2010-2013考研英语二历年真题大小作文原题、范文及解析 2014考研英语二作文高分宝典
考研2010-2014英语二历年真题-完美打印版(有答案)
2010考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart AText1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that follo wed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was refe rred to as “a last victory” because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText 3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only be cause we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people di dn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser foruse after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deeply rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C] indicate their effect on people’s buying power[D] manifest the significant role of good habits33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide[B] Crest[C] Colgate[D] Unilever34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A] indifferent[B] negative[C] positive[D] biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentPart B根据下文判断正误原文：BOTH Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwa sh. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of SouthernWhen applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the unnervingly cosy groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the second world war, but Dr Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,” he adds. So he sh ould know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45. It has been documented that during World War II, America’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.Section Ⅲ Translation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personalmeaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice。
2014年考研英语二大作文真题及范文
2014年考研英语二大作文真题及范文The column chart above clearly reflects the changes in the statistics between urban and rural population in China during the past two decades. For urban dwellers, there was a noticeable jump of 360 million from 300 million to 66 million between 1990 and 2010. By contrast, a remarkable decline occurred in the number of rural population by 160 million from 820 million to 660 million during the same period.At least three primary contributors account for such changes. First and foremost, there is a much nicer choice of options available in cities and towns, across the broad. There are more jobs to choose from, different kinds of companies and types of work. In addition, big cities offer much more excitement and stimulation, partly as a result of all the various options available in so many areas. More importantly, people prefer to live in cities and towns for the convenience of the transportation system. It would have a well developed bus, subway, highway and airport transportation network.Generally speaking, people in expanding numbers would prefer to live in cities and towns which offer a rich variety of many options, whether it be for jobs, leisure, cultural or intellectual activities. At the same time, people like the energy and stimulation of a big city environment and the convenience of a well-developed transportation system. (221 words)。
考研历年英语二大、小作文真题及范文大全(2011—2014)1117
历年英语二大、小作文真题及范文（2011—2014）一、2014年英语二作文真题1. 小作文Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to1) tells him, about your living habit ,and2) ask for advice for living thereDo not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 Points)2. 大作文Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should interpret the chart, and give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)3. 范文小作文：征求建议信Dear John,I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.我是李明，他将去贵校学习，和你一起住在一个系里。
现在我写这封信是想告诉你我的一些习惯，并要求你给我一些建议使我适应那里。
完美版10至14年考研英语二真题及详细解析
完美版10⾄14年考研英语⼆真题及详细解析2014年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语⼆真题考⽣注意事项：1 考⽣必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2 答题前，考⽣应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的―考⽣姓名‖、―报考单位‖、―考⽣编号‖等信息。
3 答案必须按要求填涂或书写在指定的答题卡上。
(1)英语知识运⽤，阅读理解 A节、B节的答案填涂在答题卡 1上。
填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求⽤ 2B铅笔完成。
如需改动，必须⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
(2)英译汉和写作部分必须⽤蓝⿊⾊字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡 2上做答。
字迹要清楚。
4.考试结束，将试题，答题卡1和答题卡2⼀并装⼊试题袋中交回。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isn‘t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight aresometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.1. [A] denied [B] concluced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] opportunity [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession. Readers of ―HappyMoney‖ are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors‘ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A]A big house[B]A special tour[C]A stylish car[D]A rich meal22. The author‘s attitude toward Americans‘ watching TV is[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are after effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph,Happy Money[A]has left much room for readers‘criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you‘re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the ―above average effect‖, or ―illusory superiority‖, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we‘re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying intoself-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves‘ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is ―an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation‖. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higherself-esteem. ―I don‘t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion‖, says Epley. ―It‘s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves‘. If you are depressed, you won‘t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ?s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don‘t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is aself-enhancer‘s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellectand lifestyle it‘s not that people‘s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,‖but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people‘s______[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29.The word ―Viscerally‖(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer‘s paradise because people can _____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText 3Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorro w, anger, on joy, typically make Americans feel uncomforuble and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everythi ng possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recen t studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Si nce evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responset, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance sur vival.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to clicit ass istance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enoug h, more likely than tears to gain attention, So, it appears, there must be somet hing special about tears themselves.Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct rol e in alleviating stress, University of Minnesotaresearchers who are studying th e chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to =cut onion would co ntain no such substance.Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.At Tulane University’s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his co lleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to m edication(药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it ma y be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollut ants.At Columbia University Dt.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears f or clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtaine d painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to p erform highly refined analyses.31. It is known from the first paragraph that ________.A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to AmericanB) crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedyC) crying usually wins sympathy from other peopleD) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed32. What does “both those responses to tears”(Line 6, Para, 1) refer to?A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.C) The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort t o stop the cryin g.D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of te ars.33. “Counterproductive” (Lines 6-7, Para,1) very probably means “_______ _”.A) having no effect at allB) leading to tensionC) producing disastrous impactD) harmful to health34. What does the author say about crying?A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.B) It must have a role to play in man’s survival.C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.D) It usually produces the desired effect.35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.Text 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways,broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition‘s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.36. The author believes that the housing sector__[A] has attracted much attention[B] involves certain political factors[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] has lost its real value in economy37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__[A] increased its home supply[B] offered spending opportunities[C] suffered government biases[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.[A] allow greater government debt for housing[B] stop local authorities from building homes[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40. The author believes that after 2015,the government may______.[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sectorSection III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that‘s perpetually half fall. But that‘s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn‘trecommend. ―Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.‖ says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doe sn‘t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn‘t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him to email to1)tell him about your living habits, and2)ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on answer sheet.Do not use your own name.Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart.In your essay, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)参考答案完形填空1. concluded2. protective3. Likewise4. indicator5. concern6. in terms of7. equals8. in turn9. straightforward10. while11. shape12. qualify13. normal14. tendency15. pictured16. associated17. Even18. grounded19. policies20. against阅读理解Text 121. B A special tour22. A critical23. D rarity generally increases pleasure24. B may prove to be a worthwhile purchase25. A balance feeling good and spending moneyText 226. A our self-ratings are unrealistically high27. C intuitive response28. B believe in their attractiveness29. A instinctively30. D withhold their unflattering sidesText 331. A shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American32. C The tear shedder's apology and the observer's effort to stop the crying.33. C producing disastrous impact34. B It must have a role to play in man's survival.35. A Emotional tears have the function of reduction of reducing stress. Text 436. B involves certain political factors37. C suffered government biases38. A allow greater government debt for housing39. C contribute to funding new developments40. D stop generous funding to the housing sector总的来说，今年的英语⼆阅读难度与往年相⽐略有上升，⽂章题材⽐较多地涉及到社会⽣活类题材，话题多样，⽐如移民、⽣活中的快速反应、职场性别⽐例等。
