概要写作微技能3：同义替换
概要写作微技能3.3：同义替换(词性替换与正话反说实例)
词性替换
1. prefer (v.) 2. compare (v.) 3. discuss (v.) 4. tend to 5. lack (v.) 6. need (v.) 7. decide (v.) 8. study (v.)
preference (n.) comparison (n.) have a discussion of
while as
because because
although
although must
may
其它替换
9. with regard to 10. in connect with
for(关于) about
presence
2. abundance(丰富)
lack
3. accept
refuse
4. alive
dead
5. admit(承认)
deny
6. against 7. different 8. accidental
for same / alike / similar
intentional
9. always
give an explanation of put an emphasis on creativity (n.)
conduct an investigation a variety of of great importance make a contribution to
反义词（正话反说）
1. absence
17. attack
defend
18. beauty
ugliness
反义词（正话反说）
19. bad luck
概要写作三步曲
55Crazy English Teachers摘 要：为适应2016年浙江省新推出的一年两考高考英语发生的重大变化，尤其是在写作部分新增了概要写作题型，本文从《考试说明》上对概要写作的给分范围和要求出发，联系教学实际，阐述了概要写作的三个步骤，即要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接，从而作为概要写作训练的指导方法。
关键词：概要写作；要点获取；要点转述；要点衔接浙江省衢州市高级中学 陈 盈1.引言概要写作是浙江新高考英语中出现的新题型，不同于应用文写作强调范文模仿和词汇运用的重要性，概要写作更侧重考查学生阅读和写作的双项能力。
写作要求的变化，不仅促使了课堂教学的转型，也对学生提出了更高要求。
但学生经常在概要写作练习中没有思路，找不到突破点。
为达到相应的写作效果，笔者在课堂实践中推行概要写作的三个步骤，以期为学生提供写作的思考方向。
2.概要写作三步曲结合《考试说明》中对概要写作的要求，我们不难发现一篇优秀的概要要求用自己的语言概括原文要点；要点间有衔接。
所以笔者认为概要写作可以分为三个步骤：要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接。
2.1 要点获取要点的获取过程就是文本的解读过程，对于结构清晰的段落，可以通过筛选主题句找出要点，但是并不是所有文章都可以直接找出主题句，对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，也可以使用找关键词或设计主问题的方法。
（1）筛选主题句主题句（topic sentence ）是指能够概括全文或者整个段落的关键句（孙鑫 1991）。
通常情况下自然段是由主题句和细节句（supporting details ）组成的，段落可以是总—分或是分—总的结构。
因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段落的首尾。
如人教版Module 3 Unit 1 Festivals and celebrations 的第一段，该段第一句陈述人们用节日来纪念名人，并举了屈原、哥伦布和甘地的例子来说明，学生比较容易就能找到主题句，从而抓住该段落的要点。
读后续写和概要写作讲义 概要中词的替换
潜在的
hidden
potential
筋疲力尽的
tired
exhausted
建议
suggest
recommend
能力
ability
competence
准确的
exact
accurate
勤奋的
hardworking
diligent
困难的
difficult
challenging
变得越来越少
become less and less
be on the decrease
能够得到
sb can get sth
(sb ) have access to sth
(sth) be available to sb
大多数人
most people
the majority of people
有意义
enablesb to do sth
allow sb to do sth
make it possible for sb to do sth
使某人不能…
make sb unable to do sth
make it impossible for sb to do
不同于
be different from
能够
can
be capable of
和；以及
and
as well as
in addition to
apart from
大的
large
enormous
发生
happen
occur/come about
体现，显示
show
概要写作同义替换常用词
概要写作同义替换常用词1.词义替换(1)名词①担忧:worry→concern②建议:suggestion→proposal③影响:influence→impact④目标:target→goal⑤难题:problem→issue⑥机会:chance→opportunity⑦垃圾:litter→rubbish, trash ⑧发展:development→advance, progress⑨住所:house→shelter⑩困难:difficulty→obstacle, barrier, challenge人:people→individual, person, human优势:advantage→merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength老人:old people→the aged, the elderly缺陷:disadvantage→drawback, downside, weakness干旱:with no rain at all→drought方法:method→way, approach地区:district→zone, place, region, area姿势:pose→gesture冒险:adventure→expedition财富,财产:wealth→fortune, property高速公路:expressway→freeway居民:resident→citizen塞车:jam→congestion原因:reason→factor(2)动词①减轻:ease→relieve②提倡:propose→advocate③讨厌:hate→dislike, be fed up with, be boredwith④鼓励,激发:encourage→motivate, fuel⑤对……感兴趣:be interested in→be caught upin, be crazy about, be keen on, be fond of⑥阻止:prevent→stop⑦充分利用:make full use of→make themost/best of,take advantage of⑧相似:look like→resemble⑨完成:accomplish→achieve, finish⑩抵挡:stand up to→withstand, resist, oppose处理:deal with→handle采取措施:take action→take measures, take steps 加速:speed up→accelerate出发去某地:set off for→head for, leave for经历:undergo→experience降低至:fall to→decline to, decrease to, drop to 要求:request→demand, require消除:clear→eliminate, remove确保:ensure→assure, guarantee, make