教育政策分析

2015/3 研究生课程：教育政策分析与比较

第一讲：政策与政策研究

一、为何、如何学习“教育政策分析”？

Why do you come to this class?

What do you want to learn from this course?

How will you learn this course?

二、何谓“政策”（policy）？

B. Hogwood & L. Gunn (1984): The word …policy‟ is indeed one in everyday use, both among academics and practitioners. But it is used in a variety of different ways.”

Cunningham:“Policy is rather like the elephant you recognize when you see it but cannot easily define it” (1963,229).

Policy is a guide (of actions). The notion of policy as guide is too imprecise to be great use, though it is a beginning.

Heclo: “A policy may usefully be considered as a course of action or inaction rather than specific decision or actions” (1972, 85).

Easton: A policy consists of interrelated decisions and actions that allocate values” (1953, 130).

James E. Anderson: “A purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern.”(1972)

Jenkins: “policy is a set of inte r related decisions…con cerning the selection of goals and means of achieving them within a specified situation”(1978, 15).

Thomas R Dye: “Policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do.”(1976)

Oxford English Dictionary: “A course of action adopted and pursued by a

government, party, ruler, state-man etc; any course of action adopted as advantageous or expedi ent”.

Webster Third International Dictionary: a)“A definite course or method of action selected as (or by) a government, institution, group, or individual, to guide and usually determine present and future decision.”

b) “A projected program consisting of desired objectives and the means to achieve them.”

《现代汉语词典》：“国家政权机关或政党为了实现政治、经济、文化上的目的，根据历史条件和当前情况制定的一套措施和办法。”（1317页）

《汉语大词典》：“国家和政党为实现一定历史时期的路线和任务而制定的行动根据和准则。”（1997，2914）

总结：1）政策是由政府或者其他权威制定的计划或者行动方案；2）政策是一系列活动组成的过程；3）政策具有明确的目的、意图或者方向（不是自发盲目的行动）；4）政策涉及对社会所做的权威性的资源（价值）分配。

三、政策的本质及其与其他术语的关系

法规与政策

法规：法律、法令、条例、规则、章程等法定文件的总称。

政策与决定（decision）、决策(policy-making)

决定：有目的的活动——做行动作出主张；多中选一；

决策：在多种策略、方案中选择或者决定一种；决定的策略和办法。

政策与政治（在法语和意大利语中“政治”和“政策”相同）

政治：1）政事得以治理；2）指治理国家所施行的一切行动；

3）指政府、政党、团体和个人在内政和外交方面的活动。

让我们从多个方面来考察“政策”的实质：

1）Policy is “a decision network, often of considerable complexity”.(形成、提出、实

施、评价、终结)。

2）Policy is “usually expressed in a single decision. It tends to be defined in terms of

a series of decisions, which taken together, comprise a more or less common

understanding of what policy is”.(general—partial)

3）Policies “invariably change over time. This is not to say that policies are always changing, but simply that the polity process is dynamic rather than static and that we need to be aware of shifti ng definitions of issues”.(change)

4）Policy is “what governments actually do and why”(intention).

实质：1）由决策和决定构成(decision)；

2）权力主体的行动(intentional action)；

3）为实现目标（利益和价值，体现意志）而行；

(Hogwood & Gunn: “Policy involves behavior as well as intentions.”) 4）政治过程(不同群体相互作用)的结果；(“Policy involves intra-and inter-organizational relationships”)

5）表现形式多样的问题方案和准则（内容性与权威性）；（Policy may be seen as hypothetical solutions to some perceived problem.）

6）意义在于对其他行动具有影响力（impact）。

四、公共政策

张世贤：“政府为解决公共问题。达成公共目标、经由政治过程、所产出的策略。”视角：1）目标取向（Goal oriented）：公共政策是达到公共目标所采用的策略；

2）问题取向（Problem oriented）：是政府解决公共问题的策略；(Problems constitutes the “why” of public policies.)

3）过程取向（Process oriented）：是政治过程的产物。

宁骚：“公共政策是公共权力机关经由政治过程所选择和制定的为了解决公共问题、达成公共目标、以实现公共利益的方案”。（2000，109）。

Lester, J. P. & Stewart, J.:“Whatever are these various definitions have in common is that they are talking about a process or a series or pattern of governmental activities or decisions that are designed to remedy some public problem, either real or imagined.”(2004,4)