建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献

建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
译文：
建筑施工过程中质量管理的动机分析和控制方法的研究
摘要
在建筑施工过程中实施质量管理可以有效地防止在后续建筑产品使用过程中安全事故的发生。

与此同时可以减少建设供应链的总成本，这也有利于增强建筑施工企业的品牌知名度和声誉。

在建筑施工过程中结合质量管理过程和当前建筑施工阶段的主要质量问题，分析了建设过程中的管理动机，将供应链管理与目标管理理念和方法应用到质量管理中，最后提出了具体的质量控制措施。

这些都是为了在建筑施工过程中提高建筑产品的总体质量。

关键字——建筑施工、质量管理、质量动机、控制
1.引言
调查显示建筑施工企业主要采用现场控制的质量管理模式是预先控制。

大多企业常常使得建筑施工过程中与建设管理中的质量管理相同，他们通常忽略了施工准备阶段质量问题的预防，如供应商的选择、道路的规划和临时设施，这些因素在建筑施工过程中的质量管理上起着至关重要的作用。

建设质量事故频繁发生，引起了许多领域的高度关注，如各级政府部门、施工企业和业主，特别是重庆綦江虹桥的坍塌、五龙的滑坡和洪湖湿地路基施工中的一系列质量安全事故，人们开始对施工质量问题做全方位的思考。

通过研究李秀峰总结归纳了造成工程的质量问题并引入项目质量控制分析方法，Low Sui Pheng 和Jasmine Ann Teo[2] 建立了施工中的质量管理框架来通过经验分析实现项目的质量控制，SangHyun Lee and others[3] 利用系统质量动态结构和变更管理模型的编程方法和控制方法，最终实现了大规模的并行设计和施工项目的管理和控制。

方唐分析了建设项目质量管理的整个过程和控制方法，她认为应该实现对影响建设单位质量的人、材料、机械、方法和环境的完全控制；吴天翔研究出管理因素是影响建设项目质量控制的重要因素，强调了施工过程中需要严格控制的各个方面和整体实现加强管理的需要。

为了解决建设施工过程中的建设质量问题，韩伟建立了一个建筑项目的分析和处理程序。

上述研究主要对施工质量存在的问题和影响因素进行了分析，然而建筑施工过程中的动机分析和质量管理的控制方法研究还是远远不够的。

之前的研究主要专注于建设阶段的质量问题和构建阶段分析质量管理的特点，本文主要讨论了建筑施工过程中影响建设质量的动机并研究供应链的应用管理理念和目标管理方法。

2.建筑施工过程中质量管理的特点
建筑施工过程中的质量问题是产品生命周期的关键。

比较前面的勘察设计阶段、招标阶段和后期的竣工验收阶段，施工质量管理的特点如下：
A影响因素的复杂性。

在建筑施工过程中，性质相同的质量问题，可能是由于技术错误、从业人员素质低造成，此外，也可能是由于购买的材料与施工要求的不符，单一的质量问题可能来自各个方面的原因，因此，很难分析这一现象。

B建筑施工过程中质量后果的积累。

相较于施工产品，工业产品是批量生产，甚至单一产品质量问题，修复的方法有很多，看哪个更简单。

建筑产品是一片而且比较大的产品。

建筑过程的每个阶段是紧密连接和相互制约的，一旦前面的过程出现错误，引起的质量问题就会叠加。

后期发现这些质量问题，就要花费更高的成本。

C质量的可变性。

由于外部环境的影响，结合建筑材料自身的特点，建设过程中的建筑产品质量容易发生突变。

如突然的温度变化或沉淀，这些可能会导致钢筋混凝土结构的严重裂缝。

应急因素造成质量破坏，系统性因素通常造成伤害更大，而且通常有突出的特点。

通过这些因素可以得出，预防更重要。

D质量检验不能瓦解和拆卸。

施工完成后的产品，不像一般工业产品，检查产品质量是用拆卸或瓦解的抽样方法，即使出现一些问题也可以通过改变部分来修复不合格产品。

建筑产品不能通过瓦解和拆卸来检查产品的质量。

所以建筑产品的质量必须严格控制在设计和施工阶段，否则质量成本可能很高，出现特别严重甚至不能挽回的后果。

3建筑施工过程中质量的动力分析
鉴于建筑产品的上述特点，质量问题影响施工阶段的各种问题，包括渗漏、泄露、潘、插头、壳、破裂、砂、铁锈和其他常见质量缺陷也有由于新技术的引入引起的非常规问题。

