英语词汇学教程课件第10章English Lexicology 10上
现代英语词汇学概论.ppt
make sure
run short of
keep after (反复提醒）
get at （批评）
move in on （准备）攻击；影响
sit down under (忍受）
make do with (凑合着用）
poke one’s nose into (探听，干涉）
make a clean breast of (和盘托出）
界)
Animal Crackers
It’s raining _c_a_ts_ and dogs!
I’ve got a _f_ro_g____ in my throat.我得
了咽喉炎。
Those are just _c_ro_c_o_d_il_e_tears.
He’s taken the _li_o_n_‘s_ share.
V. Use of idioms
In order to use the idioms appropriatehe following features of idioms:
3. Semantic opacity 语义的不透明性
Idioms are usually semantically opaque,ie.metaphorical rather than literal.
a feather in sb's cap "an honour, success, of which one can be proud"
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
词汇学课件
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Eg.
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An example
girl n. 女孩, 姑娘, 未婚女子 女儿 女仆, 保姆 (商店的)女工作人员 [口]情人, 女友 [作定语]女... [口]女人(不拘年龄)
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Usage
a slip of a girl 毛头姑娘, 黄毛丫头; 瘦小的小姑娘 old girl 老太婆(对妇女的昵称或蔑称, 不论年纪大 小); 老伴(对妻子的昵称) [英]女子学校的毕业生或 校友, 女毕业生 老伙计(用在母畜身上, 特别是母 马) one's best girl 恋人, 钟情的姑娘
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Early Modern English (1500-1800) the Hundred Years’ War, the rise of an important middle class, the Renaissance (15th to 17th), the development of England as a maritime power, the expansion of the British Empire
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Language Families and Languages p.186
protolanguage: the common ancestor of a language family What is its “ancestor”? What language family does English belong to?
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Proto-Indo-European The Indo-European family Armenian (Caucasus mountains), Celtic (corners of France and the British Isles), Germanic(northern Europe), Slavic(Eastern Europe, the Balkan, Central Europe, northern part of Asia)
10英语词汇学(第十讲)
2))
A. 创造一些原本根本不存在的新词(invention)，如： 一种具有刺激性吸引力的人开始被人们称之为 pizzazz(时髦派头的人)｡早期的殖民者创造的词汇也 不少,如bellhop(俱乐部男侍),debunk(结露真相 ),blurb(说明),cahoots(共谋),skyscraper(摩天大楼)｡由 于科技的发展,一系列科学理论词汇也相继诞生,如： black hole (黑洞),cinerama(全景电影),duplication(录 像机),space walk(太空行走)｡最近,中国太空人的出现 也使美语又有了一个新词, taikonaut (太空人)以示区 别astronaut(宇航员)｡
B. 在旧词的基础上,自由地运用词缀 (affixation),或者运用合成法(blending)和逆生 法(backformation)来创造新词，如： debug(寻找并除去导致错误的原因),defog(除 雾),defrost(除霜),racist(种族主义者),smog(烟 雾)来自于smoke(烟)和fog(雾), medicare (医 疗照顾)是由medical和care混合而成的 ,brunch(早午餐)是由breakfast和lunch的混合 体｡
mad用作angry讲,如: He was mad about losing the chance (丢掉这次机会他气得要命) 这一用法在莎士比亚时期人们频繁地使用; railroad作railway,18世纪的英国只有木轨 (wooden rails)作铁路运输时使用的词汇,19世 纪时就已经被railway取代,美语却保留至今｡ 另外还有,sick (ill), collide, dead right/wrong, hitchhike, sidewalk (pavement)
Lexicology 词汇学
2-1-4 The Division of the History of the English Language inflection (chiefly British also inflexion) noun Grammar a change in the form of a word (typically the ending) to express a grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case, and gender.
approve/pass/veto a bill / exercise/use your veto] area, genius, codex [an ancient book written by hand] 2. Words of Greek origin, but came in through Latin chaos [complete/utter/absolute etc chaos], system, crisis, emphasis 3. Words of Greek origin: catastrophe [prevent/avert a catastrophe: Sudan requires food immediately to avert a humanitarian catastrophe.], lexicon, criterion, anonymous [anonymous donor/benefactor; anonymous phone call/letter etc], myth, gymnastics, tragedy, prologue
In 1150 Bernard of Clairvaux 著名的修士 圣伯尔纳 claimed that "Hell is full of good intentions or desires," meaning that a person's deeds do not necessarily reflect his or her intentions. The idea of the road to hell being "paved" with good intentions wasn't used until Samuel Johnson spoke of it in 1775.
