英国1999年合同法(第三方权利)1(DOC)

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英国合同法合同相对性原则与对价原_省略_合同相对性原则作为对价原则的月晕_朱文华

英国合同法合同相对性原则与对价原_省略_合同相对性原则作为对价原则的⽉晕_朱⽂华合同相对性原则（ｔｈｅｄｏｃｔｒｉｎｅｏｆｐｒｉｖｉｔｙｏｆｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ）是英国合同法上⼀项基础性和充满争议的原则，以⾄于２０世纪英国合同法最显著的进步之⼀就是关于“合同相对性原则论战”的结果。

该原则可借由如下两个基本规则加以理解：第⼀个基本规则是合同当事⼈以外的第三⽅不会因此合同⽽负担任何义务；第⼆个基本规则是合同当事⼈以外的第三⽅不能诉请执⾏合同——以获得允诺的实现，即使该合同具有为使该第三⽅获益的特别⽬的。

对合同相对性原则⾔简意赅的表述将是：只有受允诺⼈⽅可强制执⾏该允诺，也即合同相对性原则的根本是上述的第⼆个基本规则。

１８６１年的Ｔｗｅｄｄｌｅｖ．Ａｔｋｉｎｓｏｎ案被普遍认为是确⽴合同当事⼈以外的第三⽅不享有诉权的权威判决。

在该案中，ＪｏｈｎＴｗｅｄｄｌｅ与ＷｉｌｌｉａｍＧｕｙ（已故）签订⼀份书⾯协议，约定双⽅各⾃分别给予原告ＷｉｌｌｉａｍＴｗｅｄｄｌｅ１００１英镑和２００１英镑，协议还约定原告享有通过诉讼⽅式取得上述⾦额的权利。

后来ＷｉｌｌｉａｍＧｕｙ及其遗产执⾏⼈（本案被告Ａｔｋｉｎｓｏｎ）均未向原告⽀付２００１英镑。

原告向法院起诉被告构成违约。

法院认为ＷｉｌｌｉａｍＴｗｅｄｄｌｅ是书⾯协议的陌⽣⼈（ｓｔｒａｎｇｅｒ），并没有提供允诺之诉的对价（ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，⼜译作“约因”），不享有诉权。

该案的Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ法官认为：“现代的法律已经建⽴了这样⼀项规则即对价的陌⽣⼈不能利⽤合同的对价，即便该合同是为了陌⽣⼈的利益。

”该案曾于１９１５年被上议院审理的ＤｕｎｌｏｐＰｎｅｕｍａｔｉｃＴｙｐｅＣｏｍｐａｎｙＬｔｄ．ｖ．Ｓｅｌｆｒｉｄｇｅ案确认，此案中，⽣产商起诉要求执⾏批发商和零售商之间的合同以惩罚零售商不按价⽬表上的正常价格出售轮胎的违约⾏为，进⽽维持⽣产商确定的轮胎零售价格。

⽣产商因其未对零售商遵守价⽬表上的价格以及未遵守时向批发商⽀付每条轮胎５英镑的赔偿给付任何对价⽽败诉。

英国1999年合同第三人权利法英文

英国1999年合同第三人权利法英文The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 in the United Kingdom is a significant piece of legislation that has had a major impact on contract law in the country. This Act, which came into force on 11 November 1999, allows third parties to enforce contractual rights that have been made for their benefit, even if they are not a party to the original contract.Prior to the enactment of this Act, the common law doctrine of privity of contract prevented third parties from enforcing contractual rights. This meant that if a contract was made between two parties for the benefit of a third party, that third party had no legal standing to enforce the contract. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 sought to remedy this situation by allowing third parties to enforce their rights under certain circumstances.Under the Act, a third party can enforce a contractual term if the contract expressly provides that they can do so, or if the term confers a benefit on the third party. The Act also allows for the variation and rescission of the contract by the parties, even if the third party's rights have already been vested. However, the Act does not allow a third party to enforce a term if it would be inconsistent with the contract or if the contract expressly states that the third party cannot enforce the term.One of the key advantages of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 is that it provides greater flexibility and certainty in contractual relationships. Parties can now include provisions in their contracts that allow third parties to enforce their rights, knowing that those rights will be legally enforceable. This can be particularly useful in complex commercial transactions where multiple parties may have an interest in the contract.The Act has also been praised for its ability to protect the interests of third parties who may have been unfairly disadvantaged by the privity rule. By allowing third parties to enforce their rights, the Act ensures that they are not left without legal recourse if thecontracting parties fail to fulfill their obligations. This can help to prevent unjust outcomes and promote fairness in contractual relationships.In conclusion, the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 has had a significant impact on contract law in the United Kingdom. By allowing third parties to enforce their rights under certain circumstances, the Act has increased flexibility, certainty, and fairness in contractual relationships. It is an important piece of legislation that has helped to modernize and improve contract law in the UK.。

英国合同法全文中英对照

英国合同法全文中英对照摘要：1.英国合同法简介2.英国合同法的核心原则3.英国合同法的具体规定和条款4.英国合同法的适用范围和例外5.英国合同法在实践中的案例分析6.对我国合同法的启示和借鉴正文：全文中英对照的英国合同法是一部关于英国合同法律规范的综合性法规，涵盖了合同的订立、履行、变更、解除、违约等诸多方面。

以下将围绕英国合同法的核心原则、具体规定、适用范围及案例分析等方面进行详细阐述，以期为我国合同法的发展提供借鉴和启示。

1.英国合同法简介英国合同法是英国私法体系的重要组成部分，具有悠久的历史传统。

它是一种民事权益保护机制，旨在维护当事人之间的合法权益，促进交易顺利进行。

英国合同法以自由意志、公平原则和诚实信用为基础，强调合同双方的自治和意思表示。

2.英国合同法的核心原则英国合同法的核心原则包括：自由意志原则、公平原则、诚实信用原则和约因原则。

这些原则保障了合同双方的权益，确保合同的合法性和公平性。

3.英国合同法的具体规定和条款英国合同法对合同的订立、履行、变更、解除和违约等方面进行了详细的规定。

以下是部分重要条款的简要介绍：- 合同的订立：要约、承诺、有意达成法律关系的三要素（offer, acceptance, intention to create legal relations）- 合同的履行：履行义务、协力履行、不安抗辩权- 合同的变更：协商一致、通知对方、合法性- 合同的解除：单方解除、双方解除、解除的条件和程序- 违约责任：损害赔偿、补救措施、合同终止4.英国合同法的适用范围和例外英国合同法适用于境内外的合同关系，但有一些情况下不适用，如：政府法规、公共政策、国际公约和国内立法的优先适用；以及涉及婚姻、家庭、继承等家庭法的合同。