2014年考研英语二真题答案及解析
2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本文是一篇关于肥胖与健康关系新说法的议论文。
第一段引出作者对身材的看法：并不是越瘦就证明人越健康。
第二段中作者介绍了一种定义肥胖症的指标BMI。
第三段中作者指出BMI其实揭示的是人体的脂肪量，并不是说明身材好坏的指数。
第四段中讲述了整个社会其实会给肥胖者贴上消极标签，无论是在电视节目中还是在孩子们的心目中，胖人的形象总是与消极联系起来。
最后一段讲述了人们以健康的角度去考虑肥胖的影响，和已经采取的一些对抗肥胖的种种策略。
试题解析Thinner isn't always better.A number of studies have__1__that normalweight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are healthy conditions for which being overweight is actually__2__.For example,heavierwomen are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.__3__, among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an__4__of good health.【译文】太瘦也不总是好事。
一些研究已经得出结论：正常体重的人实际上比一些超重的人更容易患上某些疾病。
有些肥胖对健康还有保护作用。
例如稍微超重的女性跟消瘦的女性相比，不易受到钙质缺乏的影响。
同样的，在老年人中，一定程度上超重是身体健康的标志。
1.[A]denied否认[B]concluded得出结论[C]doubled两倍，加倍努力[D]ensured确保【答案】B【考点】词义辨析【直击答案】空格所在句意为“一系列的研究已经________，事实上，正常体重的人患病风险要高于超重的人”。
2014年考研英语(二)大小作文写作范文
PartA47. Directions:Suppose youare going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student,write him an email to1) tell himabout your living habits, and2) ask foradvice about living thereDear John,Iam Li Ming, your future roommate and a new arrival from China who is comingover here for further education. I am writing this letter to let you know aboutme and ask for some suggestions for my future life in America。
First,I am a quiet person so that your keeping silent would be highly appreciated.Second, I like cooking and I wonder whether it is okay to you that I cookChinese dish at home, because the preparation for Chinese cuisine may producemuch smoke. Third, I want to buy a car but I know nothing about traffic rulesin America. Would you please give me a lesson about traffic laws in US。
Wishyou reply soon。
2010英语二考研作文
2010英语二考研作文篇一：作文范文2010年考研英语二小作文作文范文2010年考研英语二小作文Dear Sir and Madam:I'm writing to express sincere gratitude to you for your enthusiastic reception. What's impressed me most is the warm hospitality extended by you to us during my recent visit to the US. The memorable trip exposed me to the American culture characterized by openness,diversity and modernism. It's a great honor to work together with you to boost the cultural exchange between China and the US.I welcome you to visit China with open arms. The immense glamour of Chinese culture, which boasts a history spanning 5,000 years, would fascinate you. You are keenly anticipated to schedule a visit in due course.2010年考研英语二大作文①The mobile phone subscriptions in underdeveloped countries and developed ones from 2000 to 2008 are charted clearly above.②The mobile phone sales increased steadily and slightly from 2000 to 2007 but reached a plateau in 2008 in these affluent countries.③The developing countries have seen a small growth from 2000 to 2002 and a sharp jump from 2003 to 2008 in cellular phone sales.①There are several reasons that can explain the striking contrast between the trends in mobile phone subscriptions in backward countries and industrialized ones at the turn of the century. ②The overwhelming majority of adults in these rich countries had access to wireless telecommunications service earlier and the mobile phone market isapproaching saturation. ③At the same time, the number of mobile phone users in emerging countries is relatively smaller. ④A shift of commercial focus onto the unsaturated market in these countries by international telecommunications manufacturer and operators boosts the boom of mobile phones. ④And mobile gadgetsget affordable for many average people in developing counties.①The widespread use of mobile phones is bound to benefit the underdeveloped countries ranging from ordinary people's daily lives to technological sectors. ②And the information gap would be narrowed by flooding of smart phones into the market.③Therefore, the number of mobile phone users is expected to enjoy a continuous surge in developing countries.2011年考研英语二小作文Dear Li Ming:I am writing to congratulate you on your being accepted into Nanjing University, an academic giant in China's Mainland. The news came as a great surprise and an considerable excitement to my parents and me. As a new college graduate, I'd like to provide you with some pieces of advice on how to gear up for college life. First, you'd better improve the level of proficiency in English, which plays a crucial role in Computer Science that you will major in. Second, the programming ability isconsidered a reliable index of how well you study in your major. So you need to code much. Third, you are expected to take part in a range of extracurricular activities and join a variety of students' clubs.Wish you a happy college life!Yours truly,Zhang Wei2011年考研英语二大作文①The bar chart above is aimed at highlighting changes in car market share in China. ②The Japanese brands were way ahead and enjoyed a dominating 35% market share in 2008. ③However, the Japan-branded car sales were outnumbered by China's in 2009.④The Japanese auto makers suffered a great slump in market sharefrom 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2009, while their China's counterparts enjoyed a sharp jump from 26% to 33%. ⑤At the same time, US car brands had a very slight share increase.①Obviously, China's vehicle manufacturers grabbed the market share 丁晓钟老师新浪微博/xzding 点点英语官方淘宝店/ 43 / 45 from Japan's carmakers in 2009. ②A host of reasons can account for the shift of market dominance. ③First, China's central and localgovernments have made an continuous effort to boost the car industry. ④A range of stimulus schemes give considerable momentum to the country's emerging car-making industry. ⑤Second, Japan automakers haunted by a series of safety-related recalls didn't live up to the global reputation for safety. ⑥Meanwhile, China's car manufacturers restored the customers' confidence through raising their safety standards.①In light of the crucial importance of auto-making in national industrial sector, China's car-makers and government must continue to combine their efforts to consolidate the car industry for the sake of increasing market share and improving car-making technologies.2012年考研英语二小作文Dear Sir/Madam,I am writing today to complain of the inferior quality of the electronic dictionary bought from your Internet store.It's unfortunate that the dictionary is unable to work well on her maiden voyage. I have restarted the gadget multiple times but these annoying problems still exist. First, sometimes the electronic dictionary crashed abruptly and couldn't respond to any keying. Second, the so-called hi-fi pronunciation of English words, a characteristic feature which serves as a selling point, is not clear, unfortunately. In view of the great seriousness of the problems, you are expected to replace the dictionary with a new one at least. Of course, it would be better if I returned the purchase for a full refund.I look forward to hearing from you.Thanks a lot.Zhang Wei2012年考研英语二大作文①The employee satisfaction in a company is surveyed and shown in the table. ②The job is unable to satisfy most employees under 40, of which only a 16.7% feels a sense of satisfaction while one third individuals feel discontented. ③Of the forties surveyed, no employee feels satisfied with the job while the percentage ofdissatisfaction is up to 64%. ④In stark contrast, the fifties enjoy much higher job satisfaction. 丁晓钟老师新浪微博/xzding 点点英语官方淘宝店/ 44 / 45①To sum up, there is widespread discontent among the people under 50 at the work while only a very slight proportion of employees above 50 feel dissatisfied. ②A host of factors contribute to the marked contrast between age groups. ③First, employees under 50 have to shoulder much heavier responsibility of supporting their families, especially bringing up their children. ④Second, higher job expectations andgreater peer pressure are both contributory factors to the dissatisfaction for younger employees, especially for the forties.