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解English lexicology英语词汇学Chapter1 basic concepts of words and vocabularyClassification of wordsChapter2 the development of the english vocabularyModes of vocabulary development 1150Chapter 3 word formationMorphemes , allomorphsChapter 4 word formation21.Affixation, prefixation suffixation ,/doc/214202390.html,pounding (characteristics formation )3.Conversion , blending , clipping , acronymy4.Initialisms , acronyms5.Back-formation , words from proper namesChapter5 word meaning1.The meanings of ‘meaning’2.Reference ,concept ,sense3.Motivation(onomatopoeic,morphological ,semantic , etymological)4.Types of meaning < grammatical , lexical , conceptual , associative> Chapter 6 sense relations and semantic field Polysemy , homonymy , synonymy , antonymyChapter 7 changes in word meaningExtension , narrowing , elevation , degradationChapter 8 meaning and context1.Types of context (extra-linguistic, linguistic)2.Role of contexta.elimination of ambiguityb.indication of referencec.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaningChapter9 english idioms1.Classification of idioms(nominal , adjectival , verbal , adverbial )2.sentence and useChapter 10 english DictionariesTypes of dictionary , three good Dictionarya.Longman dictionary of contemporaryb.Collins COBUILD english Dictionaryc. A Chinese-english DictionaryUnit 1Methods of study ,there are generally two approaches to the study of words ,namely synchronic and diachronicAims and significance of the courseLanguage study involves the study of speech sounds ,grammar and vocabulary .vocabulary has proved particularly important and certainly the most difficult .Willkins asserts ‘without grammar very little can beconveyed ,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed’ A good knowledge of morphological structure of english words and rules of word-formation will help learners develope their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power.V ocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary .The term vocabulary is used in different senses1.It can refers to the total number of the words in a language2.It can stands for all the words used in a particular historical period3.Also used to all the words of a given dialectClassification of wordsWords may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency ,into content words and function words by notion ,and into native words and borrowed words by originBasic word stock have characteristics1.All national character2.Stability3.Productivity4.Polysemy5.Collocability6 Neutral in style7 Frequent in useWords void (lack)of the stated characters ,do not belong to the common core of the language ,they include the following: Terminology 术语，专有名词JargonSlang 俚语，黑话ArgotDialectal wordsArchaismsNeologismsContent words(=notional words) and function words (=empty words) Native words and borrowed wordsApart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock ,in contrast to borrowed words ,native words have two other features Neutral in styleFrequent in useBorrowing words :words taken over from foreign languagesare known as borrowed words and loan words or borrowings in simple terms Loan words under four classesDenizens 同化词Aliens 异化词Translation-loans 译借词Semantic-loans 借意词The Indo-European language familyWhich can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar ,theIndo-Europe is one of them .it is thought to be a highly inflected language They accordingly fall into eight principle groups ,which can be grouped into an Eastern set : Balto-slavic, Indo-Iranian, American and Albanian; a Western set; Celtic , Italic, Hellenic,GermanicA historical overview of the english vocabularyThe first people known to inhabit the land were CeltsThe second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions450- < old > -1150-（Middle）-1500- -NOWModes of vocabulary developmentWe can concluded that modern english vocabulary develops through three channels < > creation , semantic change , borrowing Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials namely roots ,affixes and other elementsSemantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new needBorrowing has palyed a vital role in the development ofvocabulary ,particularly in earlier timesMorphemes :minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes,in other words ,th e morphemes is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words ’Chapter 5Word meaningWords are but symbols , many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference .1.reference is the relationship between language and the word .The reference a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary <随意的>and conventional <传统的>2.Concept<概念>=notionIn many cases meaning is used in the sense of ‘concept ’meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical3.Sense :generally speaking ,the meaning of ‘meaning’is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’ . ‘sense’denotes the relationships inside the language.Motivation <理据>Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaningOnomatopoeic motivation 拟声的理据Morphological motivation 形态的理据Semantic motivation 语义<联想>的理据Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a wordEtymological motivation 词源的理据The meaning if many words often related directly to their origins, Types of meaninga.Grammatical meaning an Lexical meaning语法和词汇意义b.Conceptual meaning and associative meaning 概念和联想意义Chapter 6The subjects that have long held the interest and attention ofsemanticists are ,polysemy 多义的, homonymy , synonymy , antonymy , and hyponymyTwo approaches to polysemyDiachronic approach and synchronic approachThe meanings were acquired by extension ,narrowing ,analogy ,transfer The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses,traditionally known as radiation and concatenation HomonymyBased on the degree of similarity ,homonyms fall into three classes:perfect homonyms ,homographs and homophones1.