动词不定式动词过去分词动词ing
doing、done、being_done
实战
讨论：Judging/Judged by the look on his face, he doesn’t think much of our local wine.在这里，到底是judging还是 judged呢？ Compare是否也属于这一类词呢？ Comparing with history, a man’s life time is limited. Compared with his room, my room is small.
3.Moved deeply by what he said, so he decided to help the poor girl.(×)
Because he was moved deeply by what he said, so he decided to help the poor girl. (× ) *去掉so
☆doing 同时还是动名词，主要充当主语与 宾语。 例如：Seeing is believing.
enjoy、avoid等等，这一类词都需要接动 名词来充当宾语。
☆done是过去分词，含有被动与完成的意 思，在句子中充当状语，通常是表示原因 或方式的状语。 例如：Looked at in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing.
4. Being painted now ,the room can’t be lived in
例句观察
5. Exposed to strong heat and sunlight, our skin might get burnt 6. Being exposed to strong heat and sunlight will damage our skin.
作定语的非谓语动词
“作定语的非谓语动词”面面观非谓语动词主要包括-ing形式、过去分词和不定式。
它们不能在句子中作谓语,而是担任其它语法功能。
它们不受句子中主语的人称和数的影响。
非谓语动词具有动词特征(有时态和语态的变化形式),又具有名词、形容词或副词的特征(在句中作主语、定语或状语等)。
下面就其作定语的常见考点进行分类和归纳。
一、-ing形式作定语-ing形式在句中做定语时有两种情况。
1.-ing形式和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,表示这个名词(人或物)的动作或状态,相当于一个定语从句。
如:These dancing girls (= these girls who are dancing) are from my class.正在跳舞的这些女孩是我班上的。
We should show respect for the working people (= the people who work).我们应该尊重劳动人民。
At 11 o’clock，please find the waiting bus (the bus which is waiting) atthe entrance.十一点钟时,请在入口处找等候的公共汽车。
注意:①表示现在(或当时)的状态,变为定语从句时常用一般时态。
The temple standing (=which/that stands) on the top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.坐落在山顶上的那个寺庙建于明朝。
②表示正在进行的动作,变为定语从句时要用进行时态。
Do you see the woman talking to (=who/that is talking to) the secretary？你看见那位和秘书谈话的妇女了吗?The song being broadcast (=which/that is being broadcast) is very popularwith the young students.正在播放的那首歌深受青年学生的欢迎。
不定式,动名词,分词
表语 Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 定语 The excited people rushed into the building. 状语 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 补足语 When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
9. 分词 9.1 分词作定语
分词前置 如： We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 分词后置 (i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left； iii 修饰不定代词 something等) 如： There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语 与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当 于一个被动语态的定语从句。 如： Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例题
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a D foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定 语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written
非谓语动词的形式与用法
非谓语动词的形式与用法非谓语动词是指在句子中充当动词，但不具备谓语功能的动词形式。
它由动词原形或动词的-ing、-ed、-en等形式构成，在句子中主要用来作定语、状语、补语等。
非谓语动词有不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种形式。
本文将介绍非谓语动词的形式与用法。
一、不定式不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，可以作为动词、名词、形容词或副词使用。
1. 作为动词：不定式可以作为动词的主语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语等。
例如：To swim is my favorite hobby.（不定式作主语）I want to visit France.（不定式作宾语）She needs someone to help her.（不定式作宾语补足语）Her dream is to become a doctor.（不定式作同位语）2. 作为名词：不定式可以作为名词的主语、宾语、表语等。
例如：To learn is important.（不定式作主语）I have a book to read.（不定式作宾语）His goal is to win the championship.（不定式作表语）3. 作为形容词：不定式可以修饰名词，表示名词的目的、用途、特点等。
例如：She bought a book to improve her English.（不定式修饰名词book，表示目的）4. 作为副词：不定式可以修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示目的、结果、原因等。
例如：He studied hard to pass the exam.（不定式修饰动词studied，表示目的）The movie was interesting to watch.（不定式修饰形容词interesting，表示结果）二、动名词动名词是动词变成名词的形式，以动词的-ing形式构成，可以作为名词、主语、宾语、表语、定语等使用。
1. 作为名词：动名词可以作为名词的主语、宾语、表语等。
语法复习——非谓语动词(一)动词-ing的用法
try doing sth. 试着（用某种办法）干某事
try to do sth. 努力去干某事
go on doing sth. 继续干同一件事
go on to do sth. 接着干另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止干某事
stop to do sth. 停下（某件事）去干另一件事
语法复习——非谓语动词（一）动词-ing的用法
非谓语动词主要包括动词-ing形式、过去分词和不定式。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中所作的成分以及一些特殊句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。本讲主要阐述动词-ing形式的用法。
动词-ing形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作主语、宾语和表语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独构成谓语。
Did he admit breaking the window?
