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小学数学《几分之一》课件

小学数学《几分之一》课件
伯人发明了分数线 ,就把分数表示成 现在这样了。
2块
平均分
1 2
—12
把一个饼平均分成两份,每份是它的
1 2
如果像这样分,能不能用二分之一表示?
下面哪些图形的阴影部分可以

1 2
表示?
(1) (√ )
(2) ( ×)
(3) ( ×)
请折出长方形的 1 。
2
同桌交流: 1
你是怎样折出长方形的 2 的。 哪部分是长方形的 1 ?
用分数表示下面各图中的阴影部 分
1 ( ) 3 ————
()
1 ( )
————
5 ( )
1 ( )
————
6 ( )
1 ( )
————
4 ( )
1 3
1 2
用分数表示每个图里的涂色部分。
1
1
3
3
看图估一估,填上合适的分数。
1
—12 —13 —16
一堆小棒有12根。分别拿出这

11
小棒的 2 和 3 。
( 3)
平均分成6份, 每份是这堆苹果的((16 ) )。
1 2
1 3
1 6
阴影部分是1个圆的 1
4
阴影部分是8个圆的
1 4
折一折,涂一涂,说一说。 拿出自己手中的纸,折出它的四分之一。
同桌交流:你把什么图形平均分成了几份, 每份是这个图形的几分之一?
2、认识 —1 3
—1 3
把一个圆平均分成( 三份), 每份是它的( 三分之一 ),写 作( —1 )。
2
分月饼 这块月饼
他们每人分得
月二饼分之一。
1
2
1 2
把一块月饼平均分成

《红色》第一集_导演脚本_20121019

《红色》第一集_导演脚本_20121019

第一集1-1 日 外 上海街道1937年11月中旬,打了三个月的淞沪之战落幕。

国军撤退,日军进入上海,上海街头人潮乱涌。

(徐天人物出场)空荡荡的街道上,徐天从远处独自走来。

(精神世界感受)CG结合实拍:微观世界,无比安静,一滴水从空中划过,重重的摔落在地上,渐起了水花,只有水滴落地的声音。

突然回到自然环境,徐天拎着菜和鱼在大街上行走,菜叶上的水滴纷纷滑落。

纷乱的街道,日本人进入上海的场面,纷乱的声音,与之前的画面形成强烈的反差。

(本场需要做细节设定)有坦克在平民潮里移动,日军在坦克上,间或朝天扫机枪。

人潮更乱,徐天提着一网兜小菜和一条鱼,逆着人流。

他尽量贴铺面街沿,实在走不动,停一会儿再往前。

田丹在乱流里,右手提个行李,被人潮裹得跌跌撞撞。

她围了显眼的红色围巾,左手执着的一张纸条飞了,田丹追了几步,身子再难平衡,往街边跌出来。

徐天拉住她。

高速镜头:那张纸条划过徐天眼前,消失无踪。

1-1.1 日 外 上海街道一角徐天托着田丹一直撞到一家店角才稳住身子。

田丹抬起头:谢谢你……徐天呆了。

一张慌张又淡定,简单又美丽的脸,让徐天瞬间失聪,他设法挪开自己的眼睛。

徐天:找纸条?田丹:……算了。

徐天:三个字?王擎汉,三横王擎天的擎。

田丹多看了徐天一眼,再看了看他手里的小菜:不要了,没关系。

徐天:刚才飘过去,碰巧看见……田丹收拾起行李,继续往前。

徐天只好收了嘴,看田丹远去。

田丹回过身子:你怎么往那边去?徐天:……朋友有急事,再三相召。

田丹:前面都是日军。

徐天:见到朋友就回。

【高速镜头】【田丹回头笑了笑走了】【以下镜头用升格再拍一次,用作闪回】田丹不可思议又无暇多顾的样子,再次裹入乱流。

徐天怔了片刻,看见脚前田丹遗落的围巾。

他抬头看田丹已不见了,犹豫一会儿,迈过围巾往前走。

一会儿,他又挤回来,拣起那条围巾塞入怀里。

1-2 日 内 外滩楼房地下室老向带着六个人宣誓;我志愿加入中国共产党,拥护党的纲领,遵守党的章程,履行党员义务,执行党的决定,严守党的纪律,保守党的秘密,对党忠诚,积极工作,为共产主义奋斗终身,随时准备为党和人民牺牲一切,永不叛党。

一级建造师工程经济计算公式及例题

一级建造师工程经济计算公式及例题

一级建造师工程经济公式例题例题:某公司借款1000万元,年复利率为10%,试问5年末连本带利一次偿还多少?答:F=P(1+i)n=1000*(1+10%)5=1610。

51万元(2)掌握一次性支付的现值计算(已知F求P)例题:某公司希望所投资项目5年末有1000万元资金,年复利率为10%,试问现在需一次性投资多少?答:P= F(1+i)-n=1000×(1+10%)—5=620.9万元(3)掌握等额支付系列的终值计算(已知A求F)公式:F=AF=A(F/A,i,n)。

例题:某投资人若10年内每年末存10000元,年利率8%,问10年末本利和为多少?答:F=A=10000×=144870元(4)掌握等额支付系列的现值计算(已知A求P)公式:P=AP=等额支付系列一次性支付(投资)的资金金额A= 年金,等额支付每一次支付的资金金额i= 年、月、季度利率(计息期复利率)n= 计息的期数(A使用的时间)为等额支付系列的现值系数(年金现值系数),符号表示为:(P/A,i,n),则计算公式为:P=A(P/A,i,n)。

例题:某投资项目,计算期5年,每年年末等额回收100万元,问在利率为10%时,开始须一次投资多少?答:P=A=100×=379。

08万元1.名义利率与有效利率的换算(1)掌握名义利率的计算公式:r=i×mr=名义利率(一年内计息周期乘以计息周期利率所得的年利率)i=一年内计息周期利率m=一年内的计息周期(一年内计息次数)(2)掌握一年内计息周期利率的计算公式:i = r/mi=一年内计息周期利率r=名义利率(一年内计息周期乘以计息周期利率所得的年利率)m=一年内的计息周期(一年内计息次数)(3)掌握一年实际利率(有效利率)的计算公式:i eff=(1+)m-1i eff=一年实际利率(有效利率)I=该年利息(一年利息和)P=一次性支付(投资)的资金金额r=名义利率(一年内计息周期乘以计息周期利率所得的年利率)m=一年内的计息周期(一年内计息次数)(4)掌握计息周期小于(或等于)资金收付周期时的等值计算例题:现在存款1000元,年利率10%,半年复利一次,问5年末存款金额为多少?答:先计算年有效利率(年实际利率):i eff=(1+)m—1=(1+10%/2)2—1=10。

