交通运输专业英语阎春利课本译文

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交通运输与物流专业英语(Unite 6)中英文

Unit Six Alternative Evaluation and Choice Text A Feasibility determinationEvery decision involves at least two options. Even though a single proposal was presented, decision makers have a choice between the proposal and doing nothing. Evaluation appraises the positive impacts and the negative impacts of alternative options in terms of either a single or multiple decision criteria. Determining relevant impacts to particular decision and specifying the appropriate decision criteria are related to the value system within which the choice is to be made. In the case of transportation decisions in the public sector, the operating value system is not that of any single individual or subgroup but that of the community as a whole. There exist conflicting value systems within society. Consequently, transportation decision also entails the resolution of conflicts.每一项抉择至少包含两个选项，即使是一个单一的提议，决策者也可以选择执行这个提议或什么也不做。

交通运输专业英语课件 (2)

交通运输专业英语
Lesson 3
Internal Combustion Engine （PartⅡ）
elevate v.抬高，举起，加大仰角抬高，抬高举起， thermostat n.节温器，恒温器节温器， thermos n.热水瓶节温器热水瓶 by-pass n.旁路，分路，迂回旁路，旁路分路， extract vt.取得，得出，获得取得，取得得出， upstroke n.上升冲程上升冲程 pressurize v.使增压，对…加压使增压，使增压加压 inject vt.注射，喷射注射，注射 nozzle n.喷嘴、壶嘴、鼻子喷嘴、 jet n.喷嘴、喷射喷嘴、喷嘴壶嘴、喷嘴 occupant n.占有者，乘员占有者，占有者 absorb vt.吸收，缓冲吸收，吸收
交通运输专业英语
Lesson 3
Internal Combustion Engine （PartⅡ）
When the contact breaker points open, interrupting the flow of current (Fig.3.2b) a rapid voltage change is produced across the primary winding and a high voltage (15,000-20,000V) is induced across the secondary winding. creating… : 表结果当断电器触点断开，电流被中断（如图3.2b），引起低压线圈中电压的），引起低压线圈中电压的当断电器触点断开，电流被中断（如图），快速变化，并在高压线圈中感应出15000～20000v的高压。的高压。快速变化，并在高压线圈中感应出～的高压

Lesson 1 Fundamentals of Automobile

交通运输专业英语
Lesson 1
Fundamentals of Automobile
1 Engine
The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also calls a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). 发动机作为动力单元。内燃机是最常见的一种发动机，发动机作为动力单元。内燃机是最常见的一种发动机，这种发动机通过在其内的气缸中燃烧液体燃料来获得动力。有两类发动机：过在其内的气缸中燃烧液体燃料来获得动力。有两类发动机：汽油机也叫火花点燃式发动机）和柴油机（也叫压燃式发动机）。（也叫火花点燃式发动机）和柴油机（也叫压燃式发动机）。 Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission. Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat （which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.））两种发动机均被称为热机，由燃烧的燃油产生热，两种发动机均被称为热机，由燃烧的燃油产生热，引起气缸内气体的压力升高，并输出动力使连接到传动系的轴旋转。压力升高，并输出动力使连接到传动系的轴旋转。

交通运输专业英语翻译 lesson15

Lesson 15Injuries are classified according to the following criteria.1. Slight injury. An injury of a minor character such as a sprain, bruise or a cut or laceration not judged to be severed.2. Serious injury. An injury for which a person is detained in hospital as an inpatient, or any of the following injuries regardless of whether he is detained in hospital: fractures, concussion, internal injuries, crushing’s, severe cuts and lacerations, severe general shock requiring medical treatment.3. Death. Death within 30 days.Although not in general used for compiling national statistics, an alternative scale for classifying injury is used for research purposes, in which injuries are usually divided into seven levels.事故被定级取决于以下几个标准（1）轻伤。