他承认打破玻璃了吗？
He appreciated being advised.
他很重视别人的劝告。
They reported seeing a star in the east.
他们报告说东方出现了一颗星星。
例如：
They looked forward very much to meeting him again.
他们很希望再次见到他。
He came near (close) to falling into the pit.
他差点儿摔倒在坑里了。
The girl is on her way to becoming a famous singer.
“动词原形＋ing”构成动词-ing形式可分为动名词和现在分词。
高考英语重点语法非谓语动词之-ing形式
非谓语动词之-ing形式非谓语动词在英语中用途很广，在考试中是重点，在学习中是难点，但是它还是有很多规律可以遵循，今天我希望经过我的整理和归纳，让非谓语动词简单起来。
非谓语动词的三种形式：-ing形式to do(不定式) done(过去分词)非谓语动词之ing形式ing形式的使用条件：1.当句中有谓语动词并且没有连词and, but, so，when,because等连接时，再出现一个动词，这个动词就要用非谓语动词形式。
2.确定是非谓语动词之后，还要看是否表示主动，如果是主动不表示将来或目的，就用-ing形式。
-ing 在句中充当主语，表语，宾语，定语，补语和状语，绝对不能充当谓语。
Eg. Swimming is good to our health.（主语）游泳对我们的健康有好处。
My hobby is swimming.（表语）我的爱好是游泳。
He likes swimming.（宾语）他喜欢游泳。
He saw the old lady fishing near the river.（宾补）他看见这位老太太正在河边钓鱼。
The old people swimming in the pool are very happy.（定语）正在游泳池里游泳的老人们是很快乐的。
Swimming in the river, they are very happy.（状语）一.-ing 的基本用法-ing充当主语当用动词的形式作主语时，大多数情况都用动词的-ing 形式作主语。
还有少数表示将来或目的，应该用to do 作主语。
另外在It is adj./n. +for sb to do sth. 这个句型中，经常用不定式to do 作主语。
温馨提示：It is no use/ useless/no good/not good/fun/ a waste of time +doing.“做...是没有用的/没有好处的/有趣的/浪费时间的这个句型中经常用doing作主语。
非谓语动词分词,动名词,不定式,过去分词比较讲义1
非谓语动词一主语（一）1.To know oneself is difficult.2.Learning without practice is not good.3.Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering.4.It’s impo rtant to master a foreign language.5.It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.6.It's a waste of time arguing about it.动词原形是不能作主语的。
动词作主语时，如果侧重于表示经常性，在动词后面加ing构成动名词来做主语；如果侧重于表示将来特定的某一次，则用动词不定式来做主语。
Playing basketball is my favorite sport. (“打篮球”指经常性，因此用动名词。
)To go to a key college is his dream. (“上名牌大学”指特定的将来的某一次，用不定式)有时为了对称，主语，宾语（或表语）要么都用不定时，要么都用动名词。
Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.（二）用it作形式主语（1）It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join usIt is no use doing sth.It is funIt is uselessIt is no goodIt is niceIt is a waste of timeIt is a pleasure(2)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do…,kind, cruel, nice, good ,foolish, silly, stupid, wise, clever, brave, selfish, crazy, careless, rude, impolite, wrong, grateful, generous, considerate, thoughtful(3)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do…It is easy / difficult / hard / foolish / unwise / right / wrong / unnecessary…(4) It is +a/an +名词+ to do...It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / one’s duty / an honor / a shame / a crime / no easy job… to do(5)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience …to do…(6)It requires courage / patience / hard work… to do…___ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk1._______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.A. ExposedB. having exposedC. Being exposedD. After being exposed2.To answer correctly is more important than _____.A. that you finish quicklyB. finishing quicklyC. to finish quicklyD. finish quickly3.__________ now seems impossible.A. Saving moneyB. To save moneyC. Being saved moneyD. To be saved money4.He told us whether _________ a picnic was still under discussionA. to haveB. havingC. haveD. had6.What do you think made Mary so upset?_______ her new bicycle.A. As she lostB. LostC. LosingD. Because of losing7.It’s a waste of time ____________ this.A. discussB. discussingC. to discussedD. discussed(二) 宾语They didn't mind being treated like guests.He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg.1. They suggested _____ the sports meet till next Tuesday.A. us to put offB. putting offC. us of putting offD. our put off2. They managed _____the meeting room before the guests arrived.A. finishing to cleanB. finishing cleaningC. to finish cleaningD. to finish to clean（1）afford, ask, agree, arrange, attempt, care, choose, demand, decide, desire ,expect, fail, help, hope, hesitate, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish （2）advise, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practice, resist, postpone(推迟)，delay, deny(否认), appreciate (欣赏，感激), escape, excuse, pardon, can’t