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)201504 真题试卷

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)201504 真题试卷

全国2015年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码:00595第一部分选择题I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the western hemisphere, population densities range from 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands. Within countries there are wide variations of population densities. For example,in Egypt,the average is 55 persons per square mile,but 1, 300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable (可耕种的).High population densities generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in Puerto Rico and Java.Low average population densities,which are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries, are generally associated with a relatively low percentage of cultivated land. This generally results from poor quality lands. It may also be due to natural obstacles to cultivation, such as deserts, mountains or malaria-infested jungles; to land uses other than cultivation, as pasture and forested land; to primitive methods that limit cultivation; to social obstacles; and to land ownership systems which keep land out of production.More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural population densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries of correspondingly low general population density, on the other hand, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial countries.1.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. World PopulationB. Population DensitiesC. Population MigrationD. Economics and Population2.In the cultivated areas of Egypt, we may expect to find_____.A.few inhabitantsB.densely populated settlementsC.l,300persons living in one settlementD.55 persons inhabiting one square mile3.The most densely populated community in Europe is_____ .A.IcelandB. BelgiumC.the NetherlandsD. Great Britain4.This passage indicates that Puerto Rico is_____.A.agriculture-orientedB. malaria-infestedC.highly industrializedD. poverty-stricken5.This passage has probably been taken from a/an _____.A.tourist guideB. business journalC.world geography bookD. economic reportPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Engaging in a hobby like reading a book, making a patchwork quilt or even playing computer games can delay the onset of dementia, a US study suggests. Watching TV, however, does not count—and indeed, spending significant periods of time in front of the box may speed up memory loss, researchers found. Nearly 200 people aged 70 to 89 with mild memory problems were compared with a group who had no impairment. The researchers from the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota asked the volunteers about their daily activities within the past year and how mentally active they had been between the age of 50 to 65. Those who had? during middle age, been busy reading, playing games or engaging in craft hobbies like patchworking or knitting were found to have a 40% reduced risk of memory impairment. In later life,those same activities reduced the risk by a rate between 30% and 50%. Those who watched TV for less than 7 hours a day were also 50% less likely to develop memory loss than those who spend longer staring at the screen.“This study is exciting because it demonstrates that ageing does not need to be a passive process,”said neuroscientist Dr. Yonas Geda. “By simply engaging in cognitive exercise, you can protect against future memory loss. Of course, the challenge with this type of research is that we are relying on past memories of the subjects (实验对象),therefore we need to confirm these findings with additional research.”Sarah Day,head of public health at the Alzheimer’s Society,said,“One million people will develop dementia in the next 10 years so there is a desperate need to find ways to prevent dementia. Exercising and challenging your brain~by learning new skills, doing puzzles such as crosswords, and even learning a new language—can be fun. However, more research, where people are followed up over time, is needed to understand whether these sorts of activities can reduce the risk of dementia.”6.If one suffers from dementia, he would be unable to_____.A. move his limbsB. speak correctlyC. recall past eventsD. sit in upright posture7.The subjects of the research mentioned in the passage were_____.A. people watching TV programs several hours a dayB. the middle-aged with lots of daily mental activitiesC. people actively engaged in their hobbies at an early ageD. two groups of seniors either with or without memory problems8.It was found in the research that_____.A.cognitive exercise helps people prevent future memory lossB.cure for dementia will soon be available in 10 years or soC.mentally challenging hobbies usually lead to mental fatigueD.nothing can deter the gradual loss of memory9.The research was based on the data of the_____.A.brain makeup of the subjectsB.past memories of the subjectses of language of the subjectsD.physical exercises of the subjects10. More research should be conducted in which .A.people of different age groups should be investigatedB.the relationship between dementia and genes will be investigatedC.more subjects will be included so as to verify the current findingsD.effects of cognitive exercise on subjects should be traced over timePassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The complex topic “social class”is difficult to avoid when discussing British society,which is often seen as a society in which “social class”is more important than in other countries. This is true to a certain extent, but should probably not be exaggerated. Most countries have some kind of class structure. There exist broad groups within society which share types of employment, income levels, and certain cultural characteristics. But important in the idea of “class” is that it makes a difference to an in dividual’s “life-chances” which group or class he or she is bom into. So if a middle-class couple, perhaps a doctor and a teacher, have a child, it is more likely that that child will also acquire middle-class education, employment and income levels than will the child of working-class factory workers. This is certainly the case in the UK, though it should be stressed that it is far from impossible for the working-class child to acquire middle-class status: it is simply statistically much more unlikely than for his middle-class school-friend.If asked, about half the British population would describe themselves as middle-class, and half as working-class. Employment would be the main guide they would use: manual (or “blue-collar”)workers would usually call themselves working-class,and office (or “white-collar”)workers would usually call themselves middle-class. However, there is a hazy area around unskilled office-work and skilled well-paid manual work which leads to sub-divisions such as “lower middle class”being used; and the term “upper middl e class” might be used to describe doctors and lawyers and so on who have relatively high incomes and high status professions—especially in families with long traditions of such employment. This would differentiate them from the majority of middle-class people today, most of whom have working-class parents orgrandparents. This reflects the huge expansion of the middle class over the twentieth century,and especially since 1945, when more equal social policies were adopted by the government.11.The author discusses British society from the perspective of_____.A. educationB. social classC. employmentD. income levels12.“Class” is important because it____.A.determines an individual’s personalityB.makes a difference to a n individual’s marriageC.makes a difference to the opportunities available to an individualD. gives an individual equal chances for education and employment13.The British would distinguish their social classes mainly by____.A. employmentB. income levelsC. family traditionsD. education backgrounds14.British doctors and lawyers belong to the____.A. upper middle classB. lower middle classC. upper classD. working class15.The middle-class expanded considerably over the twentieth century mainly because____.A. the British earned more money than beforeB. more people received higher education than beforeC.the number of doctors and lawyers increased sharplyD.the British government introduced more equal social policiesPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.“But I can’t save any money.” It’s an excuse I hear a lot from which I detect a note of defiance. In the past few years, it has become increasingly frequent, as more and more Americans make less than we spend, eating up the savings in our homes. The national savings rate is declining. And the situation seems to be getting worse.We certainly know that saving money is good for us. Yet saving for tomorrow is still a largely ignored and unappreciated skill. The question tha t naturally follows is: Why? Why don’t Americans make saving a priority?To start with, saving today is much harder. The typical household income has held largely steady for a good half decade, while prices have continued to rise. If you’re having to spend a disproportionate amount of income on food and gas,it’s hard to save. Besides, credit became too accessible. For years it was simply too easy to get your hands on money to spend. While banks at one time would not let you spend more than 36 percent of your total income on debt, they stretched that number to 55 percent during the housing boom. Why save when you could get that big flat-screen TV today and pay for it with mortgage debt that was both cheap and deductible? Last but not least, saving is, was, and always will be no fun. Think about it this way: Choosing to save almost always means opting for delayed gratification instead of immediate gratification. Thepleasure of getting something good today is much greater than that in the future—even if the reward in the future is bigger.Recently, neuroeconomists, a relatively new breed of experts in economics and neuroscience,have started using MRIs (核磁共振成像)to view the brain as it is making money choices. When something we want to buy comes into view, they see the pleasure center firing up. Similarly, getting a few dollars today is more thrilling than getting a slightly larger profit tomorrow. And if you have to wait a few months for that gain, it will have to be much bigger in order to arouse the same interest in your brain. Things way off in the future---like retirement—don’t jostle the pleasure center much at all.16.In the author’s eyes,Americans say they can’t save any money because they_____.A. want to win sympathyB. are well prepared for retirementC.will make more money in the futureD.are probably unwilling to be economical17.According to the passage, during the housing boom the banks _____.A. raised the saving interest rateB. issued fewer credit cardsC. made it easier to borrow moneyD. initiated credit risk management18. How many reasons are given in Paragraph 3?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.19. The neuroeconomists' research is cited to prove_____.A.saving will be more thrilling as time goes byB.MRIs help customers make purchase decisionsC.if s a complex process to stimulate the pleasure centerD.immediate gratification is more appealing than delayed gratification20.What suggestion do you think the author is most likely to give in the following paragraphs?A. Saving up money.B. Applying for credit cards.C. Stimulating consumption.D. Studying the pleasure center.II. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Many editors and writers today define flash fiction as a story ranging from a few words to not usually over 1,500 to 2,000 words (but more often less than 1,000 words). A traditional short story ranges from 3,000 to 20,000 words, so flash fiction is considerably shorter. However, while length can help identify flash fiction, it is of little use in actually defining it.The amorphous and variable quality of flash fiction allows for the constant changing of shapes as these stories draw anddevelop from various genres and traditions to create stand-alone stories that often work on their own terms. Countless writers are involved in writing flash fiction in various ways. Many are involved in following the form’s long tradition,and many others are reinventing the form as they continue to experiment with the boundaries and methods of fiction. These shortest of stories are not always diversions for the moment but are often stories that are profound and memorable—as good fiction of longer lengths can be.Charles Baxter notes in the introduction to Sudden Fiction International: 60 Short Short Stories, 'This form is not about to be summarized by anyone's ideas about it. The stories are on so many various thresholds: they are between poetry and fiction, the story and the sketch, prophecy and reminiscence, the personal and the crowd As a form,they are open,and exist in a state of potential.”Some names for flash fiction are chosen to stress brevity, suggesting that such stories can be read or even written in a flash. Other names are chosen to emphasize the way in which the stories affect and enlighten readers. And still other names are chosen for the way in which they cause readers to perform the act of reading, many times forcing them to slow down and read such pieces as slowly and carefully as they would read good poetry.Even though this type of writing travels by several names, flash fiction has become the most popular label, likely because of its snappy poetic consonance, which makes it easy to hold in memory, and because of its distance from the older, less descriptive term “short-shorts”. More and more writers,editors, and readers use “flash fiction”to refer to very short stories.21.Flash fiction usually refers to a story ranging from a few words to____.A.less than 1,000 wordsB. more than 2,000 wordsC.more than 3,000 wordsD. less than 20,000 words22.The form of flash fiction can be best described as____.A.variableB. unifiedC.traditionalD. complete23.How many ways of naming flash fiction are mentioned in Paragraph 4?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.24.Among all the labels referring to very short stories, the most popular one is____.A.short-shortsB. short storyC.flash fictionD. poetic story25.The passage mainly focuses on flash fiction in terms of its____.A.popularityB. namesC.readersD. poetic qualityPassage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when theyare left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been more pleasant.The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income, and while the capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply. The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can procure (获取). However dull work may be,it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation,whether in the world at large or only in one’s own circle. Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness in the long run, and for most men this comes chiefly through their work. In this respect those women whose lives are occupied with housework are much less fortunate than men, or than women who work outside the home. The domesticated wife does not receive wages, has no means of bettering herself, is taken for granted by her husband (who sees practically nothing of what she does), and is valued by him not for her housework but for quite other qualities. Of course this does not apply to those women who are sufficiently well-to-do to make beautiful houses and beautiful gardens and become the envy of their neighbors; but such women are comparatively few. For the great majority, housework cannot bring as much satisfaction as work of other kinds brings to men and to professional women.The satisfaction of killing time and of affording some outlet, however modest, for ambition, belongs to most work, and is sufficient to make even a man whose work is dull happier on the average than a man who has no work at all. But when work is interesting, it is capable of giving satisfaction of a far higher order than mere relief from tedium. The kinds of work in which there is some interest may be arranged in a hierarchy.26.For most people, even uninteresting work has the advantage of_____.A.earning a good nameing up extra energyC.cultivating interest in workD.sparing the need of deciding what to do27.In the capitalistic society, income is usually an indication of_____.A. powerB. wisdomC. rightsD. success28.Dull work can be accepted if it_____.A.offers life insuranceB.foresees a chance for promotionC.offers comfortable working environmentD.offers a chance of building up a reputation29.Most housewives are valued by their husbands for_____.A. making houses beautifulB. making gardens beautifulC.other qualities than their houseworkD.their housework rather than other qualitiespared with a man who has no work,a man with a dull job is generally_____.A. happierB. more boredC. less satisfiedD. less pleasant非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上。