较轻的伤害比如扭伤，擦伤，割伤，划破等不能被判定为严重的伤害。

（2）严重的伤害。

一个人必须被留在医院进行入院治疗的伤害或者不管其是否住院，只要有以下伤害情形之一的，骨折，脑震荡，内伤，压伤，严重的割伤，严重的休克需要医学治疗。

交通运输专业英语翻译

交通运输专业英语翻译复习材料交通运输专业英语翻译Traffic jam and the consequences such as noise airpollution violence and human stress arebecoming the common scenario of large metropolitan areas everywhere.Roads are normally trafficsaturated and new constructions suffer of long delays due to government budget restraints.Can moderntechnology be used to substantially improve the existing urban traffic capacity The objective of thisstudy is to bring up alternatives for urban transportation improvement based on recent availabletechnologies. In particular the automation of highways having automobiles and buses controlled bycomputers in platoon formation is envisioned to improve highway jams. In USA Japan and Europeseveral studies and experiments have been done in this direction. The PATH program of the highwaysystem of California a cooperative program of universities research institutes government agenciesand the private sector involving multidisciplinary knowledge has been an inspiration for this workl. The focus of this study is the large metropolitan of Great Si30 Paul0 in Brazil having more than 12million people and growing traffic problems. 交通拥堵和其造成的结果，如：噪音、空气污染、暴力和压力等逐渐成为各大城市区域的普遍现象。

交通运输与物流专业英语(unite1)中英文

Unite One Transportation SystemText A The role of transportationTransportation is foundational to the development and operation of a modern society. It permits the specialization of work effort necessary to achieve efficiency and productivity. Geographically distant resources become accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society is directly related to the availability of transportation.交通运输作为现代社会发展和运行的基础实现了分工的专业化，从而提高了工作效率和生产率。

通过交通运输，在地理位置上显得遥不可及的地理资源也变得唾手可得。

在任何社会，其经济的增长与交通便利性密不可分。

There are many different definitions of transportation in various books and dictionaries. However, the common element among these definitions is movement-the change of the physical location of goods or passengers. Therefore, transportation can be defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another in this context. Products must be moved from the location where they were produced to the location where they are consumed. People must move from the location where they live to the location where they want to take part in a certain activity. We need transportation in order to survive and improve our standard of living. Transportation affects our economic, social, and political development.在不同的书籍和字典中对于交通运输有不同的定义。

交通运输专业英语lesson10~lesson16部分翻译

19. Environmental issues have in recent years come very much to the fore to affect a far wider range of traffic-related problems. These include the differing conditions experienced by pedestrians, cyclists, publictransport users and motorists, the growing shortage of energy and the potential impact of poor accessibility on commercial and industrial decline, all of which are seen today as fundamental concerns of urban transport policy. 环境问题最近几年在影响更广泛的与交通有关的问题中表现突出。

这些包括由行人，骑自行车，公共交通使用者和驾驶者经历的不同情况，日益短缺的能源和交通不便的商业和工业衰退的潜在影响，所有这些都是今天看作是城市交通政策的基本关切。

20. The principal features of Light Rail can be listed as follows: separation from other road traffic, expansion instages as finance or requirement permit, lower investment costs than metro or suburban railways, greaterefficiency than other pubic options and , as has already been indicated, an image and flexibility unmatched bythese other options.轻轨的主要特点可以列出如下：从其他道路交通分离。

交通运输专业英语英语翻译

Choice of modeThe choice of mode for long distance travel is heavily dependent on the sensitivity of the traveler with respect to time and cost.By and large,business travel is time sensitive,vacation travel is price sensitive,and travel for personal reasons may be either time sensitive or cost sensitive,or both. 长距离旅行方式的选择在很大程度上取决于旅行者对时间和价格反应的灵敏程度。

一般来说，商业性旅行对时间反应更灵敏，节假日旅行对价格反应更灵敏，由于私事（个人原因）旅行则对时间或价格的反应都灵敏。

旅行则对时间或价格的反应都灵敏。

The basic attributes of each mode are schedule, speed, cost, service offered,and perceptions regarding the service offered.每种方式的特性取决于所提供服务的时间速度、价格、服务质量和给人们的感受。

每种方式的特性取决于所提供服务的时间速度、价格、服务质量和给人们的感受。

Schedule and speed prescribe the ability of the mode to serve passengers at the times they want and the speed they require; for example, a same-day round trip from Chicago to New York can be accomplished by air only.时间性和速度性要求旅客所采用的运输方式能提供给乘客想要的速度和时间。

交通运输与物流专业英语(Unite-7)中英文

Unit Seven Introduction to LogisticsText A The definition of logisticsThe term “Logistics”originates from a Greek word “logos”, which refers to reasoning. The term “logistics” was first used in a military sense in the early 19th century. This term then encompassed transport organization, army replenishments and material maintenance.“Logistics”来源于希腊词语中的”logos”，指的是合理的意思，最早于19世纪早期军事术语中使用，随后它的意义得到扩充，包含了交通运输组织、军事补给和物资供应。