①Considering the fact that the company is seething with discontent across age groups under 50, the leadership are duty-bound to determine the sources of dissatisfaction. ②And effective solutions are expected to be taken into consideration, which range from treating employees with more respect to giving a pay rise. ③And employees should learn to how to handle the work-family balance and the relationship between themselves and their corporation.2013年考研英语二小作文Hi, all,①I am writing to inform you that a charity sale is scheduled to take place at our college's library at 19:00 next Monday, February 11th. ②The event is designed to lend a helping hand to the kids in underdeveloped areas, where a vast majority of families are economically difficult to provide children with sufficiently good food and education. ③How to finance the over-burdened families concerns not only local governments but also every person in our country. ④The sale organizer is exactly our class, which has been pioneering the charity work in our college. ⑤You are keenly anticipated to take part in the event and share the class honor. ⑥If you have a willingness, it would be much better if you prepared some items or money for charity. ⑦I would be grateful if you could attend. Yours sincerely,Li Ming2013年考研英语二大作文①The percentages of students who have a part-time job in a college are charted clearly above. ②Obviously, there is an increasing tendency towards higher part-time job rates for higher-grade 丁晓钟老师新浪微博/xzding 点点英语官方淘宝店/ 45 / 45 students. ③The freshmen have a lowest but surprisingly highpart-time employment rate. ④71.13 percent of sophomores work part-time while a slightly more students in their junior year do so.⑤The share of seniors as a part-timer is up to 88.24%.①There are two principal factors driving college students into the part-time job market, one of which is the burning desire to earn a salary. ②A sizeable proportion of students who are reaching adulthood develop a sense to share the economic burden with their family or even to gain economic independence. ③The other driving force is to accumulateexperience and skills for entering into the fiercely competitive job market. ④The bleak job prospects pressure college students into going to work ahead of schedule.①No doubt the strong motivation for earning a wage and preparing for job hunt is a real blessing. ②However, how to balance study and work matters a lot. ③Sufficient time and efforts to study in college are a must for these unskilled and under-trained students.篇二：2011-2014考研英语二作文真题及范文真题：Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admited to a university. Write him/her a letter to:(1)congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e “Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)参考范文Dear Li Ming,Congratulations! I’m absolutely delighted to hear that you have just been admitted to Stanford University. I know there was a lot of competition this year but your hard work and perseverance certainly paid off.I’d like to give you several practical proposals on how to prepare for your university life. Firstly, it’s my hope that you will take advantage of the library in your university by reading books outside the college curriculum. Secondly, I believe that free-time should be divided into three main activities: physical exercise, relaxation, and communication with friends and family.Wish you further success in your continuing studies and hope you will invite me to your graduation ceremony in four years time. (115 words)Yours faithfully,Zhang Wei参考译文李明：祝贺你！得知你已被斯坦福大学录取，我由衷地高兴。
2010年考研英语二真题和答案（完整版）
The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years. The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere. But But the the the epidemic epidemic epidemic is is is "_____4_____" "_____4_____" "_____4_____" in in in severity, severity, according according to to to Margaret Margaret Margaret Chan, Chan, Chan, the the the organization's organization's organization's director director director general, general, _____5_____ _____5_____ the the the overwhelming overwhelming overwhelming majority majority majority of of of patients patients patients experiencing experiencing experiencing only only only mild mild mild symptoms symptoms symptoms and and and a a a full full full recovery, recovery, recovery, often often often in in in the the _____6_____ of any medical treatment. The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, ca began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world. In In the the the United United United States, States, States, new new new cases cases cases seemed seemed seemed to to to fade_____10_____warmer fade_____10_____warmer fade_____10_____warmer weather weather weather arrived. arrived. arrived. But But But in in in late late late September September September 2009, 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are th new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations. Federal Federal health health health officials_____14_____Tamiflu officials_____14_____Tamiflu officials_____14_____Tamiflu for for for children children children from from from the the the national national national stockpile stockpile stockpile and and and began_____15_____orders began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16__ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of th _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 o those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people. 1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated 2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted 3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums 4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme 5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by 6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor 7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice 8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to 9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up 10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until 11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent 12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples 13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected 14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained 15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving 16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable 17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial 18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced 19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings 20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off Section Ⅱ Reading comprehension Part A Directions: Read Read the the the following following following four four four passages. passages. passages. Answer Answer Answer the the the questions questions questions below below below each each each passage passage passage by by by choosing choosing choosing A, A, A, B, B, B, C C C and and and D. D. D. Mark Mark Mark your your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text1 The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare Mc Andrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm —double the figure five five years years years earlier. earlier. earlier. Since Since Since then then then it it it may may may have have have come come come down down down to to to $50 $50 $50 billion. billion. billion. But But But the the the market market market generates generates generates interest interest interest far far far beyond beyond beyond its its its size size because because it it it brings brings brings together together together great great great wealth, wealth, wealth, enormous enormous enormous egos, egos, egos, greed, greed, greed, passion passion passion and and and controversy controversy controversy in in in a a a way way way matched matched matched by by by few few few other other industries. In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially New New Y ork, Y ork, where where where the the the bail-out bail-out bail-out of of of the the the banks banks banks coincided coincided coincided with with with the the the loss loss loss of of of thousands thousands thousands of of of jobs jobs jobs and and and the the the financial financial financial demise demise demise of of of many many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector —for Chinese contemporary art —they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them. The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 198move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that pri are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant . But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom .”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special rsaid that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds —death, debt and and divorce divorce divorce——still still deliver deliver deliver works works works of of of art art art to to to the the the market. market. market. But But But anyone anyone anyone who who who does does does not not not have have have to to to sell sell sell is is is keeping keeping keeping away, away, away, waiting waiting waiting for for confidence to return. 21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____. A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis 22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_____. A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions B .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent D .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying 23. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008. B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum. C. The market generally went downward in various ways. D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come. 24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____ A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists 25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___ A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art Auctions C. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in Arts I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room —a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently silently beside beside beside him him him on on on the the the couch. couch. couch. Toward Toward Toward the the the end end end of of of the the the evening evening evening I I I commented commented commented that that that women women women frequently frequently frequently complain complain complain that that that their their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talke our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home f work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence." This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, th often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessmareports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men —gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent ，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation. In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-suwork like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen me." me." "He "He "He doesn't doesn't doesn't talk talk talk to to to me." me." me." I I I found found found as Hacker as Hacker observed observed years years years before before before that that that most most most wives wives wives want want want their their their husbands husbands husbands to to to be be be first first first and and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the brea table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk. 26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands? A. Talking to them. B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework. 27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ . A. generating motivation. B. exerting influence C. causing damage D. creating pressure 28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______ A. men tend to talk more in public than women B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation C. women attach much importance to communication between couples D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse 29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text? A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists. B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities. C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage. D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different. 30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ______ A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk B. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S. D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hac Text 3 Over Over the the the past past past decade, decade, decade, many many many companies companies companies had had had perfected perfected perfected the the the art art art of of of creating creating creating automatic automatic automatic behaviors behaviors behaviors —— habits habits —— among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues. “There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to cr new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions o f dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routinesof dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines . If If you look hard enough, you’ll find that you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting disinfecting wipes, wipes, wipes, air air air fresheners, fresheners, fresheners, water water water purifiers, purifiers, purifiers, health health health snacks, snacks, snacks, antiperspirants, antiperspirants, antiperspirants, colognes, colognes, colognes, teeth teeth teeth whiteners, whiteners, whiteners, fabric fabric fabric softeners, softeners, vitamins vitamins—— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a dToday, because because of of of canny canny canny advertising advertising advertising and and and public public public health health health campaigns, campaigns, campaigns, many many many Americans Americans Americans habitually habitually habitually give give give their their their pearly pearly pearly whites whites whites a a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands. A A few few few decades decades decades ago, ago, ago, many many many people people people didn’t didn’t didn’t drink drink drink water water water outside outside outside of of of a a a meal. meal. meal. Then Then Then beve beve beverage rage rage companies companies companies started started started bottling bottling bottling the the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once boug primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup. “Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating “Creating positive positive positive habits habits habits is is is a a a huge huge huge part part part of of of improving improving improving our our our consumers’ consumers’ consumers’ lives, lives, lives, and and and it’s it’s it’s essential essential essential to to to making making making new new new products products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certa behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupte when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods. 31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________. [A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually C are deeply rooted in history D are basically private concer 32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____ [A] reveal their impact on people’s habits [B] show the urgent need of daily necessities [C] indicate their effect on people’people’s buying power s buying power [D] manifest the significant role of good habits 33. Which o f the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide [B] Crest [C] Colgate [D] Unilever 34. From the text we know that some of consumer ’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products [B]automatic behavior creation [C]commercial promotions [D]scientific experiments 35. T he author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A] indifferent [B] negative [C] positive [D] biased Text4 Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles th all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve o jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that ver should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surv example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rathethan electing representatives to govern for them. But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for examp jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strau v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and oth antidiscrimination laws. The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on t jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of wo through the 1960s. In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democ reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Co extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecti male and female jurors. 36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______ [A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers [C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public 37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____ [A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races [C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices 38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____ [A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications [C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement 39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___ [A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished [B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors [C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community [D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system 40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______ [A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and development 46.Directions: In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points) popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal “Suatainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice。
2014考研英语二真题及答案：小作文
小作文Directions：Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John，a local student.Write him to email to1）tell him about your living habits，and2）ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on answer sheet.Do not use your own name.小作文参考作文Dear John，I am a student of China， and I am writing this letter for the purpose of telling you that I am going to study abroad in your country and we will share one apartment during my time in your country.I am glad to communicate with you some of my living habits so that we will have a more harmonious living atmosphere. First，I always go to sleep at 10 o'clock at night and get up at 6 o'clock in the morning. Second，I hope our room is clear and tidy，which is very helpful for us to keep a good mood. Third， I don't want strangers come to our room when we are outside， so we need remember to clock our room when we get out.As you may know that this is my first time to study abroad，so l have a lot of questions on how to adapt to the life there， I wonder could you please give me some advices on how to adjust the life there？ Thank you ahead for your kindness.Yours sincerely，LiMing。
打印版历年英语二考研作文真题范文
打印版历年英语二考研作文真题范文考研英语作文是考研英语考试中非常重要的一部分，对于考生来说，掌握考研英语作文的写作技巧和常用句型是至关重要的。
本文将为您整理并提供历年英语二考研作文真题范文，帮助您在备考过程中更好地提高英语写作能力。
一、2010年英语二考研作文真题范文1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.Dear Bob,I am writing to you to apologize for the inconvenience I have caused. I am sorry that I forgot to return the music CD to you when I left Canada.Once again, I apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused. I hope you will accept my apology and allow me to make it up to you.Sincerely,[Your Name]二、2011年英语二考研作文真题范文Dear [Friend's Name],I hope you will consider watching "The Shawshank Redemption." I am confident that you will enjoy it as much as I did.Best regards,[Your Name]三、2012年英语二考研作文真题范文2) demand a refund or a replacement.Dear Customer Service Center,Firstly, the dictionary's screen is flickering, which makes it difficult for me to read the words clearly. Secondly, the buttons on the device are not responsive, causing inconvenience when I try to look up words. Lastly, thebattery life of the dictionary is very short, which means I have to charge it frequently.Considering these problems, I would like to requesteither a refund or a replacement for the defective dictionary.I have attached some photos of the issues for your reference.I hope you can understand my situation and provide a satisfactory solution.Thank you for your attention to this matter, and I look forward to hearing from you soon.Best regards,[Your Name]四、2013年英语二考研作文真题范文1) accept the invitation, and2) ask for further information.Dear [Recipient's Name],Once again, thank you for the invitation and for considering me for this research project. I am looking forward to hearing more about the project and to contributing to its success.Best regards,[Your Name]五、2014年英语二考研作文真题范文1) express your gratitude for his kindness, andDear John,Best regards,[Your Name]六、2015年英语二考研作文真题范文1) invite them to participate, and2) give them some information about the festival.Dear International Students,The food festival will take place on [date] from [time] to [time] at [venue]. We would be delighted if you could join us and bring some traditional dishes from your home country. This will not only add to the diversity of the festival but also allow us to learn more about your culture.We are looking forward to your active participation and the delicious dishes you will bring. Let's make this campus food festival a memorable experience for everyone!Best regards,[Your Name]。