钢琴入门,有一份最全的五线谱基础知识大全

钢琴入门,有一份最全的五线谱基础知识大全

钢琴入门 | 有一份最全的五线谱基础知识大全五线谱是记录音乐的一种语言,是一种记谱方法。

五线谱,顾名思义是由五条平行线组成的,当然还包括每相邻两条平行线之间的“间”。

谱表在五线谱中,由五条平行横线所组成的图形叫做谱表。

谱表有许多种类,比较常用的有高音谱表(又叫G谱表)、低音谱表(又叫F谱表)、大谱表和联合谱表。

谱表不同,各线各间的音高位置就不同。

谱号在五线谱上确定音高的位置——也就是音名位置的符号叫做谱号。

通常用的谱号有三种:调号调:音乐作品或其中某部分,起核心作用的主音及基本音级所构成的音列的音高位置叫做调。

调号:用以标记调的升降记号叫做调号。

一般记在谱号之后拍号之前,转调时则标记在转调处。

音符音符:在乐谱表上表示正在进行的音的长短(也叫“音值”)的符号。

在五线谱上,音符的符头位置越高音也越高,反之符头位置越低音也越低。

附点音符:使它前面的音符的时值延长一半休止符拍号二拍子系统:二拍子系统是以强-弱、强-弱的力度形态进行的拍子系统,常见的二拍子拍号如下:在上方的数字代表一个小节有几拍,下方的数字则代表用几分音符当一拍。

三拍子系统:三拍子系统是以强-弱-弱的力度形态进行的拍子系统,常见的三拍子拍号如下:后拍子系统:后拍子系统是前二者的综合运用,常见的有5拍和7拍两种。

一、简谱到五线谱如图1-1所示,描述了简谱中常见的元素。

图1-1 简谱基本元素任何一首曲子,都可以被分为任意数量的“小节”,用长竖线(分节符)分割。

乐曲使用拍子控制节奏,“拍”是音符历时长短的单位。

一拍的时间由乐曲要求规定,如果要求一分钟60拍,那么一拍就是一秒。

每一小节都是有固定“拍数”的,在简谱最上角描述每小节的拍数。

如4/4拍,含义是“四分音符为一拍,每小节四拍”。

假定我们规定一拍是一秒,那么一个四分音符的持续时间就是一秒,一小节就有四秒。

什么是四分音符呢?我们常见的1(duo)、2(re)、3(me)、4(fa)、5(sol)、6(la)、7(si)、0(休止符,不发音)都是四分音符,它们占用一拍的时间。

小学一年级口算练习题(100以内)

小学一年级口算练习题(100以内)
小学一年级口算练习题(100以内)篇八 24+3= 76-8= 72-50= 69+30= 50-7= 40+58= 96-4= 97-7= 67+9= 90-6= 50+26= 98-70= 62+8= 70-5= 46+4= 12-4= 80-30= 25+9= 14-8= 17-9= 79-70= 7+63= 90-9= 9+60= 26-3= 87+8= 43+30= 48+2= 44+5= 20+45= 55+7= 47+30= 25+8= 50+16= 97-60= 36+7= 9+8= 18-6= 19-9= 15-7=
小学一年级口算练习题(100以内)篇六 12-3= 12+6= 13-8= 14-5= 8+5= 11-5= 20+7= 16-9= 9+4= 18-9= 17-8= 15-9= 17-9= 12-7= 13-6= 14-8= 30+7= 12-8= 14-6= 14+9= 18-10= 7+9= 90-3= 60+23= 35+40= 42+30= 50+21= 35+30= 36-20= 37-7= 57+8= 80-60= 9+70= 71+9= 48+6= 99-6= 39+5= 26-3= 27+6= 54-8=
10-10= 11-8= 10-0= 10+0=
小学一年级口算练习题(100以内)篇四 12+60= 93-60= 34+60= 38-20= 26+50= 47+10= 35+50= 88-10= 66-20= 20+10= 90-70= 98-90= 83-60= 11+60= 71-50= 50-40= 76-60= 87-10= 97-10= 22+40= 72-70= 57-30= 12+10= 40+40= 80-60= 42+50= 94-10= 60-10= 23+30= 77-70= 33+30= 98-50= 50-40= 47-30= 75-50= 67-40= 91-10= 65-40= 78-40= 63+30=