In the business world, the concept of “logistics” was applied solely to “Material Replenishment Programs” (MRP) and was confined to the manufacturing sector at the beginning, which is called the first party logistics nowadays. Therefore the extension of the concept to involve company operations is a relatively new one.在商业世界, ”logistics”仅指物料补充计划，并且最开始仅限于制造业，被称为第一方物流，所以”logistics”从概念上加以扩充由此包含了企业运营的意思还是相对较新的概念。

交通运输与物流专业英语中英文

Text A The role of transportationTransportation is foundational to the development and operation of a modern society. It permits the specialization of work effort necessary to achieve efficiency and productivity. Geographically distant resources become accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society is directly related to the availability of transportation.交通运输作为现代社会发展和运行的基础实现了分工的专业化，从而提高了工作效率和生产率。

通过交通运输，在地理位置上显得遥不可及的地理资源也变得唾手可得。

在任何社会，其经济的增长与交通便利性密不可分。

交通工程专业英语翻译1,4,8,13,14,17,19,20,21

Unit 1 交通运输业的发展【一】交通运输的发展一直密切联系在一起的人类发展的整个地球的历史。

——the evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history.运输的早期功能是为了满足提供食物供给和搬运建筑材料。

但是随着部落甚至最后国家的形成，运输的社会和经济功能越来越复杂。

起初有需要调动个人，家族，家庭和动物以保护他们的反对，并逃避自然灾害和部族侵略的危险，寻找最好的地方定居。

【书】随着种族部落的形成和地理界线的逐步确定，开发新区域、开采新资源、发展社区间的贸易以及捍卫领地，这些都日益需要交通的发展。

【二】当第一个国家应运而生,在建立全国的完整性方面,交通运输扮演着重要角色。

——when the first nations came into being,transport played a major role in establishing national integrity.基本的社会需求一般都得到照顾后，当地社区可以越来越多地贡献自己的努力，用来加强与其他国家的人民和他们的经济贸易联系，文化和科技发展。

【书】而且交通提供了诸如部落间、国际间乃至于洲际间便利的贸易和文化交流。

【书】在向有组织的人类社会的演变过程中，这种组织在今天是通过由各国组成的国际化大家庭表现出来的，交通作为人与货物移动的物理过程，促进了这种发展，不断地经历着技术与组织方面的改变。

这些变化是由多种因素和情况引起的。

事实上,今天的运输在它的各种形态和组织仍然高度受变化的社会需求和偏好的回应。

【六】显然,首先也是最重要的标准是运输效率。

——Clearly ,the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency.几个世纪以来，特别是在地方经济起飞阶段，社会需要可靠、快速、低成本的运输。

交通运输与物流专业英语(Unite 8)中英文

Unit Eight Transportation ServiceText A Transportation in logisticsAn industrialized society without an efficient transportation system seems a contradiction in terms. As consumers, we often take for granted that products will move from where they are produced to where they are consumed with a minimum of difficulty-in terms of both time and cost. The transportation sector of most industrialized economies is so pervasive that we often fail to comprehend the magnitude of its impact on our way of life.工业化社会没有一个高效的交通运输系统似乎是一种矛盾的说法。

作为顾客，常常自然而然地认为只需要花费极少的时间和成本就能将产品从其生产地运到消费地，无处不在的工业化经济运输行业常常使人们忽略了交通运输对于我们生活的重要性。

The unique position which transportation occupies in economic activity arises from the reduction of the resistance of time and space to the production of economic goods and services. The significance of this in terms of the allocation of economic resources is indicated by the fact that probably at least one third of wealth of a nation is directly devoted to transportation. Transportation is so important that without it organized human activity would be impossible. Complete stoppage of transport services of a community is the quickest way to assure complete paralysis of cooperative effort: economic, political and social.由于经济商品和服务在配送时间和地理位置上（遇到的）阻碍减少，交通运输在经济活动中的独特地位逐渐显现出来，事实证明，一个国家创造的财富至少有三分之一直接源于交通运输，因此交通对于经济资源分配的重要性不言而喻。