sure宣称:declare→claim给予:give→offer, provide, supply保持:keep→preserve, reserve, maintain导致:lead to→cause, give rise to, result in暴露:reveal→expose使:make→enable提高:improve→enhance改变:change→transform, alter与……联系:associate with→connect with建立:build→establish, set up 得到:get→acquire, obtain拥有:have→possess, own感谢:thank→appreciate表达:express→convey解决:solve→cope with, deal with, resolve帮助:help→assist, aid步行:walk→cover确信:make sure→ensure认为:think→claim, consider, believe, insist, hold 损害:damage→hurt, injure, harm, impair,endanger保护:protect→conserve, preserve致力于:be devoted to→be committed to展示:show→reveal, illustrate, present允许某人做某事:give sb. permission to dosth.→allow sb. to do sth.预订:book→reserve推迟:put off→delay转换:switch→convert, transform禁止:forbid→ban, prohibit区分:tell sth./sb. apart→distinguish由……构成:be made up of→be composed of,consist of维持:sustain→support, maintain承担责任:shoulder/undertake one's duty→beresponsible for, take responsibility增加:be on the rise→increase, multiply尽力做某事:do sth. to the best of one's ability→try one's best to do sth., spare no effort to do sth., make every effort to do sth.专心致志于:put one's heart into→be absorbed in, be bent on, be buried in(3)形容词①乏味的:boring→dull, tiresome②害怕的:afraid→frightened, scared③出名的:famous→notable, renowned④显然的:obvious→apparent, evident, clear⑤严重的:severe→serious ⑥有益的:useful→helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding⑦新的:new→fresh, brand new, novel⑧粗鲁的:rude→impolite ⑨怀疑的:doubtful→skeptical, sus picious,incredulous⑩快速的:fast→speedy最便宜的:the least expensive→the cheapest许多:many→a sea of, an ocean of, abundant, numerous, considerable巨大的:big→enormous, vast, massive,tremendous聪明的:clever→smart, gifted, sharp-minded 好的:good→fantastic, magnificent,outstanding, remarkable穷的:in poverty→poor, needy悲伤的:sad→depressed, frustrated重要的:important→significant, essential, critical, vital, crucial基本的:fundamental→basic, essential神圣的:sacred→holy充足的;富裕;富有:rich in→plentiful, ample,generous, abundant少量的:a small number of→a handful of主要的:primary→main合理的:reasonable→sensible, rational, sound 勇敢的:brave→fearless, bold, courageous开心的:happy→cheerful, delightful艰难的:difficult→tough, challenging有害的:harmful→damaging, ruinous传统的:traditional→conventional生气的:angry→annoyed, irritated最初的:initial→original疲劳的:worn→tired, exhausted(4)副词①非常:very→extremely, intensely,extraordinarily②最后:finally→eventually, ultimately③起先:firstly→originally, initially ④大约:approximately→almos t, about, around, nearly, roughly⑤肯定地:certainly→definitely, undoubtedly,obviously, apparently⑥经常,总是:frequently→constantly, always⑦立刻:right now→immediately, shortly, right away ⑧事实上:as a matter of fact→practically, in practice, in reality, in effect, in fact⑨平稳地:steadily→smoothly⑩决不,从不:never→on no account, at no time,under no circumstances偶尔,有时:now and then→at times,occasionally很少:rarely→seldom每天:day in and day out→every day缓慢地,轻微地:slightly→slowly, mildly 仅仅:only→merely完全地:totally→absolutely, completely 目前:at present→nowadays, recently急剧地:dramatically→sharply, steeply(5)其他替换①我认为:in my opinion→personally, from myperspective②关于:with regard to→as for③虽然:despite/regardless the factthat→although④同时:at the same time→meanwhile⑤同时:at the same time→in the meantime⑥因为:on account of the fact that→because⑦对比:on the other hand→by contrast, on the contrary ⑧此外:in addition→besides, furthermore, moreover2.词性转换①追求:pursue v.→pursuit n.②受伤:injure v.→injured adj.受伤的→i njury n.受伤③重要的:important adj.→be of importance n.④受欢迎:popular adj.→popularity n.⑤强调:put an emphasis on n.→emphasize v.⑥更喜欢:prefer v.→preference n.⑦讨论:have a discussion of n.→discuss v.⑧缺乏:a lack of n.→lack v.⑨比较:comparison n.→compare v.⑩倾向于:have a tendency to do n.→tend to do v.需要:have a need for n.→need v.调查:conduct an investigation n.→investigate v.决定:make a decision n.→decide v.解释:give an explanation of n.→explain v.创造性:creativity n.→creative adj.各种不同的:a variety of n.→va rious adj.评估:assess v.→assessment n.指派,布置作业:assign v.→assignment n.方便:convenience n.→convenient adj.辨别:distinguish v.→distinguished adj.突出的评估:evaluate v.→evaluation n.使烦恼:annoy v.→annoying adj.令人烦恼的→annoyance n.烦恼。