故障树分析方法(FTA)

故障树分析方法(FTA)

故障树分析⽅法(FTA)⼀、故障树分析法概述故障树分析法(Fault Tree Analysis)是由美国贝尔电话研究所的沃森(Watson)和默恩斯(Mearns)与于1961年⾸次提出并应⽤于分析民兵式导弹发射控制系统的。

其后,波⾳公司的哈斯尔(Hasse)、舒劳德(Schroder)、杰克逊(Jackson)等⼈研制出故障树分析法计算程序,标志着故障树分析法进⼊了以波⾳公司为中⼼的宇航领域。

1974年,美国原⼦能委员会发表了以⿇省理⼯学院(MIT)拉斯穆森(Rasmussen)为⾸的安全组所写的“商⽤轻⽔反堆核电站事故危险性评价”的报告,该报告采⽤了美国国家航空和管理部于60年代发展起来的事件树(ET:Event Tree)和故障树分析⽅法。

这⼀报告的发表引起了各⽅⾯的很⼤反响,并推动了故障树分析法从宇航、化⼯和机械等⼯业领域。

所谓故障树分析,就是⾸先选定某⼀影响最⼤的系统故障作为顶事件,然后将造成系统故障的原因逐级分解为中间事件,直⾄把不能或不需要分解的基本事件作为底事件为⽌,这样就得到了⼀张树状逻辑图,称为故障树。

如图1-1所⽰就是⼀简单的故障树。

这⼀简单故障树表明:作为顶事件的系统故障是由部件A的故障或部件B的故障引起的,⽽部件A的故障可能由元件1引起,也可能由元件2引起,部件B的故障则由元件3和元件4同时发⽣故障时引起,这样,就将引起系统故障的基本原因及影响途径表达得⼀清⼆楚。

更⼀般地说,故障树分析就是以故障树为基础,分析影响顶事件发⽣的底事件种类及其相对影响程度。

故障树分析包括以下⼏个主要步骤:建⽴故障树、故障树的定性分析和故障树的定量分析。

图1-1 简单的故障树⼆、故障树的建⽴故障树的建⽴有⼈⼯建树和计算机建树两类⽅法,它们的思路相同,都是⾸先确定顶事件,建⽴边界条件,通过逐级分解得到的原始故障树,然后将原始故障树进⾏简化,得到最终的故障树,供后续的分析计算⽤。