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling but different meaning .Bank n. The edge of the river ,lakeBank n . An establishment for money businessBear n. A large heavy animalBear v. To put up withDate n. A kind of fruitDate n. A boy or a girl friend2.Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaningBow n. Bending the head as a greetingBow n. The device used for shooting arrowsSow v. To scatter seedsSow n. Female adult pig3.Homophones are words identical only in sound butdifferent in spelling and meaningDear n. A loved personDeer n.a kind of animalRight a. correctWrite v.to put down on paper with a penRite n. Ceremonial procedureSon n. A male child of someoneSun n. The heavenly body from which the earth gets warmth and light Of three types ,homophones constitute the largest number and are most commonOrigins of homonymsChange in sound and spellingBorrowingShortingAs homonyms are identical in sound or spelling ,particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns<双关>for desired effect of ,say, humor,sarcasm or ridicule<嘲弄> On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey <折磨>on you So-called pious<虔诚的>gentleman and ladies 善男信女The sardonic tone is unmistakable 讽刺的语气是不言而喻的SynonymySynonymy is one of the characteristic features of vocabulary of natural languagesTypes of synonyms1. Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects,both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning ,including conceptual and associative meanings2. Relative synonymy also called near-synonyms are similaror nearly the same in denotation,but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of given quality.For example .to change a thing is to put another thing in its place ;to altera thing is to alter it in different manner and at different times .’A man change his habits ,alters his conduct ,and varies his manner of speaking’Look at stagger /reel/totter.stagger implies unsteady movement characters by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course . Stagger under a heavy load ;reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling .Silent沉默的，无言的，寂静的/ tacit , shine闪耀，发光/ glitter 华丽夺目，炫耀/sparkle闪耀，活跃，焕发活力和才智/glare强光，瞪眼，炫耀, different/ various, idle空闲的，懒惰的，无意义的/lazy/indolent , strange奇怪的/odd 古怪的/ queer,古怪的，可疑的large / huge庞大的/tremendous极大的，巨大的，惊人的，极好的/colossal Sources of synonyms1.BorrowingAs a result of the borrowing ,words of native origin form many couplets and triplets with those from other language2.Dialects and regional english3.Figurative an euphemistic4.Coincidence with idiomatic expressionsDiscrimination of synonymsThe differences between synonyms boil down to three areas: denotation , connotation ,and application1.Difference in denotation .‘I did not comprehend his arguments ,although i understood the language , and all the sentences’A lump of sugar一块糖, a slice of meat一片肉, a chunk ofwood , a sheet of paper A cake of soapTypes of antonyms1.Contradictory termsThe assertion of one is the denial of the otherAnother distinctive feature of this category <类型>is that such antonyms are non-gradable2.Contrary terms3.Relative termsHolds water <站得住脚的>Characters of antonyms1.Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.words denoting nature, quality or state of things have many antonyms2.A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3.Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion .pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively4.Contrary terms are gradable antonymsDestitute / opulent dull / livelyHyponymyHyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.That is the meaning of more specific word word is included in that of another more general word .For instance ,tulip and rose are hyponyms of flowerSuperordinate termsHammer , saw , screwdriver ,spanner, plaice, cod , herring ,sole Semantic field <领域>The massive word store of a language like english an be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas.An integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense 语义相互关联It is general belief that.....Personal address system 个人称呼KinshipTypes of changesWord-meaning changes by modes ofExtension< 扩展>,narrowing<缩小> ,degradation< 降格>,elevation< 升格>,and transferCauses of changes: it is in response to some needExtra-linguistic factors1.Historical reason2.Class reason3.Psychological 心理学的，精神上的reasonThe role of context <语境>1.Elimination of ambiguity <消除歧义>2.Indication of referents <限定所指>3.Provision of clues for inferring word -meaning <为猜测词义提供线索>①Definition②Explanation③Example④S ynonymy⑤Antonymy⑥Hyponymy⑦Relevant details⑧Word structureChapter 9Idioms consists of set phrases and short sentences ,which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas .therefore, idioms are colorful ,forcible andthought-provoking.For example ,fly off the handle (become excessively angry) and put up with ( tolerate)In a board sense ,idioms may included colloquialisms ,slang experience, proverbs .Character of Idioms1.Semantic unityBeing phases or sentences ,idioms each consist of more than one word ,but each is a semantic unity. Idiom have their respective literal meanings .for instance, till the cows come home Keep in mind take offto no avail like a breeze2.Structural stability 结构稳定First the constituents of idioms cannot be replacedLip service <support only="" in="" words="" ,not="" fact="" bdsfid="283"> is not to be changed into mouth service . Kick the bucket bury the hatchet。
english lexicology (英语词汇学)
The Ger Germanic language that remained after the East Germanic split off developed into two new groups, North Germanic and West Germanic. The West Germanic group includes English. The North Germanic branch includes Viking Norse, which developed into Old Norse and eventually into modern Scandinavian languages such as Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish.
