词汇学PPT
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词汇学课PPt( meaning of meaning)
The nature of meaning
Its definition, elements, and types, was discussed by philosophers Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas. According to them, meaning is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they mean (intend, express or signify)' One term in the relationship of meaning necessarily causes something else to come to the mind. In other words: a sign is defined as an entity that indicates another entity to some agent for some purpose.
&Conceptional meaning (概念意
义)
Languages allow information to be conveyed even when the specific words used are not known by the reader or listener. People connect words with meaning and use words to refer to concepts. A person's intentions affect what is meant. Meaning (in English) as intent harkens back to the Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊 ) and is associated today still, with the German verb "meinen" as to think or intend.
Its definition, elements, and types, was discussed by philosophers Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas. According to them, meaning is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they mean (intend, express or signify)' One term in the relationship of meaning necessarily causes something else to come to the mind. In other words: a sign is defined as an entity that indicates another entity to some agent for some purpose.
&Conceptional meaning (概念意
义)
Languages allow information to be conveyed even when the specific words used are not known by the reader or listener. People connect words with meaning and use words to refer to concepts. A person's intentions affect what is meant. Meaning (in English) as intent harkens back to the Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊 ) and is associated today still, with the German verb "meinen" as to think or intend.
初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (2)
141.Sci :知,知识
Science=sci(知识)+ence(抽象名词后缀) n :科学 Conscious=con(加强意义)+sci(知,知
道)+ous(adj后缀) Adj:有知觉的,有意识的 Conscience=con(共同,完全)+sci(知识,
知道)+ence(抽象名词后缀) N: 良心,道德 Subconscious=sub(under)+con+sci+ous Adj:潜意识的,下意识的
145 simil,simul 相似的,相同 的
Assimilate=as(加强语气) +simil+ate(v后缀)
Vt,vi吸收,同化 Dissimilate=dis(表否定)+simil+ate Vt,vi 变得不同 Verisimilar=veri(真实)+simil+ar
142:sec,sequ:follow 跟随
Persecute=per(一直)+sec+ute(v后 缀)
V:迫害 Consecutive=con(一起)
+sec+utive Adj:连续的,连贯的 Sequence=sequ+ence N:先后顺序 V:按顺序排列
Consequence=con (一起)+sequ+ence
(…的) Adj好像真实的
Simulate=simul+ate Vt模仿,假装 Adj模仿的,假装的 Facsimile=fac(作)+simil N摹写
Simultaneous=simul+aneous Adj同时发生的
Science=sci(知识)+ence(抽象名词后缀) n :科学 Conscious=con(加强意义)+sci(知,知
道)+ous(adj后缀) Adj:有知觉的,有意识的 Conscience=con(共同,完全)+sci(知识,
知道)+ence(抽象名词后缀) N: 良心,道德 Subconscious=sub(under)+con+sci+ous Adj:潜意识的,下意识的
145 simil,simul 相似的,相同 的
Assimilate=as(加强语气) +simil+ate(v后缀)
Vt,vi吸收,同化 Dissimilate=dis(表否定)+simil+ate Vt,vi 变得不同 Verisimilar=veri(真实)+simil+ar
142:sec,sequ:follow 跟随
Persecute=per(一直)+sec+ute(v后 缀)
V:迫害 Consecutive=con(一起)
+sec+utive Adj:连续的,连贯的 Sequence=sequ+ence N:先后顺序 V:按顺序排列
Consequence=con (一起)+sequ+ence
(…的) Adj好像真实的
Simulate=simul+ate Vt模仿,假装 Adj模仿的,假装的 Facsimile=fac(作)+simil N摹写
Simultaneous=simul+aneous Adj同时发生的
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
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What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
词汇学Word-Meaningppt课件
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(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? (对求职者)
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2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢,强壮,责任心,大度 woman → 意志薄弱,爱流泪,多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈,夸夸其谈 blood → 出身,亲情,民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱,胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗? (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
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(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant (褒义) (贬义)
(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? (对求职者)
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2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢,强壮,责任心,大度 woman → 意志薄弱,爱流泪,多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈,夸夸其谈 blood → 出身,亲情,民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱,胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗? (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
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(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant (褒义) (贬义)
词汇学第三单元ppt课件
名人的姓名也经常以缩略词的形式出现,首字母缩略词加不 加圆点,用法各异,英国人经常不加圆点,美国人经常加圆 点,但总是倾向不加圆点。
例:萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw (G.B.S.)
