英文西方历史文化选读
自考英美文学选读-(中英文对照)
Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
西方文化英文经典选读
西方文化英文经典选读Western Culture: Classic English ReadingsIntroductionWestern culture is rich and diverse, encompassing various aspects such as literature, philosophy, and art. This article presents a compilation of classic English readings that shed light on the essence of Western culture.1. Literature1.1 William Shakespeare - HamletConsidered one of the greatest plays in the English language, Hamlet explores profound themes of revenge, moral dilemma, and the nature of existence. Shakespeare's masterful use of language and intricate plot captivate readers and leave a lasting impact.1.2 Jane Austen - Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice is a social satire that provides a vivid portrayal of English society in the 19th century. Austen's wit and insightful commentary on marriage, love, and social class make this novel a timeless classic.1.3 George Orwell - 19841984 is a dystopian novel that depicts a totalitarian society where individualism and freedom are suppressed. Orwell's thought-provoking narrative serves as a warning against the dangers of oppressive governments and the manipulation of truth.2. Philosophy2.1 René Descartes - Meditations on First PhilosophyDescartes' Meditations is a foundational work in Western philosophy. It explores the nature of reality, the existence of God, and the relationship between the mind and body. This philosophical treatise continues to influence philosophical discourse to this day.2.2 Friedrich Nietzsche - Thus Spoke ZarathustraThus Spoke Zarathustra presents Nietzsche's ideas on the "overman" and the eternal recurrence. This philosophical novel challenges traditional values and advocates for the realization of one's true potential, emphasizing self-exploration and individualism.3. Art3.1 Leonardo da Vinci - The Last SupperRegarded as one of the greatest masterpieces of Western art, The Last Supper showcases da Vinci's exceptional skill in composition, perspective, and storytelling. This iconic depiction of Jesus and his disciples captures the solemnity and emotion of the biblical event.3.2 Vincent van Gogh - The Starry NightThe Starry Night is a mesmerizing painting that reveals van Gogh's unique artistic style and intense emotions. The swirling brushstrokes and vibrant colors convey a sense of turbulence and tranquility, making it an enduring symbol of Western art.ConclusionThese classic English readings provide a glimpse into the richness of Western culture. From Shakespeare's intricate plays to van Gogh's expressive paintings, these works have stood the test of time and continue to inspire and provoke thought. Exploring these masterpieces allows us to appreciate the depth and diversity of Western cultural heritage.Word Count: 331。
西方文化入门Roman Culture
Hadrian’s Wall
Appian Way(阿比亚古道) All roads lead to Rome.
Roman Bath（in Britain）
Marcus Aurelius (马可.奥勒留)
Seven Wonders of Ancient Rome
• • • • • • • 1. 罗马圆形斗兽场（Colosseum） 2. 圆顶罗马万神殿 (Pantheon) 3. 四通八达的罗马公路(Roman Roads) 4.卡拉卡拉皇帝的温泉浴场(Great Bath) 5.神奇的图拉真水道(Trajan Aqueduct) 6.宏伟的图拉真广场(Trajan Square) 7.王者的大竞技场(Roman Amphitheater)
Pliny the Younger
Differences between Romans and Greeks
The Romans were particularly interested in power, and much less interested in balance than the Greeks. The Romans built up a vast empire: the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities. The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectual inheritance. • But the Romans respected this inheritance and assimilated it for the artistic enrichment of their own culture.
欧美文化选读
Gothic Novels
Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto 2. Ann Radcliff: The Mysteries of Udolpho Addison, Steele (The Spectator) and Pope belonged to the school of classicism
The Victorian Age (Critical Realism)
1. 2.
Social Background
The Passage of the Poor Law Chartist Movement
Critical Realism: the critical realists described
Romanticism in England
Definition
a movement in the literature of virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to about 1870, characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature.