交通运输专业英语阎春利教材原文

Contents Chapter 1 Transportation System Introduction1.1Transportation system1.1.1The statue of Transportation1.1.2The definition of Transportation system1.2Modes of Transportation1.2.1Main means of Transportation1.2.2The choice of the mode of Transportation1.3Transportation Planning1.3.1The definition of Transportation Planning1.3.2The role of Transportation Planning1.4Transportation-Related problems and Sustainability1.4.1Transportation-Related problems1.4.2Transportation and SustainabilityChapter 2 Road Transportation2.1 Road Vehicles2.1.1 Engine2.1.2 Chassis2.1.3 Body part2.1.4 Electronic control system2.2 Road transport management2.2.1 Speed Limits on Roads2.2.2 Quality management in transport2.3 Road traffic safety2.3.1 Classification of Injuries in Accident2.3.2 Protection for driver2.3.3 Protection for Motorcyclists and Cyclists2.3.4 Protection for the Pedestrian2.4 Road transport vehicles and the Requirement2.4.1 The Requirement of the Vehicle2.4.2 Vehicle dimensionsChapter 3 Rail Transport System3.1 Public Transportation3.1.1 Overview of Public Transportation3.1.2 How Flying Cars Will Work3.2 Maglev Train3.2.1 Maglev Train3.2.2 Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains3.3 High-speed Rail3.3.1 Introduction to High-speed Rail3.3.2 All Aboard: High-speed Rail Network Connecting China3.3.3 Train Control System for High-peed Train3.4 Rapid Transit3.4.1 Introduction to Rapid Transit3.4.2 Rapid Transit Technology3.4.3 Metro Signalling3.5 Urban Rail Transport System3.5.1 Light Rail Transit3.5.2 Monorail3.6 Train3.6.1 Introduction to Train3.6.2 Train Station3.6.3 Railroad CarChapter 4 Public transit4.1 Transit in North America4.1.1 Role of Transit4.1.2 Dominance of Large Systems4.1.3 Statistics4.2 Bus Transit4.2.1 Service Types4.2.2 Operating Environments4.2.3 Vehicle Types4.2.4 Observed Bus and Passenger Flows4.3 Bus Rapid Transit4.3.1 What is BRT?4.3.2 Running Ways4.4 Public Transport Priority4.4.1 Design objectives4.4.2 Bus Priority Measures4.4.3 Bus priority treatmentsReading materialChapter 5 Logistics Engineering5.1 The General Introduction to Logistics5.1.1 What is logistics?5.1.2 The importance of Logistics5.1.3 Main activities of logistics system5.2 Introduction to Supply Chain Management5.2.1 Elements of the Supply Chain5.2.2 Supply Chain Management5.2.3 Supply Chain Management Technology5.3 RFID and the Supply Chain: Measured progress5.3.1 Starting Small5.3.2 The Last Few Inches5.4 What is Kanban?5.4.1 The Effect of Bottlenecks5.4.2 Kanban Reveals Bottlenecks Dynamically5.4.3 Worked Example5.4.4 How to Get Started with Kanban5.5 Refreshing Your Logistics Network: 6 Steps to Success5.5.1 State Your Goals5.5.2 Assemble the Data5.5.3 Clean up the Data5.5.4 Create scenarios5.5.5 Run the Models5.5.6 Make it Happen5.5.7 Expert Advice5.6 Reverse Logistics5.6.1 Helping the Customer5.6.2 Warehouse Operations5.6.3 RecyclingReferencesChapter 1 Transportation System Introduction1.1 Transportation system1.1.1 The statue of TransportationThe importance of transportation in world development is multidimensional. For example; one of the basic functions of transportation is to link residence with employment and producers of goods with their users. From a wider viewpoint, transportation facilities provide the options for work, shopping, and recreation, and give access to health, education, and other amenities. Nearly every day, items in the news remind us of transportation’s vital role in our economy and its significant relationship to our quality of life. Mobility is important to the whole community. An exploration of the realm of transportation, with emphasis on key aspects of its engineering and its close relationship to our social and economic lives is focused in this course, which is likely to be helpful to lead to transportation engineering solutions in the real world.Considering your furniture, your clothes, the food you eat, and everything else you use as part of your life, there is very little among those things that did not at some point undergo movement by at least one freight carrier.Good transportation provides for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods. The field of transportation can be compared to a mansion with several stories, many chambers, and scores of connections. We would like to take the reader on a short tour of this mansion just to acquaint him or her with some of its characteristics. One of the prerequisites for accompanying us on this trip is to have an open mind; almost everyone will have had several years of personal experience as a user of the transportation system, such as a car driver, a bus passenger, an elevator user, a frequent flyer, or just a sidewalk user. Naturally, almost every person will tend to acquire his or her own personal viewpoint. No two persons can expect to come to the same conclusion about a problem confronting transportation even though they are each known to be highly objective and rational. Try as hard as you can to approach the field of transportation and its myriad problems with an open mind, free of presumptions and prejudice. Like food, shelter, clothing, and security, transportation is an integral part of human culture. Movement in a broad sense offers inherent joy and pleasure as well as pain, suffering, and frustration. These factors will assume even greater importance in the years ahead.Everybody is involved with transportation in so great a variety of ways that a mere listing of these ways would take us by surprise. Ultimately, all human beings are interacting over distance and time, and this interaction in itself creates involvement. Transportation has an increasinglyclose relationship to various social, economic, and political affairs. The role of transportation in the day-to-day life of human beings can be appreciated in various aspects.Historical of transportationThe principles of transportation engineering have been evolving over many millennia. Human beings are known to have laid out and used convenient routes as early as 30,000 B.C. Although it was traders and migrants who opened up most major routes of communication, the military has generally been responsible for improving the status of early routes built by civilians. The first wheeled military vehicles were developed around 2500 B.C., and since then, vehicles were developed around 2500 B.C., and since then, significant resources have been devoted by rulers and their builders to constructing and maintaining communication routes in the form of roads.Steady progress has since been maintained in providing the highway and street network (which forms the stationary component of the transportation