高中英语动词的时态和语态学案及专题训练
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高中英语动词的时态和语态专题训练题
【网络构建】
动词时态与语态是两个非常重要的语法范畴,构成了英语语法的基本框架。因此时态与语态也是高考中出现频率最高的语法项目。英语有十六种时态,但常考的主要有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时及完成进行时等。语态一般不单独设题,通常结合时态进行综合考查。
(一)时态概念
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生的时间的各种形式。英语中有十六种动词时态形式,
(二)时态的运用
1.现在时等表示将来时
【重点提示】用现在时表示将来时往往出现在以下状语从句中:if , unless , even if 等引导的条件状语从句;when , before ; after ; once ; until ; till ; as soon as ; (the moment ;immediately )等引导的时间状语从句;no matter what/ who/ which/ when/ where/ how 或whatever/ whoever/ whenever/ wherever/ however/ whichever引导的让步状语从句。
在上述从句中如果主句是将来时(往往出现will , shall , can , must 等情态动词或祈使句),从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。如:
I’ll not go to his birthday party unless I’m invited.
Tell him the news as soon as he comes back .
有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作(句中带有时间状语),但限于少数动词如begin , come , leave, go arrive , start , stop , return , open , close等。如:
The meeting begins at seven .
The train starts at nine in the morning .
当主句是过去将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。如:
He said he would go for a holiday when he finished his work.
上述从句中还用现在完成时表示将来完成时,此时强调从句动作在主句之前发生。如:
You can’t go out until you have finished your homework .(先完成作业再出去玩。)
2.过去时在语境中的运用
【重点提示】在没有明确时间状语的情况下,考生对过去时的判定往往会失误,原因是只凭汉语直译而不看语境。语境中的过去时往往表示“刚才、刚刚”之意,暗示现在已“不再这样”。如:
I never thought he would do that .
3.现在完成时与一般过去时
【重点提示】考生很容易将现在完成时误用为一般过去时,原因是没有深刻领会“现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响”这句话的含义。一般过去时仅仅说明动作在过去,不强调对现在的影响。如:
---Where have you put the recorder? I can’t find it anywhere!
---I put it right here , but now it’s gone .
问句用现在完成时,表明说话者在找录音机,希望对方告诉他录音机在哪里。而答语用过去时,因为“录音机已经不见了”。“刚才”把录音机放这儿与“现在不见了”没有直接关系。
4.某些固定的句式中的时态
【重点提示】在某些固定的句式中,其时态是固定的、约定俗成的。
1)This / It is / will be the first / second ---time +that 从句一般用现在完成时,若主句be动词用was ,则that 从句用过去完成时。如:
This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
2)It is / has been + 一段时间+since 从句。Since 从句中一般用过去时,如果将前边的is 改成was ,则since 从句中用过去完成时。如:
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time .
3) be about to do ---when ---意为“即将------(这时)突然------”。如:
I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
4) be (was / were ) doing--- when ---意为“正在干------(这时)突然------”。如:
They were playing football when Jack shouted in pain .
5) Hardly had ---done ---when--- ; No sooner had --- done ---than---
when 和than 从句里也用过去时,表示“刚刚------就------”。如:
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down .
No sooner had the villagers left the burning building than it fell down into pieces .
6) It + be +一段时间+before 从句
该句式分两种情况:若主句用将来时,则从句用一般现在时表将来时,意为多长时间以后即将发生某事;若主句用过去时,从句也用过去时,意为多长时间后发生了某事。如:
It wont’ be long before he succeeds.(=He will soon succeed.)
It was ten years before they met again .(=They met again ten years later.)
5.现在完成进行时
【重点提示】现在完成进行时主要表示动作开始于过去某时,一直持续到现在,当然中间动作有时并非无停顿。事实上现在完成进行时除了表示动作“已完成”的概念外,也可以表示动作“未完成”概念,一般可换用,但口语中更倾向于用现在完成进行时。如:
He has taught English for 10 years.
也可说成: He has been teaching English for 10 years .
下列最好用现在完成进行时,因为带有一定的感情色彩。如:
Where have you been ? I’ve been telephoning you the whole morning !
He’s been talking to me since this morning .
6.非延续性(终止性)动词怎样表示一段时间
【重点提示】非延续性动词有mary , die , close , arrive , post , come , fall , leave, go , break , give , join , jump , receive, buy , borrow , become , start , begin , graduate等。这些非延续性动词如果用于现在完成时,不能与表示一段时间的时间状语for ---, since ---连用。如:
可以说:I have bought an Audi car.
不可以说:I have bought an Audi car for a year.
如果要表示一段时间,句中不能用终止性动词,一定要用相应的延续性动词。如:
I have had an Audi car for a year.
也可以用以下方式:
I bought an Audi car a year ago .
It’s / has been a year since I bought an Audi car.
二、语态
当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由be动词+动词过去分词构成,时态通过be 的变化形式来体现。如:
The bridge is being built now .
He was asked a lot of questions at the meeting .