The Indo-European Family
Linguists have divided the Indo-European languages into several groups, or branches. For example, the Italic branch includes Latin and its descendants the Romance (‘originating in Rome’) Languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian), as well as other extinct languages. Other groups important in the history of English include Celtic (e.g., Welsh, Irish, and Scots Gaelic), Hellenic (Greek), etc.
Lecture10-《英语词汇学》第10章教案
Lecture10-《英语词汇学》第10章教案Lecture 10讲授题⽬：Word Meaning and Context所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第10章计划学时：2 periods教学⽅法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学⽬的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学⽣应对词义与语境，语境的种类和语境的作⽤有较好学习掌握。
教学重点：1) Types of context;2) The role of context.教学难点：The role of context.As most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in context. Context is very important for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the linguistic context, and in many cases by the whole speech situation as well.When a writer or speaker uses a word, she makes it ‘mean just what he chooses it to mean —neither more or less’. Without context, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker intended to convey; whereas with context there is generally no danger of misinterpretation, for meaning lives in context and the context defines the meaning.由于词义受语境的影响较⼤，语境在词义的理解上起到很⼤作⽤。
英语词汇学chapter
The basic vocabulary is consistently updated and expanded as new words and expressions enter the language through changes in culture, technology, and society
• The Changes and Development of English Vocabulary
目录
• Introduction to English Lexicology
• The Composition of English Vocabulary
• The semantic relationship of English vocabulary
Middle stage: During the Middle Ages, schools begin to pay attention to the morphology and semantic changes of words, and compiled a large number of dictionaries and glossaries
Characteristics
English Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the dynamics and complex nature of vocabulary It involves the study of word formation processes, semantic changes, and the use of words in context
Modern stage: With the development of linguistics in the 19th century, scholars have been systematically studying the structure and function of the English vocabulary from a linguistic perspective Since then, English Lexicology has gradually become an independent discipline
English Lexicology (Introduction) 英语词汇学 教学课件
Its Relation to other Disciplines IV
Stylistics:
Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic element in a particular context for special effects, including lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology.
Lexicology focuses on the lexical level, dealing with the types of meaning and sense relations such as :Polysemy, homonymy synonymy, Antonymy, hyponymy, and semantic field, which constitute an important part of lexicology
lexicology: the form , meaning , origins and usage of words. They have pragmatic differences. A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used to so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference . While the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.
英语词汇学 ppt课件
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Chapter 1 A Brief Survey
of the English Language
Definition of Word Bloomfield: some linguistic forms, which we call bound forms are never used as sentences.
Vocabulary（口语化）, lexis（两者 之间）, lexicon（学术味） (词汇)
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1011学年第二学期词汇学试题类型 I. Explain the following terms. (20 points)
II. Complete the following statements or passages with
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1) OE Dialects 方言
West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语
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2) OE Vocabulary 词汇
Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -
8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?
9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.
10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?