在施工阶段关于质量问题虽然有很多不同的表现，质量问题大多相同并很难找出，只有由浅到深找到问题的根源，然后通过预防和控制措施来实现高度和有效。

所谓质量的动机分析，指的是质量问题的综合分析，找出上面造成质量问题的原因，然后再次识别上面的原因，找出根本原因。

根据这一方法探索，直到找出引起现象的根源。

基于施工质量管理经验和动力分析的过去的指导思想，施工阶段质量的动机可能进行分析和分类如图1所示：造成建筑质量问题的原因可以概括为4个原因，就是动态技术、管理动机、文化动机和环境驱动力。

其中科技、文化和管理的动机是主观动机（可控），环境是客观动机。

A技术动机
包括：技术水平落后、（技术设备）、新技术的不合理使用、不准确的原材料或试样测试和员工技术水平低下。

解决质量问题源自于技术的动机，它可以从加强员工培训操作和引进先进设备开始。

B管理动机
管理动机可以分为质量管理人员水平低下、不完美的质量管理体系和项目经理对质量管理的关注不足。

由于这些原因，建设企业可以建立适合他们的质量保证体系，解决和完善项目经理质量管理责任。

建筑产品项目经理承担终身负责项目质量和质量管理，包括管理的选择措施和控制方法，然后分散管理局各子项目质量管理团队，每个团队管理者的分散管理权力构造函数。

项目经济完全负责管辖质量。

上级负责监督指导下级。

C文化动机
文化动机比管理动机和文化动机更难提高驱动力，假设经理、技术人员和施工人员忽略了质量管理，总是关心项目成本和进程，一旦形成这种观念就很难扭转。

首先所有建筑企业的领导人理解质量管理，认识到科学的质量管理和建筑产品的控制是至关重要的，然后让这个思想贯穿整个项目管理的过程。

其次建筑公司的团队不知不觉形成提高质量管理的意识。

D环境动机
环境激励是一个客观原因，也是一些意外或者意想不到的风险，所以在正常情况下很难控制。

面对这些不定因素，我们在施工过程中应该注意用预防的方法来防止事故的发生，根据过去的经验，应用数据挖掘技术和建立质量风险预警机制，来降低质量风险。

4构建阶段的质量控制
A施工阶段的质量控制过程
施工阶段的质量控制根据项目实体在不同时间阶段的质量分为三个阶段。

事先控制，进行质量控制计划的准备工作，各种因素影像质量和当事人；过程控制，目的是对建设过程所有相关方面进行质量控制；事后控制，对施工过程完成建筑产品进行质量控制。

B施工阶段质量控制的基础
施工阶段质量控制的基础主要指是和构建阶段和质量控制的有指导意义和强制手段的基本文件。

包括：
（1）项目合同文件：这意味着各方在施工合同文件和监督合同时必须履行合同的承诺。

（2）设计文件：这是一个批准的设计图纸和技术说明。

（3）国家和政府发布的质量管理法律法规文件
C施工阶段质量控制的方法
目前施工企业进行aw材料、半成品、流程或工程产品质量检验常用的三种方法：视觉方法，它是通过感官检验，也被称为感官测试。

这些方法主要通过看，摸，敲，照片和其他方法根据质量要求来检验的；测量方法，使用测量工具和仪器，通过比较实际的测量结果规定质量标准或规范，以确定它是否满足要求；测试方法，通过现场测试和实验室测试检验。

本文介绍了施工阶段质量控制中供应链管理思维和目标管理方法。

1）应用供应链管理思想
供应链管理（供应链管理，SCM）指的是有效的供应商、制造商、分销商、第三方物流企业和终端用户之间的物流、信息流和资金流，旨在使企业更好的管理从原材料产品加工到用户整个过程，达到减少库存，加强企业竞争力，提高客户满意度，最后达到优化整个社会资源配置，实现一个双赢的局面。