5.英国合同法在实践中的案例分析通过分析英国合同法在实践中的案例，可以更深入地了解合同法的具体运用和法官对合同条款的解释。

以下列举了几个具有代表性的案例：- 哈德利诉巴克利（Hadley v.Baxendale）：“已知风险”原则的确立- 卡尔弗诉布里格斯（Calf v.Briggs）：“约因”原则的适用- 劳埃德银行诉阿伯特（Lloyds Bank v.Abbott）：“违约”与“损害”关系的判断6.对我国合同法的启示和借鉴英国合同法在保护当事人权益、维护交易公平等方面有许多值得我国合同法借鉴的地方。

1999年合同法

1999年合同法1999年合同法是中国的一部重要法律，对于规范和保护合同关系具有重要意义。

本文将从合同法的制定背景、主要内容以及对当代社会的影响等方面进行阐述。

1999年合同法的制定背景可以追溯到20世纪80年代末和90年代初。

那个时期，中国正在进行全面的经济改革开放，人们的社会经济关系日益复杂。

然而，缺乏一部完善的合同法导致了合同纠纷的频发，给社会经济秩序带来了一定的困扰。

为了解决这一问题，中国政府决定制定一部现代化的合同法，以完善合同法律制度，保障各方的利益，促进公平交易和经济发展。

1999年合同法的制定就是在这样的背景下展开的。

1999年合同法主要包括四十四条，分为八个章节。

该法对合同的成立、效力、履行、变更和终止等各个环节进行了详细的规定，为民事活动提供了明确的法律依据。

首先，合同的成立是该法的核心内容之一。

合同的成立要求要进行要约和承诺的双方意思表示，并且要符合法律的规定。

要约的内容明确，承诺的意思表示真实，才能构成有效的合同。

其次，合同的效力是合同法的重要原则之一。

在合同法中，强调了合同的自由原则，即合同各方在平等、自愿和公平的基础上达成的合同是有效的。

双方要充分了解合同的内容，并且保证能力完全，才能保证合同具有法律效力。

合同法还规定了合同的履行和变更的相关事项。

合同的履行要求双方按照合同的约定进行，不得违反合同的内容。

而合同的变更则要求双方经过协商一致，以书面形式进行。

最后，合同的终止是合同法的一部分。

合同的终止可以通过履行到期、协商一致、解除合同和合同无法履行等方式实现。

合同法对于不同终止方式的处理也进行了具体的规定。

1999年合同法的施行对于当代社会有着重要的影响。

它为合同当事人提供了明确的权利和义务，增强了合同的约束力。

同时，合同法的推行也促进了公平交易和经济发展，为社会经济秩序的稳定做出了重要贡献。

然而，与时俱进的社会经济变化和新兴的科技发展也带来了新的挑战。

互联网时代的到来使得合同的形式和内容更加多样化，而合同法需要与时俱进，与新的形式和内容相适应。

Contract Law 1999

中国合同法英文版CONTRACT LAW OF P. R. CHINAAdopted and Promulgated by the Second Session of the Ninth National People‘s Congress on March 15, 1999.Translated & Compiled by John Jiang & Henry LiuGENERAL PRINCIPLESChapter One: General ProvisionsArticle 1 PurposeThis Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization.Article 2 Definition of Contract; ExclusionsFor purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations.An agreement concerning any personal relationship such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws.Article 3 Equal Standing of PartiesContract parties1enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its will on the other party.Article 4 Right to Enter into Contract V oluntarilyA party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily under the law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such right.Article 5 FairnessThe parties shall abide by the principle of fairness2in prescribing their respective rights3and obligations4.Article 6 Good FaithThe parties shall abide by the principle of good faith5in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.1Entities who enter into a binding agreement to a contract2It must be equitable, just to both parties3What a person can do4What a person should do5They should be honest and not intend to take an unfair advantageArticle 7 LegalityIn concluding or performing a contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests6.Article 8 Binding Effect; Legal ProtectionA lawfully formed contract is legally binding7on the parties. The parties shall perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract, and neither party may arbitrarily amend or terminate the contract.A lawfully formed contract is protected by law.Chapter Two: Formation of ContractsArticle 9 Capacity; Contract through AgentIn entering into a contract, the parties shall have the appropriate capacities for civil rights8and civil acts.A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf9under the law.Article 10 Forms of Contract; Writing RequirementA contract may be made in a writing, in an oral conversation, as well as in any other form.A contract shall be in writing if a relevant law or administrative regulation so requires. A contract shall be in writing if the parties have so agreed.Article 11 Definition of WritingA writing means a memorandum of contract10, letter or electronic message (including telegram, telex, facsimile, electronic data exchange and electronic mail), etc. which is capable of expressing its contents in a tangible form.Article 12 Terms of ContractThe terms of a contract shall be prescribed by the parties, and generally include the following: (i) names of the parties and the domiciles thereof;(ii) subject matter;(iii) quantity;(iv) quality;(v) price or remuneration;(vi) time, place and method of performance;(vii) liabilities for breach of contract;(viii) method of dispute resolution.The parties may enter into a contract by referencing a model contract for the relevant contract6It means that it has to respect the common well-being7It is a contraint for the parties8Rights belonging to someone because of its citizenship.9The party can be represented by someone for the acceptation of the contract10Procedures of contractcategory.Article 13 Offer-AcceptanceA contract is concluded by the exchange of an offer and an acceptance.Article 14 Definition of OfferAn offer11is a party‘s manifestation of intention to ent er into a contract with the other party, which shall comply with the following:(i) Its terms are specific and definite;(ii) It indicates that upon acceptance by the offeree, the offeror will be bound12thereby.Article 15 Invitation to OfferAn invitation to offer is a party‘s manifestation of intention to invite the other party to make an offer thereto. A delivered price list, announcement of auction, call for tender, prospectus, or commercial advertisement, etc. is an invitation to offer.A commercial advertisement is deemed an offer13if its contents meet the requirements of an offer.Article 16 Effectiveness of Offer, Offer through Electronic Message14An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.When a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, if the recipient of an electronic message has designated a specific system to receive it, the time when the electronic message enters into such specific system is deemed its time of arrival; if no specific system has been des ignated, the time when the electronic message first enters into any of the recipient‘s systems is deemed its time of arrival.Article 17 Withdrawal15of OfferAn offer may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.Article 18 Revocation of OfferAn offer may be revoked. The notice of revocation shall reach the offeree before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance.Article 19 Irrevocable OfferAn offer may not be revoked:(i) if it expressly indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable;11It is an explicit proposal to a contract12The offeror and the offeree will be connected13It is considered as an offer14The effectiveness is when the electronic message enter into a specific system (if one is chosen), or into any of the recipient’s systems15The offer is cancelled(ii) if the offeree has reason to regard the offer as irrevocable, and has undertaken preparation for performance.Article 20 Extinguishment16of OfferAn offer is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:(i) The notice of rejection reaches the offeror;(ii) The offeror lawfully revokes the offer;(iii) The offeree fails to dispatch its acceptance at the end of the period for acceptance;(iv) The offeree makes a material change to the terms of the offer.Article 21 Definition of Acceptance17An acceptance is the offeree‘s manifestation of intention to assent to18an offer.Article 22 Mode of Acceptance; Acceptance by ConductAn acceptance shall be manifested by notification, except where it may be manifested by conduct in accordance with the relevant usage or as indicated in the offer.Article 23 Timely Dispatch of AcceptanceAn acceptance shall reach the offeror within the period prescribed in the offer.Where the offer does not prescribe a period for acceptance, the acceptance shall reach the offeror as follows:(i) Where the offer is made orally, the acceptance shall be dispatched immediately, unless otherwise agreed by the parties;(ii) Where the offer is made in a non-oral manner, the acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable time.Article 24 Commencement of the Period for AcceptanceWhere an offer is made by a letter or a telegram, the period for acceptance19commences on the date shown on the letter or the date on which the telegram is handed in for dispatch. If the letter does not specify a date, the period commences on the posting date stamped on the envelop. Where the offer is made through an instantaneous communication device such as telephone or facsimile, etc., the period for acceptance commences once the offer reaches the offeree.Article 25 Contract Formed upon Effectiveness of AcceptanceA contract is formed once the acceptance becomes effective.Article 26 Effectiveness of AcceptanceA notice of acceptance becomes effective once it reaches the offeror. Where the acceptance does not require notification, it becomes effective once an act of acceptance is performed in accordance16End of the offer17When a party agrees to the terms of an offer18To accept19Period in the course of which a party may accept the offer.with the relevant usage or as required by the offer.Where a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the time of arrival of the acceptance shall be governed by Paragraph 2 of Article 16 hereof.Article 27 Withdrawal of AcceptanceAn acceptance may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance.Article 28 Late AcceptanceAn acceptance dispatched by the offeree after expiration of the period for acceptance