2010-2013考研英语二历年真题大小作文原题、范文及解析
2012年研究生入学考试英语(二)真题及答案Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that‘s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the ―willie‖ cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries,G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may n o longer count for more than 10% of a student‘s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportan t to its students‘ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.[A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls‘ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls‘ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls‘ lives and inte rests.Girls‘ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What‘s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when am plifying age and sex differences became a dominant children‘s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of rese arch into children‘s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a ―third stepping stone‖ between infant wear and older kids‘ clothes. Tt was only after ―toddler‖became a common shoppers‘ term that it evolved into a br oadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsIn2010.afederal judges hook America's biotech in dustry toit panies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades- by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 ajudge ruled that genes were unpaten table. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation(BIO), atradegroup, assured members that this was justa ―preliminarystep‖ in alonger battle.On July 29th they were relieved,atleast temporarily.Afederal appeal scourt overturned the prior decision, ruling that My riad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help fore cast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of My riad, acompany in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The My riad case itself is probably notover Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: ageneis aproduct of nature, soit may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than rewardit; and patents' monopolies restrict access to gene tictests such as Myriad's. Agrowing number seem to agree. Last year afederaltask-for ceurged reform for patents related to gene tictests. In October the Department of Justice filed abrie fin the My riad case, arguing that an isolated DNA mole cule ―is no less aproduct of nature...than are cotton fibres that have been se parated from cotton seeds.‖Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it isunclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of in dividual genes with in it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug‘s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‗connecting the dits‘,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34．By saying ―each meeting was packed‖(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author‘s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probab ly beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and characte r of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape ourpolitics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this nationa l economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financi ally prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respe cts, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Fri edman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and l ess inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and f reedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk i n this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divid es, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. Th e research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where the y otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , i s discerning pre cisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession t han at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social confl ict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly h ow these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates f rom elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information fro m the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the r ight column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world,is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Vi ctorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical fo rm. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learnin g from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want em pathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant rec ounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his r ambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquer ing fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Ni ccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ru thlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victori an author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of e ngineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furn ish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfa st integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"H is biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held u p as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographie s on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bona parte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be ackno wledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” An d history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As su ch, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and pow er relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but t hey do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transm itted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. I n place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and E ric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whol e new realms of understanding — from gender to race to cultural studies — wer e opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it tra nsformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.[B] highlighted the public glory of the leadi41. Petrarchng artists.[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives42. Niccolo Machiavellliwere hard to imitate.[D] opened up new realms of understandin43. Samuel Smilesg the great men in history.[E] held that history should be the story of44. Thomas Carlylethe masses and their record of struggle.[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for suc45. Marx and Engelscessful leaders.[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translati on on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valle y or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind o f workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by u sing immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countr ies are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2 004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,com pared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their eco nomies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new produ cts for their factories to make .Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查年龄-------满意度满意不清楚不满意小于等于40岁16.7% 50.0% 33．3%41-50岁0.0% 36.0% 64.0%大于50岁40.0 50.0% 10.0%完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE小作文范文：Dear Sir or Madame,As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product—an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had been scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei。
2010-2014年考研英语二真命题及规范标准答案解析编辑整理下载