English Lexicology 英语词汇学简图
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ English Lexicology 英语词汇学简图Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3)a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1. 2. 3.4. No enough letters: alphabet from latin Pronunciation changed more rapidly Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling all national character 全民性stability 稳定性productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性terminology 术语jargon 行话slang 俚语argon 黑话dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类by use frequency 按使用频率分：basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇basic word stock 基本词汇1/ 28obvious characteristics 明显的特点nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词neutral in style文体上中性by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词frequent in use 使用频繁denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词semantic-loans 借义词---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Chapter 2 DevelopmentIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. Prussian 普鲁士语 Lithuanian 立陶宛语 Polish 波兰语 Czech 捷克语Bulgarian 保加利亚语 Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语 Russian 俄语Persian 波斯语 Bengali 孟加拉国语 Hindi 印地语 Romany 普吉赛语Balto-Slavic波罗的海-斯拉夫语Eastern set：东部诸语族：Indo-Iranian印度-伊朗语Armenian 2.1 Indo-European 印欧语亚美尼亚语Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语 Celtic 凯尔特语Italic Western set：西部诸语族：意大利语Scottish 苏格兰语 Irish 爱尔兰语Welsh 威尔士语Breton 布里多尼语Portuguese 葡萄牙语Spanish 西班牙语 French 法语 Italian 意大利语 Roumanian 罗马尼亚语 Norwegian 挪威语 Icelandic 冰岛语 Danish 丹麦语Swedish 瑞典语 German 德语 Dutch 荷兰语 Flemish 佛兰德语English 英语Latin 拉丁语言Hellenic 希腊语——GreekGermanic日耳曼语Scandinavian languages 斯堪的纳维亚语3/ 28Old English (450--1150) —— Anglo-Saxon 古英语盎格鲁-撒克逊语50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇 Highly inflected 高度转折 complex endings 复杂的结尾 vowel changes 元音变化 2.2 Historical review 历史概述Middle English (1150-1500) 中古英语French words 法语词汇leveled endings 水平结尾Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语Modern English (1500-up to now) 现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词no endings 无结尾Late Modern English (1700-up to the present) 晚期现代英语 from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language。
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
A: Historical perspective历史的角度
❖ Development of English and its vocabulary: ❖ 1. Old English古英语/ Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒
克逊 （449-1100） ❖ England： Celtic（凯尔特语）/ 450AD，
pagoda 宝塔 ❖ German：zinc锌 ❖ Dutch：dock ❖ Russian： vodka, tsar沙皇
❖ 2. Exploration, colonization and trade---borrow from non-European language
❖ Australian： kangaroo ❖ Arabic： sugar， alcohol ❖ Indian： coolie, khaki ❖ Hebrew希伯来语: ❖ Chinese： yamen
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
❖ The core of the language: Still English
Modern English(1500-present)
❖ 1. Renaissance: the study of the classics ❖ Latin loan words —science and abstract
英语词汇学-Unit10English-Idioms
“the last straw” from “It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back.”
Home
Structural Variations of idioms
Position-shifting
day and night = night and day
Idioms Adverbial in nature
Home
They function as adverbials in a sentence: tooth and nail （全力以赴）
We will work tooth and nail.
heart and soul（全心全意）
We will serve people heart and soul.
a. alliteration such as “part and parcel” b. rhyme such as "toil and moil”
(2) Lexical manipulation词语手段
a. Reiteration, which means the duplication of synonyms such as “pick and choose”. 同义词迭用
nominal verbal adjectival adverbial sentence
Use of idioms
Origin of idioms
Semantic unity
Home
Each idiom is a single semantic unity. The meaning of an idiom is opaque; i.e. the meaning of an idiom is not the total sum of the meaning of its constituents.
英语词汇学教程课件第10章English Lexicology 10上
Certain words are considered taboo in all societies -- they are not to be used or at least not in ‘polite company.’ Forbidden words reflect the particular customs and views of the society.
Social dialects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, sex and a number of other social parameters.
For instance, older people may still talk about the icebox and the wireless but they are unlikely to know what is totally stoked.
The technique consists of replacing a word which has offensive connotation with another expression, which makes no overt reference to the unpleasant side of the subject, and may even be a positive misnomer.
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
02 03
பைடு நூலகம்
Cultural studies
English vocabulary and cultural studies are also closely related, and the origin and development of many vocabulary are closely related to cultural backgrounds.
Functional classification
Dividing words based on their function in the presence, such as nouns, verbs, objections, or advertisements
Context classification
Etymological classification: Organizing words according to their physiological origin, such as Latinate or German words
Classification methods for English vocabulary
The Development of English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology research mainly focused on word origins and meanings, with less attention paid to the composition and changes of vocabulary.
Classifying words based on the context in which they are used, such as formal or informational language
“英语词汇学”课件7-10章剖析
Chapter 9 English Idioms
• Expressions that are not readily understandable from the literal meanings of individual elements. (set phrases and sort sentences)
• 2) help define referents • This/that, now/then, etc.