读写综合概要写作之议论文-2021年高考英语题型大冲关(上海专用)
高考概要写作之议论文知识导图要点精析（一）概要写作的总体要求1. 使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式,或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思,如改变语态、肯定变否定等,避免抄袭原文句子。
2.概括议论性或论说文时,则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。
概括对方观点首先是要转换视角,即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。
3.如果给的阅读材料是一则故事,应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么,不能拖泥带水讲细节,而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。
4.如果是说明性或描述性的短文,就必须用概括性的文字说明一个现象。
（二）概要写作的语言微技巧1. 要点获取。
要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。
对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。
2.要点转述。
要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。
可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1）同义替容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。
3.要点衔接。
概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。
写作中常见的衔接词如下：1）对立关系包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, not…but等。
2）因果关系常用的标志词和短语有：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, such…that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, as a result, for this reason等。
2020年上海高考英语概要写作同义替换和句式
2020上海高考英语：概要写作同义替换及句式一、常用的词汇替换1.词义替换(1)名词①担忧:worry→concern②建议:suggestion→proposal③影响:influence→impact④目标:target→goal⑤难题:problem→issue⑥机会:chance→opportunity⑦垃圾:litter→rubbish, trash⑧发展:development→advance, progress⑨住所:house→shelter ⑩困难:difficulty→obstacle, barrier, challenge人:people→individual, person, human优势:advantage→merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength老人:old people→the aged, the elderly缺陷:disadvantage→drawback, downside, weakness干旱:with no rain at all→dr ought 方法:method→way, approach地区:district→zone, place, region, area 姿势:pose→gesture冒险:adventure→expedition 财富,财产:wealth→fortune, property 高速公路:expressway→freeway 居民:resident→citizen塞车:jam→congestion 原因:reason→factor(2)动词①减轻:ease→relieve②提倡:propose→advocate③讨厌:hate→dislike, be fed up with, bebored with④鼓励,激发:encourage→motivate, fuel⑤对……感兴趣:be interested in→becaught up in, be crazy about, be keen on,be fond of⑥阻止:prevent→stop⑦充分利用:make full use of→make themost/best of,take advantage of⑧相似:look like→resemble⑨完成:accomplish→achieve, finish⑩抵挡:stand up to→withstand, resist,oppose处理:deal with→handle采取措施:take action→take measures, take steps加速:speed up→accelerate出发去某地:set off for→head for, leave for经历:undergo→experien ce降低至:fall to→decline to, decrease to, drop to要求:request→demand, require消除:clear→eliminate, remove确保:ensure→assure, guarantee, makesure宣称:declare→claim给予:give→offer, provide, supply保持:keep→preserve, reserve, maintain 导致:lead to→cause, g ive rise to, resultin暴露:reveal→expose使:make→enable提高:improve→enhance改变:change→transform, alter与……联系:associate with→connect with建立:build→establish, set up得到:get→acquire, obtain拥有:have→possess, own感谢:thank→appreciate表达:express→conve y 解决:solve→cope with, deal with, resolve 帮助:help→assist, aid步行:walk→cover确信:make sure→ensure认为:think→claim, consider, believe, insist, hold损害:damage→hurt, injure, harm,impair, endanger保护:protect→conserve, preserve致力于:be devoted to→be com mittedto展示:show→reveal, illustrate, present 允许某人做某事:give sb. permission todo sth.→allow sb. to do sth.