Lecture Ⅰ A Brief Introduction to British Literature
The Origin of English Literature
西方文化英文经典选读
西方文化英文经典选读西方文化是一个广泛而深奥的主题，英文经典选读可以帮助我们更好地了解和欣赏西方文化的精髓。
在这里，我将从不同角度介绍一些西方文化的英文经典选读，以期提供一个全面的回答。
1. 文学经典：William Shakespeare的作品，莎士比亚是英国文学史上最重要的戏剧作家之一，他的作品涵盖了各种题材和情感，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
Jane Austen的小说，奥斯汀是英国文学的代表人物，她的小说以细腻的描写和深入的人物刻画而闻名，如《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》等。
2. 哲学经典：Plato的《理想国》，这本著作探讨了正义、政治和个人幸福等重要议题，是西方哲学的里程碑之一。
Friedrich Nietzsche的《查拉图斯特拉如是说》，尼采的这本作品提出了超人理论和道德重建的思想，对西方哲学产生了深远的影响。
3. 历史经典：Edward Gibbon的《罗马帝国衰亡史》，这本巨著详细描绘了罗马帝国的兴衰历程，被认为是历史学的经典之作。
Alexis de Tocqueville的《论美国的民主》，托克维尔对美国的民主制度进行了深入研究和分析，对西方政治思想产生了广泛的影响。
4. 艺术经典：Leonardo da Vinci的《蒙娜丽莎》，这幅画作是文艺复兴时期的杰作，代表了达·芬奇的绘画风格和技巧。
Ludwig van Beethoven的《第九交响曲》，这部交响乐作品被认为是古典音乐的巅峰之作，以其壮丽的音乐和人文主题而闻名。
5. 社会科学经典：Adam Smith的《国富论》，这本经济学经典探讨了市场经济和自由放任主义的理论基础，对现代经济学有着深远的影响。
Sigmund Freud的《梦的解析》，弗洛伊德的这本著作开创了精神分析学派，对心理学和文化研究产生了重要影响。
这只是一小部分西方文化的英文经典选读，每个人对经典的理解和喜好有所不同。
希望这些推荐能为你提供一些启示，引导你深入了解和欣赏西方文化的精髓。
美国文学史及选读
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)美国文学史及选读1PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。
它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。
(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。
它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。
(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。
英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。
宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。
(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。
威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。
2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。
在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。
到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。
第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。
英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。
西方文化介绍,中世纪的西方introduction of western culture lesson3 - The Medieval West
The Catholic Church
• Means ‘universal church’ • Tradition holds it was founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st Century AD.
– Bishops: successors of Christ's 12 apostles. – Pope: successor of Saint Peter.
The End of the Roman Empire
• Emperor Diocletian
– Split the Empire into East and West in 286 AD
• 378 – Battle of Adrianople
– War was changing: Horses more important. – Most of the Roman army was defeated.
Re-introduction of Classical Culture
• Over time, Greek and Roman culture was reintroduced across the borders from the Byzantine Empire. • 10th Century: Rediscovery of Justinian Code
The Catholic Church
• Means ‘universal church’ • Tradition holds it was founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st Century AD.
– Bishops: successors of Christ's 12 apostles. – Pope: successor of Saint Peter. – Immaculate Conception: The Virgin Mary
英美文学简史及名篇选读 English Literature in the Renaissance
• Art and Archite如ct文u学re、历史、哲学和艺术。
文艺复兴时期涌现了许多艺术大师，如达·芬奇、拉斐尔、米开朗基
罗等，他们以创新的绘画技巧、逼真的人物形象和透视原理为人类艺
• Science and Expl术or史a作tio出n了重大贡献。建筑方面，文艺复兴建筑采用了古罗马和古希
像是说决不屈从於羁绊的窒碍。
Full jolly knight he seemd , and faire did sitt ,
快乐的骑士在马上英姿飒爽，
As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt .善於比武，也能在战场与敌人激烈交锋。
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
please read the general introduction (para 1-2) and find out the social background of Renaissance
The Hundred Years’ War with France (1336-1453) The War of the Roses (Lancaster vs York, 1455-1483) The discovery of America and the new sea routes (1497-1498) The Religious Reformation (1509-1547) The Enclosure Movement (16th century) The reign of King Henry VIII (1509-1547) The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603)
西方文化英文简介
单击此处添加副标题
汇 报 人 姓汇名报 日 期
LECTURES
1. 概况（West Is West） 2. 古希腊文化（The Greek Culture） 3. 罗马帝国（Pax Romana） 4. 希伯莱文化（An Eye for an Eye） 5. 中世纪（The Expansionist Medieval Period） 6. 文艺复兴（Bridge Between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era） 7. 十七世纪（Issues of the 17th Century Europe and Their Influence）
What is “Culture”?
《辞海》:人类社会由野蛮而至文明，其努力所得
之成绩，表现于各方面者，为科学、 艺术、宗教、道德、法律、风俗、习惯 等，其综合体，则谓之文化。 Culture: The ideas, customs, skills, arts, etc. of a given people in a given period.