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Ⅲ.首字母拼音词
• 把首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词,就是首字 母拼音词。
• 涉及面:科技用语;组织名称;产品名称;国际 机构等
截短词有鲜明的文体色彩,只适用于口语或非正 式场合。例如,exam(考试)、prof(教授) 拼写稍作改动,以便发音。例如dub double(为 电影配音)
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II. 首字母缩略词
• 首字母缩略法是将社团名称、特殊名词短语或专 业术语的第一个字母组合在一起的构词方法。利 用第一个词的首字母代表一个词组的缩略词,就 叫做首字母缩略词。
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• 个别截短词演变出新的词义
例如,fan(体育运动、电影等爱好者)来自fanatic (狂热者,入迷者)。
• 截短词和原词同时存在,但截短词是通用的词, 而原词却不常用,甚至带有书卷气。
例如:lunch luncheon(午餐)、movie movie picture(电影) 词义有分工,例如,cute(小巧可爱的) acute (敏锐的)、mend(修理) amend(修订、改 良)、spy(间谍) espy(窥见)
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IV.拼缀词
拼缀法:将两个词的某一部分合并,或者在一个词上加上另一 个词的一部分而构成新词的一种方法,拼缀法只能裁剪两个词 中的一个,把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词,
这样的构词方法叫做“拼缀词”,“合成词”“混成词 (teleseope word)”或者“行囊词(portmanteau word)”
例:萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw (G.B.S.)
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Ⅲ.首字母拼音词
• 把首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词,就是首字 母拼音词。
• 涉及面:科技用语;组织名称;产品名称;国际 机构等
截短词有鲜明的文体色彩,只适用于口语或非正 式场合。例如,exam(考试)、prof(教授) 拼写稍作改动,以便发音。例如dub double(为 电影配音)
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II. 首字母缩略词
• 首字母缩略法是将社团名称、特殊名词短语或专 业术语的第一个字母组合在一起的构词方法。利 用第一个词的首字母代表一个词组的缩略词,就 叫做首字母缩略词。
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• 个别截短词演变出新的词义
例如,fan(体育运动、电影等爱好者)来自fanatic (狂热者,入迷者)。
• 截短词和原词同时存在,但截短词是通用的词, 而原词却不常用,甚至带有书卷气。
例如:lunch luncheon(午餐)、movie movie picture(电影) 词义有分工,例如,cute(小巧可爱的) acute (敏锐的)、mend(修理) amend(修订、改 良)、spy(间谍) espy(窥见)
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IV.拼缀词
拼缀法:将两个词的某一部分合并,或者在一个词上加上另一 个词的一部分而构成新词的一种方法,拼缀法只能裁剪两个词 中的一个,把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词,
这样的构词方法叫做“拼缀词”,“合成词”“混成词 (teleseope word)”或者“行囊词(portmanteau word)”
词汇学及相关学科.ppt
Grammatical knowledge allows us to generate sentences.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学(semantics),分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系,如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学(semantics),分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系,如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
词汇学PPT
文化及活动:
观看flash动画《梁祝》带领学生理解中国传统故事,讲解一些容易理解的 文化传统。 In ancient China, girls cannot study in the school. So she disguised as a boy. Their family didn’t allow them marry, because they were not at the same status in social relationship. In ancient Chinese, when lovers want to get marry, they must be in the same social status. But now it is not the rules.
生词含义:
在: (Prep) at;in;on 如:在家,在学院,在这儿。后面一般接表示地 点场所的名词。 the meaning of zai is at;in and on, 在的意思是at;in; on,for example, we are now in the classroom. 光盘:(N) CD 如:一张光盘
书:(N)book 报:(N)newspaper 本子:(N)notebook
那儿:(Pr)there 如:去那儿 在那儿 到那儿
梁祝:(PN)name of a Chinese violin concertor let me show you the music. it also a very famous love story in china. Do you want to know about this story? Let’s watch a flash latter。
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
development and growth.