system), in providing vehicles for moving people and goods over this network (which comprises the dynamic part), and in enhancing the ability of drivers (or controllers) to operate the vehicles Basically it is these three major interacting components that are to be studied critically.Before bicycles and motor vehicles came into fashion, vehicle speeds seldom exceeded 10 miles per hour (mph). Naturally, a surface of compacted broken stone made an ideal pavement surface, even for the solid iron wheels then in use. Today, the highway system consists of millions upon millions miles of high-class streets and highways, classified by function, into a series of interconnected networks, which provides access to most part of the world by road. The centerpiece of the highway development program in the developed countries is the freeway system, considered to be one of the greatest public works achievements since the dawn of history. In urban areas, the thrust has been in constructing complicated freeway interchanges, pedestrian and bicycle facilities and high-occupancy vehicle and bus lanes.Vehicles (and pseudo vehicles) have been in use since human beings learned to walk. People who traveled on foot could manage between 10 and 25 miles per day. It is Claimed that the Incas were able to transmit messages at the rate of 250 miles per day by using fast runners over short stretches, thus achieving speeds of about 10 mph. Horses, on the other hand, could make a1most 40miles per day, by the late 1840s, the horse-drawn street car appeared in a number of cities, operating at an average speed of about 4 mph. It was not until the 1880s that electrically propelled transportation was introduced. By the beginning of World War I, the electric street car had already had a major impact on the growth and structure of the city.The entire picture for transportation changed in 1885 with Daimler and Benz's introduction of the gasoline-powered internal-combustion engine. Within the last 100 years the motor vehicle has revolutionized private transportation all over the world. Before the appearance of the motor vehicle, vehicle speeds seldom exceeded 10 mph. The car soon changed the situation, and for purposes of safety and efficiency, traffic signals were introduced at intersections.Some of the most outstanding technological developments in transportation have occurred in the preceding 200 years:(1) The first pipelines in the United States were introduced in 1861.(2) First railroad opened in 1825.(3) The internal-combustion engine was invented in 1866.(4) The first automobile was produced in 1886 (by Daimler and Benz).(5) The Wright brothers flew the first heavier-than-air machine in 1903.(6) The first diesel electric locomotive was introduced in 1921.(7) Lindbergh flew over the Atlantic Ocean to Europe in 1927.(8) The first diesel engine buses were used in 1938.(9) The first limited-access highway in the United States (the Pennsylvania Turn-pike) opened 1940.(10) The Interstate Highway system was initiated in 1950.(11) The first commercial jet appeared in 1958.(12) Astronauts landed on the moon in 1969.(13) The use of computers and automation in transportation grew dramatically through the 1960s and 1970s and continues to grow unabated.(14) Microcomputers have revolutionized our capabilities to run programs since the 1980s and such capabilities have helped us to examine alternatives quickly and efficiently.1.1.2 The Definition of Transportation SystemTransportation is typically system engineering, A system is a set of interrelated parts, called components that perform a number of functions in order to achieve common goals. It is also, as explained at Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, a group of related parts which work together forming a whole. Transportation is also ordinarily defined as a means of conveyance or travel from one place to another, or, it is a public conveyance of passengers or goods especially as a commercial enterprise. Transportation is everything involved in moving either the person or goods from the origin to the destination. Consider the businessman’s trip depicted in Figure1.1.The trip is from the bus inessman’s home (origin) to a hotel in a distant trip, the departure and arrival airports are replaced by the railway stations.The trip could begin in his personal automobile, on a public transit vehicle, or in a taxi .This first link of his trip takes him from home to the airport parking garage or to the door of the airport terminal. This first segment is one of several line-haul portions of the trip if he drives his car, he parks it at the airport parking garage, changing from the highway mode to the walking mode for a short distance, and then taking the shuttle bus to the airport. If he left home by public transit or taxi, he gets dropped off directly at the door to the airport terminal. The places where there is a change of mode are referred to as intermodal transfer points. Fig.1.l indicates that this trip has several points where the businessman changes mode. Although the main portion of his trip is by airplane, there are numerous other uses of the transportation system involved.Fig.1.1 A businessm an’s tripThe transportation system is organized around society’s need to provide an adequate service and involves broad interaction with many other disciplines. The transportation system itself is one of the major or functional systems of society, and is an essential feature of people’s lives, especially in wealthy societies. The goals of the transportation system are primarily economic; the most important constraints it faces are environmental. The transportation system itself may be analyzed in functiona l terms or in terms of modes of transportation. Take the businessman’s trip as an example, it is clear that each segment of his trip depends on at least one constructed facility, such as a roadway or a runway at the intermodal transfer points, constructed facilities such as parking lots or airport terminals are necessary.Transport system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities and control system that permit people and goods (freight) to overcome the friction of geographical space.(1)Fixed facilities: physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitute the network of links;(2)Flow entities: units that traverse the fixed facilities (include vehicles, container units, railroad cars, etc.)