2010考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global pandemic on June 11, 2009, in the first designation by the World Health Organization of a worldwide pandemic in 41 years.The heightened alert came after an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising numbers in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the pandemic is "moderate" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, with the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the absence of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to crop up in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was significant flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. @Zov&01 In the U.S., it has infected more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials released Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began taking orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not recommended for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other problems. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people caring for infants and healthy young people.Section ⅡReading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ā70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 werestill higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory”because ____-.A.the art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoryiesB.the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),the author suggests that_____ .A . collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC.art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT ture?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.B.The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C.The market generally went downward in various ways.D.Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A.auction houses ' favoritesB.contemporary trendsC.factors promoting artwork circulationD.styles representing impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A.Fluctuation of Art PricesB.Up-to-date Art AuctionsC.Art Market in DeclineD.Shifted Interest in Arts（编辑Text2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true" he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before thatmost wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.26.What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A.Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D. Shsring housework.27.Judging from the context ,the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A generating motivation.B.exerting influenceC.causing damageDcreating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A.men tend to talk more in public tan womenB.nearly 50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC.women attach much importance to communication between couplesDa female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text ?A.The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .B.Marriage break_up stems from sex inequalities.C.Husband and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.D.Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focuson ______A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC.other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerTxet3over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,”Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to —Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day —chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins —are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workersunthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deepiy rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns（编辑：）32.Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33.which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34.From the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35.the author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so—called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures38.Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.in discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentSection ⅢTranslation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)（编辑：）“Suatainability”has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,”says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”翻译参考“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
历年英语二考研作文真题范文(完整资料).doc
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】海天考研历年英语二大、小作文真题及范文（2011—2014）一、2014年英语二作文真题1. 小作文Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to1) tells him, about your living habit ,and2) ask for advice for living thereDo not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 Points)2. 大作文Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should interpret the chart, and give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)3. 范文小作文：Dear John,I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.To begin with, I usually get up early in the morning at six o’clock and then go out to do some exercise. To continue, I would like to spend my spare time in reading in the library. Meanwhile, I wonder if you could be so kind to offer me some proposals on how to get used to the life there.I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.Yours sincerely,Li Ming 大作文：What is clearly presented in the above chart is the different numbers of urban residents and rural population among 1990, 2000 and 2010.The number of urban residents climbed steadily from 300 million in 1990 to 660 million or so in 2010, while rural population decreased slightly from about 820 million to 680 million or so in the same period.It is not difficult to come up with some possible factors accounting for this trend. On the one hand, with the rapid development of economy and society, people in mounting numbers crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living and the excitement of urban life recently. On the other hand, the economyin the rural districts is comparative less developed and thus the opportunity to make money and pursue their future is as well lean. As a result, an increasing number of folks are trying to escape this destiny by flocking into the urban areas.Given the analyses above, I firmly believe that such established trend will surely continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years and due importance should be attached to this evident situation.二、2013考研英语二作文真题1. 小作文Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. write your classmates an email to 1) inform them about the details and; 2) encourage them to participate 100 words use Li Ming. Don't write your address.2. 大作文Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing, you should(1) interpret the chart ,and(2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words.3. 范文小作文Dear friends,I am writing to call on every classmate to show love to the kids in need of help.We are going to hold a charity sale in the Students’ Center o n Jan. 8, next Monday. It will start at 3 in the afternoon. If you have some valuable belongings but are not very useful for you, please do not hesitate to bring them to the charity sale. The money will be se nt to the childrenwho need it urgently. The sales will not be ended until all the charity goods are sold. Thus, do come to buy for helpin g the kids in need of help.Thank you for your consideration and I am here waiting for y ou.Yours sincerely,Li Ming 大作文The above bar chart illustrates the proportion of college stude nts who get engaged in part-time jobs before graduation. According to the chart, the percentage of senior students working part-time is 88.24%, which is the highest for all the students. The figure is follo wed by junior students and sophomores, reaching 71.93% and 71.1 3% respectively. By contrast, the lowest percentage of part-timer is the freshman, with only 67.77% involved.Why do students of higher grade prefer to be part-time worke rs while fewer freshmen take the kind of jobs? Many senior student s choose this job, arguing that they can accumulate working experience by working as an intern in some companies such as banks, adve rtising agencies and trading firms two or three days a week. In other words, part-time jobs have become incubators for students to deve lop their social abilities——a boon for their future career. Moreove r, students of higher grade will have more autonomy over their sche dule. However, as for the freshmen, they are not ready to step into the society partly because they are still too young to recognize the si gnificance of social experience. Apart from their lack of awareness, their parents’ protection will also prevent freshmen from working part-time.From my perspective, part-time jobs provide students with more opportunities to hone their key skills such as communication and cooperation, which will be crucial for students to work their wa y up the career ladder. Therefore, students should make use of the opportunity to develop their skills needed for their future work.三、2012年英语二作文真题1. 小作文DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day, Write an email to the customer service center to1) make a complaint and2) demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letterUse "Zhang Wei " instead .2. 大作文Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing you should1) describe the table ,and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words (15points)3. 范文：小作文Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing this letter to express my disappointment about the electronic dictionary I bought yesterday from your online store. It did not work properly when I looked an English word up and I also found some typing errors in the dictionary.Solutions to solve this problem are as follows. One solution I want to mention here is that you can replace this product with a nice one. The other solution I believe is that I demand a full refund.Please let me know which solution you would like to choose at your earliest convenience. Thank you for your time and consideration and I really hope you can solve the problem as soon as possible.Yours sincerely,Zhang Wei 大作文From the statistics shown in the table above, we can find the dramatic differences in a survey about working satisfaction in a company. The company employees are categorized into three groups by their ages: below 40, 41-50 and over 50. And meanwhile, the survey gives us three degrees of their satisfaction on their jobs.In the first column, we can find that the most satisfied workers of all are those who over 50, because they account for the largest proportion in the table, at 40 per cent, while the workers below 40 are the second most satisfied workers in the company, and this makes up 16.7% of the total survey. And we also find that no one between 41 and 50 is content with their jobs. In the second column, we know that half of the youngest and oldest workers do not express their opinions about their satisfaction on their jobs, whereas 36% workers who are between 41 and 50 show the same idea. The third column indicates that the people in the middle don’t like their jobs which repr esent 64%. And the youngest andoldest the employees are not satisfied with their jobs, at 33.3% and 10% respectively.Taking everything into consideration, we may easily come to a conclusion that senior works are more satisfied with their jobs. But some measures should be adopted quickly to improve their employees’ satisfaction.四、2011年考研英语二作文真题1. 小作文：Suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1) Congratulate him/her, and(2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEETDO not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Zhang Wei” instead.2. 