1、确定顶事件在故障诊断中,顶事件本⾝就是诊断对象的系统级(总体的)故障部件。

人教版数学七年级上册 第一章 有理数 单元学习评价卷【含答案】

人教版数学七年级上册 第一章 有理数 单元学习评价卷【含答案】

人教版数学七年级上册 第一章 有理数 单元学习评价卷()一、单选题(每小题3分,共36分)1.如果温度上升1℃记作℃,那么温度下降5℃,应记作( )1+A .℃B .℃C .℃D .℃5+5-6+6-2.下列语句中正确的有 ()① 所有整数都是正数;② 所有正数都是整数;③ 自然数都是正数;④ 分数是有理数;⑤ 在有理数中除了正数就是负数.A . 个B . 个C . 个D . 个12343.实数a 、b 在数轴上的位置如图,则等于 a b ab+--()A .2aB .2bC .D .2b 2a-2b 2a+4.一个数的相反数是非负数,这个数一定是( )A .零B .负数C .正数D .非正数5.下列语句:①一个数的绝对值一定最正数;②一定是负数;③没有绝对值是的数;a -3-④若一个数的绝对值是它本身,那么它一定是正数;⑤在数轴左半轴上离开原点越远的数就越小;⑥一个数比它的相反数大,这个数是非负数.其中正确的个数有( )A .0个B .3个C .2个D .4个6. 如图,数轴上点A ,M ,B 分别表示数a ,,b ,那么原点的位置可能是()a b +A .线段AM 上,且靠近点A B .线段AM 上,且靠近点M C .线段上,且靠近点BD .线段上,且靠近点MBM BM 7.能与相加得0的是( )3645⎛⎫-- ⎪⎝⎭A .B .C .D .3645--6354+6354-+3645-+8.下列运算过程中,有错误的是( )A .(3﹣4)×2=3﹣4×21212B .﹣4×(﹣7)×(﹣125)=﹣(4×125×7)C .9×16=(10﹣)×16=160﹣18191191619D .[3×(﹣25)]×(﹣2)=3×[(﹣25)×(﹣2)]9.已知数a ,b ,c 的大小关系如图,下列说法:①ab+ac>8;②-a-b+c<0;③;④|a-b|+|c+b|-|a-c|=-2b ;⑤若x 为数轴上任意一个数,则|x-b|+|x-a|的最小1a b ca b c++=-值为a-b .其中正确结论的个数是( )A .1B .2C .3D .410.按如图所示的运算程序,若输入x =2,y =1,则输出结果为()A .1B .4C .5D .911.第七次全国人口普查数据显示,山东省常住人口约为10152.7万人,将101 527 000用科学记数法(精确到十万位)( )A .1.02×108B .0.102×109C .1.015×108D .0.1015×10912.我国第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要中阐释了“坚持农业农村优先发展,全面推进乡村振兴”的具体目标:坚持最严格的耕地保护制度,实施高标准农田建设工程,建成亿亩集中连片高标准农田,下列关于亿的说法正确的是( )10.7510.75A .亿是精确到亿位10.75B .亿是精确到十亿位10.75C .亿用科学记数法表示为,则,10.7510na ⨯ 1.075a =9n =D .亿用科学记数法表示为,则,10.7510na ⨯10.75a =8n =二、填空题(每小题3分,共24分)13.一袋糖果包装上印有“总质量”的字样.小明拿去称了一下,发现质量为,(5005)g ±497g 则该糖果厂家_____________(填“有”或“没有”)欺诈行为.14.在和1之间的负整数有______个.526-15.已知有理数、满足,则________.a b 2|3|(1)0a b -++=a b +=16.在数轴上,把表示的点移动5个单位长度后,所得对应点的数是______.2-17.计算:1-(+2)+3-(+4)+5-(+6)+…-(+2014)=_________.18.从-3、-1、0、+2、+4 中,任取 3 个数相乘,则乘积的最大值是________.19.月球沿着一定的轨道围绕地球运动,它的半长轴约为385000千米,这个数据用科学记数法精确到万位表示,应记为________千米.20.用四舍五入法取近似数:2.7982≈ __________(精确到0.01).三、解答题(本大题共40分)21.(4分)把下面的数填入它所属于的集合的大括号内(填序号)①,②,③20%,④0,⑤,⑥,⑦,⑧5.3-5+27-7-3--∣∣( 1.8)--正数集合{ }整数集合{ }分数集合{ }有理数集合{ }22.(12分)计算:(1)(﹣21)﹣(﹣9)+(﹣8)﹣(﹣12);(2);152()(36)469-+-⨯-(3);421328()44--⨯-+(4).32200913(2)(2)2|(1)1|84-⨯-÷--⨯-⨯+23.(4分)已知有理数a 、b 互为相反数,c 、d 互为倒数,m 是平方等于它本身的数,求代数式4(a +b )﹣(cd )5+m 的值.24.(4分)计算:已知14m n ==,(1)当时,求的值;0m <m n +(2)求的最大值;-m n 25.(4分)实数a ,b ,c 在数轴上的对应点位置如图:(1)用“<”连接0,a ,b ,c 四个数;(2)化简:①;||||a c b c -+-②.||||a b a c +-+26.(6分)某巡警骑摩托车在一条南北大道上巡逻.某天他从岗亭出发,晚上停留在处,A 规定向北方向为正.当天行驶记录如下(单位:千米).10,8,6,13,7,12,3,2+-+-+-+-(1)该巡警巡逻时离岗亭最远是多少千米?A(2)在岗亭什么方向?距岗亭多远?(3)若摩托车每行1千米耗油0.05升,那么该摩托车这天巡逻共耗油多少升?327.(6分)已知M、N在数轴上,M对应的数是,点N在M的右边,且距M点4个单位长度,点P、Q是数轴上两个动点:(1)直接写出点N所对应的数;(2)当点P到点M、N的距离之和是5个单位时,求点P所对应的数;(3)如果P、Q分别从点M、N出发,均沿数轴向左运动,点P每秒走2个单位长度,先出发5秒钟,点Q每秒走3个单位长度,当P、Q两点相距2个单位长度时,点P、Q对应的数各是多少?答案1.B解:如果温度上升1℃记作+1℃,即初始温度为0℃,那么温度下降5℃记作-5℃,故选:B.2.A解:①所有整数都是正数,错误,比如-1;②所有正数都是整数,错误,比如0.5;③自然数都是正数,错误,比如0;④分数是有理数,正确;⑤在有理数中除了正数就是负数,错误,还有零;∴正确的有一个;故选A.3.A解:根据实数a、b在数轴上的位置得知:a<0,b>0,a+b>0, a﹣b<0∴|a+b|=a+b,|a﹣b|=b﹣a,∴|a+b|-|a﹣b|=a+b-b+a=2a,故选A.4.D解:非负数是指正数或 0,而负数的相反数是正数,0 的相反数是 0,所以这个数一定是负数或 0.故选:D.5.C解:①一个数的绝对值一定最非负数,故错误;a-②不一定是负数,有可能为0或正数,故错误;3-③没有绝对值是的数,故正确;④若一个数的绝对值是它本身,那么它一定是正数或0,故错误;⑤在数轴左半轴上离开原点越远的数就越小,没有指明数轴正方向,故错误;⑥一个数比它的相反数大,这个数是非负数,故正确;故选:C.6.A解:∵数轴上点A ,M ,B 分别表示数a ,,b ,a b+∴由它们的位置可得a <0,a +b >0,b >0且|a |<|b |,∴据此可判断原点在线段AM 上,且靠近点A .故选:A .7.C解:方法一:;363636630045454554⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫---=+-=-=-+⎪ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦方法二:的相反数为;3645⎛⎫-- ⎪⎝⎭3645⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭故选:C .8.A解:A 、原式=3×2﹣×2=6﹣9=﹣3,符合题意;92B 、原式=﹣(4×125×7),不符合题意;C 、原式=(10﹣)×16=160﹣,不符合题意;1191619D 、原式=3×[(﹣25)×(﹣2)],不符合题意.故选:A .9.B解:由题意b <0,c >a >0,|c|>|b|>|a|,①b+c >0,a (b+c )=ab+ac >0,故原结论正确;②-b >0,-a <0,则-a-b+c >0,故原结论错误;③=1-1+1=1,故原结论错误;||||||a b c b a c ++④a-b >0,c+b >0,a-c <0,则|a-b|+|c+b|-|a-c|=a-b+c+b+a-c=2a ,故原结论错误;⑤|x-b|+|x-a|表示x 到a 和到b 的距离之和,当b≤x≤a 时,|x-b|+|x-a|的值最小,最小值为a-b ,故原结论正确.故正确结论有2个.故选:B .10.D解:∵是偶数,2x =∴把代入,得:21x y ==,2()x y +原式=22(21)39+==故选:D .11.C解:8101527000101500000 1.01510≈=⨯.故选:C 12.C解:亿精确到百万位,用科学记数法表示为, 10.7591.0710⨯故选C .13.没有解:∵总质量(500±5)g ,∴糖果质量在(500+5)g 与(500-5)g 之间都合格,而产品有497g ,在范围内,故合格,∴厂家没有欺诈行为.故没有.14.2解:在和1之间的负整数有:-2,-1,共2个,526-故答案是:215.2解:2|3|(1)0a b -++= 3,1a b ∴==-3(1)2a b ∴+=+-=故2.16.-7或3解:当数轴上-2的对应点向左移动5个单位时,对应点表示数是-2-5=-7;当向右移动5个单位时,对应点表示数-2+5=3.故-7或3.17.﹣1007.解:原式=[1﹣(+2)]+[3﹣(+4)]+[5﹣(+6)]+…+[2013﹣(+2014)]=﹣1﹣1﹣1﹣…﹣1=﹣1007.故﹣1007.18.12解:积最大的是:(-3)×(-1)×(+4)=3×1×4=12.故答案为:12.19.53.910⨯解:5385000390000 3.910≈=⨯故.53.910⨯20.2.80解:∵8>5,∴2.7982≈2.80(精确到0.01).故2.8021.见解析解:-|-3|=-3,-(-1.8)=1.8.正数集合{②③⑧}整数集合{②④⑥⑦}分数集合{①③⑤⑧}有理数集合{①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧}.22.(1)-8;(2)-13;(3);(4)3154-14-解:(1)原式=﹣21+9﹣8+12=﹣29+21=﹣8;(2)原式=﹣×(﹣36)+ ×(﹣36)﹣ ×(﹣36)145629=9﹣30+8=﹣13;(3)原式=﹣16﹣8×+ 11634=﹣16﹣+ 1234=﹣15 ;34(4)原式=﹣×(﹣8)÷4﹣2×1814= 11-42=﹣.1423.﹣1或0解:∵a 、b 互为相反数,∴a +b =0,∵c 、d 互为倒数,∴cd =1,又∵m 是平方等于它本身的数,∴m =0或1,当m =0时,原式=4×0﹣15+0=﹣1;当m =1时,原式=4×0﹣15+1=0.故1或0.24.(1)3或-5;(2)5解:∵|m |=1,|n |=4,∴m =±1,n =±4;(1)∵m <0,∴m =-1,n =-4或m =-1,n =4,∴m +n =3或-5;(2)当m =1,n =4时,m -n =-3;当m =-1,n =-4时,m -n =3;当m =1,n =-4时,m -n =5;当m =-1,n =4时,m -n =-5;∴m -n 的最大值是5.25.(1)c <a <0<b ;(2)①;②2a b c +-2a b c++解:(1)由题意可得,c <a <0<b ;(2)∵c <a <0<b ,|a |<|b |,①||||a cbc -+-=a c b c-+-=;2a b c +-②||||a b a c +-+=a b a c+++=2a b c++26.(1)10;(2)A 在岗亭的南方,距岗亭9千米;(3)3.05.解:(1)每次巡逻后离岗亭的距离为10千米,10-8=2千米,10-8+6=8千米,10-8+6-13=-5千米,10-8+6-13+7=2千米,10-8+6-13+7-12=-10千米,10-8+6-13+7-12+3=-7千米,10-8+6-13+7-12+3-2=-9千米,答:巡警巡逻时离岗亭最远是10干米.(2)10-8+6-13+7-12+3-2=-9(千米)答:A在岗亭的南方,距岗亭9千米.(3)0.05×(10+8+6+13+7+12+3+2)=0.05×61=3.05(升)答:摩托车这天巡逻共耗油3.05升.27.(1)1;(2)-3.5或1.5;(3)点P对应-37,点Q对应-35或点P对应-45,点Q对应-47解:(1)-3+4=1.故点N所对应的数是1;(2)(5-4)÷2=0.5,①点P在点M的左边:-3-0.5=-3.5,②点P在点N的右边:1+0.5=1.5.故点P所对应的数是-3.5或1.5.(3)①点P在点Q的左边:(4+2×5-2)÷(3-2)=12÷1=12(秒),点P对应的数是-3-5×2-12×2=-37,点Q对应的数是-37+2=-35;②点P在点Q的右边:(4+2×5+2)÷(3-2)=16÷1=16(秒);点P对应的数是-3-5×2-16×2=-45,点Q对应的数是-45-2=-47.。