01
Gaea
(the earth mother earth)
02
Uranus
(the sky lord of the universe )
Gaea
(the earth mother earth)
Ouranos
(the heavy lord of the universe )
6 Titans & 6 Titanesses
Orthodoxy
Greek Mythology
Chaos
Eros
(love, sexual attraction)
孤独的阅读者 西方文明简史英文精读
孤独的阅读者西方文明简史英文精读全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Lonely Reader: A Brief History of Western CivilizationIntroductionReading has always been a solitary activity, requiring the reader to immerse themselves in the world of the written word. In this essay, we will delve into the history of Western civilization through the lens of a lonely reader, exploring how the act of reading has shaped and defined the course of history.Ancient Greece and RomeThe roots of Western civilization can be traced back to the ancient city-states of Greece and the Roman Republic. In these early civilizations, reading was a privilege reserved for the educated elite, who spent their days poring over scrolls and manuscripts in quiet libraries. The great thinkers of the time, such as Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero, were all avid readers who used their knowledge to shape the course of history.The Middle AgesWith the fall of the Roman Empire, Western civilization entered a period of upheaval known as the Dark Ages. During this time, reading became even more of a solitary pursuit, as monks and scholars preserved the knowledge of the ancient world in the quiet seclusion of monasteries. It was during this time that the written word took on a new significance, with the Bible becoming the central text of Western civilization.The RenaissanceThe Renaissance was a period of rebirth and renewal in Western civilization, characterized by a renewed interest in the arts, sciences, and literature. It was during this time that the printing press was invented, making books more accessible to the general population. The act of reading became less solitary, as people gathered in coffeehouses and salons to discuss the latest works of literature and philosophy.The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment was a period of intellectual and philosophical growth in Western civilization, characterized by a renewed focus on reason, science, and individual rights. It was during this time that the modern concept of the solitary reader emerged, as individuals retreated to their studies and libraries to engage with the latest works of literature and philosophy. Thegreat thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Kant, were all avid readers who used their knowledge to challenge the status quo and shape the course of history.The Modern EraIn the modern era, the act of reading has become more accessible than ever before, thanks to the advent of e-books, audiobooks, and online libraries. However, the solitary reader still remains a prominent figure in Western civilization, as individuals continue to seek solace and enlightenment in the pages of a good book. Whether it be a classic work of literature, a scientific treatise, or a philosophical manifesto, the act of reading continues to shape and define the course of history.ConclusionIn conclusion, the history of Western civilization is inextricably linked to the act of reading. From the scrolls of ancient Greece to the e-books of the modern era, the solitary reader has played a pivotal role in shaping the course of history. As we continue to navigate the complexities of the modern world, let us not forget the power of the written word and the transformative impact it can have on our lives.篇2The Lonely Reader: A Brief History of Western CivilizationIntroductionIn the bustling world of today, where technology and social media dominate our lives, finding solitude and quietness is becoming increasingly rare. However, for the avid reader, the solitude of a good book can provide comfort and escape from the noise of the world. In this article, we will delve into the world of the lonely reader and explore the history of Western civilization through the lens of literature.The Solitude of ReadingReading is often seen as a solitary activity, one that allows the reader to escape into the world of the book and immerse themselves in the characters and narrative. The act of reading allows for introspection and reflection, providing a chance to disconnect from the demands of everyday life. For many readers, the experience of reading is a deeply personal one, a journey into the imagination that can be both comforting and cathartic.The Lonely ReaderThe lonely reader is someone who seeks solace in the pages of a book, finding companionship in the words of an author. The lonely reader may be someone who is introverted or shy, whofinds it easier to connect with fictional characters than with real people. For the lonely reader, books can serve as a form of therapy, offering a way to explore emotions and experiences that may be difficult to express in other ways.Western Civilization Through LiteratureLiterature has played a crucial role in shaping Western civilization, reflecting the values, beliefs, and aspirations of societies throughout history. From the ancient epics of Homer to the modern novels of Jane Austen, literature has provided a window into the past and a mirror to the present. By studying the great works of Western literature, we can gain insights into the complexities of human nature and the challenges of the human experience.From the Greek tragedians to Shakespeare, from the Romantic poets to the modernists, Western literature has explored themes of love, loss, ambition, and redemption. Through the words of great authors, we can track the evolution of Western civilization, from the glory of ancient Greece to the upheavals of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. By immersing ourselves in the worlds of Tolstoy, Dickens, and Woolf, we can gain a deeper understanding of the joys and sorrows of the human condition.ConclusionIn conclusion, the lonely reader is someone who finds refuge and solace in the pages of a book, seeking connection and understanding in the world of literature. By exploring the history of Western civilization through the lens of literature, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the power and beauty of the written word. So, the next time you find yourself alone with a book, remember that you are not truly alone – you are in the company of some of the greatest minds and imaginations in history. Happy reading!