供应链管理第一次被应用到制造业，他可以实现节约大约20%的成本，因此它是一个伟大的成功。

系统、综合、快捷和现代管理风格，许多知名企业如IBM、惠普、沃尔
玛、海尔、联想、小天鹅等，已经获得了巨大的供应链管理的实践。

不断成熟和丰富的供应链管理思想，越来越多被应用于各行各业，取得引人瞩目的效果。

由于建筑企业和建筑产品的独特性，供应链思想被应用到了建筑业。

然而，全员参与、合作共赢、全球最优的供应链管理思想，这些思想可以科学指导质量管理建设，有助于促进质量管理的持续创新[10]。

①全员参与。

每个成员都会影响满足顾客需求的供应链成本的管理，从原材料供应商，制造商、分销商、第三方物流公司到最终用户。

供应链合作伙伴在实现信息共享提高供应链的整体竞争力并达到双赢局面上起着核心作用。

在施工阶段有很多因素涉及质量管理，同时很难充分有效地进行质量风险控制，需要从项目经理到现场施工人员每个成员建立质量风险意识。

适当的质量控制可以减少成本，减少索赔概率并改善可见性和可信度。

②双赢的合作。

双赢的合作理念主要反映了建设质量管理过程中材料供应商和设计方面的应用。

从上面质量动机的分析，可以看到不合格的建筑材料是质量问题的一个主要原因。

此外，供应商自私自利和投机行为影响建筑产品的质量。

从合作共赢的理念可以学到，和供应商建立长期的找略伙伴关系，同时建立奖励和惩罚机制是必须的，这种方式不仅可以有效降低供应商那个自私自利的行为和投机行为，也可以减少采购原材料和半成品的成本。

另外，供应商可以在自己的专业领域给建造商提供有用的信息，如新材料的出现和使用，以实现双赢的局面。

建设方和设计师合作意味着建设方参与设计过程和理解设计思想和内容，通过参与许多难以改善的技术操作来提高建筑产品的整体质量。

可以建立质量管理模型如图2所示。

③整体优化。

不能为了追求节省成本和时间而忽络产品的质量，在隐蔽构件上使用不合格的建筑材料或构造不符合既定的质量标准，如使用不合格的钢筋或混凝土。

这些不会影响到建筑产品的交付，但建筑物的寿命隐患也是质量的一部分。

所以建设时应该在此基础上重视建筑产品的总体质量，在此基础上实现盈利。

全体员工参与，合作共赢和全球最佳，这些思想在施工阶段的质量管理中起着重要的指导作用。

建筑承包商和分包商需要深刻理解它的意义，是这些思想贯穿整个施工过程的质量管理，从战略角度来看，成本和质量关系着下游的企业。

2）目标管理的应用
目标管理（目标管理。

MBO）是一个过程，通过下层和上层组织之间的磋商，组织的使命是在一定时期内依法确定总体目标，根据这个来决定责任目标，并把这些目标作为每个单位和个人贡献、评估和奖励的标准[11]。

目标管理有以下特点：
①明确的目标，应该清楚管理的目标（预期），这些预期目标必须转化为量化的目标来实施和评估。

②参与决策：目标管理不同于传统目标的设定，不完全由高到低分配，但通过参与决定目标，上级和下属一同参与目标与成就的选择，最后获得一致性。

③时间限制：目标管理强调实用性，完成没一个目标都有时间限制，如3个月、6个月或1年，或任何某种情况下适当的时期。

④绩效反馈。

目标管理将继续寻求实现目标进展情况的反馈，是他们及时调整自己的行为。

反馈还包括为检查和评估项目进展情况而定期举行的评估会议。

因此，目标管理的目标转换过程不仅是“自上而下”，还有“自下而上”的，最终的结果是目标的层次结构，目标的一层连接着下一层，而且对于每一个员工，目标管理提供特定的个人表现。