棱先法一个公式复原魔方

棱先法一个公式复原魔方

一个公式复原魔方(棱先法RUR'U')尹春来2013年9月只用一个公式RUR'U'复原魔方,这里用的是棱先法,也即先对好12个面的棱块,再对其他角块。

首先,为便于后面的叙述,我们先对魔方名称进行定义。

如下图所示,我们把魔方在桌面上放平,让一个面冲着你,这个面我们称F面,冲上面的称U面,右侧的面称为R面,左侧的面称为L面,冲下的面称为D面,后面称为B面,R面与L面之间的中间层称为M,U面与D面的中间层称为N(本文只会提到U、R、F、D)。

从图中,还可以看到角块、棱块。

R代表右面顺时针转90°,R'代示右边逆时针转90°;U表示顶面顺时针转90°,U’表示顶面逆时针转90°,U2表示顶面转180°……。

x代表魔方整体向前方旋转90°,也即从右面看魔方顺时针旋转90°;y代表魔方整体水平向左方旋转90°,也即从上面看魔方顺时针旋转90°;z代表魔方整体向垂直右方旋转90°,也即从F面看魔方顺时针旋转90°。

其次,公式。

本文只要用一个公式RUR'U'(或其逆公式URU'R')完成魔方复原。

RUR'U'是:顺时针转右面→顺时针转顶面→逆时针转右面→逆顺时针转顶面。

应该把它炼熟。

URU'R'是RUR'U'的逆公式,做一次公式加逆公式魔方会回到起始状态。

第三,用这个公式复原魔方。

可分六步:①底层十字→②中层三棱→③全部棱块→④底层角块→⑤顶层方向→⑥顶层位置。

① 底层十字目标:拼成底层十字。

思路:做十字尽管没有公式,但有一个特殊方法,就是把四个底面棱全部放到顶层,对好侧面颜色后一个个下底。

步骤:下面以白色为底,看如何将四个白色棱块转到顶层。

如果白色棱块在侧面的中间,如图1-1所示位置,那恭喜你,你只要将右侧面顺时针转90°即可。

华北电力大学电网络分析第一章网络元件和网络基本性质

华北电力大学电网络分析第一章网络元件和网络基本性质
−∞ −∞
t
t
3. 多口元件
• 当流入一个端子的电流恒等于流出另一个端子的电流 时,这一对端子称为一个端口,简称“口”。 • 如果多端元件的端子数为偶数,并且两两能组成端口, 则称该多端元件为多口元件。 • 多端元件和多口元件可以互换
2
i2 i1 i0 in
n
i0 = i1 + i2 + + in
理想化的模型,其端子上的物理量 服从一定的数学规律 客观存在的物理实体
为了某种目的,把电器件按照一定的方式
2. 基本表征量
• 基本变量: 电压 u (t ) 、电流 i (t ) 、电荷q(t ) 和磁链 Ψ (t ) • 基本复合量:功率 p(t ) 和能量 W (t ) • 高阶基本变量:
u
(α )
几种理想二端电阻元件 符号及伏安特性 a) 凹电阻 b) 凸电阻 c) 绝对值电阻
d) 符号电阻 e) f) 零器 泛器
二. 电容元件 定义:赋定关系为u和q之间的代数关系的元件 符号:
u
+ -
i C
线性电容
非线性电容
分类: 1. 线性电容
q=Cu
d [Cu ] du dC i = C + u 时变 = dt dt dt du 时不变 i = C dt
i
L
u


非线性电感
线性电感
分类: 1. 线性电感
Ψ =Li
di dL = u L + i 时变 dt dt di u=L 时不变 dt
2. 非线性电感 (1)流控电感 (2)链控电感
Ψ =L ( i )
i =Γ ( Ψ )
(约夫逊结) i = I 0 sin KΨ

公路市政项目三厂一部标准化管理实施细则

公路市政项目三厂一部标准化管理实施细则

中交一公局集团有限公司公路市政项目三厂一部标准化管理实施细则第一章总则第一条为规范中交一公局集团有限公司(以下简称公司)公路市政项目“三厂一部”(拌合站、钢筋加工厂、预制梁场、项目经理部)建设标准,明确“三厂”管理职责分工,保证安全生产和工程质量,提高工作效率,提升企业形象,特制定本实施细则。

第二条本实施细则适用于公司及各子分公司国内公路市政项目,是对项目“三厂一部”建设及管理的基础性要求,项目前期策划时应结合项目定位和《公路市政项目三厂四区施工标准指南》的相关标准执行,如实施细则和指南中部分指标低于项目业主强制性要求的,按业主要求执行。

第二章项目经理部第三条项目经理部选址应遵循的原则:(一)临建选址应远离地质自然灾害区域,周围无塌方、滑坡、落石、泥石流、洪涝等自然灾害隐患,无高频、高压电源及油、气、化工等其他污染源,满足安全、环保、水保的要求。

(二)交通、通讯便利,水、电易于获取,系统成本最低。

(三)项目部驻地位置应靠近工程现场,且距离施工现场不宜超过2km。

(四)离集中爆破区500m以外,不宜占用独立大桥下部空间、河道、互通匝道区及规划的取、弃土场。

如遇特殊情况只能在以上位置设置临建的,应做好安全评估,并在项目前期策划中做好应对方案。

第四条项目经理部建设标准(一)项目经理部驻地占地面积应经过详细规划,本着“小而精”的原则,杜绝建设豪华型项目驻地,除业主特殊要求外,项目自建经理部占地面积不得超过附件1-1所列标准。

(二)自建办公用房和生活用房应体现以人为本的理念,做到实用、美观、隔热、通风、防潮,房屋建设面积应参照附件1-2和1-3所列标准。

(三)试验室建设应满足《公路水运工程试验检测管理办法》的有关规定,试验室建设面积及检测设备配置应符合认证标准。

(四)项目经理部临建预算内容包括房屋、围墙、场地硬化建设及装修费、办公、生活设施购置费等,不包括占地费、基础土石方工程。

第五条项目经理部驻地建设(一)项目经理部驻地建设可采取租用现有房屋略加改造或自建等方式,应结合现场实际进行必要的经济比较后确定建设方式。

热学答案-第一章至第五章-李椿-章立源等著

热学答案-第一章至第五章-李椿-章立源等著

第一章温度1-1在什么温度下,下列一对温标给出相同的读数:(1)华氏温标和摄氏温标;(2)华氏温标和热力学温标;(3)摄氏温标和热力学温标?解:(1)当时,即可由,解得故在时(2)又当时则即解得:故在时,(3)若则有显而易见此方程无解,因此不存在的情况。

1-2 定容气体温度计的测温泡浸在水的三相点槽时,其中气体的压强为50mmHg。

(1)用温度计测量300K的温度时,气体的压强是多少?(2)当气体的压强为68mmHg时,待测温度是多少?解:对于定容气体温度计可知:(1)(2)1-3 用定容气体温度计测得冰点的理想气体温度为273.15K,试求温度计的气体在冰点时的压强与水的三相点时压强之比的极限值。