预订:book→reserve推迟:put off→delay转换:switch→convert, transform禁止:forbid→ban, prohibit 区分:tell sth./sb. apart→distinguish 由……构成:be made up of→becomposed of, consist of维持:sustain→support, maintain承担责任:shoulder/undertake one'sduty→be responsible for, takeresponsibility增加:be on the rise→increase, multiply 尽力做某事:do sth. to the best of one'sability→try one's best to do sth., spare no effort to do sth., make every effort to do sth.专心致志于:put one's heart into→be absorbed in, be bent on, be buried in(3)形容词①乏味的:boring→dull, tiresome②害怕的:afraid→frightened, scared③出名的:famous→notable, renowned ④显然的:obvious→apparent, evident, clear⑤严重的:severe→serious ⑥有益的:useful→helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding⑦新的:new→fresh, brand new, novel⑧粗鲁的:rude→impolite ⑨怀疑的:doubtful→skeptical,suspicious, incredulous⑩快速的:fast→speedy最便宜的:the least expensive→the cheapest许多:many→a sea of, an oce an of, abundant, numerous, considerable巨大的:big→enormous, vast, massive, tremendous聪明的:clever→smart, gifted, sharp-minded好的:good→fantastic, magnificent,outstanding, remarkable穷的:in poverty→poor, needy悲伤的:sad→depressed, frustrated重要的:importan t→significant, essential, critical, vital, crucial基本的:fundamental→basic, essential 神圣的:sacred→holy充足的;富裕;富有:rich in→plentiful, 少量的:a small number of→a handful ofample, generous, abundant主要的:primary→main合理的:reasonable→sensible, rational, sound勇敢的:brave→fearless, bold,courageous开心的:happy→cheerful, delightful 艰难的:difficult→tough, challenging 有害的:harmful→damaging, ruinous 传统的:traditional→conventional 生气的:angry→annoyed, irritated最初的:initial→original 疲劳的:worn→tired, exhausted(4)副词①非常:very→extremely, intensely,extraordinarily②最后:finally→eventually, ultimately③起先:firstly→originally, initially ④大约:approximately→almost, about, around, nearly, roughly⑤肯定地:certainly→definitely, undoubtedly, obviously, apparently ⑥经常,总是:frequently→c onstantly, always⑦立刻:right now→immediately, shortly, right away ⑧事实上:as a matter of fact→practically, in practice, in reality, in effect, in fact⑨平稳地:steadily→smoothly ⑩决不,从不:never→on no account, at no time, under no circumstances偶尔,有时:now and then→at times,occasionally很少:rarely→seldom每天:day in and day out→every day 缓慢地,轻微地:slightly→slowly, mildly 仅仅:only→merely 完全地:totally→absolutely, completely 目前:at present→nowadays, recently 急剧地:dramatically→sharply, steeply(5)其他替换①我认为:in my opini on→personally,from my perspective②关于:with regard to→as for③虽然:despite/regardless the factthat→although④同时:at the same time→meanwhile⑤同时:at the same time→in the meantime ⑥因为:on account of the fact that→because⑦对比:on the other hand→by contrast, on the contrary ⑧此外:in addition→besides, furthermore, moreover2.词性转换①追求:pursue v.→pursuit n.②受伤:injure v.→injured adj.受伤的→injury n.受伤③重要的:important adj.→be ofimportance n.④受欢迎:popular adj.→popularity n.⑤强调:put an emphasis onn.→emphasize v.⑥更喜欢:pre fer v.→preference n.⑦讨论:have a discussion of n.→discussv.⑧缺乏:a lack of n.→lack v.⑨比较:comparison n.→compare v.⑩倾向于:have a tendency to do n.→tend to do v.需要:have a need for n.→need v.调查:conduct an investigation n.→investigate v.决定:make a decis ion n.→decide v.解释:give an explanation of n.→explain v.创造性:creativity n.→creative adj.各种不同的:a variety of n.→various adj.评估:assess v.→assessment n.指派,布置作业:assign v.→assignment n.方便:convenience n.→convenient adj.辨别:distinguish v.→distinguish ed adj.突出的评估:evaluate v.→evaluation n.使烦恼:annoy v.→annoying adj.令人烦恼的→annoyance n.