比较传统的管理方法，有明确的目标管理责任，强调员工参与，尊重员工的意愿，这些方法有助于调动员工注重实效的热情。

同时有一个有效的绩效评估系统。

传统的施工质量管理的质量目标通常由上级领导向下属部门或员工下达。

一个好的质量管理模型有利于发挥员工的主动性，它不会故意教导下属工人有效的质量管理。

在建设管理中传统质量管理的目标管理会有缺陷，与此同时强调清新的目标。

这些模式促进质量管理措施的实施和评估结果，并提高施工质量管理的效率。

建设阶段的质量目标管理可以分为三个步骤：设定目标。

建立的目标表示为量化形式是最好的；质量管理目标管理的核心是实现目标的过程。

项目经理、质量工程师和质量监督员应该严格监控各级建设工程，开展详细记录都符合目标，及时沟通质量质量问题上的交换意见，以确保在点上。

目标管理的性能评估是指下属人员总结评价并提交他们负责的领域对质量负责的书面报告。

一层一层总结和综合评价去年新一轮的质量管理目标，构建阶段的质量管理的人事组织模型如图所示。

5.结论
项目的质量是生产和生活的保障，是建设企业生存和发展的保险，这也是施工企业效益的基础。

建筑施工阶段是质量管理和控制的关键，是最重要的阶段。

在本文中，结合质量管理的特点，分析建设过程的管理动机，并提出供应链管理和目标管理的思想并应用到工程的质量管理中，最后提出具体的质量控制措施，防止施工安全事故的发生。