(3)Control system: vehicular control and flow control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on the fixed facilities. Flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles (signing, marking, and signal systems and the concomitant rules of operation).Transportation is one of the major or functional systems of modern society. A system, in the sense intended here, is something that may be thought of as a whole consisting of parts or components. The description of a system involves identification of the system itself as distinct from its environment (that is, the rest of the world), identification of its components, and a description of how the components interact. In the case of the transportation system, the components may be conceived of in various ways. For instance, they may be thought of as entities that perform various functions (or tasks) in the provision of transportationThe transportation system is a functional system in the context of society as a whole because it provides a service the movement of goods and people from place to place that is essential to the functioning of the community as a whole. It is a major functional system because it is an essential feature in the economy and the personal lives of people everywhere, most especially in the developed nations. A highly developed transportation system makes possible the abundance and variety of goods and the high levels of personal mobility that are the hallmarks (for better or for worse) of a wealthy society. The economic scope of the transportation system is indicated by the fact that in l 998, transportation accounted for l1.2 percent of the gross domestic product and l 9 percent of the average household expenditures in the United States. Its impact on the lives of individuals is revealed by the fact that in l995 the average American made l, 568 local trips, and traveled over 27, 500 km, 5,000 km of which was for long-distance travel (trips of more than l60 km). At the same time, the transportation system is a major or source of resource consumption and environmental impact.Transportation accounts for almost two-thirds of the petroleum consumption in the United States and is a major contributor to environmental problems such as air pollution, noise, and destruction of natural habitats.If viewed in functional terms, the transportation system includes the following components:（1）Physical facilities, including streets, roads, highways, railroads, airports sea and ports, pipelines, and canals.（2）Fleets of vehicles, vessels and aircraft.（3）Operating bases and facilities, including vehicle maintenance facilities and office space.（4）Organizations. These may be classified roughly as facility-oriented organizations and operating organizations are primarily involved in planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities. They include the United States Department of Transportation; state departments of transportation (or equivalent agencies); metropolitan planning organizations (organizations responsible for transportation planning at the level of the metropolitan region); local departments of public works, departments of transportation, and similar organizations; port authorities, and private land developers. Operating organizations, also known as carriers, are primarily concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation services. They include railroads, airlines, ship or barge lines, truck lines, transit operators, and private individuals who operate automobiles, motorcycles, and bicycles.(5)Operating strategies, including vehicle routing, scheduling, and traffic control.Fig.1.2 illustrates the ways in which the functional components of the commercial air transportation system are interrelated. Major organizations include the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), the airlines, metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), and airport authorities or other owners and operators of airports of airports. Of these, the FAA, the MPOs, and the airport authorities are primarily concerned with providing facilities, and hence would be considered facility-oriented organization. The FAA is responsible for design standards for air transportation facilities and provides some funding; the MPOs are involved in planning airport facilities at the local level, and the airport authorities actually own and construct the airport. The airlines are primarily concerned with operating commercial air service, and hence are operating organization. In addition, the FAA provides safety regulation (including certification of aircraft and pilots) and air traffic control. The airlines own and operate fleets of aircraft and determine operating strategies, include route structures (that is, which airport pairs are served directly and how the overall network is linked together), schedules, and various other operating policies. The major physical facilities are the airport, which consist of terminals are part of the air traffic control system and are staffed by the FAA. Most activities in the terminals are carded out by tenant organizations, including the airlines, which use them for functions such as ticketing, baggage handling, and loading and unloading aircraft. The airlines also operate the maintenance facilities, which serve as their operating bases.Fig.1.2 Interrelationship of functional components of a commercial air transportation system The provision of transportation service results when various organizations construct physical facilities and deploy fleets in accordance with their operating strategies. In order for the system to function effectively, the interactions of the various components must be understood. For instance, in order to design a highway effectively, it is necessary to know the characteristics of both the vehicles and the drivers that will use it, and to be aware of the traffic control strategies that will be employed. To give another example, to design an effective air traffic control system, it is necessary to understand the operating strategies of the airlines; the physical devices used to implement air traffic control; and the characteristics of aircraft, pilots, and airports.New Wordsconveyance n. 交通工具garage n. 车库intermodal n. 联运segment vi. 分割n. 段；部分; vt. 分割expenditure n. 支出，花费；经费，消费额metropolitan adj.大都市的；大主教辖区的；宗主国的; n.大城市人；大主教；宗主国的公民.Tenant n. 承租人；房客；佃户；居住者; vt. 租借（常用于被动语态）; n. (Tenant) 人名；(法) 特南Implement vt. 实施，执行；实现，使生效; n. 工具，器具；手段Mobility n. 移动性；机动性；[电子] 迁移率Mph miles per hour （速度单位：英里/每小时）Note to the Text（1）Transportation engineering（交通工程）：the application of scientific principles to the planning, design, operation, and management of transportation system.（2）Transportation is typically system engineering, A system is a set of interrelated parts, called components that perform a number of functions in order to achieve common goals.运输系统是由一组具有相关执行功能的组件组合在一起，以实现共同目标。