• 3) provide clues for inferring word-meaning
• example:
• Kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird-whistell.
communism.human
rights)
and
psychological
reason(garbage
collectorsanitation engineer)
2) Linguistic factors
(1)Internal factors cause the change gold medal- gold; light bulb bulb (2) Influence of alien words Deerrefers to animal, but “animal”from
2) Specialization/narrowing (缩小）
Originally, they mean: garage-安全的地方 poison- 饮料 hospital- 休息娱乐场所
3) Elevation （升格）
a. 贬义/中性义-- 褒义（或高级别） Marshall--马夫-元帅 Executive一般执行者-行政官员
《词汇学》英文版课件Chapter 1 English Lexicology--Introduction
Teaching focus:
1.1 What Is a Word
a minimal free form of a language a sound unit a unit of meaning a form that can function alone in a sentence “A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独 立运用的最小的语言单位。
Morphology studies the structures or forms of words through the use of morpheme construct Etymology studies the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Semantics studies the meanings of words and sense relations: polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonomy, hyponmy, and semantic field
• 1.2 Sound and Meaning • There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.
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Dialect
A dialect is a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language’s speakers.
Words that are taboo in one locale may be acceptable in another, and vice versa. For instance, corset, breast, shirt, leg, and woman were taboo words in America in the 19th century but not in England.
Such alternatives to unacceptable terms are known as euphemisms.
Euphemisms
Euphemism is the practice of referring to something offensive or indelicate in terms that make it sound more pleasant or becoming than it really is.
When an act is taboo, reference to this act may also become taboo. Some words may be used in certain circumstances and not in others.
Certain words are considered taboo in all societies -- they are not to be used or at least not in ‘polite company.’ Forbidden words reflect the particular customs and views of the society.
If you ask for a tonic in Boston, you will get a drink called soda or soda-pop in Los Angeles.
In addition, a freeway in Los Angeles is called a thruway in New York. A parkway in New Jersey is a motorway in England, and an expressway or turnpike in other dialect areas.
English Lexicology
Lecture Ten
Words in Use
Our speech varies between social situations.
Speakers of English can talk to each other and understand each other pretty well, but no two speak exactly alike.
Register is a form of language appropriate to a specific situation.
A register is a variety of language distinguished according to context, which consists of the field of discourse, the relations between participants, and the mode of discourse.
Taboo Words
A taboo is a strong social prohibition against words, objects, actions, or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group or community. Breaking a taboo may result in embarrassment, shame, rudeness and even legal penalties.
In conversation, people tend to use vague nouns with general content, such as stuff and thing.
Style is seen as the making of conscious and unconscious choices of certain linguistic forms and structures in preference to others.
Regional dialects may differ in the words people use for the same object.
People take a lift to the first floor in England, but an elevator to the second floor in the United States. They get five gallons of petrol (not gas) in London; in Britain a public school is ‘private’, and if a student showed up there wearing pants (‘underpants’) instead of trousers (‘pants’), he would be sent home to get dressed.
As alternatives to using taboo words we can either use medical terms or evasive terms.
For example, the acceptable alternatives to piss are urinate, pass water, relieve oneself, go to bathroom, and even cover one’s feet.
The technique consists of replacing a word which has offensive connotation with another expression, which makes no overt reference to the unpleasant side of the subject, and may even be a positiects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, sex and a number of other social parameters.
For instance, older people may still talk about the icebox and the wireless but they are unlikely to know what is totally stoked.
Different words and expressions can be used in different styles.
Going for a job interview, you may say to a secretary ‘Excuse me. Is the manager in his office? I have an appointment.’ When speaking to a friend about another friend, you may say in an informal way ‘Hey, is that lazy dog still in bed? I gotta see him about something.’
Some differences are the result of age, sex, religion, social group, context of situation, and where and when the language was learned.
Some differences can be found in word choices. The use of some words can be offensive or impolite. The speaker can choose euphemisms to replace words with offensive connotation.
The legal register is unlikely to use some of the expressions in the linguistic register.
For example, the word tone refers to ‘the interval between the first two degrees of a major scale’ in music, to ‘a musical pitch of the voice that serves to change the meaning of a word’ in linguistics, to ‘the color of a photograph’ in photography, and to ‘the state of the body with respect to the health and vigor of its functions’ in physiology.