stand, put off, give up, can’t help,（3）think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stop…from…, depend on, set about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out, insist on, be/get used to, devote…to…, lo ok forward to, pay attention to, get down to, be good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in,1.She enjoys __________ light music.A. to hearB. hearingC. listening toD. to listen to2.We asked ___ to work in the countryside.A. to be sentB. to sendC. to be sendingD. sending3.There were many talented actors out there just waiting .A. to discoverB. to be discoveredC. discoveredD. being discovered4.You can keep the book until you __________.A. have finished readingB. finish to readC. will finish readingD. have finished to read5.Can you imagine yourself __________ on a desert island?A. stayingB. stayC. have stayedD. being stayed6.Almost everyone fails __________ on the first try.A. in passing his driver’s testB. to pass his driver’s testC. to have passed his driver’s testD. passing his driver’s test7.When he got off the train, it happened __________.A. to rainB. to be rainingC. rainingD. to raining8.The young driver offered _________ the patient out of the car.A. to handB. handingC. handsD. would hand9.Ali said that she wouldn’t mind _________ alone at home.A. leftB. being leftC. to be leftD. leaving（4）有些动词后即可用动名词也可以不定式做宾语（如like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attempt等）。
非谓语动词的主动与被动形式
非谓语动词的主动与被动形式非谓语动词是指不具备时态和人称语态的动词形式，包括不定式、动名词和分词。
其中，不定式的主动形式为"to + 动词原形"，被动形式为"to be + 动词过去分词"，动名词的主动形式为"动词原形 + -ing"，被动形式为"being + 动词过去分词"，分词的主动形式为"动词过去分词"，被动形式为"动词过去分词 + being"。
非谓语动词的主动形式可以表示主动的意义，强调动作的执行者和动作本身，常用于主动语态的句子中。
而被动形式则强调动作的承受者和动作的结果，常用于被动语态的句子中。
一、不定式的主动与被动形式不定式是最常见的非谓语动词形式之一，它通常由"to + 动词原形"构成，表示目的、愿望、感觉、建议、能力等含义。
其主动形式为"to+ 动词原形"，被动形式为"to be + 动词过去分词"。
例如：- 主动形式：I want to learn English.（我想学英语。
）- 被动形式：I need to be taught by a professional teacher.（我需要由专业的教师来教。
）二、动名词的主动与被动形式动名词是以"-ing"结尾的动词形式，它可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
其主动形式为"动词原形 + -ing"，被动形式为"being + 动词过去分词"。
例如：- 主动形式：Playing basketball is my favorite hobby.（打篮球是我最喜欢的爱好。
）- 被动形式：Being praised by the teacher made him happy.（被老师表扬使他很开心。
英语非谓语动词：不定式,动名词和分词
英语非谓语动词：不定式，动名词和分词非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）（一）动词不定式动词不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语。
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，否定形式“not to +动词原形”。
1.用法（1）作主语。
往往用it作为形式主语。
如：It is time to get up.（2）作宾语。
如果带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。
如：I find it interesting to study English.有些动词只能用动词不定式作宾语。
如：decide,plan,desire,hope,wish,promise,ask,agree, manage等。
（3）作宾语补足语A：带to的动词不定式有：ask，tell，want，teach，advise，allow，beg，invite等。
如：He asked me to do the work.B :接不带to的动词不定式有：see，watch，hear,make ,let等。
如：I often see him play football.使役动词不带to,动词有：一感二听三让四观看。
一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to 三让：let，have，make 四观看：observe,see,watch,look at注意：feel, hear,notice, see,watch,have,make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to,但变成被动结构时，要带to.如：I often hear him cry. He is often heard to cry.注意：带but介词的不定式。
如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么but后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
另外，在can’t choose but...和can’t help but...等后面的不定式也省略to。
英语非谓语
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do2、动词的ing : doing3、动词的过去分词：done。
其中不定式表示目的和将来;动词的ing表示主动和进行；过去分词表示被动和完成。
非谓语动词三种形式在句中充当不同的成分，表达不同的意义，具体如下表：非谓语动词的时态和语态：一般式：不定式：主动to do ，被动to be done ; ing 形式：主动doing ，被动being done ;过去分词：被动done完成式：不定式：主动to have done ，被动to have been done;ing 形式：主动having done，被动having been done进行式：不定式to be doing1、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式：not + (to) do 如：(1)作主语：动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
(2)作表语：动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别。
如：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
(3)作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?(4)作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema．他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。