篇3The Lonely Reader: A Summary of "A Brief History of Western Civilization"IntroductionIn "A Brief History of Western Civilization," the author traces the development of Western civilization from ancient Greece to the present day, highlighting key events, ideas, and individuals that shaped the course of history. As a lonely reader delves into this comprehensive overview of Western civilization, they are taken on a journey through time, exploring the triumphs and challenges of the Western world.Ancient Greece and RomeThe story begins in ancient Greece, where democracy, philosophy, and the arts flourished. The lonely reader learns about the great thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, whose ideas continue to influence Western thought to this day. They also delve into the world of ancient Rome, with its powerful emperors and vast empire, which laid the foundation for the spread of Western civilization.The Middle AgesMoving on to the Middle Ages, the reader discovers the rise of Christianity and the power of the Catholic Church, which played a central role in shaping European society. They learn about the feudal system, the Crusades, and the Black Death, which had a profound impact on the development of Western civilization.The RenaissanceThe Renaissance marks a period of rebirth and cultural flourishing in Western Europe. The lonely reader explores the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and other great artists of the time, as well as the scientific advancements of figures such as Galileo and Copernicus. The Renaissance was a time of greatinnovation and creativity, laying the groundwork for the modern world.The Age of ExplorationThe lonely reader then embarks on a journey of exploration and discovery, as European powers set out to colonize new territories around the globe. They learn about the voyages of Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan, as well as the impact of colonization on indigenous peoples and cultures.The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in Western Europe, as thinkers challenged traditional beliefs and championed reason, science, and human rights. The lonely reader explores the works of Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu, who laid the foundation for modern democracy and individual freedom.The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution transformed Western society, as new technologies and modes of production revolutionized the economy and society. The lonely reader learns about theinventions of the steam engine, the rise of industrial capitalism, and the social upheaval that accompanied these changes.The World WarsThe 20th century saw the rise of two devastating world wars, which had a profound impact on Western civilization. The lonely reader explores the causes and consequences of these conflicts, as well as the emergence of the Cold War and the challenges of the post-war world.ConclusionAs the lonely reader reaches the end of "A Brief History of Western Civilization," they gain a deeper understanding of the forces that have shaped the Western world. From the ancient Greeks to the modern era, Western civilization has been shaped by a complex interplay of ideas, events, and individuals. By delving into this rich history, the lonely reader can better appreciate the achievements and challenges of the Western world and their own place within it.。
西洋文明史资料选读.doc
輔仁大學歷史學系碩士班99學年度第一學期課程大綱7. 文藝復興的人文主義（i. Petrarch, The Labours of a Humanist; ii.Leonardo Bruni, A Humanist Education; iii. P. D. Mirandola,Oration on the Dignity of Man）8. 宗教改革的主張（i. Martin Luther, Salvation through Faith Alone; ii.Martin Luther, The Ninety-Five Theses; iii. Martin Luther, OnChristian Liberty; iv. John Calvin, Institutes of the ChristianReligion）9. 科學革命的理念（i. Francis Bacon, Novum Organum; ii. FrancisBacon, The Advancement of Learning; iii. Rene Descartes,Discourse on Method）10. 啟蒙運動的思想（i. John Locke, An Essay concerning HumanUnderstanding; ii. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws; iii.Immanuel Kant, What is Enlightenment）11. 啟蒙運動與現代化（i. Condorcet, The Progress of the HumanMind; ii. Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishment; iii. AdamSmith, The Wealth of Nations）12. 法國大革命的追求（i. John Locke, Second Treatise of CivilGovernment; ii. J. J. Rousseau, The Social Contract; iii. TheDeclaration of the Rights of Man）13. 革命的挑戰與反省（i. Edmund Burke, Reflections on theRevolution in France; ii. J. S. Mill, On Liberty）14. 社會主義的方案（i. K. Marx & F. Engels, The CommunistManifesto; ii. Eduard Bernstein參考書目指定閱讀1. P. M. Rogers ed., Aspects of Western Civilization: Problems andSources in History, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1997. 2. D. R. Kelly, The Descent of Ideas: The History of Intellectual History,Burlington, V. T.: Ashgate, 2002.3.王世宗，《古代文明的開展——文化絕對價值的尋求》，台北：三民書局，2004年。
英国文学史及选读,
Edmund Spenser (1552 -1599)
• Spenser is often referred to as "the poets' poet". • Spenser’s fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece: (The Faerie Queene).
