carbon Monoxide 一氧化碳CYL Cylinder 汽缸CPC Clutch Pressure Control 离合器压力控制CARB Carburetor 汽化器,化油器CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器CHG Charge 充电D —Jetronic Multiport Fuel Injection D 型多点燃油喷射DLC Data Link Connector 数据传递插接器DFI Direct Fuel Injection 直接燃油喷射DI Direct lnjecton 直接喷射DI Distributor lgnition 分电器点火DID Direct lnjection —Diesel 柴油直接喷射DTM Diagnostic Test Mode 诊断测试模式DTC Diagnostic Trouble Code 诊断故障码DLI Distributorless Ignitioo 无分电器点火DS Detonation Sensor 爆震传感器DIFF Differential 差速器DOHC DoubleOverhe~IdCamshaft 顶置双凸轮轴DPI Dual Point lnjection 两点喷射DRL Daytime Running Light 白天行驶灯E2PROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 可以擦写的只读存储器EATX Electronic Automatic Transmission /Transaxle 电控自动变速器EC Engine Control 发动机控制ECA Electronic Control Assembly 电子控制总成ECM Engine Control Module 发动机控制模块ECT Engine Coolant Temperature 发动机冷却水温EDIS Electronic Distributorless lgnition System 电子无分电器点火系统EEC Electronic Engine Control 电子发动机控制EEPROM Electrially Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 可电擦写的只读存储器EFI Electronic Fuel lnjection 电控燃油喷射EGOS Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor 氧传感器EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation 废气再循环EGRV ExhaustGasRecirculationvalve 废气再循环阀EGS Exhaust Gas Sensor 氧传感器EPROM Erasable PrOgrammable Read Only Menory 可擦写的只读存储器ESA Electronic Spark Advance 点火提前ESAC Electronic Spark Advance Control 点火提前控制EST Electronic Spark Timing 点火正时EVAP Evaporative Emission 蒸发排放污染EX Exhaust 排气ELD Electrical Load Detector 电子负载检测器EPS Electrical Power Steering 电子动力转向FC Fan Control 风扇控制FP Fuel Pump 燃油泵FWD Front Wheel Drive 前轮驱动FR Front Right 右前FSR Fail SafeRelay 失效安全继电器FIA Fuel lnjection Air 燃油喷射进气GEN Generator 交流发电机GND Ground 搭铁GALGallon 加仑H /B Hatchback 掀背式H02S Heated Oxygen Sensor 加热型氧气传感器HC Hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物lA Intake Air 进气IAT Intake Air Temperature 进气温度IATS Intake Air Temperature Sensor 进气温度传感器lAC Idle Air Control 怠速控制IACV Idle Air control Valve 怠速空气控制阀ICM Ignition Control Module 点火控制模块ISC Idle Speed Control 怠速控制lAB Intake Air Bypass 进气歧管IAR Intake Air Resonator 进气共鸣器IMA IdleMixtureAdjustment 怠速混合比调整IMPS Intake Manifold Pressure Sensor 进气歧管压力传感器IN Intake 进气IG or IGN Ignition 点火燃烧ID Identification 辨证,识别ID or I .D .Inside Diameter 内径KAM Keep Alive Memory 磨损修正系数存储器K —Jetronic Continous Fuel lnjection 机械式连续喷射KE — Jetromc Continous Fuel lnjection 机电结合式连续喷射KS Knock Sensor 爆震传感器KOEO KEY —ONEngine —OFF 点火开关ON 发动机不启动KOER KEY —ONEngine —Running 点火开关ON 发动机运转L —Jetronic MultiportFuellnjeetion L 型多点燃油喷射LH —Jetronic MultiportFuel lnjection LH 型多点燃油喷射LHD Left Handle Drive 左侧驾驶L /C Lock — up Clutch 锁定离合器LF Left Front 左前LSD Limited Slip Differential 防滑差速器LR Left Rear 左后L 一 4 In —Line Four Cylinder(engine) 直列式4 汽缸( 发动机) LED Light Emitting Diode 发光二极管M /C Mixturure Control 混合气控制MAF Mass Air Flow 质量空气流量MAP Manifold Absolute Pressure 歧管绝对压力MAT Manifold AirTemperature 歧管空气温度MCS Mixture Control Solenoid 混合气控制电磁线圈MCU Microprocessor Control Unit 微处理器控制单元MFI Muhipoint Fuel lnjection 多点燃油喷射MFE MultipointFuel lnjection 多点燃油喷射Mil Malfunction lndicator Lamp 故障指示灯M /S Manual Steering 手( 机械式) 转向MAF Mass Air Flow Sensor 空气流量计M /T Manual Transmission 手动变速箱MCK Motor Check 马达检示MAX Maximum 极大值MIN Minimum 极小值MPI Multi Point lnjection 多点喷射NPS Neutral Position Switch 空挡开关N Neutral 空转位置( 空挡) NOX Nitrogen Oxides of 氮氧化合物02S Oxygen Sensor 含氧传感器P /N Park /Neutral Position 停车/空挡位置P /S Power Steering Pressure Switch 动力转向压力开关PCM Power train Control Module 动力控制模块PCV Positive Crankcase Ventilation 曲轴箱强制通风PFI Port Fuel lnjection 进气门口燃油喷射PIP Position lndicator Pulse 曲轴位置传感器PNP Park /Neutral Position 停车/空挡位置PROM Programmable Read Only Memory 可编程只读存储器PSP Power Steering Pressure 动力转向压力PSPS Power Steering Pressure Switch 动力转向油压开关p Park 停车PSAI Pulsed Secondary Air lnjection 脉动式二次空气喷射PGM —FI Programmed — fuel lnjection 程式控制燃料喷射PGM — IG Programmed lgnition 程式化点火PMR Pump Motor Relay 由泵马达继电器PSW Pressure Switch 压力开关PSF Power Steering Fluid 动力转向油Qty Quantity 数量RAM Random Access Memory 随机存储器RM Relay Module 继电器模块ROM Read Only Memory 只读存储器RR Rear Right 右后RHD Right Handle Drive 右侧驾驶REF Reference 参考RL Rear Left 左后SBEC Single Board Engine Control 单板发动机控制SEFI Sequential Electronic Fuel lnjection 次序电控燃油喷射SFI Sequential Fuel lnjection 次序燃油喷射' SMEC Single Module Engine Control 单片发动机控制SPI Single Point lnjection 单点喷射SAE Society of Automotive Engineers 美国汽车工程师学会SOHC Single Overhead Camshaft 顶置单凸轮轴SOI Solenoid 线圈SPEC Specification 规格S /R Sun Roof 遮阳板SRS Supplemental Restrgint System 安全气囊STD Standard 标准SW Switch 切换开关SCS Service Check Signal 维修检示信号SEC Second 秒、第二TB Throttle Body 节流阀体TBI Throttle Body Fuel lnjectlon 节流阀体燃油喷射TC Turbocharger 涡轮增压器TCM Transmission Control Module 变速器控制模块TP ThrottlePosition 节气门位置TPS Throttle Position Sensor 节气门位置传感器TPS Throttle Position Switch 节气门位置开关TPI Tuned Port lnjection 进气口喷射TWC Three Way Catalytic Converter 三元催化反应器T Torque 扭力TDC Top Dead Center 上死点TDCL Test Diagnostic Communication Link 自诊接头T /N Tool Number 工具编号TCC Torque Convertor Clutch 变扭器离合器TRC Traction Control 牵引控制VAF Volume Air Flow 体积空气流量VAT Vane AirTemperature 进气温度VCC Viscous Converter Clutch 变扭离合器VSS Vehicle Speed Sensor 车速传感器VSV Vacuum Solenoid Valve 真空电磁阀VTEC Variable Valve Timing Valve Lift 可变式气门正时VC Viscous Coupling 粘性偶和VIN Vehicle ldentification Number 车身号码( 出厂号码) VVIS Variable Volume Intake System 可变进气系统全部词汇下载汽车术语中英文对照(引擎系统)1、引擎系统(Automotive Engine System)燃烧室(Combustion Chamber) 活塞到达上死点后其顶部与汽缸盖之间的空间,燃料即在此室燃烧。

汽车专业英语2

汽车专业英语2

UNIT TWO P18An automobile probably has about 7,000 different parts in it. Some of them make it more comfortable or better looking, but most of them are to make it run.一台车可能有7000多个不同的零件。