高中英语语法――非谓语动词讲解
⾼中英语语法――⾮谓语动词讲解⾼中英语语法――⾮谓语动词⼀、⾮谓语动词的概念动词的基本⽤法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能⽤⾮谓语形式了。
⾮谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done⼆、三种形式的含义（基本⽤法）不定式：表⽰⽬的和将来；动词的ing：表⽰主动和进⾏；过去分词：表⽰被动和完成。
在⾮谓语动词前加not, never. 即not / never to do, not / never doing五、⾮谓语动词的复合结构不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.动词ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，⽤的所有格＋doing)六、⾮谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否⽤⾮谓语形式。
⽅法：看看句⼦中是否已有了谓语动词了2、找⾮谓语动词的逻辑主语。
⽅法：⾮谓语动词的逻辑主语⼀般是句⼦的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
⽅法：⾮谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
⽅法：分析句⼦，看看⾮谓语动词所表⽰的动作发⽣在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常⽤done; 之后常⽤to do; 同时常⽤doing.学习⾮谓语形式时，建议把三种形式⼀起来⽐较学习，会更加有效⼀些。
⼀、⾮谓语动词作主语和表语的⽐较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语a. 不定式表⽰⼀次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表⽰⼀般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如：________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk(分析) a good form 暗⽰泛指⼀般的⾏为，⽤动名词作主语，选 Bb. 不定式作主语时，常⽤it 作形式主语，即⽤句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.It’s important for us to learn English well.It’s kind of you to help us.注意：下⾯⼏个句型是⽤动名词：It’s no good / use doing sth.It’s useless doing sth.There is no need to do sth.2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的⽐较1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表⽰主语的内容。
05 不定式过去分词动词ing形式之功能比较 思维导图(改进版)
t h i n g a t a t i me a n dA l l t h i n gsi n t he i r be i ng ar eg oo df o rs om et h i ng 舟楫英语课堂 精通句子结构非谓语动词（六）不定式To go to school on foot every day takes me half an hour.It's very nice of you to be so considerate.It's not easy for you to get him to change his mind.It is a great honor for us to be present at this rally.作主语动词ing 形式Learning new words is very important.It's dangerous your drinking so much liquor.It's no use arguing about it.不定式We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.I made it a rule to get up early, take a cold bath, and then do some running.作宾语动词ing 形式详细辨析见附表有些动词只能接ing 形式作宾语，不能接不定式作宾语I enjoy working with you. 我喜欢和你共事。
感官动词 + 宾语 + 不带to 的不定式作宾补（意义主动，动作的全过程）I saw him fall down from the bike. 我看到他从自行车上摔下来。
（已经完成的动作，动作的全过程） We heard him cry out. 我们听见他大喊一声。
语法复习――非谓语动词(一)动词-ing的用法讲解
语法复习——非谓语动词（一）动词-ing的用法非谓语动词主要包括动词-ing形式、过去分词和不定式。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中所作的成分以及一些特殊句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
本讲主要阐述动词-ing形式的用法。
动词-ing形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作主语、宾语和表语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独构成谓语。
“动词原形＋ing”构成动词-ing形式可分为动名词和现在分词。
一、动名词动名词是v.–ing形式的一种，它具有名词特征，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语。
1．动名词作主语的几种句型动名词直接置于句首作主语，动名词作主语可以是主动形式，也可以是被动形式。
例如： Swimming in winter is healthy. 冬泳是有益健康的运动。
Picking apples is much better than having classes. 摘苹果比上课好多了。
Being elected chairman is a great honor to him. 被选为主席对他是一个很大的荣誉。
有时主语太长，可用it作形式主语，将真正主语即动名词放在后面。
不是所有的动名词作主语都可用it作形式主语，常见的有： It is ＋ no use＋动名词做……没有用处 It is ＋ no good ＋动名词做……没有好处 It is ＋nice＋动名词做……很好/很不错 It is ＋useless ＋动名词做……没有用 It is ＋interesting＋动名词做……很有趣 It is ＋dangerous＋动名词做……很危险 It is＋a waste of＋动名词做……是浪费…… 例如：It is no use waiting here. Let’s walk home. 在这儿等着没有用，我们走回家吧。
It’s interesting watching the children play. 看着这些孩子们玩耍很有趣。
动词不定式
make let have
+
do sb. + doing done
seen watched looked at sb. be heard + to do listened to made felt let noticed
1. Boys, don't forget _____ the windows before you leave the classroom. A. closing B. closed C. to closing D. to close
2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。
help 1.Let me ______(help) you _______ (to)water (water) the flowers. to take 2.Little Sandy would love _______(take) to the cinema this evening. 3. Though he often made his deskmate ______(cry), cry today he was made _______(cry) by his deskmate. to cry
句型2：It’s + n. + to do
It’s our duty __ help the poor.