专业英语翻译(路桥方向,第三版)1

Lesson7.交通运输系统在发达国家，交通运输系统由一个形成多年的方式的网组成。

这个系统由车辆，导轨，站场设施和控制系统组成，这些部分通过以建立的规程和日程表在天空，在陆地，在水中各自正常运转着。

这个系统也要求用户，操作员，和环境的相互作用。

现在的运输体系可以反映出与投资和使用有关的多方决定，包括运输业主，承运商，政府，每个出行者以及受影响的非使用者等。

○1交通运输系统已经被创造出多种相互补充的模式。

当今美国的交通运输系统是一个高度发达，复杂的运输方式和设施构成的网络，他们为运输业主和出行者提供服务，并有很大的选择余地。

○2每种方式按照行程时间，出行频率，舒适程度，可靠性，方便性和出行安全都具有一种独特的特点。

服务的长期水平被用来描述这些特征的直接价值。

旅客或发货人为了权衡和选择运输方式，对比同等花费下的服务水平。

此外，发货人或旅客可以决定使用公共的还是私人的运输方式。

例如，一个厂商可以通过运输公司或公司自己的卡车运送，一个要搬家的私房屋主可以雇搬家公司或租一个卡车，一个通勤者可以选择坐公共汽车还是开车去上班。

每种决定都涉及一系列复杂的因素，要求在花费和服务之间权衡。

主要的城际货运方式有公路，铁路，水路，航空和管道。

在过去的70年，交通的每一种方式，表现为货运和客运，已经有了相当大的改变。

来自运输统计局网站的最新的关于运输方式的分担率的消息是可利用的。

从1960年到2005年，货运的变化的说明见图7.1。

客运的分布是与货运不同的，在美国，私家车这种方式在所有的家庭城际客运旅行中数量最多。

剩下的方式——航空，公共汽车和铁路占总数的四分之一，其中航空相对占优势，城际公共汽车，私人飞机和铁路占总数的百分之一甚至更少。

在费用，旅行时间，方便性和灵活性等方面，每种方式都有自身的优势，从而使得它在特定情形下成为最佳选择。

○3对很多人来说，汽车被认为是一种可靠的，舒适的，灵活的无处不在的运输方式。

然而当距离较远或时间很宝贵时，航空运输将成为首选，并可用汽车作为补充。

交通运输专业英语翻译 (1)