一些使它更舒适或外观更好看。

但大部分是使它能运转的。

The three basic components of the automobile are the engine, chassis and body.汽车基本三大组成部分是发动机,底盘和车身.The engine converts the fuel energy into mechanical power. An internal combustion engine powers our modern automobile. The engine burns its fuel within the engine proper, as compared to a steam engine where the fuel is burned externally. The gasoline and air mixture of the internal combustion engine is compressed by a piston inside an airtight cylinder and ignited by a spark. The trapped air-fuel mixture burns fiercely, causing tremendous heat which expands the trapped gases and pushes the piston down. This is the motive power of the automobile. The automobile engine is essentially a heat engine. It requires fuel to burn, a spark to ignite, lubrication to minimize friction, and a cooling system to dissipate unwanted heat.发动机把燃油的能量转化成机械能.内燃机给现代的汽车提供动力。

Lesson 2 Internal Combustion Engine(1)

Lesson 2   Internal Combustion Engine(1)

交通运输专业英语
Lesson 2
Internal Combustion Engine (PartⅠ) 1.2compression ring 气环 3.Oil ring 4.Piston pin 5.Piston 6connecting rod 油环 活塞销 活塞 连杆 连杆小头 连杆大头 连杆轴瓦 连杆盖
crank n.曲柄 曲柄 rod n.杆,棒 杆 rock n.岩石,摇动;v.摇动,摆动 岩石, 摇动, 岩石 摇动; 摇动
distribute v. cam n. valve n.阀 阀 filter n.;v.
交通运输专业英语
Lesson 2
Internal Combustion Engine (PartⅠ)
introduce:介绍,引荐;引进;输入,传入 :介绍,引荐;引进;输入,
由于燃料在发动机气缸内燃烧,因此发动机被称为内燃机。在内燃机中, 由于燃料在发动机气缸内燃烧,因此发动机被称为内燃机。在内燃机中, 空气燃油混合气被引入一个封闭的气缸,并在那里完成压缩点火。 空气燃油混合气被引入一个封闭的气缸,并在那里完成压缩点火。 The burning of the fuel (combustion) causes a rapid rise in cylinder pressure which is converted to useful mechanical energy by the piston and crank-shaft. 燃烧引起气缸内压力迅速上升, 燃烧引起气缸内压力迅速上升,这部分内能被活塞和曲轴转化成有用的 机械能。 机械能。 fuel 燃料 汽油 petrol(英)gasoline(美) 柴油 英 美 柴油diesel fuel oil 燃油 fuel pump 燃油泵 add fuel to the fire 火上加油 fuel up 加燃料 填肚子

内燃机专业英语翻译

内燃机专业英语翻译

Chapter 1 Enging types and their operation1.1 Introduction and historical perspective1.内燃机的目的是从蕴含在燃料中的化学能中得到机械动力。

.内燃机的目的是从蕴含在燃料中的化学能中得到机械动力。

The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in the fuel . 2.有别于外部燃烧机器,在内燃机中,能量是在机器内部燃烧或氧化燃料释放出来的。

化燃料释放出来的。

In In internal internal internal combustion combustion combustion engines engines engines ,as ,as ,as distinct distinct distinct from from from external external external combustion combustion engines, this energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine. 3.功的转移,提供了需要的动力输出,发生在工作流体和机器的机械部件之间。

械部件之间。

The work transfers which provide the desired power output occur directly between between these these these working working working fluids fluids fluids and and and the the the mechanical mechanical mechanical components components components of of of the the engine. 4.实际上正是由于燃烧发生在机器做功部件内部才使它们的设计和运行特征从根本上有别于其他类型的机器。

完整版内燃机专业英语翻译

完整版内燃机专业英语翻译

Chapter 1 Enging types and their operation1.1 Introduction and historical perspective1.内燃机的目的是从蕴含在燃料中的化学能中得到机械动力。

The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in the fuel .2.有别于外部燃烧机器,在内燃机中,能量是在机器内部燃烧或氧化燃料释放出来的。

In internal combustion engines ,as distinct from external combustion engines, this energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine.3.实际上正是由于燃烧发生在机器做功部件内部才使它们的设计和运行特征从根本上有别于其他类型的机器。

It is the fact that combustion takes places inside the work-producing part of these engines that makes their design and operating characteristics fundamentally different from those of other types of engine.4.他的专利利用将液体燃料喷入仅由压缩而加热的空气中触发燃烧使效率高出其他类型内燃机的两倍。

更高的压缩比,不存在爆震或敲缸的现象成为可能。

His concept of initiating combustion by injecting a liquid fuel into air heated solely by compression permitted a doubling of efficiency over other internal combustion engines.Much greater expansion ratios, without detonation or knock were now possible.5.Houdry 发现蒸发的油在450至480度的温度下经过活性催化剂可转化为高质量汽油,比热裂解的产出高得多。

单词翻译2

单词翻译2

internal combustion engine 内燃机the lubrication system 润滑系suspension 悬架transmission system 传动系steering system 转向系rotary force 旋转力intake valve 进气门cylinder 汽缸revolution旋转piston 活塞Connecting rod 连杆Timing gear 正时齿轮Oil pump 油泵Flywheel 飞轮Crankshaft 曲轴Automatic Transmission 自动变速器Air Bag 安全气囊Air Compressor 空气压缩机Clutch 离合器Central Fuel Injection 中央燃油喷射universal joint 万向节differential 差速器rear axle 后桥mechanical load 机械载荷inertia force 惯性力centrifugal force 离心力gas pressure 气体压力vibration震动crankcase 曲轴箱cylinder gasket 汽缸垫spark plug 火花塞crankshaft journal 曲轴轴颈balanced weight 平衡重Air Temperature Sensor 空气温度传感器All Wheel Drive 全轮驱动All Wheel Steering 全轮转向Air Flow Sensor 空气流量计Absolute Pressure Sensor 绝对压力传感器Air Cleaner 空气滤清器Valve Gear 配气机构Valve clearance 气门间隙Valve timing 气门正时the fresh charge 新鲜混合气cylinder head 汽缸盖intake and exhaust ports 进气、出气阀the intake and exhaust manifold 进气、出气管rocker 摇臂valve spring 汽门弹簧camshaft 凸轮轴rocker arm shaft 摇臂轴adjusting screw 调节螺钉DOHC-double overhead camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴intake advance angle 进气提前角intake lag angle 进气延迟角exhaust advance angle 排气提前角exhaust lag angle 排气延迟角gas pressure 气压Hydraulic tappet 液压挺柱check valve 止回阀plunger 柱塞bushing 轴衬position spring 定位弹簧bolt 螺栓assembly 总成Electronic Fuel Injection System 电子燃油喷射系统Fuel pressure regulator 燃油压力调节器Fuel tank 油箱Fuel pump 油泵Filter 滤清器Injector 喷油器Intake Air Temperature Sensor 进气温度传感器Coolant Temperature sensor 冷却液温度传感器Engine speed sensor 发动机转速传感器Air flow sensor 空气流量计Throttle position sensor 节气门位置传感器Air flow signal 进气量信号Air flow meter 流量计Single point fuel injection 单点燃油喷射injecting simultaneously 同时喷射injecting orderly 顺序喷射Air cleaner空气滤清器Throttle 节气门Idle speed control valve 怠速控制阀Throttle position sensor (TPS) 节气门位置传感器Knock sensor爆震传感器Relief valve 回压阀Housing 壳体Air chamber 气室BV By-pass Valve 旁通阀CCM Cruise Control Module 巡航控制模块CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理系统CFI Continuous Fuel Injection 连续燃油喷射CIL Clear Indicating Light 清除故障指示灯Throttle Position Sensor 节气门位置传感器Engine speed sensor发动机转速传感器Vehicle Speed Sensor 车速传感器crankshaft position sensor 曲轴位置传感器Oxygen sensor氧传感器Battery voltage 蓄电池电压Emission 排放EGR: exhaust gas recirculation 废气再循环Engine Cooling System 发动机冷却系Thermostat 节温器Shorter circulating 短循环Radiator 散热器water pump 水泵air valve 气门Steam valve 蒸汽门Alternator 交流发电机Centrifugal water pump 离心式水泵Expansion Tank 膨胀水箱Full Circulating 大循环Simple circulating 小循环DOHC Double Overhead Camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴DTC Diagnostic Trouble Code 故障诊断代码ECA Electronic Control Assembly 电子控制总成ECT Electronic Control Transmission 电子控制变速器EFI Electronic Fuel Injection 电子燃油喷射DTM Diagnostic Test Mode 诊断测试模块Digital Multimeter 数字式万用表Crankcase ventilation 曲轴箱通风Anti-rusting action 防锈处理Buffer action 缓冲Splash lubricating飞溅润滑suction filter 吸滤器oil filter 燃油滤清器oil pressure gauge 油压表rough filter 粗滤器fine filter 细滤器main oil line 主油管gear-type pump 齿轮式油泵rotary pump 旋转式水泵Driving gear 驱动齿轮Driven gear 从动齿轮Characteristic 特点Oil dipstick 油量计Natural ventilation 自然通风Forced ventilation 强制通风Decelerate 减速torque converter 液力变矩器planetary gear 行星齿轮generator 发电机front engine rear drive前置后驱front engine front drive 前置前驱four-wheel drive 四轮驱动Brake pedal 制动踏板Return spring 回位弹簧Brake drum 制动鼓Brake shoes制动蹄Brake cylinder 制动缸brake master cylinder 制动主缸Pressure Increase 压力增加Pressure Holding 压力保持Pressure Reduction 压力减小Accelerate加速maximum torque 最大扭矩coefficient of friction 摩擦系数hard acceleration 急加速work together 一起工作speed sensors 转速传感器sub-throttle 副节气门engine timing 发动机正时rear brakes 后制动器instrument panel 仪表盘center console 中控台indicator light 指示灯malfunction故障diagnostic mode 诊断模式trouble code 故障代码voltage signal 电压信号opening angle 开启角度brake fluid pressure 制动液压力the master cylinder 主缸cut solenoid valves 切断电磁阀control independently 独立控制cut solenoid valve主缸切断电磁阀3-position solenoid 三位电磁阀check valve 止回阀relief valve 缓压阀solenoid valve 电磁阀automotive safety 汽车安全性seatbelt 安全带airbag 安全气囊effectiveness of ESC ESC的有效性single vehicle crashes 单车碰撞lateral forces 横向力ESC constantly compares the driver’s intention with the vehicle’s actual behavior by monitoring wheel speeds, steering wheel angle, yaw-rate, lateral acceleration, throttle position and master cylinder pressure.ESC不断的通过监测轮速,转向车轮角,横摆速率,横向加速度,节气门位置以及主缸压力将驾驶员的意图和汽车实际的行动相比较standard equipment 标准装配connecting piston with small end of connecting rod and transmit gas pressure exerted on the piston to connecting rod.将连杆和活塞小头连接并将施加在活塞上的气压传送到连杆。