A: Historical perspective历史的角度
❖ Development of English and its vocabulary: ❖ 1. Old English古英语/ Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒
克逊 (449-1100) ❖ England: Celtic(凯尔特语)/ 450AD,
pagoda 宝塔 ❖ German:zinc锌 ❖ Dutch:dock ❖ Russian: vodka, tsar沙皇
❖ 2. Exploration, colonization and trade---borrow from non-European language
❖ Australian: kangaroo ❖ Arabic: sugar, alcohol ❖ Indian: coolie, khaki ❖ Hebrew希伯来语: ❖ Chinese: yamen
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法), but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
❖ The core of the language: Still English
Modern English(1500-present)
❖ 1. Renaissance: the study of the classics ❖ Latin loan words —science and abstract
A: Historical perspective历史的角度
❖ Development of English and its vocabulary: ❖ 1. Old English古英语/ Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒
克逊 (449-1100) ❖ England: Celtic(凯尔特语)/ 450AD,
pagoda 宝塔 ❖ German:zinc锌 ❖ Dutch:dock ❖ Russian: vodka, tsar沙皇
❖ 2. Exploration, colonization and trade---borrow from non-European language
❖ Australian: kangaroo ❖ Arabic: sugar, alcohol ❖ Indian: coolie, khaki ❖ Hebrew希伯来语: ❖ Chinese: yamen
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法), but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
❖ The core of the language: Still English
Modern English(1500-present)
❖ 1. Renaissance: the study of the classics ❖ Latin loan words —science and abstract
自考英语词汇学第六章-PPT
❖ 3)Shortening、 Many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other words in spelling or sound、缩略法。很 多缩略词得形式正好与其她词得拼写或语音 雷同。
6、2、3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同形 同音异义词与多义词得区别
❖ Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning、 Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most mon、同音异形异 义词就是读音相同但拼写与词义不同得词。
自考英语词汇学第六章
sense relations 语义关系
❖ A word which is related to other words is related to them in sense, hence sense relations、一个与其她单词关联得词就是在 语义上与她们相关得, 因而有了语义关系。
6、1 Polysemy 多义关系
❖ When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic、 当一个词最初被创造出来得 时候,一律就是单语义词。
6、1、1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 两种多义关系得研究方法
❖ The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach、 同一词得各种意义之间相互关 联得问题可以从历时方法与共时方法两个角 度来研究。
6、2、3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同形 同音异义词与多义词得区别
❖ Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning、 Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most mon、同音异形异 义词就是读音相同但拼写与词义不同得词。
自考英语词汇学第六章
sense relations 语义关系
❖ A word which is related to other words is related to them in sense, hence sense relations、一个与其她单词关联得词就是在 语义上与她们相关得, 因而有了语义关系。
6、1 Polysemy 多义关系
❖ When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic、 当一个词最初被创造出来得 时候,一律就是单语义词。
6、1、1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 两种多义关系得研究方法
❖ The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach、 同一词得各种意义之间相互关 联得问题可以从历时方法与共时方法两个角 度来研究。
ChapterFour英语词汇学PPT
Definition of Antonyms
Antonyms are words that have opposite or contrasting meanings
Types of Antonyms
Antonyms can be classified into gradable Antonyms, which exists on a scale (e.g., hot/cold), and complete Antonyms, which represents two mutually exclusive categories (e.g., male/female)
Distinguishing synonyms
Synonyms of differences in annotation, emotional color, stylistic level, and location
Antonyms and their corresponding relationships
02
Classification and Composition of
English Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary and professional vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary refers to the core set of words that are essential for daily communication and are typically learned in the early stages of language acquisition These words are generally simple, frequently used, and have a broad range of means