油泵及喷油器维护和正确调整排气无黑烟空气滤清器无堵塞发动机工作温度正常车轮运转自由操纵控制系统调整及润滑正确轮胎轮胎状况及充气压力所有车辆换装子午线轮胎驾驶员限速不超速驾驶要平顺轻柔车停关闭发动机
第25课车辆的燃油经济性
燃油费用是最昂贵的车辆运营支出，几乎接近工资收入。它是一种高费用的商品，在所用货车运营支出中占有最主要的预算。在一些主要的石油输出国，作为政治动荡的结果，易引起偶尔或显著短缺，譬如我们知道的中东地区。科学家预测，随着发达国家对原油的消耗的快速增加，原油总量必将短缺，发达国家变得更加依赖于以石油为基础的原油所支撑起来的运输系统。及时以前预报的石油储备丰富的英国isles和eire海岸，现在已经变得有限寿命，石油贫瘠。
这些图（数据）的真正意义，通过每公里的计算和倍乘，随着燃油消耗增加、车队中车辆数量和柴油每加仑成本增加，将更具有实践性。不规则驾驶的影响更加难以定量确定，但可以肯定这可以产生很大的燃油消耗，并引起汽车零部件的过度摩擦和磨损。
4燃油经济性有关的检查项目
检查
检查供油系避免泄露；
油泵及喷油器维护和正确调整
3驾驶员与燃油消耗关系
与其他因素相比，驾驶技术影响车辆的燃油消耗。驾驶员踩加速踏板重，会抵消所有燃油节省措施和装置的效果，并使得预期中可接受的燃油消耗破灭。驾驶技术不高、效果不好，主要可分为两类：
1高速行驶
2飘逸、走-停式行驶
高速行驶将消耗过多燃油：这个事实毋庸置疑，过多消耗的燃油难易估计。多年前，国家货运公司用一辆32吨的拖挂车在高速公路上进行的测试表明（该测试仍有可取之处），当车辆以40mph的速度行驶时，燃油消耗急剧增加。在测试时，以40mph行驶时，燃油消耗10.5英里/加仑，以50mph行驶时，该数字减小了2.6英里/加仑，下降为7.9英里/加仑；以60mph行驶时，该数字进一步减小了1.5英里/加仑。从40mph到60mph，产生了3.75英里/加仑的差值。这表明，燃油消耗增加了35.7%。

交通运输专业英文翻译

交通运输网络分析专业英语（3）国际贸易与运输交通管理与控制智能交通港站与枢纽城市公交与轨道交通运营高速公路运营与管理
要课程英文翻译英文课时数 Advanced Mathematics General Physics Linear Algebra Probability and Mathematical Statistics Mechanical Drafting Engineering Material and Fundamentals of Machine Manufacturing Electronics in Electrical Engineering Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission Engineering Mechanics Construction of automobile Fundamentals of Mechanical Design Operations Research Traffic Engineering Transportation Engineering Modern Design Method Automotive Electrical Equipment Automobile Application Engineering
汽车服务工程方向 Automobile Service Engineering
交通运输管理方向 Transportation Management
汽车检测与维修技术专业英语（1）发动机原理与汽车理论汽车电子控制技术汽车再生技术西方经济学汽车电气设备汽车服务管理信息系统汽车服务工程专业英语（2）会计学原理国际贸易商务谈判汽车供应链管理西方经济学交通运输组织学交tion and Maintenance Technology Specialty English(1) Engine and Automobile Theory Automobile Electronic Control Technology Automobile Regeneration Technology Principle of Economics Automotive Electrical Equipment Automotive Service Management Information System Automobile Service Engineering Specialty English（2） Principles of Accounting International Trade Business Negotiations Automotive SCM Principle of Economics Organisation of Transportation Transportation Planning

专业英语unit1 and unit4翻译

Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。