汽车专业英语第二章第六节资料

汽车专业英语第二章第六节资料

• 两种基准参考燃料正庚烷和异辛烷分别被 定义成辛烷值为0和辛烷值为100,将它们 混合产生与实验样本相等敲缸强度的爆震。
混合物中异辛烷的百分比就认为是实验样
本的辛烷值。这样,依照实验方法,如果 匹配的混合物由15%的正庚烷和85%异辛 烷组成,那么按照所用的实验方法,对比 实验样本的辛烷值就是85。
• 凸圆旋转带动油泵中的摇臂运动。油泵中 可膜片变形的泵膜通过膜片回位弹簧和膜 片拉杆与摇臂相连。
• 2. Carburetor
• Complete burn • theoretical requirement - 14.7:1
• Excess-air factor λ: • λ=air mass supplied/ theoretical requirement • 过量空气系数
2.6.4 Carburetor Fuel System
• 1. Fuel pump:
• Most cars today have a mechanical fuel
pump. This pumps fuel out of the tank
and through the fuel lines to the
the fuel-gauge-sending unit.
• 当前大多数汽车采用机械汽油泵,汽油泵 从油箱抽出汽油,通过油管送到化油器或 喷射系统。大部分汽车的汽油泵安装在缸 体上。一些汽车采用电动汽油泵,汽油泵 安装在油箱上,附带有油量传感器和燃油 表油量传送装置。
• The rotation of the lobe moves a rocker arm in the pump. Inside the pump, a flexible diaphragm connects to the rocker arm though a diaphragm spring, pull rod and link.

车辆专业英语

车辆专业英语

1.2EngineThe engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train.发动机作为动力装置。

内燃机是最常见的:通过燃烧发动机气缸里的液体燃料而获得能量。

内燃机有两种类型:汽油机(又称为点燃式发动机)和柴油机(又称为压燃式发动机)。

两种类型均被称为热力发动机。

燃烧燃料产生的热量使汽缸里气体的气压增加并提供能量通过传动轴连接到传动系统。

1.3 BodyAn automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳内而成。

汽车专业英语第二章解析

汽车专业英语第二章解析

• bearing [‘bəriŋ]n.轴承 • journal[‘ʤə:nəl]n.轴颈 • throw [rou]n.& v.投掷,扔;n.投掷距离,
偏心距离,摆幅;(pl.)曲柄 • attach [ə‘tæt∫]v.附着,连接,固定(to) • reciprocating [ri'siprəkeitiŋ]a.往复的
• 气缸体是发动机的基体。发动机其它的部件 都安装在缸体内或固定在缸体上,它包容了 气缸、水套和油道,以及固定在缸体底部的 曲轴等。
• 2.2.2 Cylinder sleeve:
• The dry sleeve can be cast in or pressed into a new block or used to recondition badly worn damaged cylinders that cannot easily be rebored.
• 2.3.2 Piston assembly:
• Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston, through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft.
• 润滑系的机油泵从油底壳抽出机油,并把 机油输送给发动机的所有工作部件。机油 从油底壳流进流出。因而在油底壳和发动 机的工作部件之间有机油定向循环流动。
2.3 piston, Connecting rod and crankshaft
journal ['dʒə:nl; 'dʒə:nəl ] n. 日志,日记, 期刊