Antonyms are words that have opposite or contrasting meanings
Types of Antonyms
Antonyms can be classified into gradable Antonyms, which exists on a scale (e.g., hot/cold), and complete Antonyms, which represents two mutually exclusive categories (e.g., male/female)
Distinguishing synonyms
Synonyms of differences in annotation, emotional color, stylistic level, and location
Antonyms and their corresponding relationships
02
Classification and Composition of
English Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary and professional vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary refers to the core set of words that are essential for daily communication and are typically learned in the early stages of language acquisition These words are generally simple, frequently used, and have a broad range of means
词汇学ppt
homophones(同音异形异义字)
Son n. a male child of a parent
Sun n. the heavenly body from which the earth
gets warmth and light
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2.origins of homonyms
1) Change in sound and spelling Long adj. not short, from lang v. to want very much, from langian 2)Borrowing fair n. a market, borrowed from feria
adj. pretty, borrowed from fager
3)Shortening Add v. to cause an increase NOW n. from the initials of National Organization of
3.Differentlation of homonyms from polysemants(一词多义)
1.types of homonyms
2.origins of homonyms 3.differentlation of homonyms from polysemants
4.rhetorlc features of homonyms
1.types of homonyms
perfect homonyms(完全同音异义词)
6.2 Homonymy (同音异义) Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
词汇学ppt
令人难忘地;感人地
see him as soon as possible他可以治好你的肺炎,你最好 尽快去找他给你医治 Vi 和解,调停,止息(争吵等) Two hours ago, they healed over and went out for dinner together.两小时前他们停止了争吵,一起到外面吃晚饭去 了
近义词(synonym ) adj.[数]最初的;字首的Premier/original
adj. 令人难忘了;给人以深刻印象的
im我是 press 压 ive四只鹅 我是靠压这4只鹅给人留下深刻印象的
impressive
adj.感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的 Eg: It's an impressive ceremony那是个难忘的仪式 N :impressiveness 令人难忘;印象性;感人 Adv :impressively
n. 苦味;苦难;怨恨
His heart was overflowing with bitterness.他的心中充 满了苦涩 adj. bitter 苦的;痛苦的;尖刻的;充满仇恨的 She would often romance about her bitter experiences 她总是夸大其词地讲她的痛苦经历
3 近义词(synonym )
.宽恕;宽仁之心condonation
Workmate ['wɜːkmeɪt] n. 同事;工友
work 工作 mateБайду номын сангаас伙伴 类似的有: classmate roommate teammate
Workmate ['wɜːkmeɪt]
1 n. 同事;工友 Eg: His workmate still didn't know what had happened
词汇学.ppt课件
• 1.不同语言之间的词汇关系研究 • 涉及多语种的词汇异同比较 • 日语:化粧室 • 韩语:화장실 • 汉语:? • 汉语:信件 • 日语:?(手纸) • 文字差异带来的问题
• 日汉比较词汇
• 秦礼君
• 中国科学技术大学出 版社
• 2.纵向:同一语言的词汇发展关系研究 • 古今词汇演变、差异/词汇发展史 • “是女子不好,烦大巫妪(yu4)为入报河伯,得
词汇学在对外汉语教学中的价值
两个字把老外搞疯!
• 1.吃饭时,一人说去方便一下,老外不解,旁人 告诉他"方便"就是:上厕所;
• 2.敬酒时,另一人对老外说,希望下次出国时能 给予方便,老外纳闷不敢问;
• 3.酒席上,电视台女主持人提出,在她方便的时 候会安排老外做专访。老外愕然:怎么能在你方 便的时候?女主持人说,那在你方便时,我请你 吃饭。老外简直不敢相信!
有学生写出这样的句子:“我每天都很 忙, 白天做功课, 晚上练习生子。”
• 词汇理据与词汇教学 研究
• 吴会芹、胡海鹏、施 亚波、 等
• 浙江大学出版社
• 词汇教学研究相当薄弱, • 本体研究成果向教学的转化能力不足
期望与要求
• 读万卷书 博采众长 • 每种教材都不能覆盖所有词汇问题 • 相互参照,取长补短,丰富知识 • 养成通读教材的习惯
4.词汇学与其它领域的跨学科研究
• 我们去唱歌吧。 • *我们去歌唱吧。
• 这个不适合我。 • *这个不合适我。
• 词汇:语法50年(19602010)
• 郑定欧
• 世界图书出版公司北 京公司
• 词汇语义学与词典编纂 • 张志毅、 张庆云 • 外语教学与研究出版社
• 词汇学词典学研究 • 周荐 • 商务印书馆
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• 第二 详析汉语五大元音与对应英语音素的差别
• • • 中国人当初创建“汉语拼音”时,主要就是参考了国际音标系统和英语的发音规则,正是这一原 因,它也为我们更方便地学习英语语音做出了不可磨灭的贡献。 但是,大家可曾想到,它也是使我们说英语带上浓厚中国口音的“罪魁祸首”之一呢。 汉语拼音借用英语中发音相近(注意,是相近,而不是相同!)的五个元音对应的字母作为汉语 的五大基本韵母,它们是a、e、i、o、u,双元音则由它们五个再加上前鼻音-n和后鼻音-ng相互 搭配而成。可幸的是,-n和-ng的发音方式中、英两语没有太大差别,但是五大基本韵母的发音 与对应的英语元音存在或多或少的差异。不少中国人学英语语音时没有用心去区分这种差别,为 了图省事,几平完全照搬汉语拼音的发音方式,这大概是中国人说英语时脱不了浓厚的中国味的 主要原因之一。
汤冠男 倪娟娟 A.T. 1022
为何日本人说英语很悲剧?
有时我们国人也中枪!