大作文：Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words;Write your essay on answer sheet 2 (15points)3. 范文：小作文：Dear friend,I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life.In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically and intellectually. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academicpursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your secondary school, you are highly suggested to find some introductory books from the library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college life.Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei 大作文：This bar chart indicates different market shares of automobiles of three types of brand affiliations between 2008 and 2009.In 2008, cars with Japanese brands topped the three types of vehicles, accounting for 35% of the total market. What follows is the cars with Chinese brands, hitting 25% of the auto market, with the share of American brand bottomed out at 15%. In 2009, some developments are noticeable in that the cars with the largest share became those of Chinese brands, which occupied roughly 32% of the market, while cars with Japanese and American brands took 25% and 15% of the whole market respectively.It is observed that between 2008 and 2009, cars of Chinese and Japanese brands took turns to be the No.1 in terms of market share while those with American brands ranked the last in bothyears. And the share of Chinese-brand cars witnessed a mild increase and that of the Japanese-brand cars saw a moderate decrease, while the American-brand cars stayed the same.From this graph, we can come to the safe conclusion that the Chinese automakers are doing a good job in outcompeting their Japanese and American counterparts in 2009, but the gap is not so significant and if no efforts were made from the part of the Chinese auto industry, the distribution map might be rewritten in the future.。
历年英语二考研作文真题范文
海天考研历年英语二大、小作文真题与范文（2011—2014）一、2014年英语二作文真题1. 小作文Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to1) tells him, about your living habit ,and2) ask for advice for living thereDo not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 Points)2. 大作文Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should interpret the chart, and give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)3. 范文小作文：Dear John,I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.To begin with, I usually get up early in the morning at six o’clock and then go out to do some exercise. To continue, I would like to spend my spare time in reading in the library. Meanwhile, I wonder if you could be so kind to offer me some proposals on how to get used to the life there.I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everythinggoes well.Yours sincerely,Li Ming 大作文：What is clearly presented in the above chart is the different numbers of urban residents and rural population among 1990, 2000 and 2010.The number of urban residents climbed steadily from 300 million in 1990 to 660 million or so in 2010, while rural population decreased slightly from about 820 million to 680 million or so in the same period.It is not difficult to come up with some possible factors accounting for this trend. On the one hand, with the rapid development of economy and society, people in mounting numbers crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living and the excitement of urban life recently. On the other hand, the economy in the rural districts is comparative less developed and thus the opportunity to make money and pursue their future is as well lean. As a result, an increasing number of folks are trying to escape this destiny by flocking into the urban areas.Given the analyses above, I firmly believe that such established trend will surely continue for quite a while in theforthcoming years and due importance should be attached to this evident situation.二、2013考研英语二作文真题1. 小作文Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. write your classmates an email to 1) inform them about the details and; 2) encourage them to participate 100 words use Li Ming. Don't write your address.2. 大作文Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing, you should(1) interpret the chart ,and(2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words.3. 范文小作文Dear friends,I am writing to call on every classmate to show love to the kids in need of help.We are going to hold a charity sale in the Students’ Cen ter on Jan. 8, next Monday. It will start at 3 in the afternoon. If you have some valuable belongings but are not very useful f or you, please do not hesitate to bring them to the charity sal e. The money will be sent to the childrenwho need it urgently. The sales will not be ended until all the charity goods are sol d. Thus, do come to buy for helping the kids in need of help.Thank you for your consideration and I am here waiting f or you.Yours sincerely,Li Ming 大作文The above bar chart illustrates the proportion of college s tudents who get engaged in part-time jobs before graduation. According to the chart, the percentage of senior students wor king part-time is 88.24%, which is the highest for all the stud ents. The figure is followed by junior students and sophomores, reaching 71.93% and 71.13% respectively. By contrast, the lowest percentage of part-timer is the freshman, with only 67 .77% involved.Why do students of higher grade prefer to be part-time w orkers while fewer freshmen take the kind of jobs? Many seni or students choose this job, arguing that they can accumulat e working experience by working as an intern in some compa nies such as banks, advertising agencies and trading firms tw o or three days a week. In other words, part-time jobs have be come incubators for students to develop their social abilities ——a boon for their future career. Moreover, students of high er grade will have more autonomy over their schedule. Howev er, as for the freshmen, they are not ready to step into the soc iety partly because they are still too young to recognize the si gnificance of social experience. Apart from their lack of aware ness, their parents’ protection will also prevent freshmen fro m working part-time.From my perspective, part-time jobs provide students wi th more opportunities to hone their key skills such as commu nication and cooperation, which will be crucial for students t o work their way up the career ladder. Therefore, students sh ould make use of the opportunity to develop their skills needed for their future work.三、2012年英语二作文真题1. 小作文DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day, Write an email to the customer service center to1) make a complaint and2) demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letterUse "Zhang Wei " instead .2. 大作文Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing you should1) describe the table ,and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words (15points)3. 范文：小作文Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing this letter to express my disappointment about the electronic dictionary I bought yesterday from your online store. It did not work properly when I looked an English word up and I also found some typing errors in the dictionary.Solutions to solve this problem are as follows. One solution I want to mention here is that you can replace this product with a nice one. The other solution I believe is that I demand a full refund.Please let me know which solution you would like to choose at your earliest convenience. Thank you for your time and consideration and I really hope you can solve the problem as soon as possible.Yours sincerely,Zhang Wei 大作文From the statistics shown in the table above, we can find the dramatic differences in a survey about working satisfaction in a company. The company employees are categorized into three groups by their ages: below 40, 41-50 and over 50. Andmeanwhile, the survey gives us three degrees of their satisfaction on their jobs.In the first column, we can find that the most satisfied workers of all are those who over 50, because they account for the largest proportion in the table, at 40 per cent, while the workers below 40 are the second most satisfied workers in the company, and this makes up 16.7% of the total survey. And we also find that no one between 41 and 50 is content with their jobs. In the second column, we know that half of the youngest and oldest workers do not express their opinions about their satisfaction on their jobs, whereas 36% workers who are between 41 and 50 show the same idea. The third column indicates that the people in the middle don’t like their jobs which represent 64%. And the youngest and oldest the employees are not satisfied with their jobs, at 33.3% and 10% respectively.Taking everything into consideration, we may easily come to a conclusion that senior works are more satisfied with their jobs. But some measures should be adopted quickly to improve their employees’ satisfaction.四、2011年考研英语二作文真题1. 小作文：Suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1) Congratulate him/her, and(2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEETDO not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Zhang Wei” instead.2. 大作文：Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words;Write your essay on answer sheet 2 (15points)3. 范文：小作文：Dear friend,I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life.In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically and intellectually. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your secondary school, you are highlysuggested to find some introductory books from the library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college life.Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei 大作文：This bar chart indicates different market shares of automobiles of three types of brand affiliations between 2008 and 2009.In 2008, cars with Japanese brands topped the three types of vehicles, accounting for 35% of the total market. What follows is the cars with Chinese brands, hitting 25% of the auto market, with the share of American brand bottomed out at 15%. In 2009, some developments are noticeable in that the cars with the largest share became those of Chinese brands, which occupied roughly 32% of the market, while cars with Japanese and American brands took 25% and 15% of the whole market respectively.It is observed that between 2008 and 2009, cars of Chinese and Japanese brands took turns to be the No.1 in terms of market share while those with American brandsranked the last in both years. And the share of Chinese-brand cars witnessed a mild increase and that of the Japanese-brand cars saw a moderate decrease, while the American-brand cars stayed the same.From this graph, we can come to the safe conclusion that the Chinese automakers are doing a good job in outcompeting their Japanese and American counterparts in 2009, but the gap is not so significant and if no efforts were made from the part of the Chinese auto industry, the distribution map might be rewritten in the future.。