专业英语—内燃机

专业英语—内燃机

CHAPTER 5 Diesel EngineUnit 1 Introduction to Diesel Engine1. IntroductionDiesel engine,type of internal-combustion engine invented by the German engineer Rudolf Diesel and patented by him in 1892. Although his engine was designed to use coal dust as fuel, the diesel engine now burns low-cost fuel oil.The diesel engine does not require a large water supply or a long warming-up period and is highly efficient in converting heat energy into work. Diesels are widely used in both stationary and mobile installations where the power required is between that furnished by the gasoline engine and that of the steam turbine and where the relatively high initial cost can be written off over a long period. For example, diesels having capacities of 100 to 5,000 hp are employed on industrial and municipal electric generators and on continuously operating pumps (e.g., on oil pipelines). Moreover, they occupy relatively little space compared with steam units, since no boiler is needed — a factor of importance aboard ships.The diesel engine differs from the gasoline engine in that the ignition of fuel is caused by compression of air in its cylinders instead of by a spark: the high compression ratio allows the air in the cylinder to become hot enough to ignite the fuel. Because of the high temperatures of operation, a diesel engine must be water-cooled. The construction of the diesel engine is heavier than that of the gasoline engine; there are usually three or more cylinders (supported on a framework and bedplate) and a heavy flywheel. The cylinders are set to work alternately to give a smooth-turning effect, and the flywheel contributes further to smooth action.The speed and power of the diesel are controlled by varying the amount of fuel injected into the cylinder, not the amount of air admitted as in the gasoline engine. Small and medium-size ships may have several diesels producing as much as 50,000 hp. Heavy-duty land transports such as trains, trucks, buses, and tractors are often diesel-powered. Some automobiles and even some airplanes have had diesel engines.2 The ‘Diesel advantage’.One of the many advantages they offered over steam, even in their early years, is that they were very much more fuel efficient, and less polluting, since they do not churn out a large amount of smog-causing soot. They also offered better working conditions for the engine crew. No more was the tunnel a locoman’s nightmare, instead of driving practically blind through the dark with smoke filling the driving cab, the motormen now enjoyed clean, closed cabs without all the smoke and the dust, and had small lights to illuminate the line ahead. The ‘upgrade’ was not welcomed by all engine crew. To run a passenger steam express at 80mph and keep it at that speed require real skill from both the driver and the fireman, but the same is relatively easy to do in a diesel. It also meant that the fireman’s job became redundant and they became ‘secondmen’ on diesel-hauled trains, to simply assist the driver since the driver’s absolute attention to the the signal ahead is becoming more vital as train speeds are pushed higher and higher. Interestingly, in the States they were never re-named as secondman, as a result the dubious practice of carrying a ‘fireman’ on diesel trains persists until today, even though the job description has changed somewhat, the ‘fireman’ is more like a diesel mechanic.It is wrong to think that in the early days diesels were more powerful and faster than steam counterparts. This becomes apparent when one examines the world speed record for a diesel is 148mph, whereas for steam it is 126mph, and the diesel record was set some 50 years later since the LNER’s A4 record run; it had the extra half-century in between to develop.3. Diesel Engine TypesThere are two types of diesel engine, the two-stroke engine and the four-stroke engine. As the names suggest, they differ in the number of movements of the piston required to complete each cycle of operation.The simplest is the two-stroke engine. It has no valves. The exhaust from the combustion and the air for the new stroke is drawn in through openings in the cylinder wall as the piston reaches the bottom of the downstroke. Compression and combustion occurs on the upstroke. As one might guess, there are twice as many revolutions for the two-stroke engine as for equivalent power in a four-stroke engine. This type of engine requires a supply of compressed air for operating and for starting.In the four-stroke, or four-cycle, type the first downstroke of the piston draws in air, which is compressed on the upstroke to about 500 lb per sq in. (35 kg per sq cm). At the top of the stroke a jet of oil is sprayed in through an injector. The oil is ignited and the rapid expansion of the gas created by the explosion forces the piston down in the working,or firing, stroke. The next upstroke drives the waste gases out through the exhaust valve, and the cycle is complete.The four-stroke engine works as follows: Downstroke 1 - air intake, upstroke 1 - compression, downstroke 2 - power, upstroke 2 - exhaust. Valves are required for air intake and exhaust, usually two for each. In this respect it is more similar to the modern petrol engine than the 2-stroke design.It can be said that the 2-stroke design is simpler than the 4-stroke but the 4-stroke engine is more fuel efficient.Unit 2 Size, Layout and Power1. Size Does CountBasically, the more power you need, the bigger the engine has to be. Early diesel engines were less than 100 horse power (hp) but today the US is building 6000 hp locomotives. For a UK locomotive of 3,300 hp (Class 58), each cylinder will produce about 200 hp, and a modern engine can double this if the engine is turbocharged.The maximum rotational speed of the engine when producing full power will be about 1000 rpm (revolutions per minute) and the engine will idle at about 400 rpm. These relatively low speeds mean that the engine design is heavy, as opposed to a high speed, lightweight engine. However, the UK HST (High Speed Train, developed in the 1970s) engine has a speed of 1,500 rpm and this is regarded as high speed in the railway diesel engine category. The slow, heavy engine used in railway locomotives will give low maintenance requirements and an extended life.There is a limit to the size of the engine which can be accommodated within the railway loading gauge, so the power of a single locomotive is limited. Where additional power is required, it has become usual to add locomotives. In the US, where freight trains run into tens of thousands of tons weight, four locomotives at the head of a train are common and several additional ones in the middle or at the end are not unusual.2. To V or not to VDiesel engines can be designed with the cylinders "in-line", "double banked" or in a "V". The double banked engine has two rows of cylinders in line. Most diesel locomotives now have V form engines. This means that the cylinders are split into two sets, with half forming one side of the V. A V8 engine has 4 cylinders set at an angle forming one side of the V with the other set of four forming the other side. Thecrankshaft, providing the drive, is at the base of the V. The V12 was a popular design used in the UK. In the US, V16 is usual for freight locomotives and there are some designs with V20 engines.Engines used for DMU (diesel multiple unit) trains in the UK are often mounted under the floor of the passenger cars. This restricts the design to in-line engines, which have to be mounted on their side to fit in the restricted space.An unusual engine design was the UK 3,300 hp Class 55 locomotive, which had the cylinders arranged in three sets of opposed Vs in an triangle, in the form of an upturned delta, hence the name "Deltic".3. Tractive Effort, Pull and PowerBefore going too much further, we need to understand the definitions of tractive effort, drawbar pull and power. The definition of tractive effort (TE) is simply the force exerted at the wheel rim of the locomotive and is usually expressed in pounds (lbs) or kilo Newtons (kN). By the time the tractive effort is transmitted to the coupling between the locomotive and the train, the drawbar pull, as it is called will have reduced because of the friction of the mechanical parts of the drive and some wind resistance.Power is expressed as horsepower (hp) or kilo Watts (kW) and is actually a rate of doing work. A unit of horsepower is defined as the work involved by a horse lifting 33,000 lbs one foot in one minute. In the metric system it is calculated as the power (Watts) needed when one Newton of force is moved one metre in one second. The formula is P = (F*d)/t where P is power, F is force, d is distance and t is time. One horsepower equals 746 Watts.The relationship between power and drawbar pull is that a low speed and a high drawbar pull can produce the same power as high speed and low drawbar pull. If you need to increase higher tractive effort and high speed, you need to increase the power. To get the variations needed by a locomotive to operate on the railway, you need to have a suitable means of transmission between the diesel engine and the wheels.One thing worth remembering is that the power produced by the diesel engine is not all available for traction. In a 2,580 hp diesel electric locomotive, some 450 hp is lost to on-board equipment like blowers, radiator fans, air compressors and "hotel power" for the train.Unit 2 Starting and Control1. StartingA diesel engine is started (like an automobile) by turning over the crankshaft until the cylinders "fire" or begin combustion. The starting can be done electrically or pneumatically. Pneumatic starting was used for some engines. Compressed air was pumped into the cylinders of the engine until it gained sufficient speed to allow ignition, then fuel was applied to fire the engine. The compressed air was supplied by a small auxiliary engine or by high pressure air cylinders carried by the locomotive.Electric starting is now standard. It works the same way as for an automobile, with batteries providing the power to turn a starter motor which turns over the main engine. In older locomotives fitted with DC generators instead of AC alternators, the generator was used as a starter motor by applying battery power to it.Fig. 5.1 Simplified diagram of diesel engine governor2. GovernorOnce