constitutes a new offer, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance is valid.Article 29 Delayed Transmission of AcceptanceIf the offeree dispatched its acceptance within the period for acceptance, and the acceptance, which would otherwise have reached the offeror in due time under normal circumstances, reaches the offeror after expiration of the period for acceptance due to any other reason, the acceptance is valid, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance has been rejected on grounds of the delay.Article 30 Acceptance Containing Material Change20The terms of the acceptance shall be identical to those of the offer. A purported acceptance dispatched by the offeree which materially alters the terms of the offer constitutes a new offer. A change in the subject matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, time, place and method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract21or method of dispute resolution is a material change to the terms of the offer.Article 31 Acceptance Containing Non-material ChangesAn acceptance containing nonmaterial changes to the terms of the offer is nevertheless valid and the terms thereof prevail as the terms of the contract, unless the offeror timely objects to such changes or the offer indicated that acceptance may not contain any change to the terms thereof.Article 32 Time of Formation in Case of Memorandum of ContractWhere the parties enter into a contract by a memorandum of contract, the contract is formed when it is signed or sealed22by the parties.Article 33 Time of Formation in Case of Letters or Electronic Messages; Confirmation Letter Where the parties enter into a contract by the exchange of letters or electronic messages, one party may require execution of a confirmation letter before the contract is formed. The contract is formed upon execution of the confirmation letter.20If the offeree accept the contract with different material terms, it makes a new offer21The responsibility for breach a contact if a party either did not or partially performed the obligation of the contract22The contract is formed when it is signed or decided, accepted by the partiesArticle 34 Place of Formation; Electronic MessagesThe place where the acceptance becomes effective is the place of formation of a contract.Where a contract i s concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the recipient‘s main place of business is the place of formation of the contract; if the recipient does not have a main place of business, its habitual residence is the place of formation of the contract. If the parties have agreed otherwise, such agreement prevails.Article 35 Place of Formation in Case of Memorandum of ContractWhere a contract is concluded by a memorandum of contract, its place of formation is the place where the parties sign or seal the contract.Article 36 Effect of Failure to Conclude Contract in Writing23Where a contract is to be concluded by a writing as required by the relevant law or administrative regulation or as agreed by the parties, if the parties failed to conclude the contract in writing but one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.Article 37 Effect of Failure to Sign in Case of Memorandum of ContractWhere a contract is to be concluded by a memorandum of contract, if prior to signing or sealing of the contract, one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.Article 38 Contract under State Mandatory Plan24Where the state has, in light of its requirements, issued a mandatory plan or state purchase order, the relevant legal persons and other organizations shall enter into a contract based on the rights and obligations of the parties prescribed by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.Article 39 Standard Terms; Duty to Call AttentionWhere a contract is concluded by way of standard terms, the party supplying the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness25in prescribing the rights and obligations of the parties and shall, in a reasonable manner, call the other party‘s attention to the provision(s) whereby such party‘s liabilities are excluded or limited, and shall explain such provision(s) upon request by the other party.Standard terms are contract provisions which were prepared in advance by a party for repeated use, and which are not negotiated with the other party in the course of concluding the contract.Article 40 Invalidity of Certain Standard TermsA standard term is invalid if it falls into any of the circumstances set forth in Article 52 and Article23If the contract could not be concluded by writing as required, but if one party could do it obligation and the other party accepted to do its obligation too, the contract is formed24For the state requirement, the legal persons should obey a specific contract with the suitable laws and regulations25The standard terms must describe reasonable and honest rights and obligations of the parties and the liabilities shall be explicitly explained53 hereof, or if it excludes the liabilities26of the party supplying such term, increases the liabilities of the other party, or deprives the other party of any of its material rights.Article 41 Dispute Concerning Construction of Standard TermIn case of any dispute concerning the construction of a standard term, such term shall be interpreted in accordance with common sense. If the standard term is subject to two or more interpretations, it shall be interpreted against the party supplying it. If a discrepancy27exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term prevails.Article 42 Pre-contract LiabilitiesWhere in the course of concluding a contract, a party engaged in any of the following conducts, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages:(i) negotiating in bad faith under the pretext of concluding a contract;(ii) intentionally concealing28 a material fact relating to the conclusion of the contract or supplying false information;(iii) any other conduct which violates the principle of good faith.Article 43 Trade Secrets; Liability for Disclosure or Improper Use29A party may not disclose or improperly use any trade secret which it became aware of in the course of negotiating a contract, regardless of whether a contract is formed. If the party disclosed or improperly used such trade secret, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages.Chapter Three: Validity of ContractsArticle 44 Effectiveness of ContractA lawfully formed contract becomes effective upon its formation.Where effectiveness of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.Article 45 Conditions Precedent; Conditions Subsequent; Improper Impairment or Facilitation The parties may prescribe that effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions. A contract subject to a condition precedent30becomes effective once such condition is satisfied. A contract subject to a condition subsequent31is extinguished once such condition is satisfied. Where in order to further its own interests, a party improperly impaired32the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed to have been satisfied; where a party improperly facilitated the26The responsibilities27The non-standard term predominate the standard term in case of conflict between them28If the party hide an important fact29A party which uses any trade secret or tells it to someone will be liable for damages, even if the contract is not form30Is effective when the condition is respected31Finishes when the condition is respected32Negatively affectedsatisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed not to have been satisfied.Article 46 Contract Term33The parties may prescribe a term for a contract. A contract subject to a time of commencement becomes effective at such time. A contract subject to a time of expiration is extinguished at such time.Article 47 Contract by Person with Limited CapacityA contract concluded by a person with limited capacity for civil act is valid upon ratification by the legal agent thereof34, provided that a contract from which such person accrues benefits only or the conclusion of which is appropriate for his age, intelligence or mental health does not require ratification by his legal agent.The other party may demand that the legal agent ratify the contract within one month. If the legal agent fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faith is entitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification.Article 48 Contract by Unauthorized AgentAbsent ratification by the principal, a contract concluded on his behalf by a person who lacked agency authority, who acted beyond his agency authority or whose agency authority was extinguished is not binding upon the principal unless ratified by him, and the person performing such act is liable.The other party may demand that the principal ratify the contract within one month. Where the principal fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faith is entitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification.Article 49 Contract by Person with Apparent Agency Authority35Where the person lacking