Renaissance English Literature (15C-----17C)
The Renaissance sprang first in Italy in the 14 century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two feature are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. While people learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught something in spirit very different from the medieval
The Victorian Age
The 20th-Century British poetry
Early and Medieval English Literature
5 Century------1485
“Early” here means English literature in primitive and
William Shakespeare
西方文化导论及经典选读4-古罗马
Etruscan’s rule (8-6BCE)
Coffin of Etruscans style
Romans
• “It has been foretold that in Italy, he will give rise to a race both noble and courageous, a race which will become known to all nations.” (Aeneid) (Virgil / Augustus)
Every road leads to Rome
5. Military dictatorship (Sulla苏 拉)
6. slaves’ uprising
7. First Triumvirate（前三雄）
1. Crassus（克拉苏）,Pompeii（庞培）and Caesar （凯撒）
2. Caesar: Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered) (movie provided)
Rome was founded between 1,000 and 750 BC. Around 700 BC, the Etruscans(埃特鲁斯坎人) conquered the city and set up a monarchy. The Etruscans and the Greeks influenced Roman art, architecture and religion. In 509 BC, the Romans rebelled and set up a republic. By 146 BC, their welltrained army had extended Roman rule throughout Italy, Greece and Spain. However, military power struggles brought turmoil. The assassination of Julius Caesar（裘力斯·凯撒） triggered a civil war that ended in 31 BC. 4 years later, Octavianus （屋大维） became the first emperor Augustus （奥古斯都） Caesar.
美国文学史概述及选读复习资料
美国文学史American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:1.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)2.hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders)2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集(It soon became the most popular bookof its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation) 3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to Poor RichardImproved)4)The Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and politicalideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.6)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University ofPennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was the most famousand respected private figure of his time.The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny19th Century American LiteratureWashington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)1．James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)2．Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)3．Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.阿伦.坡）4．Henry Daived Thoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)5．Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)6．Walt Whiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)The Rise of American Romanticism• One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).• It started with the publication of Washington Irving's e T he h Sketch Book(1820) and ended with Whitman's s Leaves f of Grass(1855)..Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and apresumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
云大新生选课课表课程
2 (未分组)人文科学类
晚
2014292102 人类学的应用与实践
2 (未分组)人文科学类
78
2014292103 人类学的应用与实践
2 (未分组)人文科学类
晚
2014292104 文化与环境
2 (未分组)人文科学类
78
2014292105 文化与环境
2 (未分组)人文科学类
晚
2014292106 中国民族概论
2 (未分组)人文科学类
78
2014292107 中国民族概论
2 (未分组)人文科学类
晚
2014292108 云南少数民族服饰文化
2 (未分组)人文科学类
78
2014292109 云南少数民族服饰文化
2 (未分组)人文科学类
晚
2014292110 中国少数民族文化概论
2 (未分组)人文科学类
78
2014292124 太极拳与中国文化
星期 星期 四五
星期 六
学
科
2014年 春季学期 > 软件学院 > 软件学院 > 2013级秋季入学 > 学科基础 > 15个教学班
教学班 代码
课程名称
学
课程
星期 星期 星期 星期 星期 星期
分
性质
一二三四五 六
2014212018 高等数学（2）
4 院必
78
34
2014212019 高等数学（2）
2 (未分组)人文科学类
晚
2014292333 民族文化开发的理论与实践
2 (未分组)人文科学类
晚
2014292339 《史记》选读
2 (未分组)人文科学类
英美历史文化 英文版
颠人。这不只是感情问题。英格兰有自己的国会宗教，
威尔士有自己的语言文化，爱尔兰人扣虽少，却又在 宗教和民族忠于谁的问题上分成了两大派。
Think about the following questions:
一个最大的不同就是英国是一个古老的国家，相反，美国是一个年轻的国家
whereas 然而、相反。这是 一个在英语中表达对比时候 常用的连接词。
Americana are probably more forward thinking than Britains are, Britaina are quite backward thinking people-by which means Americans look to the future.