解:根据已知冰点。

1-4用定容气体温度计测量某种物质的沸点。

原来测温泡在水的三相点时,其中气体的压强;当测温泡浸入待测物质中时,测得的压强值为,当从测温泡中抽出一些气体,使减为200mmHg时,重新测得,当再抽出一些气体使减为100mmHg时,测得.试确定待测沸点的理想气体温度.解:根据从理想气体温标的定义:依以上两次所测数据,作T-P图看趋势得出时,T约为400.5K亦即沸点为400.5K.题1-4图1-5铂电阻温度计的测量泡浸在水的三相点槽时,铂电阻的阻值为90.35欧姆。

当温度计的测温泡与待测物体接触时,铂电阻的阻值为90.28欧姆。

试求待测物体的温度,假设温度与铂电阻的阻值成正比,并规定水的三相点为273.16K。

解:依题给条件可得则故1-6在历史上,对摄氏温标是这样规定的:假设测温属性X随温度t做线性变化,即,并规定冰点为,汽化点为。

设和分别表示在冰点和汽化点时X的值,试求上式中的常数a和b。

解:由题给条件可知由(2)-(1)得将(3)代入(1)式得1-7水银温度计浸在冰水中时,水银柱的长度为4.0cm;温度计浸在沸水中时,水银柱的长度为24.0cm。

(1)在室温时,水银柱的长度为多少?(2)温度计浸在某种沸腾的化学溶液中时,水银柱的长度为25.4cm,试求溶液的温度。

一、SS1792FSS3323直流稳定电源

一、SS1792FSS3323直流稳定电源

一、SS1792F/SS3323直流稳定电源(编写人:熊帮新 审核人:龙从玉)本实验室采用SS1792F型可跟踪直流稳定电源和SS3323型可跟踪直流稳定电源。

SS1792F型和SS3323型都是采用三只电源变压器,三路完全独立输出的三路直流稳压电源,三路完全相同,SS直流稳定电源的原理框图如图1-1所示。

图1-1 SS直流稳定电源框图由图可见,直流稳压电源由整流滤波电路、辅助电源电路、基准限幅电路、转换控制电路、电压(电流)采样电路、比较放大器、调整电路和保护电路组成。

转换控制电路转换控制器控制继电器Kl\K2的动作,达到换档目的。

随着输出电压的变化,模/数转换器输出不同的数码,控制继电器动作,调整整流器的输入电压。

调整电路是串联线性调整器,由比较放大电路来控制,使输出电压(电流)保持稳定。

在稳压工作时,电压比较器处于控制优先状态,当输入电压或负载变化时,输出电压发生相应变化,此变化量经取样电阻送入电压比较放大器反相输入端与同相输入端设置的基准电压进行比较、放大控制调整器,以使输出电压趋于原来数值,达到稳压目的。

当电源负载过大且超过预置电流时,采样电阻上的电压将增大,此电压值送到电流比较放大器反相输入端与同相输入端预置的电流基准进行比较放大,输出一低电平,控制线性调整器,使输出电流恒定在预置的电流值上,从而使电源和负载得到保护。

在稳流工作时,电流比较器处于控制优先状态,当负载加大到恒流点设定值时,稳流比较放大器对线性调整器起控,电路的工作状态由恒压转换为恒流,稳流状态的工作过程与稳压工作时过流保护的工作过程完全相同。

1.1、SS1792F型可跟踪直流稳定电源1.1.1 技术指标独立输出串连输出并联输出源效应负载效应周期与随机偏移(PARD)(r.m.s)0~30V/3A2两路3~6V/3A一路0~60V/5A0~30V/10ACV:1×10-4+5mVCC:1×10-2+3mACV:1×10-4+5mVCC:1×10-2+3mACV:≤1mVCC:≤3mA1.1.2主要功能特性:1、稳压、稳流2、连续可调3、电压、电流显示手动切换4、可独立、串联使用5、主从跟踪6、限流型,过流、短路保护自动恢复7、三位半数字显示,误差:±1%+2个字。

330说明书(标准版)(09-10-25)

330说明书(标准版)(09-10-25)
MPU330
低压电动机/线路微机型保护测控装置(V4.0 标准版)
技术说明书

北京思瑞科技有限公司
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目 录
.................................................................. - 1 1 产品概述 产品概述. 1.1 产品特点............................................................... - 1 1.2 产品功能............................................................... - 1 2 技术指标 .................................................................. - 3 技术指标. 2.1 产品执行标准............................................................ - 3 2.2 环境条件............................................................... - 3 2.3 绝缘性能............................................................... - 3 EMC )性能.................................................... - 4 2.4 电磁兼容( 电磁兼容(EMC EMC)性能 2.5 主回路额定参数......................................................... - 4 2.6 控制器额定参数......................................................... - 4 2.7 测量精度................................................................ - 4 ............................................................ - 5 3 电动机保护原理 电动机保护原理. 3.1 启动超时保护........................................................... - 5 3.2 过载保护............................................................... - 5 3.3 过流(堵转)保护....................................................... - 8 3.4 断相保护............................................................... - 8 3.5 电流不平衡保护......................................................... - 8 3.6 接地保护............................................................... - 9 3.7 漏电保护............................................................... - 9 3.8 短路保护............................................................... - 9 3.9 欠载保护.............................................................. - 10 3.10 温度保护............................................................. - 10 3.11 过电压保护............................................................ - 11 3.12 低电压保护........................................................... - 11 3.13 欠功率因数保护....................................................... - 11 3.14 相序保护............................................................. - 12 3.15 T E 时间保护........................................................... - 12 3.16 重启动功能............................................................ - 13 3.17 工艺联锁.............................................................. - 13 3.18 事故停机.............................................................. - 14 ............................................................. - 15 4 线路保护原理 线路保护原理. 4.1 过负荷保护............................................................ - 15 4.2 接地保护.............................................................. - 15 4.3 漏电保护.............................................................. - 15 4.4 低压闭锁过流一段....................................................... - 16 4.5 低压闭锁过流二段....................................................... - 16 4.6 过流三段............................................................... - 16 4.7 后加速保护............................................................. - 17 4.8 低电压保护............................................................ - 17 ................................................................. - 18 5 产品尺寸 产品尺寸.

斐波那契数列

斐波那契数列

斐波那契数列斐波那契数列,又称黄金分割数列,指的是这样一个数列:1、1、2、3、5、8、13、21、……在数学上,斐波纳契数列以如下被以递归的方法定义:F0=0,F1=1,Fn=F(n-1)+F(n-2)(n>=2,n∈N*)在现代物理、准晶体结构、化学等领域,斐波纳契数列都有直接的应用,为此,美国数学会从1963起出版了以《斐波纳契数列季刊》为名的一份数学杂志,用于专门刊载这方面的研究成果。

定义编辑斐波那契数列指的是这样一个数列 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,377,610,987,1597,2584,4181,6765,10946,17711,28657,46368特别指出:第0项是0,第1项是第一个1。

这个数列从第二项开始,每一项都等于前两项之和。

斐波那契数列的发明者,是意大利数学家列昂纳多·斐波那契(Leonardo Fibonacci),自然中的斐波那契数列生于公元1170年,卒于1250年,籍贯是比萨。

他被人称作“比萨的列昂纳多”。

1202年,他撰写了《算盘全书》(Liber Abacci)一书。

他是第一个研究了印度和阿拉伯数学理论的欧洲人。

他的父亲被比萨的一家商业团体聘任为外交领事,派驻地点相当于今日的阿尔及利亚地区,列昂纳多因此得以在一个阿拉伯老师的指导下研究数学。

他还曾在埃及、叙利亚、希腊、西西里和普罗旺斯等地研究数学。

2通项公式编辑递推公式斐波那契数列:0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, (1)如果设F(n)为该数列的第n项(n∈N*),那么这句话可以写成如下形式:[1]显然这是一个线性递推数列。