agency authority, acting beyond his agency authority, or whose agency authority was extinguished concluded a contract in the name of the principal, if it was reasonable for the other party to believe that the person performing the act had agency authority, such act of agency is valid.Article 50 Contract Executed by Legal RepresentativeWhere the legal representative or the person-in-charge of a legal person or an organization of any other nature entered into a contract acting beyond his scope of authority, unless the other party knew or should have known that he was acting beyond his scope of authority, such act of representation is valid.Article 51 Unauthorized Disposal of Property through Contract3633Time of starting and of ending of the contract34The legal agent has to valid the contract35If a person doesn’t have an apparent agency authority but seems to be able to perform it, it is accepted as an act of agencyWhere a piece of property belonging to another person was disposed of by a person without the power to do so, such contract is nevertheless valid once the person with the power to its disposal has ratified the contract, or if the person lacking the power to dispose of it when the contract was concluded has subsequently acquired such power.Article 52 Invalidating CircumstancesA contract is invalid in any of the following circumstances:(i) One party induced conclusion of the contract through fraud or duress, thereby harming the interests of the state;(ii) The parties colluded37in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or any third party;(iii) The parties intended to conceal an illegal purpose under the guise of a legitimate transaction; (iv) The contract harms public interests;(v) The contract violates a mandatory provision of any law or administrative regulation.Article 53 Invalidity of Certain Exculpatory ProvisionsThe following exculpatory provisions in a contract are invalid:(i) excluding one party‘s liability for personal injury caused to the other party;(ii) excluding one party‘s liability for prop erty loss caused to the other party by its intentional misconduct or gross38negligence.Article 54 Contract Subject to Amendment or CancellationEither of the parties may petition39the People‘s Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of a contract if:(i) the contract was concluded due to a material mistake;(ii) the contract was grossly unconscionable at the time of its conclusion.If a party induced the other party to enter into a contract against its true intention by fraud or duress, or by taking advantage of the other party‘s hardship, the aggrieved party is entitled to petition the People‘s Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of the contract.Where a party petitions for amendment of the con tract, the People‘s Court or arbitration institution may not cancel the contract instead.Article 55 Extinguishment of Cancellation RightA party‘s cancellation right is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:(i) It fails to exercise the one year, commencing on the date when the party knew or should have known the cause for the cancellation;(ii) Upon becoming aware of the cause for cancellation, it waives40the cancellation right by36The contract will be valided when the person acquired the power to do so or when it will be ratified by someone who has the power37Contracted in bad faith, not honestly38Important39Ask40Give upexpress statement or by conduct.Article 56 Effect of Invalidation or Cancellation; Partial Invalidation or CancellationAn invalid or canceled contract is not legally binding ab initio. Where a contract is partially invalid, and the validity of the remaining provisions thereof is not affected as a result, the remaining provisions are nevertheless valid41.Article 57 Independence of Dispute Resolution Provision42The invalidation, cancellation or discharge of a contract does not impair the validity of the contract provision concerning the method of dispute resolution, which exists independently in the contract.Article 58 Remedies in Case of Invalidation or Cancellation43After a contract was invalidated or canceled, the parties shall make restitution of any property acquired thereunder; where restitution in kind is not possible or necessary, allowance shall be made in money based on the value of the property. The party at fault shall indemnify the other party for its loss sustained as a result. Where both parties were at fault, the parties shall bear their respective liabilities accordingly.Article 59 Remedies in Case of Collusion in Bad FaithWhere the parties colluded44in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or a third person, any property acquired as a result shall be turned over to the state or be returned to the collective or the third person.Chapter Four: Performance of ContractsArticle 60 Full Performance; Performance in Good FaithThe parties shall fully perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract.The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations such as notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc. in light of the nature and purpose of the contract and in accordance with the relevant usage.Article 61 Indeterminate Terms; Supplementary Agreement45If a term such as quality, price or remuneration, or place of performance etc. was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, after the contract has taken effect, the parties may supplement it through agreement; if the parties fail to reach a supplementary agreement, such term shall be determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or in accordance with the relevant usage.41A partially invalid contract doesn’t affect the remaining provisions, which are independently valid42The method of dispute of resolution is independent of the invalidity, cancellation or discharge of the contract43If possible the restitution of the property is required, if not the value will be estimated in money44Made an arrangement45The parties should determine terms such as quality, price or remuneration, etc in a supplementary agreement, or determine it cleverlyArticle 62 Gap FillingWhere a relevant term of the contract was not clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, one of the following provisions applies:(i) If quality requirement46was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the state standard or industry standard; absent any state or industry standard, performance shall be in accordance with the customary standard or any particular standard consistent with the purpose of the contract;(ii) If price or remuneration was not clearly prescribed,47performance shall be in accordance with the prevailing market price at the place of performance at the time the contract was concluded, and if adoption of a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines is required by law, such requirement applies;(iii) Where the place of performance was not clearly prescribed, if the obligation is payment of money, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located; if the obligation is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be at the place where the immovable property is located; for any other subject matter, performance shall be at the place where the obligor is located;(iv) If the time of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor may perform, and the obligee may require performance, at any time, provided that the other party shall be given the time required for preparation;(v) If the method of performance was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be rendered48in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract;(vi) If the party responsible for the expenses of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor shall bear the expenses.Article 63 Performance at Government Mandated Price 49Where a contract is to be implemented at a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines, if the government adjusts the price during the prescribed period of delivery, the contract price shall be the price at the time of delivery. Where a party delays in delivering the subject matter, the original price applies if the price has increased, and the new price applies if the price has decreased. Where a party delays in taking delivery or making payment, the new price applies if the price has increased, and the original price applies if the price has decreased.Article 64 Performance toward a Third Person5046If it was not defined, the quality should agree with the state standard, customary standard or specific standard in relation with the contract47If not defined, the price should agree with the market price that applies when the contract was signed, at the place of performance, or the price required by the law.48Shall be done49The contract price is the one at the time of delivery. If a party is late in delivering, the price that applies is the one that is the most beneficial to the other party. In a party is late in taking delivery it is the same.50The obligor is liable to the oblige even if there is a failure in the performance done to the third person。