a diesel engine is running, the engine speed is monitored and controlled through a governor. The governor ensures that the engine speed stays high enough to idle at the right speed and that the engine speed will not rise too high when full power is demanded. The governor is a simple mechanical device which first appeared on steam engines. It operates on a diesel engine as shown in the diagram above.The governor consists of a rotating shaft, which is driven by the diesel engine. A pair of flyweights are linked to the shaft and they rotate as it rotates. The centrifugal force caused by the rotation causes the weights to be thrown outwards as the speed of the shaft rises. If the speed falls the weights move inwards.The flyweights are linked to a collar fitted around the shaft by a pair of arms. As the weights move out, so the collar rises on the shaft. If the weights move inwards, the collar moves down the shaft. The movement of the collar is used to operate the fuel rack lever controlling the amount of fuel supplied to the engine by the injectors.3. Fuel InjectionIgnition is a diesel engine is achieved by compressing air inside a cylinder until it gets very hot (say 400° C, almost 800° F) and then injecting a fine spray of fuel oil to cause a miniature explosion. The explosion forces down the piston in the cylinder and this turns the crankshaft. To get the fine spray needed for successful ignition the fuel has to be pumped into the cylinder at high pressure. The fuel pump is operated by a cam driven off the engine. The fuel is pumped into an injector, which gives the fine spray of fuel required in the cylinder for combustion.4. Fuel ControlIn an automobile engine, the power is controlled by the amount of fuel/air mixture applied to the cylinder. The mixture is mixed outside the cylinder and then applied by a throttle valve. In a diesel engine the amount of air applied to the cylinder is constant so power is regulated by varying the fuel input. The fine spray of fuel injected into each cylinder has to be regulated to achieve the amount of power required. Regulation is achieved by varying the fuel sent by the fuel pumps to the injectors. The control arrangement is shown in the diagram left.Fig. 5.2 Simplified block diagram of diesel engine fuel control systemThe amount of fuel being applied to the cylinders is varied by altering the effective delivery rate of the piston in the injector pumps. Each injector has its own pump, operated by an engine-driven cam, and the pumps are aligned in a row so that they can all be adjusted together. The adjustment is done by a toothed rack (called the "fuel rack") acting on a toothed section of the pump mechanism. As the fuel rack moves, so the toothed section of the pump rotates and provides a drive to move the pump piston round inside the pump. Moving the piston round, alters the size of the channel available inside the pump for fuel to pass through to the injector delivery pipe.The fuel rack can be moved either by the driver operating the power controller in the cab or by the governor. If the driver asks for more power, the control rod moves the fuel rack to set the pump pistons to allow more fuel to the injectors. The engine will increase power and the governor will monitor engine speed to ensure it does not go above the predetermined limit. The limits are fixed by springs (not shown) limiting the weight movement.5. Power ControlThe diesel engine in a diesel-electric locomotive provides the drive for the main alternator which, in turn, provides the power required for the traction motors. We can see from this therefore, that the power required from the diesel engine is related to the power required by the motors. So, if we want more power from the motors, we must get more current from the alternator so the engine needs to run faster to generate it. Therefore, to get the optimum performance from the locomotive, we must link the control of the diesel engine to the power demands being made on the alternator.In the days of generators, a complex electro-mechanical system was developed to achieve the feedback required to regulate engine speed according to generator demand. The core of the system was a load regulator, basically a variable resistor which was used to very the excitation of the generator so that its output matched engine speed. The control sequence (simplified) was as follows:1. Driver moves the power controller to the full power position2. An air operated piston actuated by the controller moves a lever, which closes aswitch to supply a low voltage to the load regulator motor.3. The load regulator motor moves the variable resistor to increase the maingenerator field strength and therefore its output.4. The load on the engine increases so its speed falls and the governor detects thereduced speed.5. The governor weights drop and cause the fuel rack servo system to actuate.6. The fuel rack moves to increase the fuel supplied to the injectors and thereforethe power from the engine.7. The lever (mentioned in 2 above) is used to reduce the pressure of the governorspring.8. When the engine has responded to the new control and governor settings, it andthe generator will be producing more power.On locomotives with an alternator, the load regulation is done electronically. Engine speed is measured like modern speedometers, by counting the frequency of the gear teeth driven by the engine, in this case, the starter motor gearwheel. Electrical control of the fuel injection is another improvement now adopted for modern engines. Overheating can be controlled by electronic monitoring of coolant temperature and regulating the engine power accordingly. Oil pressure can be monitored and used to regulate the engine power in a similar way.Unit 3 Cooling and Lubrication1. CoolingLike an automobile engine, the diesel engine needs to work at an optimum temperature for best efficiency. When it starts, it is too cold and, when working, it must not be allowed to get too hot. To keep the temperature stable, a cooling system is provided. This consists of a water-based coolant circulating around the engine block, the coolant being kept cool by passing it through a radiator.The coolant is pumped round the cylinder block and the radiator by an electrically or belt driven pump. The temperature is monitored by a thermostat and this regulates the speed of the (electric or hydraulic) radiator fan motor to adjust the cooling rate. When starting the coolant isn't circulated at all. After all, you want the temperature to rise as fast as possible when starting on a cold morning and this will not happen if you a blowing cold air into your radiator. Some radiators are provided with shutters to help regulate the temperature in cold conditions.If the fan is driven by a belt or mechanical link, it is driven through a fluid coupling to ensure that no damage is caused by sudden changes in engine speed. The fan works the same way as in an automobile, the air blown by the fan being used to cool the water in the radiator. Some engines have fans with an electrically or hydrostatically driven motor. An hydraulic motor uses oil under pressure which has to be contained in a special reservoir and pumped to the motor. It has the advantage of providing an in-built fluid coupling.2. LubricationLike an automobile engine, a diesel engine needs lubrication. In an arrangement similar to the engine cooling system, lubricating oil is distributed around the engine to the cylinders, crankshaft and other moving parts. There is a reservoir of oil, usually carried in the sump, which has to be kept topped up, and a pump to keep the oil circulating evenly around the engine. The oil gets heated by its passage around the engine and has to be kept cool, so it is passed through a radiator during its journey. The radiator is sometimes designed as a heat exchanger, where the oil passes through pipes encased in a water tank which is connected to the engine cooling system.The oil has to be filtered to remove impurities and it has to be monitored for low pressure. If oil pressure falls to a level which could cause the engine to seize up, a "low oil pressure switch" will shut down the engine. There is also a high pressure relief valve, to drain off excess oil back to the sump.Words and Expressionsbustion [ ] n.燃烧2.reciprocating [ ] adj. 往复的, 来回的, 交替的,3.rotary [ ] adj. 旋转的4.spark [ ] n.火花, 火星, 闪光5.ignition [ ] n. 点火, 点燃pression [ ] n. 压缩7.propulsion [ ] n.推进, 推进力8.piston [ ] n.[机]活塞9.cylinder [ ] n汽缸10.zigzag [ ] n. Z字形, 锯齿形, 蜿蜒曲折adj.曲折的, 锯齿形的,Z字形11.horizontal [ ] adj.地平线的, 水平的12.rod [ ] n.棒13.clamp [ ] n夹子, 夹具, 夹钳vt.夹住, 夹紧14.bearing [ ] n轴承, 关系, 方面, 意义, 方向, 方位15.convolution [ ] n回旋, 盘旋, 卷绕16.crankshaft [ ] n.[机]机轴17.apertures [ ] n孔, 穴, 缝隙, (照相机, 望远镜等的)光圈, 孔径18.spark plug n.火花塞19.valves [ ] n.阀20.intake [ k] n.(水管、煤气管等的)入口, 进口, 通风口, (在一定期间的)引入的量21.carburetor[ ]n.汽化器22.muffler [ ] n.消声器23.emission [ ] n.(光、热等的)散发, 发射, 喷射24.oxide [ ] n.[化]氧化物25.catalytic [ ] adj.接触反应的26.monoxide [ ] n.一氧化物27.preignite v. 提前点火28.kerosene [ ] n..煤油29.stagger [ ] v.摇晃, 蹒跚, 交错, 摇摇摆摆30.outboard [ ] adj.外侧的, 向舷外的31.maximize [ ] vt.取...最大值, 最佳化32.vehicle [ ] n.交通工具, 车辆33.jacket [ ] vt.给...穿夹克, 给...装护套34.radiator [ ] n.散热器, 水箱, 冷却器35.optimum [ ] n.最适宜adj.最适宜的36.crankcase [ ] n.[机]曲柄轴箱37.lubricating [ ] adj.润滑的38.stationary [ ] adj.固定的39.boiler [ ] n.锅炉;烧水器40.downstroke [daunstrEuk]] 下行冲程41.upstroke [ ] 上行冲程42.soot [ ] n.煤烟, 烟灰43.second man n.副手44.turbocharged [ ☺ ] vt.用涡轮给(发动机)增压45.rotational [ ] adj.转动的, 轮流的46.gauge [ ] n.标准尺, 规格, 量规, 量表v.测量47.split [ ] v.劈开, (使)裂开, 分裂, 分离n.裂开, 裂口, 裂痕48.tractive [ ] adj.牵引的, 曳引的49.drawbar [ ] n.列车间的挂钩, 牵引车的挂钩50.metric [ ] adj.米制的, 公制的51.blower [ ] n.送风机, 吹风机52.fans [ ] n.扇子, 鼓风机, 风扇53.pneumatically adv. 由空气作用54.starter [ ] n.起动器55.centrifugal [ ] adj.离心的56.rack [ ] n.架, 行李架57.adjustment [ ] n.调整, 调节, 调节器58.sophisticate [ ] v.使(机械)复杂,使(机械)精致59.hydraulic [ ] adj.水力的, 水压的60.charging [ ] n.装[加, 送, 进]料;充电, 带电,注油, 加液, 充气61.turbo [ ] n.涡轮(发动机), 增压涡轮62.feedback [ ] n.[无]回授, 反馈, 反应63.actuate [ ] vt.开动, 促使64.measure [ ] n.尺寸, 量度器, 量度标准, 方法, 测量, 措施vt.测量,测度, 估量,65.speedometer [ ] n.速度计, 里程计66.frequency [ ] n.频率, 周率, 发生次数67.coolant [ ] n.冷冻剂, 冷却液, 散热剂68.coupling [ ] n.联结, 接合, 耦合69.reservoir [ ] n.水库, 蓄水池70.inhibitor [ ] n.[化]抑制剂, 抑制者71.rust [ ] n.铁锈vt.(使)生锈72.plugging [ ] v. 堵塞, 塞紧, 闭塞73.shore [ ] n.岸, 海滨, 支撑柱vt.支撑, 支持74.sump [ ] n.池, 机油箱75.filter[ ] n.过滤器。