句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.
英语语法顺口溜：非谓语动词英语学习口诀
英语语法顺口溜：非谓语动词英语学习口诀（学习版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
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动词不定式
• 他被认为要住在墨西哥了。 He is believed to live in Mexico. • 他被认为正住在墨西哥。 He is believed to be living in Mexico. • 他被认为一直住在墨西哥。 He is believed to have been living in Mexico. • 他被认为已经完成家庭作业了。 He is believed to have finished his homework.
(1).对她来讲被服从是很自然的事。 To be obeyed was natural to her. (2).他的梦想是被送出国读书。 Her dream is to be sent to study abroad. (3).我要是早点被告知结果就好了。 I would like to have been told the result earlier. (4).船长命令旗子要被升起来。 The captain ordered the flag to be raised. (5). 她是第一个被选为总统的女性。 She is the first woman to be elected president.
1. 谁第一个到的？ Who was the first one to arrive? 2. 他经常在周日有很多信要写。 On Sundays he always has a lot of letters to write. 3. 你这有喝的吗？ Do you have something to drink? 4. 他经常是第一个来学校的。 He is always the first to come to school. 5. 我没有权利在会议上说话。 I have no right to speak at the meeting.
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1.动词的不定时，动词的过去分词动词的ing
⏹（1）不定式的构成
⏹to+动词原形to为不定式的符号，无意义
⏹（2）不定式短语
⏹带有宾语、不语、等成分的不定式短语例：
⏹to learn how to swim
⏹to enjoy swimming
⏹to swim well
（3）不定式的用法
⏹1.做主语
⏹当不定式做主语时，可以用作两种形式：⏹to do+v 和it+adj+to do
⏹To finish all the work is difficult。
⏹It is difficult to finish all the work.
⏹2.作宾语
⏹I hope to see you in a short time.
⏹He did not mean to hurt your feeling
⏹3.作宾语补足语
⏹will you help my brother（to）do his homework。
⏹please tell him to phone me as soon as possible。
⏹4.作定语
⏹He is not a man to tell a lie.
⏹I need something to cure a cold
⏹5.做状语
⏹You should have finished your paper so as to have enough time to check it.
⏹He is too young to stay at home alone.(不定式作结果状语)
6.作表语
⏹The most important thing for me is to study hard 。
⏹His wish was to meet all the old friends before
he left for America.
⏹7.疑问词+不定式的形式
⏹疑问词how what when where which who whom whether等的后面可以直接接不定式构成不定式短语，常用于及物动词后作宾语，也可在句子中作
主语、补语、或同位语。
I am wondering how to spare some time（作宾语）
I want to make a trip but not decided where to go
⏹We did not know whether to believe him or not.（作宾语）⏹What to eat is still not decided.（做主语）
动词的ing形式
⏹ 1.作主语
⏹Reading is helpful。
⏹Teaching and writing keep me busy。
⏹ 2.作宾语
⏹i like swimming
⏹would you please stop smoking？
⏹ 3.作宾语补足语
⏹I heard her singing an english song at the party .
⏹we found our teacher talking with our classmates.
⏹ 4.作表语
⏹his job is delivering newspapers and magazine.
⏹his enjoyment is travelling.
⏹作定语
⏹many old men have to taking sleeping pills before going
to bed .
⏹she is our dancing teacher.
⏹作状语
⏹relying on her own efforts ,she completed the homework
in time.
⏹They sat facing to facing without a word .
⏹being poor,they could not go home during holiday.
⏹the teacher walked into the classroom following by his
pupil.。