烦恼二、常用的写作句式(一) 提出建议的句型I suggest that… Why not do…? Why don’t you do…?You would better do/ not do… If I were you，I would……It seems to me that you could…… You may consider doing…I feel that it would be beneficial if… You may consider doing…I think it would be more beneficial if you could……As you may agree that I would like to suggest that…(二) 结尾常用格式I hope that my suggestions are helpful for your decision-making anyway.I would be more than happy to see improvement in this regard.I believe that you will take my suggestions into serious account.I would be ready to discuss about this matter with you to further details.Whatever you decide to do，good luck with your studies/work！(三) 连接词1.Firstly：previously, initially, foremost(adv,第一adj.最重要的)2.Generally: principally, mainly, basically, fundamentally,3.Then：subsequently（随后陆续的）, afterward（时间上的）, thereafter（逻辑上的）, secondarily, furthermorestly：ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, as a final point, last but not least,5.Too: in addition, besides, moreover, additionally6.And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition7.Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else8.So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly,9.Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that10.But: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, even if, while, despite the fact that11.Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely12.Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly,13. Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, literally, truly14. Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary…EXAMPLE:（1）A is important to B.（2）A plays an/a important role to B（3）A is of (great\enormous\significant\awesome) to B.（4）A means (a lot\a great deal\much) to B.（5）The importance of A (to B) can never be （denied\ignored\doubted).（6）Nothing is more crucial to B than A.（7）A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper.15.difficult: demanding(劳神费力的),laborious（艰苦的）,formidable（艰巨的）16.many: numerous, myriad, infinite,quantities of a (large) number of / (large) numbers of + 可数名词复数plenty of +可数名词复数/不可数名词 a good/great many + 可数名词复a large/huge amount of / large amounts of + 不可数many a + 可数名词单数Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny,17.little：petite（女子身高娇小）18.bad: adverse(不利的), negative19.good: excellent, outstanding, extraordinary, remarkable20.Big: massive, enormous, tremendous, giant, vast, large, huge, bulky,21.boring; dull, tiresome, tedious(乏味的)ep: He that can read and meditate will not find his evenings long or life tedious.22.worried: anxious, apprehensive, fraught23.sad: depressed(无望的，失落的) ；gloomy(情绪低落的)ep: She felt very depressed about the future.ep: They found him in gloomy, downbeat mood.24.frustrated(沮丧的)ep: Both sides appeared very frustrated at the lack of progress.25.famous: renownedep: The region is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty.26.notable：noticeableep: The book stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of modern science.)27.abundant: ample, plentiful, generous28.different: various, a variety of, diversemon: universal, pervasive(普遍的,普通的)30.doubted: skeptical, suspicious(怀疑的)ep: Most organizations are, quite understandably, suspicious of new ideas.31.interesting: amusing, entertaining, engaging32.brave: courageous, bold, fearless33.reasonable: sound, rational, sensible34.poor=needy35.rich=wealthy36.Without：excluding。
概要写作微技能训练之转换表达方式
一篇好的概要所具备的语言表达特点：
1.使用抽象名词 2.使用非谓语动词结构 3.使用with结构 4.使用名词、动词短语的并列结构 5.使用同位语结构 6.使用从句或其他特殊句型 7.使用高级的词汇 8.使用恰当的连接副词
用单词替换短语名词性短语代替从句非谓语动词结构with结构同位语结构等somepeoplecalledshopaholicswhocan?tcontrolspendmoneybuythings
概要写作微技能训练 ---转换表达方式
Summary writing skills
1. 同义替换（近义词、反义词、词性转换等） 2. 句式转换法（改变主语、运用非谓语动词短语、with结构、 运用同位语等） 3. 压缩长句法（笼统代替具体、运用并列结构等）
1. 同义替换法——改变词性
eg.
Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they are being stared at.
Baker's conclusion is that people are not capable of feeling other's observation.