这些”huai shen”的词你认识吗
こんにちわ
• 日本人说英语全世界最难听,主要是因为:
• 1.发音种类少,没有卷舌音,且日语的语音系统非常简单,音节结构就 是一辅加一元的开音节,元也只有五个,辅音十余个,发不出中国的是 (shi)、日(ri)这些读音。 • • 2.他们国家官方都采用本国文字全盘音译外来词的习惯,要强行对照日文五 十音图。 所有不发音的g他们一定要发出一个gu(古)音。shopping就是 shopping~gu,talking就是talking~gu;R、L这样的音,他们读R做alu, 多发成la;读L作elu;比如说drive,就是dolaiba;drink,他们就读作 dolingu Digital camera-数码相机(待机卡迈),radio-收音机(垃圾 欧),restaurant-餐厅(莱斯多郎) lulu”就是rule ;
• 6.[au]
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英语爱好者中不少人没有把这个音发准确。这个双元音,在英语中是由两个后元音合 构而成的,所以它的发音部位非常偏后,不少中国人简单地照搬汉语拼音中的[ao]这 个音,殊不知汉语中这个音完全是一个中前位双元音,所以二者听起来具有明显的差 异。 要发好这个音还真不容易,我很难把它描述清楚,下面用一个形象的比喻,可能有助 于大家纠正这个发音(我正是用这个比喻引导我的学生发这个音的):听过猫被踩了 尾巴时的叫声吗? “喵~噢~~”,请模仿这种猫叫声,然后取其元音部分,就酷似英 语中的[au]这个音。——这当然是一种夸张的比喻,实际说英语的时候不要那么夸张, 只需明白这个音要用喉部去发就可以了。
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中国人讲英语依然普遍透出浓厚的“中国口音”,不少在美国生活了相当长时间的中 国人,也难以去除这种口音特征。究竟是哪些因素构成了我们独具特色的中味语音呢?
• 第一 汉语中的元音发音部位比较靠前
• 汉语的元音系统,极少使用后元音。汉语拼音中的五个基本元音(韵母)e、i、a、o、u,属于 前元音(i、u)或中元音(a、e、o),由它们构成的双元音或多元音自然而然也属于前、中元音 效果。 但是,在英语中,这五个元音对应的音素中只有两个属于前元音(e、i),另外三个都 是后元音(a、o、u)。
• Many hardcore players do not consider themselves hardcore.
• 一些“重口味”的网络热词
• • • • • • • • 性感妈妈 yummy mummy 熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 上课开小差 zone out 时尚达人 fashion icon 脑残体 leetspeak 团购 group buying 山寨 copycat
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PK和VS
PK:
1、penalty kick的缩写:PK指足球中的点球大战,这一幕往往也是足球运动中最惊心动魄、决 定胜负的时刻。 2、player killing的缩写:是一种打斗方式,引申为“单挑”,来源于网络游戏中玩家之间的对 打,是一个电脑游戏中的专有名词。
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VS:
VS是versus的简写,versus是拉丁文,表示“相对照、相对立”的意思,它的同义词是Against (对抗)。VS这个词及其简写,后来被英文采用,又辗转流人了汉语之中。在英语中,VS是个 介词,它有以下三种典型的用法。 l、体育报道中,表示谁跟谁进行比赛。例如:罗马VS国际米兰。 2、一般报道中,表示两个对立的事物。例如:国家安全VS个人自由。 3、法律文书中,表示谁跟谁发生了诉讼。例如:“布朗VS教育会议”案。
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4. 汉语拼音中的o发音部位靠前,相当于中元音,但在英语中是后元音。中国人说英语发这个音 难度不大,只须注意区分是长元音还是短元音、区分英式和美式发音的不同就是了。
5. 汉语拼音中的u,它的发音方式与英语存在很大的差别,中国人普遍没太注意这种差别,中味英 语的形成,这个音承担的罪责仅次于i音。英语中,这个音有短元音和长元音两种形式,它们都 是后元音。但是,汉语拼音中这个音是一个彻头彻尾的前元音(细细品味汉语中的无、不、胡等 字的韵母),发音时还伴有撮口动作(英语中这个音因为是后元音,所以不能撮口)。二者发音 部位相去甚远,于是很多人把英语中的good、could等字简单地模仿汉语拼音读成“古得”与 “苦得”,听起来与正确的英语发音差别很明显。
• • •
Hardcore 重口味