美国人考虑未来，而英国人更看中过去。因为英国人觉得对于一个有着悠 久历 史的国家来讲，过去是美好的
PRIMARILY IN ATTITUDES
There's much more of a remnant of a class system in the UK. What your background is? Where you are from?
I am the saviour!
Remnant ['rɛmnə nt]:n. 残余,剩余
a. 残余的,剩余的;残 留的
Saviour ['sevjɚ]:n.
救世主
在英国仍然有残存的等级观 念。英国人眼中的等级是建 立在你的家族背景基础上的， 人们关心的是你 的来头儿而不是你的工作。
Americans citizens believe that one’s personal value. They think they are the master of nature.
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英文西方历史文化选读——古希腊思想家亚里士多德在逻辑学与思想道德方面对思想家培根与托马斯莫尔产生的影响一.亚里士多德的思想简述：亚里士多德有一句名言：“吾爱吾师，但吾更爱真理！”亚里士多德作为古希腊伟大的哲学家、思想家，他的哲学思想不仅对后人的研究有很大影响。
尤其对历史上著名的思想家，哲学家产生了莫大的影响。
他涉猎极广，囊括逻辑学、自然学、生物学、天文学、心理学、哲学、伦理学、政治学、语言学和文学等学科，主要著作有《工具论》、《物理学》、《论灵魂》、《行而上学》、《尼各马科伦理学》、《政治学》、《诗学》等。
除此以外他对科学进行了分类，对原因论进行了归纳与概括，并提出用形而上学的思想研究问题，还创建了基础的形式逻辑学。
可以说，亚里士多德是集中古代知识于一身的奇才，前无古人，后无来者，在他死后几百年中，没有一个人像他那样对知识有过系统的考察和全面的掌握。
他的著作是古代的百科全书。
就连恩格斯也称他是“最博学的人”。
一.培根的思想简述：弗朗西斯培根是文艺复兴时期的著名哲学家与思想家。
培根促使了近代哲学的自然化。
培根是经验哲学、归纳方法的创始人，作为使科学研究的过程逻辑化的开拓者。
他善于对新事物的发现而充满好奇，有创新的思想与大胆的猜想，并能进行坚持不懈的探索。
他为印刷术、指南针、火药的出现而欢呼，为哥伦布的地理发现和伽利略的望远镜而欣喜若狂。
所以他疯狂的自称是“新理性世界”的哥伦布。
他相信“知识就是力量”，坚信“阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作与笔记是人精确……史鉴使人明智，诗歌使人巧慧，数学使人精细，博物是人深沉，伦理之学使人庄重，逻辑与修辞使人善辩。
”我们可以从他的话语，他的感悟中知晓他必定是一个有严谨的科学态度，有渊博的思想知识，有格物致知的治学精神，能言善辩，庄重精细，内涵丰富的人。
他想要凭借著书立说和思想上的发现而成为一个新时代的开拓者，可以见得他是一个理论上的巨人，知识上的宗师，思想上的富豪。
他的思想成熟，言论深邃，富含哲理，但他却坚信上帝，他虽是一位理性主义者却不是迷信的崇拜者，其著作有《新工具》、《学术的进步》、《新大西岛》等。
三. 托马斯莫尔的思想简述：托马斯·莫尔是欧洲早期空想社会主义学说的创始人，才华横溢的人文主义学者和阅历丰富的政治家，以其名著《乌托邦》而名垂史册。
《乌托邦》一书是莫尔的不朽之作，它的全名是《关于最完美的国家制度和乌托邦新岛的既有益又有趣的金书》,莫尔在社会主义史上第一次提出了消灭私有制，建立公有制的问题。
莫尔在书中指出岛国的贤明制度，实际上是批判欧洲，特别是英国都铎王朝的君主专制制度。