Your skin will be burnt if you are exposed to the sun too long. Long exposure to the sun will harm your skin.
There are many people who are shy. Shyness is common.
高中英语2024届高考写作高分同义替换(共十六组)(有难度)
高考英语写作高分同义替换（一）1 好处/优点(benefit)除了benefit/advantage之外，还有下面这些词可以表示好处/优点：merit、virtue、blessing、boon、good①merit常用作复数merits。
同时讨论优缺点时，一般与demerit(缺点)搭配。
Economists reconsider the merits of industrial policy, but some flaws are hard to fix.经济学家重新考虑了产业政策的优点，但有些缺陷很难修复。
This report will explore the merits and demerits of remote working.这篇报告将探讨远程工作的优缺点。
②virtue可以用于短语have the virture of有着...的优点。
One of the virtues of this job is the flexible hours.这份工作的一个优点就是工作时间灵活。
This means of transport has the virtue of convenience.这种交通方式有便利这一优点。
③blessing/boon表示好的事物。
由于是对事物的描述，因此经常作为表语：be ablessing/boon。
Autonomous vehicles are a blessing/boon to humanity.自动驾驶汽车对人类来说是福音。
④good表示好处；益处，是个不可数名词。
反义词为harm/damage，也是不可数。
We must work together for the good of the community.我们必须为了社区的利益而共同努力。
【for the good of sb/sth为了...的利益】For employers, remote working may do more harm than good.对于雇主来说，远程工作可能弊大于利。
写作同义替换
Unit 3 写作同义替换一、本单元知识要点Words and expressions二、words and expressions1.表达人们1.1 用________替换People：1.____________2.____________3._____________ 翻译：人们对成功的因素持不同观点，有人相信勤奋，有人依赖运气。
要想获取成功，人们必须从失败中吸取教训。
那些害怕失败的人不可能成功。
1.2用________________替换people.翻译：一些人认为竞争比合作更重要。
1.3用________________替换people.翻译：这个问题引起了人们热烈的讨论。
1.4用________________替换people.翻译：人与自然的和谐共处(和谐共处：harmonious coexistence)2.表达“重要的”2.1 表达“重大的，显著的”：_______________翻译：iPad是苹果公司最重大的发明之一。
Of 结构：翻译：早点知道自己想学什么很重要。
他的建议对人民有好处。
2.2表达“最重要的，首要的”:________________翻译：他们的首要目的是赚钱。
2.3表达“关键的”:_______________________翻译：勤奋是成功的关键2.4 表达“不可或缺的”：________________翻译：数码产品已经成为日常生活不可或缺的一部分Sheldon 是《生活大爆炸》中不可或缺的角色。
2.5表达“有价值的”：________________翻译：Michael 为公司的成功作出了有价值的贡献2.6表达“非常有价值的，宝贵的”：_________________ 翻译：网络是学生的一种宝贵资源。
2.7表达“重要的，杰出的”:________________翻译：一位重要的科学家一位杰出的科学家2.8表达“扮演重要的角色”：____________________翻译：互联网对开阔我们的眼界扮演着重要的角色开阔眼界：翻译：扮演“越来越重要的”角色2.9钻石句型：翻译：兴趣对于学习至关重要3.表达“许多”Many=翻译：很多人梦想住在这个地方。
概要写作 Shyness Lyx高考英语作文新题型【精选】
possible to be born shyly. These babies
shy? are a
Many scientists say yes. They little quieter and more watchful
sthaayn1o5cthateour2bs0aebpiee1rsc.eInntteoref sbtainbgielys,
Para 5
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
① Are you shy? If you are, you are not alone. In fact, close to 50 percent of people are shy. Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their livesp. hTehensoemdaeyns,osnhyness is
⑤ For shy people, it can be difficult to make friends, speak in class, and eevvean lgueat ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱtigoonod/ job. But
scientists say conversation.
you can And don’t
becoming more and more common. Now, scientists are trying to understand shyness. They have
some interesting ideas about why people are shy.