Unit 2汽车专业英语(发动机)

Unit 2汽车专业英语(发动机)

Reading
In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes its direction of motion. 换句话说,活塞每完成一次冲程就会改变运动方向。
In other words
In other words, they remain relatively constant or static. 换句话说,它们相对的稳定、静止。 In other words, we have adhered to scientific socialism. 也就是说,我们坚持了科学社会主义
intake valve
exhaust valve
push rod
■ Valve gear
9tappet
■ Connecting rod
timing gears
connecting rod
piston
crankshaft
flywheel
Engine cooling system
Engine lubricating system
I. Pre-questions
What impression of the engine?
complicated
power
I. Pre-questions
What are the types of the engine?
electric motors, steam engines, and internal combustion engines What’s the internal combustion engine? burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle.

汽车专业英语unit2

汽车专业英语unit2

UNIT 2 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE2.1 Purpose and Locations of EnginesThe purpose of an automotive engine is to supply the power needed to move the vehicle. The engine produces this power by burning fuel inside it. Because the engine burns fuel inside, or internally, the engine is known as an internal combustion engine (ICE).汽车发动机的功用是汽车行驶提供必需的动力。

发动机通过它内部的燃料燃烧来产生动力。

由于发动机在其内部燃烧燃料,所以发动机被称作内燃机。

Engines may be fueled by gasoline, propane (LPG-liquefied petroleum gas), or diesel fuel. Compressed natural gas (CNG)may also be used in some vehicles.发动机燃料可以是汽油、丙烷(液化石油汽体)或柴油。

压缩天燃气也可以用在一些车辆上。

be fueled by 通过…得到燃料Most automotive engines are located at the front of the vehicle. Many engines drive the rear wheels. This requires a long drive shaft extending form the front wheels to the rear wheels. Other engines drive the front wheels. In the rear-wheel-drive arrangement, the engine sits longitudinally. Its long dimension is from front to back.大多数汽车发动机位于汽车前方。

完整版内燃机专业英语翻译

完整版内燃机专业英语翻译

Chapter 1 Enging types and their operation1.1 Introduction and historical perspective1.内燃机的目的是从蕴含在燃料中的化学能中得到机械动力。

The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in the fuel .2.有别于外部燃烧机器,在内燃机中,能量是在机器内部燃烧或氧化燃料释放出来的。

In internal combustion engines ,as distinct from external combustion engines, this energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine.3.实际上正是由于燃烧发生在机器做功部件内部才使它们的设计和运行特征从根本上有别于其他类型的机器。

It is the fact that combustion takes places inside the work-producing part of these engines that makes their design and operating characteristics fundamentally different from those of other types of engine.4.他的专利利用将液体燃料喷入仅由压缩而加热的空气中触发燃烧使效率高出其他类型内燃机的两倍。

更高的压缩比,不存在爆震或敲缸的现象成为可能。

His concept of initiating combustion by injecting a liquid fuel into air heated solely by compression permitted a doubling of efficiency over other internal combustion engines.Much greater expansion ratios, without detonation or knock were now possible.5.Houdry 发现蒸发的油在450至480度的温度下经过活性催化剂可转化为高质量汽油,比热裂解的产出高得多。

汽车专业英语2分析解析

汽车专业英语2分析解析

Unit 2The Basic Principle of EngineText A Classification and Main Components of Engine游海龙The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel occurs with oxygen(usually air) in a combustion chamber, as shown in Fig.2.1.1 87692 3 45Fig.2.1 Internal Combustion Engine1—the cap of the cylinder head 2—valve 3—engine block 4—flywheel 5—crankshaft 6—oil pan 7—pulley 8—cylinder 9—timing gearClassification of EngineThe engine can be classified in following ways:By Fuel System 李鹏Gasoline engine and diesel engine are used. In a gasoline engine, the air-fuel mixture is exploded in the engine. A diesel engine uses diesel fuel. It generates high power at low speeds. The fuel efficiency is better than that of a gasoline engine.Unit 2 The Basic Principle of Engine✩ By Cylinder Arrangemen t曾昭昕Most cars have more than one cylinder. Four, six and eight cylinders are common used. In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders are usually arranged in one of three ways: in-line, V-type, or flat (Fig.2.2). Today the number of cylinders is growing, the cylinders also can be arranged as W-type.(a) flat (b) V-type (c) in-lineFig.2.2 Cylinder Arrangement✩ By Cooling System 梁松雨Liquid-cooled engines and air-cooled engines are being used. Liquid-cooled engines are the most common in the engine industry.There are also other ways to classify the engines. Despite of these classifications, the structure of the engine is basically the same.Main Components曾润泽The engine consists of several different mechanisms and systems including cylinder block, crankshaft and connecting rod mechanism, valve mechanism, fuel supply system, lubrication system, cooling system, ignition system and starting system.张永德✩ Cylinder BlockThe core of the engine is the cylinder, with the piston moving up and down inside the cylinder.✩ Crankshaft and Connecting Rod MechanismThe crankshaft changes the linear movement of the piston into a rotational movement via a connecting rod. The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.张进✩ Valve MechanismA valve mechanism is a group of components that opens and closes the intake and exhaust valves in the cylinder head at the appropriate time. The main functions of the valve gear are to provide timely admission of the fresh charge into the cylinders and exhaust of spent gases from them.1112汽车专业英语夏磊✩ Fuel Supply SystemThe fuel system supplies fuel to the engine. It also has the functions to regulate the volume of fuel supply. The fuel systems in diesel and gasoline engines are different.于晨雪✩ Lubrication SystemThe lubrication system uses an oil pump to continuously supply engine oil throughout the inside of the engine. This system reduces friction between parts with a film of oil. If the engine is run without oil, the friction can cause poor running, or cause even meltdown. In addition to lubrication, engine oil cools and cleans the engine.滕兆磊✩ Cooling SystemThe cooling system regulates the engine temperature to an optimal level (80℃ to 90℃ at coolant temperature) by circulating the coolant throughout the engine under all operating conditions and during all seasons of the year. The cooling fan cools the coolant in the radiator and water pump circulates the coolant through the cylinder head and the cylinder block.吕庆怡✩ Ignition SystemInternal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either by spark ignition (SI) or compression ignition (CI).✩ Starting SystemThe starting system forces the engine to crank with an electric motor, and starts the engine.Text B Engine Operating Principles[zhuangjihui]A four-stroke engine, also known as four-cycle, is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes :intake, compression, power and exhaust —during two separate revolutions of the engine’s crankshaft, and one singlethermodynamic cycle.The main parts in four stroke engine are shown in Fig.2.3.Fig.2.3 Main Parts in Four Stroke Engine1—intake valve 2—spark plug 3—exhaust valve 4—combustion chamber 5—piston head13Unit 2 The Basic Principle of Engine[wangxiaolong]As their name implies, four-stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with every two revolutions of the crankshaft:① Intake stroke ② Compression stroke, ③ Power stroke, ④ Exhaust stroke. The four strokes will be illustrated in Fig.2.4.[liyang]They draw in an air-fuel mixture to the cylinders, compress it, ignite and combust it, then discharge it. Repeating these four actions gives gasoline engines their power. The cycle begins at Top Dead Centre (TDC), when the piston is farthest away from the crankshaft. A cycle refers to the full travel of the piston from TDC to Bottom Dead Centre (BDC).[renwenjie]✩ Intake StrokeOn the intake stroke of the piston, the piston descends from (TDC,BDC) to (TDC, BDC), reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air, or just air in a diesel engine, is forced by atmospheric pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s) then (open,close).[zhangshuai]✩ Compression StrokeWith both intake and exhaust valves (open,close), the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head.[zhantianbao]✩ Power StrokeIt is also named as combustion stroke. While the piston is close to (TDC,BDC), the compressed air –fuel mixture is ignited. The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward (TDC,BDC).[zhangzhikai]✩ Exhaust StrokeDuring the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to (TDC,BDC) while the exhaust valve is (open,close). This action evacuates the burnt products of combustion from the cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air mixture out through the exhaust valve(s)..(1) intake (2) compression (3) power (4) exhaustFig.2.4 Four Stroke Cycle汽车专业英语[heguangbin\youhailong]NEW WORDS AND PHRASESprinciple [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐●] n. 原理,法则classificationn. 种类,类别[ ●✌♦♓♐♓♏♓☞☜⏹]configurationn. 布局,构造[ ☜⏹♐♓♈◆❒♏♓☞☜⏹]oxygen [ ♦♓♎✞☜⏹] n. 氧气combustion [ ☜❍♌✈♦♦☞☜⏹] n. 燃烧chamber [ ♦☞♏♓❍♌☜] n. 室,房间component [ ☜❍☐☜◆⏹☜⏹♦] n. 成分,部件,零件force [♐♦] n. 力gasoline [ ♈✌♦☜●♓⏹] n. 汽油diesel [ ♎♓☜●] n. 柴油;柴油机explode [♓♦☐●☜◆♎] n. 爆炸,爆发rotational [❒☜◆♦♏♓☞☜⏹☜●] adj. 旋转的in-line [ ♓⏹●♋♓⏹] adj. (汽缸)直列的flat [♐●✌♦] adj. (汽缸)水平对置cooling system 冷却系liquid-cooled 水冷air-cooled 风冷cylinder block 汽缸体crankshaft [ ❒✌☠☞♐♦] n. 曲柄轴,机轴connecting rod 连杆valve mechanism [ ❍♏☜⏹♓☜❍] 配气机构fuel supply system 燃油供给系lubrication[ ●◆♌❒♓♏♓☞☜⏹] 润滑lubrication system 润滑系ignition system 点火系starting system 起动系linear [ ●♓⏹♓☜] adj. 线性的piston [ ☐♓♦♦☜⏹] n. 活塞intake [ ♓⏹♦♏♓] n. 吸入;进气口,入口14Unit 2 The Basic Principle of Engineexhaust [♓♈♦♦] n. 排气;废气valve [ ✌●] n. 气门,阀门oil pump 机油泵friction [ ♐❒♓☞☜⏹] n. 摩擦(力)part [☐♦] n. 零件, 部位appropriate [☜☐❒☜◆☐❒♓♓♦] adj. 恰当的,适当的volume[ ●◆❍ ☎U.S.✆ ☜❍] n. 容量,容积a film of oil 一层油膜meltdown [ ❍♏●♦♎♋◆⏹] n. 熔毁optimal [ ☐♦♓❍☜●] adj. 最佳的,最优的coolant [ ◆●☜⏹♦] n. 冷却液,冷冻剂radiator [ ❒♏♓♎♓♏♓♦☜] n. 散热器water pump 抽水机,水泵spark ignition (SI) 火花点火compression [ ☜❍☐❒♏☞☎✞✆⏹]压缩点火ignition (CI)four-stroke 四冲程的(内燃机)power [ ☐♋◆☜] n. 做功illustrate[ ♓●☜♦♦❒♏♓♦] vt. 说明,阐明revolution [ ❒♏☜●◆☞☜⏹] n. 旋转(一周)spark plug 火花塞discharge [♎♓♦♦☞♎✞] vt. 释放;排出Top Dead Centre (TDC) 上止点Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) 下止点descend [♎♓♦♏⏹♎] vi. 下降,降临evacuate [♓✌◆♏♓♦] vi. 散离,释放NOTES TO THE TEXT1. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel occurs with oxygen(usually air) in a combustion chamber.内燃机是一种由燃料和氧气(通常是空气)在燃烧室中燃烧而产生动力的发动机。