英国的合同法

英国的合同法合同是指由双方或多方自愿达成的具有法律约束力的协议。

英国的合同法是英国法律体系中的一个重要组成部分，旨在规范和保护各方在商业和个人交易中的权益和义务。

英国的合同法主要基于普通法（common law）和已通过的立法。

普通法的发展历史悠久且深受历史案例的影响。

同时，英国也通过一系列的立法加以完善和规范。

这些包括《不正当条款法》（Unfair Terms Act）、《销售商品及供货服务法》（Sale of Goods Act）、《商业方式法》（Mercantile Law Amendment Act）等。

根据英国的合同法，为了确保合同的有效性，合同必须满足以下几个要件：1.合意：合同要有一个明确定义的提议和接受。

双方必须就合同的主要条款达成一致。

2.考虑：合同必须涉及双方之间的交换和相互的利益。

每一方都必须给予对方某种回报。

3.合法目的：合同的目的必须合法且不违反公共利益。

4.能力：参与合同的各方必须具备法律能力。

这意味着他们必须是成年人，心智健全，并且没有法律上的限制。

当合同签订后，双方必须遵守合同的条款和约定。

如果有一方违反了合同条款，另一方可以采取合适的法律手段维护自己的权益。

通常情况下，受到侵权的一方可以寻求经济赔偿或要求违约方履行合同。

英国的合同法对于不公平和不合理的合同条款有一定的保护机制。

根据《不正当条款法》，一些合同条款可能被视为不合法、不公平或不合理，从而无效或可调整。

这项法律保护了较弱的一方，确保他们不会受到不公平待遇。

另外，英国合同法也包括了一些特殊类型的合同，如消费者合同、雇佣合同和地租合同等。

这些合同有特定的法律规定和保护机制，以确保合同双方的权益。

总体而言，英国的合同法为商业和个人交易提供了合理的法律框架，并确保了公平和公正的交易环境。

它是英国法律体系的重要组成部分，对于维护合同各方的权益和责任至关重要。

以上就是关于英国合同法的简要介绍。

在实际操作中，如果您需要更详细的信息或有特定的法律问题，建议咨询专业律师以获取准确的法律建议。

英国1999年合同法(第三方权利)1(DOC)

英国1999年合同法(第三方权利)摘要：本文主要介绍了英国1999年合同法(第三方权利)的主要内容。

1999年第31章本法旨在对第三方履行合同条款做出规定。

(1999年11月11日)以下条款根据本届议会上议院神职和非神职议员以及下议院的建议并由本届议会规定与同意通过，以女王陛下之名义颁布：1.第三方实施合同条款的权利。

(1)根据本法规定，非合同当事方(第三人)也可享有实施合同条款的权利，如果：(a)该合同明示规定其享有这样的权利，或(b)根据下文第(2)款的规定，该合同有关条款赋予第三人以某种权益。

(2)如果基于适当基础之上的合同，其当事人没有将合同条款扩展适用于第三方的意思，则以上第一款(b)项不予适用。

(3)第三方名称必须在合同中明示加以界定，或确定其为某群体的一员，或表述出其为特定的种类，但在缔约时其不必实际存在。

(4)本条规定并不授予第三方以实施合同条款的权利，但根据本合同其他相关条款规定授予第三方该权利的除外。

(5)为实践其履行合同条款的权利，如果第三方在自己已经作为合同一方当事人的情况下遭遇他方违约行为，则第三方享有对他自己来说是可行的救济的权利(相应地，和有关损失、法院禁令、具体履行以及其他救济相关的规则也将适用)。

(6)当某一合同条款排斥或限制与本法中涉及第三方实施合同条款有关事项的责任，该合同条款应做使其利用这种限制或排斥的解释。

(7)在本法中，涉及第三方可实施的合同条款时，“缔约方”表示由第三方而非由其负责合同条款实施的一方合同当事人，且“受约人”表示相对于缔约方，由其负责合同条款实施的另一方合同当事人。

2.合同的变更与撤消。

(1)根据本条的规定，第三方拥有第1条中实施合同条款的权利，根据协议，合同双方不可撤消合同，或没有经第三方同意而以消灭或改变给予该项权利的条件的方式变更之，如果(a)第三方已对缔约方及合同条款表示同意，(b)缔约方意识到第三方已信赖该条款，或者(c)缔约方可以合理预见到第三方将信赖且实际上第三方已信赖该条款。