②
Is it behave
概要写作 ① 文本内容与结构解读 ② 写作思路解读 ③ 写作思路微技能之策略 ④ 表达微技能之同义/近义词（组）替换篇 ⑤ 牛刀小试 ⑥ 参考范文欣赏
新高考,概要写作-同义替换
新高考,概要写作-同义替换Summary Writing 常见的同义替换：1. 动词(词组)：absorb-assimilate 吸收agree partly-agree with reserve 有保留地赞同arouse-ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起；鼓励change-alter 改变consider-take into account 考虑devote to-dedicate to 把。
奉献于；专注于emphasize-accentuate 强调expect-anticipate 期望；预期explain-interpret/illustrate 解释；说明get into chaos-with chaos ensuing 陷入混乱join-participate 参加；参与lead to-contribute to/ conduce to/result in 导致；产生。
结果limit-stress/hinder/hamper 限制阻止；阻碍operate-manipulate 操作；操纵provide-lend-offer 提供；给予publicize-propagandize 宣传；公布sway-vacillate 影响；摇摆，使摇摆think-contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospect思考；考虑；想起thrive-palmy(a.)/flourishing(v./a.)/prosperity(n.) undermine-debilitate 破坏；使衰弱，衰竭use-employ/utilize 使用；利用want-intend to/tend to/be inclined to 希望；倾向于want to-desire 想要2. 形容词/副词：first-primarily 首先(ad.) hardly-merely-barely 几乎不(ad.) hurt-vulnerable 受伤；易受攻击inevitable-indispensable 必然；不可缺少in fact-actually/virtually 事实上；实际上(ad.) key-crucial/vital/consequential 关键；重要large-miraculous/marvelous 大；不可思议(表程度) maybe-probably 也许；大概(ad.) more and more-increasing/growing 越来越多obvious-conspicuous 明显；显著old-ancient 老；古老proper-apposite 适当；合适persuasive-thorough/sound/specific/convincing 有说服力true-accurate 正确；准确vague-unwarranted/oversimplified 模糊well-known-outstanding 著名more often than not = often He more often than not es here. 3. 名词(词组)：bias-prejudice/discriminate 偏见；歧视big city-metropolis 大都市chance-alternative 机会；选择character-trait/individuality/personality 品质；特性；个性child-juvenile 孩子；青少年clash-conflict/collision冲突custom-convention/tradition 传统；习俗delegate-representative 代表detail-specific 细节lawmaking-legislation 立法offspring-descendant 后代；子孙value-merit 价值附：1. purchasing power of es Maximize their es = increase the purchasing power of es2. property = real estate3. precision = accuracy4. Thinking ability = critical thinking =creative= innovation5. reasoning = logical thought =thought6. popular culture= mon culture7. cultural power= assimilating power 10. judge = Justice （必考含义）“法官” 11. apprehension （必考含义）= worry apprehensiveability 理解能力12. mind = people= individual 13. faith=confidence 信心14. drug= medicine 15.dismiss 斥责= rebuke=criticize 16. tap 开发tap the market = explore the market = expand the market 18. entail =make= cause 19. nature；nurture/ born；made /inherited；acquired/（先天和后天）innate cognitive/intuitive made/born 20. attribute= character=trait=merit=feature=virtue 特点；特质21. plementary=auxiliary 22. suits = enable = entail （This job entails a lot of hard work.）24. mechanical = unchanged mechanical learning Dynamic=changeable=variable；vary Modify=change 25. distinction= fame 26. implication；connotation；suggestion；reference；carry important implications for（短语动词）27. accumulation = expansion = augmentation 28.literally = actually=absolutely 29. initiatives=measures Initiatives =intention Initiative =active Initiative=primitive=beginning 30.endeavors=efforts 31.Doubt= deny= don‘t believe 33. 经济下滑，衰退slowing economy/softening economy/stagnanteconomy/economic recession/economic decline /economic stagnation （stagnant）/depression/slowdown 34.symptoms =negative example 35.frames = body 36.grasp = understanding 37.reshape= remold 38.entitle :we are entitled to some privileges./Some privileges are given to us ./Some privileges are conferred on us. 4. 其他：although-albeit/notwithstanding 尽管(conj.) because-in that-since-seeing 因为(conj.) but-nonetheless/nevertheless 然而；但是(conj.) through-in term of/via 通过(prep.) to sum-to summarize/in conclusion 总之；最后表示“地位” ：status, rank 表示“偏见” ：bias, prejudice, discrimination, inequality 表示“组成” 同义表达：constitute, be made from/of, include, consist of 表示“导致” ：result in, cause, lead to 表示“发行”：issue, release, distribute, launch 表示“授予” ：grant, award 表示“结果” ：result, consequent, e, turn out to 表示“交易” ：deal, trade, exchange, transaction 表示“能力” ：ability, capability, potential, power 表示“结束” ：fulfill, finish, plish, carryout, achieve, plete 表示“语言” ：verbally, language, words, lingual 表示“精确” ：accuracy, precision 表示“以前” ：previous, former, latter, prior to 表示“加强，促进” ：promote, facilitate,enhance, reinforce 