他在书中生动形象的描写道：“你们的绵羊本来是那么驯服，吃一点点就满足，现在据说变成很贪婪很凶蛮，甚至要把人吃掉……那儿的贵族豪绅，乃至主教圣人之流……不让任何人在庄园上耕种，把整片地化做牧场，房屋城镇都给毁掉了，只留下教堂当作羊圈……佃农从地上被逐出，他们的财产被用诡计或压制的方式剥夺掉。
有时他们受尽折磨，不得不出卖自己的家业。
那些不幸的人们想尽办法，只有离乡背井了……等到他们在流浪生活中把卖来的钱花得一干二净，他们就只有盗窃，受绞刑的处分，否则就是挨家沿户讨饭了。
”此段深刻的批判了新生的资本主义关系，揭露了低等阶级人民的痛苦。
莫尔“羊吃人”的名言成了当时民歌中经常引用的。
他坚持鄙视个人幸福，强调城邦整体和国家利益至上。
四．亚里士多德逻辑学及道德思想对培根的影响：培根坚决反对亚里士多德的旧的逻辑学，主张建立一套新的逻辑学，而古代哲学的方法基本上是演绎法。
培根提倡的是把经验的观察和正确的推理相结合的方法。
培根认为科学的方法必须从不带成见的、系统的观察和实验开始，达到带有一定普遍性的真理，再从这真理出发，通过逐渐的归纳和推理，进入更带普遍性的理论概括。
他的这种新逻辑的方法，就是他的哲学方法。
由此，培根提出来幻象说。
培根表明在旧的思维方式下，人们会常常陷入陷阱，就会产生四种幻象及假象：（1）“族类假象”就是人们习惯于用人的感官或心灵作为认识世界的尺度，而不是依据宇宙本身的标准作为尺度。
培根如是说：“族类假象植基于人性本身中，也即植基于人这一族或这一类中。
若断言人的感官是事物的量尺，这是一句错误的话。
正相反，不论感官或者心灵的一切觉知总是依个人的量尺而不是依宇宙的量尺；而人类理解力则正如一面凹凸镜，它接受光线既不规则，于是就因在反映事物时掺入了它自己的性质而使得事物的性质变形和褪色。
”（2）“洞穴假象”显而易见，洞穴假象用中国的成语就是“管中窥豹”，它意是说人们由于自身的主观或客观性，造成对世界对生活事物等认识的局限性，由于人们身处于不同的环境，不同的等级，有着不同的身份。
可以说人人都身处于一个无法挣脱的洞穴。
（3）“市场假象”培根说：“另有一类假象是由人们相互间的交接和联系所形成，称之为市场的假象，取人们在市场中有往来交接之意。
人们是靠谈话来联系的，而所利用的文字则是依照一般俗人的了解。
因此，选用文字之失当害意就惊人地障碍着理解力。
有学问的人们在某些事物中所惯用以防护自己的定义或注解也丝毫不能把事情纠正。
而文字仍公然强制和统豁着理解力，弄得一切混乱，并把人们岔引到无数空洞的争论和无谓的幻想上去。
”不难理解，语言与文字的区别在于语言常常会让人误解屈意。
（4）“剧场假象”培根说：“因为在我看来，一切公认的学说体系只不过是许多舞台戏剧，表现着人们自己依照虚构的布景的样式而创造出来的一些世界。
我所说的还不仅限于现在时兴的一些体系，亦不限于古代的各种哲学和宗派；有见于许多大不相同的错误却往往出于大部分相同的原因，我看以后还会有更多的同类的剧本编制出来并以同样人工造作的方式排演出来。
我所指的又还不限于那些完整的体系，科学当中许多由于传统、轻信和疏忽而被公认的原则和原理也是一样的。
”可以见得，他对于一些旧时的思想学说持有一种怀疑态度，他认为那时就是带的东西，是当时的思想观念，有着传统，轻信与疏忽。
培根时代，归纳和演绎都处在历史发展的时代边缘。
培根在新的认识论的基础上完成了归纳与演绎的开创与重建。
培根的归纳法，主要批驳对象似乎依然是亚里士多德的归纳法，可以说培根对亚里士多德的逻辑学并不认同，而是持一种反对批判的态度，若说亚里士多德对培根的影响，就是促进了培根建立新的逻辑学，并推动了科学的发展与进步。
但客观的不带个人主义的认真分析起来，所谓亚里士多德的归纳法实际上既具有经验基础，同时又独立于经验，是依赖于公理、推理规则和定理的客观真理；亚里士多德逻辑真理观更为重要的意义在于，它为我们认识真理开了一条不同于认识论的新途径，即我们还可以通过逻辑获得对未知领域的真理性认识。