英国合同法重述

英国合同法重述协议目的1.1 本合同旨在明确雇主与雇员之间的劳动关系，规范工作内容、薪资待遇、工作时间及其他相关条款，以确保双方的权益和义务明确。

协议双方2.1 雇主名称：____________________________法定代表人：____________________________2.2 雇员姓名：____________________________身份证号码：____________________________工作内容与职责3.1 职位3.1.1 职位名称：____________________________3.1.2 工作描述：____________________________3.1.3 工作地点：____________________________3.2 职责3.2.1 主要职责包括：____________________________3.2.2 其他相关任务：____________________________工作时间与休息4.1 工作时间4.1.1 每周工作天数：____________________________4.1.2 每日工作时间：____________________________4.1.3 每周工作总小时数：____________________________4.2 休息时间4.2.1 午餐休息时间：____________________________4.2.2 其他休息时间：____________________________4.3 假期4.3.1 年假：____________________________4.3.2 其他假期（如病假、婚假等）：____________________________薪资及福利5.1 薪资5.1.1 月薪/年薪：____________________________5.1.2 支付方式：____________________________5.1.3 支付日期：____________________________5.2 福利5.2.1 社会保险（包括健康保险、养老保险等）：____________________________5.2.2 其他福利（如交通补贴、住房补贴等）：____________________________合同期限与终止6.1 合同期限6.1.1 合同开始日期：____________________________6.1.2 合同结束日期（如适用）：____________________________6.1.3 试用期（如有）：____________________________6.2 合同终止6.2.1 终止条件：____________________________6.2.2 终止通知期限：____________________________6.2.3 终止后的权利与义务：____________________________保密条款7.1 保密要求7.1.1 保密内容：____________________________7.1.2 保密期限：____________________________7.1.3 违反保密条款的后果：____________________________争议解决8.1 争议处理8.1.1 双方应通过友好协商解决争议8.2 法律途径8.2.1 如协商无效，争议将提交至有管辖权的法院处理合同生效9.1 生效时间9.1.1 本合同自双方签字之日起生效9.2 合同副本9.2.1 合同一式两份，双方各持一份，具有同等法律效力签署雇主：____________________________签字：____________________________日期：____________________________雇员：____________________________签字：____________________________日期：____________________________。

英国合同法第三方权利

【全文】英国1999年合同法(第三方权利)法规分类法律法规外国法规文献【法规名称】英国1999年合同法(第三方权利)【颁布部门】英国【实施日期】【发布日期】1999-11-11 【是否有效】有效1999年第31章本法旨在对第三方履行合同条款做出规定。

(1999年11月11日)以下条款根据本届议会上议院神职和非神职议员以及下议院的建议并由本届议会规定与同意通过，以女王陛下之名义颁布：1．第三方实施合同条款的权利。

(2)如果基于适当基础之上的合同，其当事人没有将合同条款扩展适用于第三方的意思，则以上第一款(b)项不予适用。

(3)第三方名称必须在合同中明示加以界定，或确定其为某群体的一员，或表述出其为特定的种类，但在缔约时其不必实际存在。

(4)本条规定并不授予第三方以实施合同条款的权利，但根据本合同其他相关条款规定授予第三方该权利的除外。

(6)当某一合同条款排斥或限制与本法中涉及第三方实施合同条款有关事项的责任，该合同条款应做使其利用这种限制或排斥的解释。

2．合同的变更与撤消。

英国合同法

英国合同法简介英国合同法是指适用于英国境内的合同法律体系，该法律体系规范了商业和个人之间的合同关系。

合同是商业活动中最基本的法律工具之一，它确保了交易的公平性和双方的权益保护。

英国合同法的发展经历了漫长的历史和多次修订，以满足社会和经济的变化。

合同的要素根据英国合同法，一个合同必须满足以下几个要素：1.意愿和同意：合同双方必须是出于自愿，双方达成一致的意愿才能成立合同关系。

强迫、欺骗等行为将导致合同无效。

2.合法目的：合同的目的必须是合法的，不能违反公共政策或法律规定。

如果合同违反法律规定，合同将被视为无效。

3.对价：合同必须涉及对价，即一方提供一定的物品、服务或金钱作为交换。

对价可以是有形的或无形的。

4.法定能力：合同双方必须具备法定能力，即双方都必须是成年人且具备完全行为能力。

未成年人或有精神障碍的人将影响合同的有效性。

合同的形成在英国合同法中，合同的形成通常包括以下几个阶段：1.邀约：一方向另一方发出邀请，表达出达成合同的意愿。

邀约可以是口头或书面形式。

2.要约：当对方接受邀约时，邀约就成为要约。

要约必须明确、具体，并表达出接受邀约的意愿。

3.接受：当一方接受要约时，合同就形成了。

接受必须是无条件的，符合要约的规定。

4.考虑期限：在某些情况下，要约可能会设定一定的考虑期限。

在考虑期限内，要约方有权撤回要约。

合同的履行与违约根据英国合同法，合同的履行和违约是合同关系中的重要问题。

1.履行：合同的履行是指双方按照合同约定的条款和条件执行合同。

履行可以是一次性的或分期的。

2.违约：当一方未能履行合同的一部分或全部条款时，将发生违约。

违约可能会导致受损方要求赔偿或解除合同。

3.救济措施：在合同违约的情况下，受损方可以采取多种救济措施，如要求赔偿、要求履行、要求解除合同等。

合同的解除和修订英国合同法规定了解除和修订合同的情况和程序。

1.解除：当合同中的一方违反了合同条款，另一方有权解除合同。

解除合同可能会导致违约方支付违约金或赔偿。

1999 年合同( 第三人权利)法案

1999 年合同( 第三人权利)法案甲方：_______________________地址：_______________________联系人：_______________________联系电话：_______________________乙方：_______________________地址：_______________________联系人：_______________________联系电话：_______________________签订日期：_______________________签订地址：_______________________第一条合同目的与范围a. 本合同旨在明确甲方与乙方之间的权利义务关系，确保双方在合作过程中的合法权益得到保障。

