航海英语翻译范例

将下列文章译成中文，注意：1深刻理解原文，以求“自圆其说”；2在译成汉语过程中，注意使用航海专业的术语；3注意体现原文的语言风格。

1.Securing of Containers集装箱系固After each container has been stuffed，responsible personnel will ensure that the doors have been securely closed and are watertight and a seal has been placed on the container.The seal number has been recorded，and the shipping documents and the proper markings have been placed on the container.在每个集装箱被装填满后，负责人应当确保箱门以及水密门已经安全关闭，封条被贴在相关位置，封条号已被记录，相关的船舶文件和适当的标志也被放置于集装箱上。

The modern，fully cellularized containership requires no container lashing under deck. The cell structure stops the container from moving. An exception to this may occur in some vessels where two 20-foot containers are stowed，in tandem，in a 40-foot cell. In some cases it may be necessary to install stacking cones at each level to lock the containers in position. The cell guides for the 40-foot container will hold one end of the 20-foot container，but where they butt against each other in the middle there may not be any restraining structure. Stacking cones or bridge fittings must be used.Most of the new ships employ a locking-type stacking cone for on-deck stowage. The cone secures the bottom container to the deck or hatch cover，or locks each container above to the one below. With this system，it is normally permissible to stow containers two-high on deck without installing deck lashings. When containers are stowed three-high，additional cross lashings are installed from the bottom corners of the second tier of containers with no lashings on the third tier. When stowed four-high，additional cross lashings are installed on the fourth tier. The tensioners/wire assemblies use a wire lashing fitted with multiple washers which set the proper length for tensioning. The rigid rods are tensioned with a turnbuckle. The turnbuckles have removable tensioning wheels，as shown. Many vessels still use stacking cones between containers. These cones will keep the containers from shifting from side to side but are unable to restrain any lifting or tipping movement. As a result，it is necessary to lash these containers to the deck even when stowed one-high. Lashing systems are constructed primarily of chain or steel rod; the latter has become more prevalent. The steel rod system is a rigid lashing system with no give once it is set tight with a turnbuckle. The rigidity permits installation by aperson standing at deck level; there is no need to climb a ladder to insert the securement hook or plug fittings，as is the case with wire lashings. Chains are also used in container lashings，either singly or in conjunction with wire lashings. Tensioning devices include turnbuckles，wire tensioners，and chain tensioners. Bridge fittings are still used on some vessels，but their use has gradually been eliminated. Bridge fittings are used on the top of the top tier of containers to secure two adjacent containers to each other. Regardless of the lashing system used，it is normally an integrated system designed for use on a particular vessel and must be used in the manner prescribed.Unless other special arrangements are made，twist locks or similar devices are used to secure all four bottom corner fittings.Sometimes lashings are used as a substitute for or in addition to twist locks on the decks. The rolling of these vessels can exert severe strains on containers. When lashing is used，it is done from all top corner fittings of the containers if they are sitting on top of dunnage on deck，or from all bottom corner fittings if they are sitting on chassis. In either case，the lashings may or may not be crisscrossed，depending on the deck fittings or space available. If not crisscrossed，the lashing should extend off the sides of the chassis container. These techniques provide good protection against upward，side-to-side，forward，and rear movement.The proper securement of any cargo on a vessel is the responsibility of the chief mate and the master and must be performed to their satisfaction. However，the securement of containers has become an established procedure on most containerships. The stress imposed on the containers，securement points，and fittings has been calculated by engineers to ensure that all components will withstand the loads imposed upon them under almost every sea and weather condition encountered by the vessel. As a result，the ship's officers need only to inspect the lashings to make certain they have been installed properly. Container stowage follows a basic pattern. Except in the case of refrigerated containers，the doors of containers stowed on deck should face aft. This protects the doors from direct exposure to the weather and the sea. While the direction of the door may be immaterial below deck，it is best to follow a set pattern to prevent possible mistakes when on-deck loading commences. Reefer containers usually must be stowed with the reefer unit facing aft and the doors forward，since the electrical power unit on the reefer container is highly susceptible to water damage and short circuiting. The electrical outlets on the vessel are usually located aft of the hatches to permit easy access for plugging in the containers.Top corner fittings are the recommended lifting points for all types of containers which have them. The equipment should，therefore，be designed for lifting from，and be properly attached to，these fittings.Operators will use only the following types of equipment in lifting containers 20 feet or more in length：s Vertical lift，using twist locks.s Rectangular spreader with pendant hooks or shackles，which apply vertical lifting force.s A bridle arrangement having a long beam of the length of the container with the pendant hooks or shackles applying a vertical lift to the corner fittings.Operators should be aware that containers are not built to withstand lifting while coupled unless four-point engagement is used.Operators may lift containers by the bottom corner fittings，using hooks or special attaching devices，only under two conditions.The first condition is when sling legs are connected to one or two lateral spreaders (above the roof line of the container) with sufficient width to prevent the sling legs from making contact with the container. Sling legs must be long enough so that the angle of the leg is not less than 60 degrees from the horizontal.The second condition is when attachment devices are designed so that the lifting force is not exerted more than 1 1/2 inches away from the face of the corner fitting.Containers handled by any method other than lifting from the corner fittings must have special features，such as forklift pockets，recesses for straddle carriers，or grapple holds.s Forklift truckOperators should ensure that forks extend the whole width of the container. The load capacity of the truck should be enough to handle the container. Never use two forklift trucks，either side by side or one at either end，to lift or move a container.s Straddle carriersDo not attempt to lift or move a container with a straddle carrier unless the container has the appropriate recesses along the bottom.s Grapple liftOperators must ensure that proper recesses are available and used on the lifted containers.Operators often stack containers on piers，in transfer facilities，or in other storage areas. Proper safety precautions are also required here to prevent accidents and damage. When stacking，operators should pay particularattention to the proper alignment of top and bottom corner fittings of the containers. When putting a container on the ground or pier in a terminal area，operators will ensure that a firm，flat，level surface is provided so that the container can be supported by its four bottom corner fittings. There must be no projections on the landing surface which could possibly dunnage the bottom structure of the container.。