考研英语二历年真题与答案解析(2010年-2014)
2010年考研英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic__1__ by the World Health Organization in 41 years. The heightened alert__2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising__3__in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere. But the epidemic is "__4__" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, __5__ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the __6__ of any medical treatment. The outbreak came to global __7__ in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths __8__ healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to __9__ in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world. In the United States, new cases seemed to fade __10__ warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was __11__ flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the__12__ tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has __13__ more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations. Federal health officials __14__Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began__15__orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is __16__ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those __17__doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not__18__for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other __19__. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people __20__ infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained 215 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off SectionSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B ,C and D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ā70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder ofArts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoryiesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),the authorsuggests that_____ .A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT ture?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true" he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Shsring housework.27. Judging from the context ,the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public tan womenB. nearly 50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text ?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .B. Marriage break_up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerTxet3over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day —chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins —are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31. According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deepiy rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33. which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34. From the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. the author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice wasjustified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so—called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures38. Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. in discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the statement is true or F it the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBOTH Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy. The air flowing over a birds wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as up wash. Other birds flying in the up wash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally s so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the unnervingly cosygroupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the second world war, but Dr Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,”he adds. So he should know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45. It has been documented that during World War II, America’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.Section Ⅲ Translation46.Directions: In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47.Directions: You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to1)Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) Interpret the chart and2)Give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)2010年考研英语二答案Section I USE of English1 [D]2 [C]3 [B]4 [A]5 [A]6 [B]7 [D]8 [C]9 [B] 10 [A]11[C] 12 [D] 13 [D] 14 [A] 15 [C] 16 [B] 17 [D] 18 [C] 19 [A] 20 [B]Section II Reading Comprehension21 D选【D】，因为第一段段尾句As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. 即雷曼兄弟公司破产。
2010考研英语二大作文
2010考研英语二大作文2010年考研英语二大作文题目为：The Importance ofCritical Thinking（批判性思维的重要性）。
以下是一篇参考范文：The Importance of Critical Thinking。
Critical thinking is an essential skill for success in today's complex and rapidly changing world. It is theability to analyze and evaluate information, arguments, and ideas in a systematic and logical manner. In a societywhere we are bombarded with information from multiple sources, critical thinking allows us to separate fact from fiction, make informed decisions, and solve problems effectively.One of the key benefits of critical thinking is itsrole in promoting intellectual independence. When we are able to think critically, we are less likely to be swayedby emotional appeals or biased information. Instead, we are able to form our own opinions based on evidence and reason.This not only makes us better informed individuals, but also helps to foster a culture of open-mindedness and tolerance.Furthermore, critical thinking is crucial for successin the workplace. Employers are increasingly seeking employees who can think critically and creatively, as these skills are essential for innovation and problem-solving. In a world where technology and globalization are rapidly changing the nature of work, individuals who possess strong critical thinking skills are better equipped to adapt to new challenges and thrive in the modern economy.In addition, critical thinking plays a crucial role in promoting civic engagement and informed citizenship. In a democratic society, it is essential that citizens are able to critically evaluate political candidates, policies, and media messages. Without the ability to think critically, individuals are susceptible to manipulation and misinformation, which can have serious consequences for the functioning of a democratic society.In conclusion, critical thinking is a vital skill that is essential for success in the 21st century. It allows individuals to make informed decisions, solve problems, and adapt to a rapidly changing world. Furthermore, critical thinking promotes intellectual independence, fosters innovation, and is essential for informed citizenship. Therefore, it is crucial that we prioritize the development of critical thinking skills in education and in our daily lives. Only by doing so can we ensure that individuals are equipped to thrive in the modern world and contribute to the betterment of society.。
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江南·精品资源
《考研英语二作文高分宝典》
2、大作文
范文：
Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should 1) interpret the chart and 2) give your comments. You should write at least 150 words. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points）
江南·精品资源
《考研英语二作文高分宝典》
高分宝典之基础篇—真题回顾，把握方向
一、2010 年考研英语（二）真题
1、小作文：
Directions: You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to
Developed and developing countries witnessed different rates of growth in mobile-phone subscription from 2000 to 2008. As the bar graph shows , the number of mobile-phone sub-scribers in developed countries rose steadily from 0.7 billion in 2000 to one billion in 2008 . By stark contrast , cell phone users in developing countries soared from 0.4 billion to 4 billion in the same period .
What accounts for this disparity ? The answer involves two factors . The first reason is tech-nology gap . Developed countries generally enjoy advanced technology , which enables them to popularize mobile phone ahead of developing countries . Another contributing factor is the difference in population size . As we know , developed countries usually have a small population but most developing countries a large . As the price of the mobile phone slides , more and more people in developing countries avail themselves of this service , which explains the sub-stantial increase in mobile-phone subscriptionin these countries since 2003.
Yours sincerely Zhang Wei
“江南·精品资源”带你初探真题： 考研英语（二）出现的第一年，小作文难度与英语（一）持平，考察了感谢信+邀请信，
总体难度不大，感谢信写作要求感情真挚，语气恳切，感谢之情溢于言表。其主体部分可分 为三个段落： 第一段：说明写信意图——致谢； 第二段：叙述事情的缘由并邀请； 第三段：再次表示感谢。
1) express your thanks for his/her warm reception; 2) welcome him/her to visit China in due course. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead. Do not write your address. (10 point) 范文： Dear Ms.Smith, I would like to extend my heart felt thanks to you for your hospitality shown to me during my particiption in the exchange program in the U.S.A. . Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a wonderful chance to know American culture . And I am very pleased to have made friends with you. I will cherish the good will you showed me. I hope that you may visit China some day so that I may have the opportunity to do something in return for your kindness . Thank you once more .