b. 本合同适用于甲方委托乙方进行的项目，具体项目范围和内容将在附件一中详细列明。

c. 双方应本着诚实信用、平等互利的原则，共同推进项目的顺利进行。

第二条甲方权利与义务a. 甲方有权要求乙方按照合同约定的时间、质量、标准完成项目。

b. 甲方应按照合同约定向乙方支付报酬，并在乙方完成项目后进行验收。

c. 甲方应提供乙方所需的相关资料和协助，确保乙方能够顺利开展工作。

d. 甲方应遵守国家法律法规，不得利用乙方提供的服务从事违法活动。

第三条乙方权利与义务a. 乙方应按照合同约定的时间、质量、标准完成项目。

b. 乙方应保守甲方商业秘密，不得泄露给任何第三方。

c. 乙方应按照甲方要求提供项目进展情况，并及时汇报项目风险。

d. 乙方应遵守国家法律法规，不得利用甲方提供的服务从事违法活动。

第四条项目进度与验收a. 乙方应在合同约定的期限内完成项目，如遇特殊情况需延长工期，应提前向甲方提出书面申请。

b. 项目完成后，甲方应组织验收，验收合格后方可支付报酬。

c. 如验收不合格，乙方应在甲方提出整改要求后，按照要求进行整改，直至验收合格。

d. 验收不合格项目造成的损失，由乙方承担相应责任。

英国合同法全文中英对照

英国合同法全文中英对照【最新版】目录一、英国合同法的概述二、英国合同法的四大核心要素三、英国合同法的分类四、英国合同法的要约和承诺五、英国合同法的对价和合法性六、英国合同法的格式要求七、英国合同法的第三方实施合同条款的权利正文英国合同法是英国规定合同的法律，它继承自中世纪商法，受过司法能动主义的影响，因此与澳大利亚、加拿大和印度等邦联国以及美国的合同法有共同之处。

英国合同法的全文中英对照，为我们学习和研究英国合同法提供了便利。

英国合同法的四大核心要素包括要约、承诺、创设法律关系的意图和对价。

要约是指一方向另一方提出签订合同的意愿，承诺是指受要约方同意要约的内容。

创设法律关系的意图是指合同双方希望通过合同建立一种法律关系。

对价是指合同双方为了达成合同所承诺的交换条件。

英国合同法根据合同的类型进行分类，常见的分类包括双务合同和单务合同。

双务合同是指合同双方都有义务履行的合同，而单务合同是指合同双方中只有一方有义务履行的合同。

在英国合同法中，要约和承诺是合同成立的关键要素。

要约必须是明确的、有意义的，并且要向特定的受要约方发出。

承诺必须是由受要约方作出的，并且要表示同意要约的内容。

英国合同法强调对价的概念，即合同双方为了达成合同所承诺的交换条件。

对价不能是过去的对价，因为在英国法律中，合同订立之前完成的行为一般来说不能作为对价，因为它不是对新允诺的交换，而过去的对价对于要约人来说是没有什么用的。

英国合同法的格式要求比较严格，某些合同要求要正式的签名手续和见证人。

例如，股权转让、支票、消费信贷等合同要求必须采用书面形式。

英国合同法还规定了第三方实施合同条款的权利。

根据英国合同法，非合同当事方（第三人）也可享有实施合同条款的权利，如果合同中的某些条款涉及到第三方的利益。

总之，英国合同法是一部较为复杂的法律体系，它对合同的成立、履行和终止都有着详细的规定。

英国先行的合同法

英国先行的合同法关键信息项合同双方：合同一方（甲方）：合同另一方（乙方）：合同背景：合同目的：合同主题：合同签署：签署地点：签署日期：合同条款：合同内容概述：双方权利与义务：合同期限：付款条款：违约责任：争议解决机制：法律适用：适用法律：法律管辖：其他条款：保密条款：合同终止：协议副本：英国先行的合同法协议书一、合同双方合同一方（甲方）：____________________________合同另一方（乙方）：____________________________二、合同背景合同目的：本合同旨在规范双方在某一特定事项上的权利与义务，以确保合作顺利进行。

合同主题：本合同涉及的主题为____________________________，主要包括____________________________。

三、合同签署签署地点：____________________________签署日期：____________________________四、合同条款合同内容概述：本合同的主要内容包括____________________________，具体条款详见下文。

双方权利与义务：甲方的权利与义务：乙方的权利与义务：本合同的有效期自____________________________起至____________________________止。

付款条款：合同总金额为____________________________。

付款方式：____________________________付款时间及条件：____________________________违约责任：双方均应按照合同约定履行各自的义务。

如一方违约，应承担违约责任，包括但不限于赔偿损失、支付违约金等。

争议解决机制：双方在履行合同过程中如出现争议，应通过友好协商解决。

如协商未果，争议应提交至____________________________仲裁机构进行仲裁。

英国合同法全文中英对照

英国合同法全文中英对照摘要：一、英国合同法概述二、英国合同法的核心要素三、英国合同法的第三方权利四、英国合同法的具体实施和应用正文：【一、英国合同法概述】英国合同法是英国法律体系中的一部分，源自中世纪商法，受到司法能动主义的影响，与澳大利亚、加拿大、印度等国家的合同法有相似之处。

英国合同法主要规定了合同的订立、执行和终止等方面的规定。

【二、英国合同法的核心要素】1.要约：要约是一方当事人向另一方当事人发出的订立合同的意思表示。

2.承诺：承诺是要约人接受要约，表示愿意按照要约的内容履行合同义务。

3.创设法律关系的意图：双方当事人必须具有创设法律关系的目的，合同才能成立。

4.对价：对价是双方当事人之间互相给予的权益，体现了合同的公平性。

【三、英国合同法的第三方权利】根据英国1999年合同法，非合同当事方（第三人）也可享有实施合同条款的权利。

在特定情况下，第三方权利可以被赋予，例如合同中有明确规定，或者根据合同性质和双方当事人的意愿可以推断出第三方权利的存在。

【四、英国合同法的具体实施和应用】在英国合同法下，合同的订立、执行和终止都需要遵循一定的程序和规则。

合同的条款必须明确、真实、合法，双方当事人必须具备缔约能力。

在合同履行过程中，若出现纠纷，可以依据合同条款和相关法律规定进行解决。

英国合同法注重保护当事人的权益，强调合同的公平性和诚信原则。

在实际操作中，当事人需要详细了解合同法的规定，以确保合同的合法性和有效性，避免因合同条款不明确或违反法律规定而引发的纠纷。

总之，英国合同法是一部涉及合同订立、执行和终止等方面的法律体系，旨在维护当事人之间的权益和公平性。

论喜马拉雅条款在中国法下的使用及效力

论喜马拉雅条款在中国法下的适用及效力海商二班赵亚超2220081997【摘要】提单中的喜马拉雅条款源于海运实践，在经历了不同的发展阶段已为各个国家和国际公约不同程度的接受。