[1]通项公式(如上,又称为“比内公式”,是用无理数表示有理数的一个范例。

)注:此时a1=1,a2=1,an=a(n-1)+a(n-2)(n>=3,n∈N*)通项公式的推导方法一:利用特征方程(线性代数解法)线性递推数列的特征方程为:X^2=X+1解得X1=(1+√5)/2, X2=(1-√5)/2.则F(n)=C1*X1^n + C2*X2^n∵F(1)=F(2)=1∴C1*X1 + C2*X2=C1*X1^2 + C2*X2^2=1解得C1=1/√5,C2=-1/√5∴F(n)=(1/√5)*{[(1+√5)/2]^n - [(1-√5)/2]^n}【√5表示根号5】方法二:待定系数法构造等比数列1(初等代数解法)设常数r,s。

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前面所举的例子均为定常约束。
§1-2 自由度和广义坐标
确定具有完整约束质点系的位置的独立参数的个数称为 质点系的自由度数。 质点系的自由度数。 例如,图1 例如,图1-5两刚性杆连接两小球组成的双摆,确定两小 球位置的直角坐标为 它们必须满足下面两个约束方程
可见有两个独立坐标,即质点系有两个自由度。 确定一个质点系位置的独立参数选取一般不是唯一的 ,如上述双摆,可以选中的任意两个作为独立参数,也 可以选取角作为独立参数。我们把这些能完全确定质点系位置的独 可以选取角作为独立参数。我们把这些能完全确定质点系位置的独 立参数称为质点系的广义坐标。显然,广义坐标数目等于确定质点 立参数称为质点系的广义坐标。显然,广义坐标数目等于确定质点 系位置的独立参数数目。在完整约束的情况下 系位置的独立参数数目。在完整约束的情况下,质点系的广义坐标 在完整约束的情况下, 的数目等于自由度数。 的数目等于自由度数。 如果以 表示一非自由质点系的广义坐标,则各质 点的直角坐标都可以写成这些广义坐标的函数。对于完整、双面和 定常约束,可以写成如下的函数形式
第一章 虚位移定理
§1-1 约束及约束方程
在几何静力学中,我们将限制某物体位移的周围物体 称为该物体的约束。现在从运动学角度来看约束的作用 称为该物体的约束。现在从运动学角度来看约束的作用, 现在从运动学角度来看约束的作用, 一非自由质点系的位置或速度受到某些条件的限制, 一非自由质点系的位置或速度受到某些条件的限制,这种 限制条件称为该质点系的约束。 限制条件称为该质点系的约束。 例如,圆球被限制在水平面上做纯滚动,这是约束 表现为限制圆球中心到水平面的距离保持不变;圆球与水 平面接触点的速度在每瞬时都为零。在一般情况下,约束 对质点系运动的限制可以通过质点系各质点的坐标或速度 的数学方程式来表达,这种表达式称为约束方程 的数学方程式来表达,这种表达式称为约束方程。 约束方程。
(2)双面约束和单面约束
如果约束在两个方向斗气限制运动的作 用,则称为双面约束 用,则称为双面约束。如图1-4所示单 双面约束。如图1 摆,小球M用长为的刚性杆铰联于球支座O 摆,小球M用长为的刚性杆铰联于球支座O上,小 球只能在半径为的球面上运动,其约束方程为
如果约束只在一个方向起作用,而在另一方向能松驰或消失, 这种约束称为单面约束 这种约束称为单面约束。上例中将刚性杆换成柔性索,则小球不仅 单面约束。上例中将刚性杆换成柔性索,则小球不仅 能在球面上运动,还可以在球面内运动,其约束方程就为
式中 xA , y A 和 xB , y B 分别为A,B两点的坐标。 设质点系各质点对参考系的位置和速度分别以 ɺ ɺ ɺ r1 , r2 , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, rn 和 r1 , r2 , ⋅⋅⋅, rn 来表示,则约束方程的一般形式为:
ɺ ɺ ɺ f j (r1 , r2 , ⋅⋅⋅, rn ; r1 , r2 , ⋅⋅⋅, rn ; t ) = 0 (j=1,2, ⋅⋅⋅,s)
写成矢量形式为 这就是用广义坐标表示质点位置的一般表达式,这种方程隐含 了约束条件,这是采用广义坐标的方便之处。
又车轮每一瞬时与轨道接触点C 又车轮每一瞬时与轨道接触点C的 速度均为零,车轮受到运动约束,其 约束方程为 或写成下面形式 若将上式积分,得
由此可见,可积分的运动约束方程,通过积分可以转化 为完整约束方程。可积分的运动约束与完整约束实质上 是等价的。 非完整约束中最简单的是线性非完整约束,它的约束方程中包 含速度的线性项,方程的一般形式为
f j ( x1 , y1 , z1 ,⋅ ⋅ ⋅, xn , yn , zn ; t ) = 0 (j = 1,2,⋅ ⋅ ⋅, s)
式(1 )和式(1 式(1-1)和式(1-2)表示的均为完整约束。 如果约束方程中包含有坐标对时间的导数,或者说,约束还限 制各质点的速度,这种约束称为非完整约束 运动约束。约束方的 制各质点的速度,这种约束称为非完整约束或运动约束。约束方的 非完整约束或 一般形式为
如图1 所示质点M被限制在半径为R 如图1-1所示质点M被限制在半径为R的球面上运动, 质点的位置由直角坐标(x,y,z)表示,则质点M 质点的位置由直角坐标(x,y,z)表示,则质点M的约束方 程为: 程为:
又如图1 所示Oxy平面内的曲柄连杆机构,曲柄销A 又如图1-2所示Oxy平面内的曲柄连杆机构,曲柄销A 被限制在以O为中心,r为半径的圆周上运动;滑块B 被限制在以O为中心,r为半径的圆周上运动;滑块B被限 制在沿Ox轴的水平直槽中运动;A,B两点间的距离等于. 制在沿Ox轴的水平直槽中运动;A,B两点间的距离等于.此机构的 约束方程可表示为
ɺ ɺ ɺ ɺ ɺ ɺ f j ( x1, y1, z1,⋅ ⋅ ⋅, xn , yn , zn ; x1, y1, z1, ⋅ ⋅⋅, xn , yn , zn ; t ) = 0
这种约束是用微分方程形式表示的,一般来说,是不 可积分但也有些例外的情况,例如图1 所示,半径为r 可积分但也有些例外的情况,例如图1-3所示,半径为r的 车轮沿直线轨道作纯滚动。 车轮轮心A至轨道的距离始终保持不 车轮轮心A 变,所以其几何约束方程为
(3)定常约束和不定常约束 如果约束方程中不显含时间t,这种约束称为定 如果约束方程中不显含时间t,这种约束称为定 常约束或稳定约束。它的约束方程一般形式为 常约束或稳定约束。它的约束方程一般形式为
ɺ ɺ ɺ ɺ ɺ ɺ f j ( x1, y1, z1, ⋅⋅⋅, xn , yn , zn ; x1, y1, z1, ⋅⋅⋅, xn , yn , zn ) = 0
式中n为质点系的质点数,s为约束方程数,⋅⋅⋅,n)
用直角坐标时,可写成
ɺ ɺ ɺ f j ( xi , yi , zi; xi , yi , zi; t) = 0
按约束对质点系运动限制的不同情况,可将约束分类如下:
(1)完整约束和非完整约束 约束方程中不包含坐标对时间的导数,或者说,约 束只限制质点系各质点的几何位置,而不限制其速度,这种约束称 为完整约束或几何约束。其约束方程一般形式为 完整约束或几何约束。其约束方程一般形式为
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