虽然其中不乏含有中世纪哲学实质的中世纪神学逻辑。
但他的首创也为后来培根，托马斯，笛卡尔的研究起到了一定的作用。
培根使用的方法有典型的经验主义倾向。
培根不同意旧有的亚里士多德的归纳法。
他从批判亚里士多德的旧逻辑的想法出发，创造了自己的新逻辑。
培根的归纳法，可以称之为排除归纳法，也可以称之为列表归纳法。
前者代表的是他的分析原则，后者代表的则是他的表达方式。
培根的创新大胆为人们提供了一种方法，这方法既符合实验科学的大思路，又体现于经验哲学——培根式的经验哲学的本质特征。
同时，它也是前人所未曾系统发现或预见过的。
甚至直到今天，它依然对人类具有某种借鉴和启迪价值。
除此以外，培根的分科，其哲学价值大于实用价值，而且直接启发和影响了下一个世纪法国大百科全书派的创始者们。
根据西方固有的分科传统，比如亚里士多德一生就分别撰写了《政治学》、《生物学》、《动物学》、《物理学》和《形而上学》种种。
培根一反旧说，以新时代成熟者的姿态，担当主张科学分科旗帜的责任。
培根的分科方法，包括两个要点：一是否定神学的统治地位，坚持神学只能属于上帝和教会。
据此，他将学问分成神圣的和非神圣的两大部分。
二是他对科学的分科进行过多层次多视角的研究。
从史实上说，人们对培根却也是褒贬不一，辩证的看，他作为西方著名的科学哲学家，毕竟在所有人都没起步之时迈出了第一步。
是值得被历史铭记于表扬的！五．亚里士多德逻辑学及道德思想对托马斯莫尔的影响：1492年，莫尔进入牛津大学攻读古典文学，在这里他又学习了希腊文，这使得他可以尽情地阅读柏拉图、伊壁鸠鲁、亚里士多德等人的作品。
在此期间，莫尔受到了亚里士多德著作的诸多影响。
使他坚定了成为人文主义者得信念。
后来他转学法学，并以各种文学形式，包括戏剧和诗歌，磨练自己的才能，以求笔锋的自由流畅。
渐渐地他更加的了解了英国所面临的危机和矛盾。
感受到贵族和资产阶级对工人与农民的压榨。
他开始进行创作来批判进行圈地运动的资本家们。
于是《乌托邦》一书应运而生，书中描述了美好的社会理想，虽然在当时的社会无法实现，只能当做空想，但是却指出托马斯的思想理念，与他的追求。
托马斯作为资本原始积累的见证人，是该时期人权状况的记录者和批判者，更是出身于上流社会富有者阶级。
但是, 他却极同情于受苦最深的劳动人民。
他批判时代的巩固社会经济和政治制度，试图揭示社会不平等和劳动大众日益贫困化、原始积累时期所特有现象等产生的原因。
他还提出了平等，消灭阶级，以及选举，要求建立全新的人民国家的思想，即莫尔思想。
莫尔曾说过∶“自由的代价的确很高。
然而，即使是最低级的奴隶，如果他肯付出代价，也能享有自由。
”与亚里士多德不同的是，在宗教方面他虔诚而不迷信。
伊拉斯莫把他誉为“适合于任何时代的人”，称赞他说：“他的灵魂之纯洁胜过白雪，在英国从来没有过像他这样的天才,而且将来也不可能再有。
”马克思和恩格思也赞叹他：“处处突破幻想的外壳而显露出来的天才的思想萌芽和天才思想, 从而把空想社会主义推向了一个新的科学的阶段。
”尽管莫尔的《乌托邦》一书中没有明确的共产主义的思想概念, 但它毕竟已经显露出共产主义思想的“微光”。
托马斯对社会有着美好的期盼，他信仰高度宽容与自由，是一位激进的人文主义者，他的思想受宗教影响。
像亚里士多德的观点：“幸福就是合乎德性的实现活动，我们每个人都具有人所具有的德性，但当我们评价一个人是不是有德行的时候，主要看的是他的行为，这就是说，道德是一种实践活动，因此幸福并不排斥快乐，不过快乐并不等于幸福，只有呵护最好的、最完善的德行的活动才是真正的幸福，所以幸福就是最好、最高尚、最快乐的活动。
”他感受到亚里士多德的神学哲学，做了自己幸福而快乐的事。
追求本心，勇敢大胆，他的身躯虽被摧残，但他高贵的灵魂却得到了永久的升华！数字媒体技术：刘宇晗20131120009时间段：周三九十节。