然而在我国司法实践中尚未形成对喜马拉雅条款统一的认识并且在立法中也存在一些不足，本文先介绍了喜马拉雅条款的历史发展；之后大致介绍了其他大陆法系国家和英美法系国家对于喜马拉雅条款的态度；最后基于上述介绍并结合我国海商法立法现状，提出从独立合同人（在我国主要是港站经营人）能否适用喜马拉雅条款受到有效保护的问题。

本文从港站经营人的地位、为第三人人利益合同理论及航运实践等方面分析了在中国法下这类喜马拉雅条款应如何适用及其效力如何，认为涉及独立合同人（在我国主要是港站经营人）的喜马拉雅条款是一种为第三人利益的合同，只要双方达成合意第三人就应受到喜马拉雅条款的保护。

【关键词】喜马拉雅条款受雇人代理人实际承运人代理为第三人利益合同【正文】喜马拉雅条款是提单背面必备的一条标准条款，目的是使承运人的受雇人、代理人甚至是独立合同人引入合同使他们同样享受承运人根据提单背面条款所享有的免责、抗辩和责任限制事由。

一、喜马拉雅条款的产生和发展喜马拉雅条款源于1953年英国上诉法院审理的Adler v. Dickson案。

该案的主要事实为英国东方半岛公司的客轮“喜马拉雅号”靠泊后乘客Adler女士在离船时由于船上的舷梯没有放置妥当使该名女乘客摔伤，Adler因船票上订有免除承运人的条款转而将负责船舶及该项作业的船长Dickson及水手作为被告向法院提起侵权之诉。

法院认为船员在履行职责过程中存在疏忽而此疏忽与原告的伤害存在因果关系，并且法院认为船长作为承运人的代理人不是合同当事人不可以援引客票上的免责条款，判决船长败诉，之后船舶所有人也给予了船长相应的补偿。

此案之后，为了避免受损人绕过船票上的免责条款向承运人的受雇人和代理人索赔，而使承运人的免责条款落空，承运人纷纷在提单或客票上加入了使这些人可以援引免责、抗辩及责任限制的条款，即喜马拉雅条款。

英国合同立法新动向及其启示_评英国_1999年合同_第三人权利_法案_

在下列几类合同关系中，非合合同当事人意图使第三人获得合同当事方的第三人不能依《法案》同利益的情形，其目的主要是为了第 % 条之规定取得要求强制履行简化交易活动程序，节约交易成这是经济活动追求 “ 效率” 的一合同的权利：汇本， %）有关票据关系（票、本票或其他流通票据）的合同；个具体体现。法律为了满足此一现《第 %& 条中规定实需要，在允许合同当事人实施其 #） %’"! 年公司法》
合同的限制性规定 ’ 第三人享有上述权利的合同中，具备下列情况之一的，未经第三人同意，合同当事人不得协议解除合同或者为使第三人权利失效或有所改变而变更合同：第三人 :）已向承诺人表示同意该条款（赋予其权利或利益的条款）；8）承诺人知道第三人已信赖该条款；承诺 =）人被合理地认为他已预见到第三人将会或者事实上已经信赖该条款。但是，合同中可以明示排除上述规定：一是可以在合同中明示约定合同当事人无须经第三人同意即可解除或变更合同；二是可明示约定在其他特定情况下而非《法案》规定的三种情形下才需取得第三人同意。此外，在满足《法案》规定的几种条件下，合同当事人得申
的有关约束公司及其成员的合同；意图的同时，必须对第三人利益的法案》案》规定了承诺人在第三人起诉时雇佣合同、劳动合同以及相关合实现给予充分的权利保障。《 (）较广泛地援引相关抗辩事由的权同（分别以其中的受雇人、劳动者较好地做到了这一点。
$；） " ! 及代理人员为被告时） & 海上货
#$%&’$(%)*$(+ ,-*$*.)-/ ($0 1’(0& 2&/&(’-3

99年合同法和民法典中的要约邀请

99年合同法和民法典中的要约邀请下载温馨提示：该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

99年合同法和民法典中的要约邀请该文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help you solve practical problems. The document 99年合同法和民法典中的要约邀请 can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, suchas educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!99年的《中华人民共和国合同法》和2020年实施的《中华人民共和国民法典》都是中国法律体系中关于合同的两部重要法律。

英国法上合同的内容

第8 章合同条款是什么在考量过何者为法律认定的有效、可强制执行合同以及何人受该种合同约束之后，我们下一步将顾及合同的内容。

该部分分为四章。

在第8章我们将考虑合同的条款由什么构成；在第9章我们会讨论合同条款的来源；在第10章我们将关注合同条款的分类；到了第11章，我们会分析一类特殊的合同条款，即免责条款抑或限制条款。

8.1条款是什么一份合同含有众多条款，然而在协商订立合同过程中，并非所有口头或书面所为会构成合同的一项条款。

一个例子可以说明这一点。

假设我同意把我的自行车卖给邻居，在协商过程中他会问我很多自行车的相关事项；它的车龄，它的型号，它维修的频率，可否有制动装置以及如果有，有多少等等问题。

但最终缔结的合同可能仅包括我的声明“我会以200英镑的价格向你出售一辆自行车”以及他的申明“我接受”。

然而，这两个声明若被认为能构成整个合同则是不太可能的。

同样的，如果所有我对邻居问题的回答被视作合同的条款，这也不大现实。

实际上，我的回答可以用三种途径中的一种进行归类。

第一种情况是，我的一些回答仅仅被视作是对观点的声明抑或是“纯粹的吹嘘”而不会发生法律效力（例如一项声明“在我这里买车，你将永远无悔”；参见后文13.3）。

然而，最主要的区分是在的二种和第三种之间的，也即发生在一项条款和一项纯粹陈述之间（请注意一些判例写成了“保证”和“纯粹陈述”之间的区分，但鉴于会引发混淆，故此处不会使用此法律术语，我们将在第10章力图区分一项条件和保证（二者均为合同的条款））。

条款和纯粹陈述的区分是重要的，这是因为一旦一项声明被视作合同的一项条款，不遵守该条款将构成违约，从而赋予无过错一方以违约救济。

另一方面，如果一项声明被视作纯粹陈述，无过错一方就不能主张存在违约行为，因为该项声明并不是合同条款。

他的救济，如果有的话，便是设法撤销合同或主张错误陈述损害赔偿（参见后文13章）。

到底一项声明是一项合同条款还是一项纯粹陈述最终还是由当事人做出声明的意图所决定。