做所有这些来提高建筑产品在施工过程中的整体质量。

由于空间的限制，供应链管理和目标管理思想及应用已经在建设过程中进行了一个有关管理动机的简单讨论。

关于如何建立质量管理和控制，以在供应链管理和目标管理理念的指导下适应建筑施工过程，将成为进一步讨论未来发展的方向。

致谢
本文由河南省高校科技创新人才（2008HASTIT010)计划主办，以及由中国自然科学基金（70740002）资助。

参考文献
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原文：
The Motivation Analysis and the Control Method Research of Quality Management in the Course of Building Construction
Zhang Mingming1, Zhang Weihong2
1School of Management Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R.China, 450001 2Institute of Engineering and Technology, Zhongzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R.China, 450015
Abstract- Implementing quality management in the course of building construction can effectively prevent the safety accidents to occur during the latter process of the use of building products. Meanwhile the total cost of construction supply chain can be d ecreased. Also it’s beneficial to enhance the brand popularity and reputation of construction enterprises. Mainly to the questions of quality in the current stage of building construction and combining with the features of quality management in the course of building construction, this paper analyzes the management motivation for the course of construction, and makes supply chain management and management by objectives idea and method apply to the quality management of construction, finally puts forward the specific quality control measures. All these are done to improve the overall quality of building products in the course of building construction. Keywords- Building Construction; Quality Management; Motivation of Quality; Control
I. Introduction
The Survey shows the construction enterprises mainly adopted the quality management mode that the scene control is prior to beforehand control. Many enterprises used to make the quality management in the course of building construction the same as the quality management in construction; they usually ignore the quality of prevention in the construction preparatory stage,
such as the choice of suppliers, the planning of roads and temporary facilities. These factors play a vital role in the quality management of the course of building construction.
The construction accident on the quality has frequently occurred, and has caused many sectors’ high attention, such as all levels government department, the construction industry and the construction users. Especially the collapse of Chongqing Qijiang Hongqiao,the landslide of Wulong and the serious quality accident of Honghu embankment construction, peoples starts to make multi-directional thinking about construction quality issues.
Through research LI Xiu-feng[1] summed up the inductive factors caused the quality
issues of construction and leaded into the cause analytical methods to control the quality of the project in advance; Low Sui Pheng and Jasmine Ann Teo[2] established Total Quality Management framework of the construction to achieve quality control of projects though empirical analysis;SangHyun Lee and others[3] used dynamic programming methods and control methods of system dynamics to structure a quality and change management models, finally to realize the management and control for the large-scale Concurrent design and construction projects; Tang Fang[4] analyzed the whole process and control methods of quality management in the construction projects, she thought we should focus on implementing full control towards the person entity, material, machine, method and environment that affect the quality of the construction entity; Wu Tianxiang [5] studied an important role of the management factors that affected quality control in construction project ,and emphasized the need to strictly control of all aspects in the construction process and the need of overall implementing the strengthening management. In order to solve construction quality problems in the construction process, Han Wei [6] established a analysis and processing program of quality problems in construction projects. The above researches mainly made an analysis towards the existing problems and the Influencing Factors in construction quality, but the motivation analysis and the control method research of quality management in the course of building construction have not gone far enough yet.
Based on previous studies, focusing on quality problems of the stages for the construction and on the basis of analyzing the characteristics of quality management in the construction phase, this paper is mainly discuss the motivation affecting the quality of construction and research the application of the supply chain management idea and goal management methods in the course of building construction.
II. The Characteristics of quality management in the course of building
construction
The quality problem in the course of building construction is the key for product lifecycle quality management. Comparing with the previous stage of Survey and design stage, the bidding stage and the late stage of the completion acceptance stage, the characteristics of quality management in the construction phase are as follows:
A.The complexity of influencing factors In the course of building construction, the quality problem of the same nature, it may be caused by mistakes in technology ,as well as by low quality of construction personnel, in addition, may be caused by that the raw material quality purchased was inconsistent with the construction requirement. The incentive of a single quality problem could arise from various aspects. Therefore, it’s difficult to analyze this phenomenon.
B. The accumulation of quality consequences in the course of building
paring to construction products, industrial products was batch production. Even single-product has quality problems; there are many reparative methods which are simpler. Construction product is a piece production and a large product. Each phase of the building construction process is closely join and mutual restriction. Once the former process appears some mistakes, quality problems which brings about will be superimposed. The later quality problems are discovered, the higher the salvage cost (the investment) will be spent.
C. The variability of quality.Due to the impact of the external environment, coupled with its own characteristics of building materials, the quality of construction products in the construction process are prone to mutation. Such as: a sudden temperature or precipitation, these may result in serious structural cracks for reinforced concrete. The damage of quality problems caused by contingency factors and systemic factors is generally higher, and usually has the characteristics of a sudden. According to such factors, prevention is more primary.
D. Quality inspection can’t be disintegration and disassembly.After the completion of construction products, unlike the general industrial products, which check product quality using the sampling method through disassembly or disintegration, which can repair unqualified product by changing parts even if appear some local problems. Construction products can’t be disintegrated and disassembled to check the quality of their products. So the quality of construction products must be strictly controlled in the design and construction phase, otherwise the cost for quality may be high, especially serious or even irreparable consequences.
III. The motivation analysis of quality in the course of building construction In view of the above characteristics of building products, the quality questions impacting the construction phase are a variety of issues, including seepage, leakage, pan, plug, shell, cracked, sand, rust and other common quality defects, also having the unconventional issues caused by the introduction of new technologies [8].
Although there are a lot of different manifestations about quality questions in the construction phase, it’s not t difficult to find the causes of quality problems approximately same. Only find out the root of the problem from shallow to deep strata. Then make prevention and control measures to achieve highly effective [9].