• hardcore: A branch of underground/indie music influenced by faster abrasive punk rock. Originating in the early 80’s as a variant of punk rock, hardcore evolved to a modern sound that can be compared to non commercial metal. The constant themes range from Straight Edge, to Politics, to Positive and Negative. ---- from Urban Dictionary
旧情人an old flame • 花费 outgoings
• • • • 跟别人要钱 mooch off someone 没钱 be broke 钱来之不易 money doesn’t grow on trees 敲竹杠 a clip joint 发财 rake it in 太宰人了 cost an arm and a leg 装修房子spruce up
• • • •
•ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
汉语五大基本韵母与对应英语元音的区别
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1. 汉语拼音中的a,在英语中它是一个后元音,而汉语拼音的发音部位要靠前一些,相当于一个 中元音,而且发音口形比英语略小。英语中这个音没有对应的短元音,只有长元音[a:]。而且在 美式语音中这个音不多见,出现的机会明显比英式英语要少得多,很多已被美国人用别的元音取 代了。比如英国人发after、ask、last、chance、pass、can‘t等字的元音,美国人已经不发成 [a:]了。 2. 汉语拼音中的e,在发音时它的口形比英语略小,部位比英语靠后一点,相当于一个中元音。 当这个音单独出现时(如德、特等字的韵母),存在有明显弱化倾向,趋近于英语的中元音[[]。 但英语中的[e]是一个标准的前元音,而且它没有对应的长元音,所以时值较短。同样地,中国 人说英语时发这个音在听觉上也不存在太重的口音。 3. 汉语拼音中的i,它对中国人说英语所产生的误导作用可能是最严重的,所谓的中国口音,很 大一部分罪责要由这个元音来承担。这个音在英语中本来是一个前元音,但汉语中的发音部位更 靠前,几乎就是由舌尖带出。汉语中这个音的口形很平,舌尖上抬与上颚前部之间形成很窄的缝, 让气流流过它,而且有明显的气流摩擦的感觉,就像我们说“一”或“衣”等字那种感觉。英语 中的i音,仿佛介于汉语拼音的i和e二者之间
如何地道表达:金钱,爱情,婚姻,家庭
• 向……求婚pop the question to 婚姻破裂 marriage on the rocks
嫁妆marriage portion 重要约会a heavy date 把……给甩了give somebody the air 一见钟情 take a shine to someone
• 中国购物狂 Chinsumer
• 近几年,每到黄金周前后就会有各类报道描述欧美各国的奢侈品商店里 多么地挤满了前来消费的中国游客,还有中国游客是多么的出手大方,以及 那些名牌商品是多么地被迅速抢购。于是,国内网民就自创了一个英文词 Chinsumer来指代这些“购物狂”。
Chinsumer,就是Chinese(中国人)与consumer(消费者)的合成词,可以翻译为“中 国购物狂”,指出国旅游时出手大方,购置各类名牌商品的中国消费者。 Due to strong purchasing power, products of luxury brands like Burberry, LV and Gucci bought by Chinese consumers account for one third of the total sales volume in the industry. According to analysis, Chinese has become the biggest buyer in British luxury market, taking the place of Russian and Arabian.
• 第三 汉语的语音体系中不允许独立的辅音存在
• 英语的辅音,其发音对于绝大多数中国人来说不存在太大的困难。但在发th字母对应 的齿音时有稍许难度,会发成“斯,杂”等、还有人把辅音[r]发成汉语“瑞”字的声 母,这是受汉语拼音的影响。个别地区的人发辅音[n]有相当大的难度,比如大部分四 川人和重庆人,在他们的方言中辅音[n]已经基本被辅音[l]取代了,对他们来说,”南 蓝男拦“发音是完全一样的。 在汉语中,辅音(声母)必须出现在元音之前,与元音共同构成一个整体音节,不带 元音的辅音是不允许存在的。但在英语中,存在大量的独立辅音(不附带元音的辅 音)。这是汉语和英语这两种语言的语音系统表现出来的一种显著区别。 我们从小习惯了汉语的发音规则,所以很难适应英语这种独立使用辅音的做法,经常 听不出不带元音的辅音,尤其是轻辅音;说英语的时候,人为地给它们配上一个轻微 的元音,尤其是发一些浊辅音时这种倾向更明显。这种困难还表现在,中国人无论是 听还是说英语,对英语中的“连读”现象都感到头痛需要花很长时间或大量精力来适 应这种发音习惯。汉语的节奏和音韵非常的简洁和明快,而英语的节奏感要复杂得多。 这也是为什么不少中国人唱英文歌时感到困难的原因,难以适应独立辅音造成的节奏 感方面的差异.