Unit2 翻译

Unit2 翻译

Unit2By Fuel System(燃油系统)汽油发动机和柴油发动机被使用。

在汽油发动机中,空气燃料混合物在发动机中被分解。

柴油发动机采用柴油。

它产生高功率低速度。

燃料效率比汽油发动机的更好。

By Cylinder Arrangement(直列气缸排列)大多数汽车有多个气缸。

四,六,八汽缸是常见使用的。

在多气缸发动机中,汽缸通常设置在以下三种方式之一:直列,V型或扁平(图2.2)。

如今气缸的数量不断增长,汽缸也可以设置为W型。

By Cooling System(冷却系统)液冷发动机和风冷发动机正在被使用。

在发动机行业,液冷发动机是最常见的。

也有其他的方法来对发动机进行分类。

尽管这些分类的,在发动机的结构基本上是相同的。

Cylinder Block(气缸体)发动机的核心是缸,在气缸内与活塞上下移动。

Crankshaft and Connecting Rod Mechanism(曲轴和连杆机构)连杆连接活塞到曲轴。

它可以在两端旋转,使得其角度可以作为活塞移动和曲轴转动变化。

Valve Mechanism(气门机构)气门机构是一组部件在气缸盖在适当的时间内打开、关闭进气阀和排气阀。

阀齿轮的主要功能是提供及时入场的新鲜充入缸和从他们用过的气体的排出。

Fuel Supply System(燃油系统)燃料系统给发动机供给燃料。

它还具有调节燃料供给量的功能。

燃料系统中的柴油和汽油发动机是不同的。

Lubrication System(润滑系统)润滑系统使用油泵为整个发动机的内部连续提供机油。

该系统减少了部件之间的摩擦,并形成油膜。

如果发动机运行无油,摩擦可能会导致运行不畅,或造成更大的灾难。

除了润滑,需要对发动机油冷却和清洗发动机。

Cooling System(冷却系统)冷却系统调节发动机温度到最佳水平(80℃至90℃的水温),在所有工作条件下整个发动机通过循环冷却液,并在一年中的所有季节。

冷却风扇冷却散热器和水泵的冷却剂循环通过所述气缸盖和气缸体冷却剂。

汽车专业英语翻译综合

汽车专业英语翻译综合

第一章汽车总论1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must worktogether. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。

P1现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类:车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。

2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: thisobtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3发动机作为动力设备,常见的类型是内燃机,其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。

汽车专业英语 2 Internal combustion engine

汽车专业英语 2 Internal combustion engine

2.3 Piston, Connecting rod and Crankshaft
Piston ring 活塞环
Piston pin 活塞销
Connecting rod 连杆
Shell bearing 轴瓦
Cap 连杆盖
Piston (crown\skirt) 活塞(头部\裙部)
Small-end 连杆小头 Big-end 连杆大头 Flywheel 飞轮
点火系
• Starting system
起动系
• Lubrication system 润滑系
• Exhaust system
排气系统
2.2 Engine block and cylinder head
The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.
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第二章内燃机2.1 工作原理使用煤气作燃料、成功地以四冲程工作循环进行工作的最早的内燃机由尼古拉斯·奥古斯特·奥托于1876年研制成功。

奥托是一位在道依茨公司(许多年来,一直是世界上最大的内燃机制造商)工作的自学成才的德国工程师。

奥托的助手之一戈特利布·戴姆勒后来研制成功了一台使用汽油的发动机,1885年的4315号专利对该发动机进行了描述。

戴姆勒首次将这种发动机用于汽车上。

汽油机将空气与汽油的可燃混合气吸入气缸,当这些混合气得到压缩后,通过一个定时的火花将可燃混合气点燃。

因此,这样的发动机有时也被称为点燃式(S.I.)发动机。

为了完成一个工作循环,这些发动机的活塞需要走过四个行程:离开气缸盖向外运动,从而吸入空气与燃油的进气行程;向里朝向气缸盖运动,从而使混合气得到压缩的压缩行程;向外运动的做功行程以及向里的排气行程。

进气行程。

进气门开启,排气门关闭。

活塞下行,离开气缸盖(见图2-1a)。

活塞沿着气缸的快速运动导致了压力降低或叫做低压。

在该行程完成三分之一时,此低压会达到低于大气压力约0.3巴的最大值。

实际上产生的低压将取决于发动机的转速和负荷,而一个典型的平均值为低于大气压力0.12巴。

这个低压会将按照10~17份空气与1份汽油的比例(重量比)进行混合的新鲜空气与雾化汽油的混合物吸入气缸。

一种利用缸内低压来实现进气的发动机被称为“通常进气”或“自然吸气”式发动机。

压缩行程。

进、排气门都关闭。

活塞开始上行,朝向气缸盖运动(见图2-1b)。

在活塞达到最内的位置时,进入气缸的混合气会被压缩到原始气缸容积的1/8~1/10。

这种压缩使空气和雾化的汽油分子会靠的更近,并且不仅提高了缸内气体压力,而且还提高了温度。

一般,在节气门全开、发动机运转在大负荷下,最大的气缸压缩压力范围在8~14巴之间。

做功行程。

进、排气门全关闭,并且就在活塞到达压缩行程的上止点之前,火花塞将浓可燃混合气点燃(见图2-1c)。

到活塞到达其行程的最内的位置时,混合气已经开始燃烧,产生热量,并在气体作用力超过活塞运动阻力之前,使缸内压力迅速提高。

然后,燃烧气体膨胀,从而改变了活塞的运动方向,推动活塞朝向最外位置移动。

缸内压力从全负荷时的大约60巴的最大压力逐渐下降,接近活塞运动的最外位置时压力约为4巴。

排气行程。

在做功行程终了时,进气门保持关闭,而排气门开启。

活塞改变其运动方向,从最外位置移向最内的位置(见图2-1d)。

废气依靠残余压力能自行排出,返回的活塞将推动剩余废气,使其经过排气门排到大气中。

2.2 发动机的分类今天的汽车发动机可以按照下列结构特点以不同的方式进行分类:·按照工作循环进行分类。

可分为二冲程和四冲程两种。

四冲程发动机广泛用于道路车辆。

然而,某些老车型已经使用二冲程发动机,并且某些未来汽车也将使用二冲程发动机。

·按照气缸数目进行分类。

目前的发动机设计有3、4、5、6、8、10和12缸发动机。

·按照气缸布置进行分类。

可分为水平对置式、直列式和V型。

另有一些更加复杂结构型式也已经得到应用,见图2-2。

·按照配气机构的型式进行分类。

发动机的配气机构或为顶置凸轮轴(OHC)式,或为下置凸轮轴顶置气门式(OHV)。

有些发动机进气门与排气门使用各自独立的凸轮轴。

这些发动机以OHC型式为基础,因而被称为双顶置凸轮轴(DOHC)发动机(见图2-3)。

因此,DOHC V型发动机具有四根凸轮轴,每侧两根。

图2-1 四冲程循环汽油机A)进气行程B)压缩行程C)做功行程D)排气行程·按照混合气点燃方式进行分类。

有两种点燃方式:点燃与压燃。

汽油机使用点火系统,因而属于点燃式发动机。

在点燃式发动机中,空气燃油混合气通过电火花来点燃。

柴油机即压燃式发动机没有火花塞。

汽车柴油机利用空气被压缩期间所产生的热量,来点燃空气燃油混合气。

·按照冷却方式进行分类。

可以将目前使用的发动机分为风冷式和水冷式。

几乎今天所有的发动机都采用水冷。

·按照所用的燃料进行分类。

汽车发动机目前所用的燃料有多种类型,其中包括汽油、天然气、甲醇、柴油和丙烷。

虽然某些新型燃料正在试验中,但汽油仍是最常用的燃料。

图2-2 各种气缸布置型式图2-3 顶置凸轮轴(OHC)(a图)和顶置气门(OHV)(b图)发动机2.3 气缸体与气缸盖2.3.1 气缸体气缸体是一台发动机上安装所有零部件的刚性金属基础件(见图2-4)。