So-called the motivation analysis of quality, refers to that the representation of quality problems is performed a comprehensive analysis, to find out the upper reasons causing quality problems, then again identify the upper reasons, to find out the underlying causes leading the upper reasons. According to this method to explore, until you find out the root causes causing the phenomenon.
Based on the guiding ideology in the past about the experience and the motivation analysis
of Construction quality management, the quality motivation of construction stage may be analyzed and classified as shown in Figure 1：
The reasons causing the quality problems of construction can be summarized as 4 reasons, that is,technology dynamics, management motivation, culture motivation and environmental driving forces. In which, technology, culture and management motivation are subjective motives (controllable), and the environment is the objective motives.
A. Technical motivation
Including: the backward technical level, (mechanical equipment), the irrational use of new technologies, the inaccurate raw materials or test block test and the low technological level of staff. To resolve the quality problems arising from technical motivation, it can commence to operate from strengthening the training of its staff and introducing advanced equipment
B. Management motivation
Management motivation can be divided into the lower personnel quality of quality management staff, the imperfect quality management systems and the insufficient attention of the project manager toward quality management. For these reasons, construction enterprises could establish quality assurance system suitable for them, and refine the quality management responsibility to the project manager to resolve. Project manager of building projects undertake lifelong responsibility for project quality, and project manager of quality management is responsible for quality management, which included the choice of management measures and control methods, and then decentralized of management authority to the various sub-project quality management teams, last each team leader decentralized of management authority to the
constructors. Project manager of quality management undertake the full responsibility for the quality under the jurisdiction. The superior is responsible to subordinate on supervision and guidance aspects.
C. Cultural motivation
Culture motivation is more difficult to improve the driving forces comparing to management motivation and culture motivation. Supposing that managers, technical staff and construction staff ignore the quality of management, and are always concerned about the cost of the project and progress, once the idea is formed, it’s very difficult to reverse. First all the leaders in construction companies must update the understanding of quality management, and aware of important guarantee role of the scientific quality management and control to building products, then make this thought run through entire process of project management. Second the project teams in construction companies exert an imperceptible influence on quality consciousness in order to gradually improve the quality of management.
D. Environmental motivation
Environmental motivation is an objective cause, also is often some of the risk of accidental or unexpected, so it is difficult to control under normal circumstances. Facing these dynamics, we should pay attention to prevention-oriented approach to prevent the quality accidents happening in the construction process, according to the past experience, apply the data mining technology and establish the quality risk of early-warning mechanism to minimize the quality risk.
IV. The quality contral of construction phase
A. The quality control process of construction phase
Quality control of the construction phase can be divided into three stages according to the different quality of the project entities at different time stages. That is beforehand control, which carries out quality control aiming the preparatory work, the various factors impacting the quality and the parties concerned; processing control, which conducts quality control aiming all the various aspects related to the construction process; post-action control, which performs the quality control for the completion Building product of the construction process.
B. The basis for quality control of Construction phase
The basis for quality control of Construction phase mainly refers to the basic document with universal guiding significance and compulsory means suitable for the construction phase and quality control. Including:
(1) Project contract documents: which means the parties must live up to commitments in the contract in the construction contract documents and supervision of contracts.
(2) Design document: That is an approved design drawings and technical description.
(3) The quality management laws and regulations document Promulgated by the state and government.
C. The quality control methods of construction phase
Up to now the Construction enterprises commonly used three categories methods to perform quality inspection for aw materials, semi-finished products, processes or engineering product: the visual method, which is by virtue of sensory inspection, also is known as sensory test. Such methods are mainly use look, touch, knock, photo and other means to check the subject according to quality requirements; measurement method, which use measurement tools or measuring instruments, through comparing the actual measurement results to the provisions quality standards or norms, in order to determine whether it meets the requirements. Test method, which examines though field tests and laboratory tests. This article introduces the supply chain management thinking and objectives of management method applying quality control of the construction phase
1) Applications of supply chain management thinking
Supply Chain Management (Supply Chain Management, SCM) refers to effective control of the logistics, information flow, and capital flow among the suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, third party logistics companies and end-user, aiming to make the enterprise better management the entire process from raw materials to Product Processing until the user, to achieve reducing social inventory, strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises, improving customer satisfaction, last to make the allocation of resources of the whole society optimize and achieve the purpose of a win-win situation.
Supply chain management thinking first was applied to the manufacturing industry, and it can achieve to save about 20% of the total cost, therefore it was a great success. As a systematic, integrated, agile and modern management style, many well-known enterprises at home and abroad, such as IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Wal-Mart, Haier, Lenovo, Cygnet and so on, have been gain a huge gains in the practice of supply chain management. With the growing maturity and the richer connotation of Supply Chain Management thinking, it is increasingly being applied to all walks of life, and has a remarkable effect.
As a result of the uniqueness of the construction industry and construction products, supply chain thinking was applied less in the construction industry. However, total employee involvement, win-win cooperation and the global optimal of supply chain management thinking, these ideas can make scientific guidance for quality management to the construction, and help to promote continuous innovation of the quality management of construction[10].
①Total Employee Involvement. Each member having an impact on the cost is considered in the course of the product to meet customer needs in supply chain management, ranging from。