英语名词复习知识点讲义

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课题名称:英语语法复习要点

课型:语法课讲授课复习课

授课人:

授课时间:

授课班级:

教学重点:1)名词的数

2)名词的格

教学难点:1)可数名词的数形变化

2)量化名词短语的数量规定

3)用with后置性定语结构的名词短语数量

4)and结构的’s所有格

5)零属格的视别及用法

课时安排:三课时

授课讲义资料:见附页

名词的数

在英语中,名词是表示事物名称、人物名词或抽象概念的词,名词在英语句子中可以作主语,作宾语,作表语的主要词类。名词语法内容主要包括名词的数和名词的格两大部分。

名语的数在英语中名词运用时,主要要考虑该名语为可数名词还是不可数名词,可数名词应当采用

单数形式还是复数形式,以及名词短语作主语时与一定的谓语动词时态关系中要考虑到名词短语数量为单数还是复数。就其它的名词相关分类方法,对于非专业的英语学习者来说,可以说没有太多的必要性。

名词作主语时的单复数判断方法:一、以单数可数名词为中心的主语结构为单数,如, Generally speaking, a girl has longer hair than a boy;二、以复数可数名词为中心的主语结构为复数,如,In spring, birds are singing happy in the trees;三、以不可数名词为中心的主语结构为单数, Some good advice is necessary for us English learners;四、复数量化的名词短语结构为复数, 如, three glasses of water, some boat of potatoes; 五、单数量化的名词短语结构为单数,如,a cup of milk, a bag of letters。

名语短语结构作主语时的单复数判断方法:一、A and B结构,若A=B时,视AB本身的数量决定,AB为单数则主语结构为单数,如,My English teacher and class leader is a very kind girl. 或A不等于B时,主语结构为复数,此种情况中一般不论名词为可数还是不可数,如,Water and air are both important for us. 此外,A and B为成套用具时视主语结构为单数,这一点主要是西方文化中是固定表达习惯。二、both A and B结构为复数, 如Both Tom and Peter like the Chinese language very much. 三、either A or B结构采用就近一致原则决定主语数量, Either Tom or his parents have been to Shanghai China. 或Either Tom's parents or he himself has been to Shanghai China. 四、neither A or B结构采用就近一致原则决定其主语数量,如, Neither the students in this class nor the math teacher of them has settled the difficult math problem. 或Neither the math teacher of this class nor his students have settled the difficult math problem. 五、Not only A but also B结构采用就近一致原则决定主语数量,如Not only this book but many other books have discussed about this problem. 或Not only many other books but also this book has discussed about this problem. 六、A together with B或A with B结构中由A决定主语数量,如,Tom together with his close friends often goes cycling around here. 七、A as well as B结构,由A决定主语数量,如,Li Hong as well as other members are very proud of having taken part in the content. 八、基数词+单位名语复数作主语时表示整体概念,一般视为单数,如, Twenty years is too long a time for a students. 九、集体名词family, class, team, group作为主语时,若作为抽象概念讲,主语为单数,如, His family is a very large one and it is said that it has more than two thousand members. 若作为具体成员讲,主语为复数His family often play musical instruments at weekends.

名词的数量形态在英语应用当中也值得关注。名词的数量形态主要考虑可数名词的单数形态与复数形态差异。可数名词的复数形态多以单数可数名词(可数名词原形)变化而来,其主要的变化规则有:一、直接在可数名词后加-s后缀,

如job--jobs, student--students等,二、直接在可数名词后加-es后缀,此类名词主要以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾,如boss--bosses, box--boxes, watch--watches, brush--brushes, 但要记住一个与此规则不相符的词stomach--stomachs, 要注意以-th结尾的名词采用前一种规则,不能与此规则相混淆. 三、以o字母结尾的名词,在英语本身语法规则上为英语本语用加-es的方法变为复数,英语外来语用加-s的方法变为复数,但对于中国学习者来说,不太实用,因此,以现实经验总结其实用方法为,单o有生命事物后加-es, 单o无生命事物加-s,双o结尾加-s; 如tomato--tomatoes, potato--potatoes, hero--heroes, Negro--Negroes, photo--photos, radio--radios, studio--studios, zero--zeros, piano--pianos, bamboo--bamboos, zoo--zoos. 四、以f或者fe结尾的可数名词复数变化规则,多为变f或者fe为ves,如,wife--wives, knife--knives, wolf--wolves, shelf--shelves, 但例外的情况也较多,如, roof--roofs, belief--beliefs, safe--safes, cliff--cliffs;五、以辅音字母加y结尾的可数名词复数变化规则为变y为i加-es, 如family--families 六、有些可数名词的单复数形态完全相同,如fish(以条为单位时), people, deer, sheep, police, 许多国籍名词也采用此规则,如Chinese, Japanese, English, Swiss 七、有些可数名词充当集体名词只用单数形态。八、名词有复数有不规则变化,如, child--children, ox--oxen, foot--feet, goose--geese, man--men, woman--women, emphasis--emphases, phenomenon--phenomena.

在中学考试英语中,除上述名词数量形态要点外,还要注意:一、国籍名词复数中与不规则变化相混淆的词有German--Germans, Roman--Romans. 二、一些词单复数形态的意思不同,如good,不可数名词,好处,利益---goods,复数可数名词,货物;work,不可数名词,工作,事情--works,复数可数名词,著作,作品;三、news虽以复数形态出现,但实为不可数名词。四、可数名词的数量大于一时,要求用复数形态, 如, one and a half hours。

教学后记:

量化名词短语的数量界定在英语语法界存在分歧,主要有:以复数可数名词为中心的单数量化结构,有些专家界定为复数:如,a basket of apples为复数有些以复数形态出现的不可数名词没有讲到:如,news, physics, mathematics, politics等

A and B形式的成套用品,虽然A不等同于B,但作主语时,常视为单数,

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