气缸体内由气缸,气缸体还用来支撑曲轴和凸轮轴。

附件和离合器壳都用螺栓连接在气缸体上。

气缸体或用铸铁制造或用铝制造。

气缸是在气缸体上加工成形的圆孔。

气缸对活塞的起导向作用,并用作完成混合气吸入、压缩、点燃和废气排出的场所。

气缸可用钢或铸铁制成,到目前为止,铸铁仍是最流行的汽缸材料。

当希望在铝质气缸体上有钢质的气缸时,这些气缸就会以气缸套(圆形管状衬套)的形式安装在气缸体上。

这些缸套或铸入或压入气缸体上。

有些发动机采用可拆卸式缸套。

当气缸磨损后,将旧缸套拉出,再压入新缸套。

图2-4 气缸体、气缸盖和凸轮轴2.3.2 气缸盖气缸盖固定在气缸体的顶部(见图2-4),其下侧与活塞顶一起构成燃烧室。

轻型货车的直列式发动机的所有气缸共用一个气缸盖,大型直列式发动机可以采用两个或更多的气缸盖。

与气缸体一样,气缸盖可以用铸铁或铝合金制造。

2.4 活塞、连杆与曲轴2.4.1 活塞与连杆为了产生真空,将含油混合气吸入气缸,活塞必须从气缸中向下运动。

然后,在向上运动,对吸入的混合气进行压缩。

在混合气被点燃之后,气体膨胀的压力作用于活塞顶部,以强大的推力推动活塞在气缸内向下运动,从而将气体膨胀的能量传递给曲轴。

然后,活塞再在气缸内向上运动,将燃烧后的废气排出气缸。

活塞通常用铝制成。

铝活塞常常镀锡,以便在发动机投入使用之后,能进行适当的磨合。

铝活塞可以用锻造制造,但是更常使用铸造。

对于低速发动机活塞,铸铁是一种很好的材料。

它具有优异的耐磨特性,并会提供良好的性能。

顾名思义,连杆用于连接活塞和曲轴(见图2-5)。

连杆的上端孔,活塞销从此孔中穿过。

连杆大端的底部必须移走,这样才能使连杆安装在曲轴轴颈上(见图2-6)。

这个被移走的部分叫做连杆盖。

连杆通常用合金钢制造。

制造时,先经锤锻,再进行机械加工。

2.4.2 曲轴发动机曲轴(见图2-7)提供一个恒定的旋转力给车轮。

曲轴上具有连接连杆所用的曲柄,曲轴的作用是将活塞的往复运动转变成驱动车轮的旋转运动。

曲轴借助一系列的主轴承保持在一定的位置上。

一根曲轴的主轴颈最大数目比气缸数大1。

主轴颈数目还可以小于缸数。

多数发动机都使用结构与连杆轴承相同的精密镶嵌轴承作主轴承,但是,它们的尺寸较大。

有一个主轴承除了支承曲轴外,还要控制曲轴的前后运动。

图2-5 活塞、连杆与曲轴图2-6 连杆图2-7 曲轴2.5 配气机构凸轮轴必须以曲轴一半转速旋转。

凸轮轴与曲轴相连有三种方式:带传动、链传动和齿轮传动。

配气机构的主要组成有:凸轮轴。

凸轮轴用于打开和关闭气门。

在大多数发动机上一般只有一根凸轮轴。

新型的发动机上越来越多地装有两根甚至更多的凸轮轴(见图2-8)。

气门。

通常,发动机的每个气缸有两个气门。

然而,现代发动机经常使用每缸四气门结构(每缸两个进气门和两个排气门)。

为了防止气门烧坏,气门必须将所吸收的热量传给气门座和传给气门导管。

气门必须与气门座保持良好接触,并且必须在气门导管内保持最小的间隙。

气门挺杆。

机械式气门挺杆曾用于老式发动机上。

大多数带有机械挺杆的配气机构都有某种调节气门间隙的装置。

液力式气门挺杆的作用与机械式气门挺杆相同。

然而,液力挺杆具有间隙自行调节功能,工作中无挺杆-摇臂间隙,并且利用具有压力的发动机油来工作。

液力挺杆工作噪声小。

图2-8 由同步齿形带驱动的双顶置凸轮轴(DOHC)2.6 汽油机电子控制燃油喷射系统2.6.1 间歇式燃油喷射系统的类型在电子控制燃油喷射系统中,喷油器靠电信号来开启和关闭。

这种系统就是间歇式燃油喷射系统。

间歇式燃油喷射系统通常采用电子控制。

尽管在各种间歇式燃油喷射系统之间存在许多设计差异,但它们的工作原理极为相似。

节气门体喷射系统(见图2-9左图)使用了装有一只或两只喷油器的一个燃油喷射总成。

该总成安装在进气歧管的入口处,并将燃油喷射在节气门的前面。

这些系统也叫做单点喷射(SPI)系统或叫做中央喷射系统。

多点喷射(MPI)系统(见图2-9右图)在发动机进气道处靠近进气门的位置为发动机输送燃油。

图2-9 单点喷射(左图)和多点喷射(右图)系统2.6.2 间歇式燃油喷射系统零件典型的间歇式燃油喷射系统(见图2-10)可分为三个子系统:空气供给系统。

该系统由空气滤清器、节气门体和进气歧管组成(见图2-10)。

节气门体部分内含节气门,驾驶员通过打开和关闭节气门来控制进入到进入进气歧管的空气量。

燃油供给系统。

该系统(见图2-10)的作用是提供与空气混合所需要的燃油。

该系统的主要组成部件见图2-11和图2-12。

系统的压力由电动燃油泵提供。

图2-10 一种典型的间歇式燃油喷射系统图2-11 燃油供给系统(a)(b)图2-12 一辆汽车的燃油供给系统电子控制系统。

只要发动机运转,计算机便会接收来自多个传感器的信号(见图2-13)。

根据这些输入信息,计算机计算发动机的燃油需求量,并对喷油器的喷油脉宽进行相应调节。

除了控制喷油器外,现代计算机还控制着许多其他的发动机系统(见图2-10)。

图2-13 发动机电子控制系统传感器用于监测发动机的各种功能,并将这些信息提供给计算机。

传感器的数目和型式因系统而异。

氧传感器监测发动机排气中的氧含量。

计算机利用来自氧传感器的信号来控制空燃比。

氧传感器一般安装在排气歧管上。

发动机转速传感器监测发动机转速。

许多转速传感器安装在分电器内。

在另外一些系统中,发动机转速传感器的安装位置能使该传感器监测到曲轴或者凸轮轴的转动。

这些转速传感器还能指示曲轴和凸轮轴的位置,这样在进气门开启之前,计算机就能打开喷油器。

节气门位置信息通过节气门位置传感器传送给计算机。

节气门位置传感器安装在节气门体上。

通过进气歧管绝对压力传感器可将发动机负荷信号传送给计算机。

该传感器能将进气歧管真空转变成一个微弱的电信号。

当发动机在大负荷,需要加浓混合气时,这个输入信号能使计算机增加喷油量;当发动机在小负荷时,能减小喷油量。

每个燃油喷射系统都装有一只温度传感器,来测量发动机冷却液温度。

许多燃油喷射系统还装有另一只传感器,来测量进气温度。

一些新型的燃油喷射系统利用一只空气流量计(见图2-10)来监测进入发动机的空气量。

计算机接收这个输入信号,并将其与发动机转速信号和进气歧管真空度信号进行比较,从而确定喷油量。

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