表示“前景，未来”：prospect, future, expectation, outlook 表示“顾客” ：customer, client, consumer, guest 表示“暂停、延期” ：suspend, phase back, put off, stop, postpone, delayed 表示“信息” ：information, message, data, figure, statistics 表示“公司” ：enterprise, firm, pany, corporation 表示“故意” ：deliberately, intentionally, purposely, on/in purpose 表示“冷漠” ：indifferent, neutral, carefree, detached(超然) 表示“抱怨” ：plain, moan, groan 表示“吸引” ：appeal, attract, fascinate, tempt, absorb 表示“赶上” ：catch up with, keep up with 表示“对手” ：rival, equal, parative, petitor, opponent, adversary, enemy 表示“谨慎” ：prudent, cautious 表示“有利” ：be beneficial to, be useful to Skills: 同义替换法/词性转换法/语态改变法/句式转换法/压缩长句法分析：Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin, northeast China＇s Heilongjiang Province. As a result, the owner of the restaurant faced a fine of 500,000 yuan. Chen Yan, a tourist from Changzhou, east China＇s Jiangsu Province, plained online on February 12 that he was being overcharged 10,000 yuan for three big fish at a local wild fish restaurant in Songbei District of Harbin. Worse still, he claimed that his family members were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff when hequestioned the bill at the checkout. Chen＇s plaint immediately spread on China＇s social media. The investigation results by some local government departments showed that the restaurant had no fault, since they had already tagged the price, which raised doubt among netizens again. Further investigation showed that one type of the fish served, Huso, was not the real wild species, but a kind of farmed fish at a much lower price. Since the prices of the fish did have violated the rights of consumers, the restaurant got its due punishment. Meanwhile, relevant government departments that have stood by the side of the restaurant in the first place would also be investigated and punished. Similar cases of fraudulent pricing at scenic spots have also been reported elsewhere in China. In October 2015, for instance, a tourist was overcharged for a course of shrimp in the coastal city of Qingdao, east China＇s Shandong Province, when the restaurant claimed the quoted price of 38 yuan was not for the dish, but for each shrimp! Authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished. Your Answer: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________ 1.Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin and faced a heavy fine. __________________________________________________________________ __________. 2. Chen Yan plained he was being overcharged and were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff. Chen＇s plaint immediately spread on China＇s social media. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________. 3.The restaurant got its due punishment and relevant government departments would also be investigated and punished. __________________________________________________________________ _____________ 4.Similar cases have also been reported elsewhere and authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished._____________________________________________________________________________ Summary Writing 常见的同义替换：1. 动词(词组)：absorb-assimilate 吸收agree partly-agree with reserve 有保留地赞同arouse-ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起；鼓励change-alter 改变consider-take into account 考虑devote to-dedicate to 把。
高中英语读后续写与概要写作 微技能四 同义改写
微技能四同义改写概要写作的评分标准之一是“对各要点表达的独立性”，即要求用自己的语言归纳和表述要点，因此，你必须在正确理解原文要点的基础上，用不同于原文的方式来表述要点。
如何用自己的语言来概括要点而不照抄原文呢？我们可以从以下几个方面入手来解决这一难题。
1．同义替换法：即用相同或相近含义的词来替换原句中的表达。
(1)Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer.→ Keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger.(2)I didn’t catch any fish because I was not patient.→I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.【温馨提示】更多词汇替换见P167“语料积累”。
2．运用正反法：即把肯定形式改成否定形式，否定改成肯定。
(1)You will fail.→ You will not succeed.(2)Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hoped to.→ Though Jack failed to pass the driving test, he still hoped to.3．词性转换法：即改变原句中一些重要词汇的词性来表达相同的含义。
(1)Patience is very important.→Patience is of great importance.(2)The pollution makes people very anxious about their living environment.→ People show great anxiety about their living environment.4．句式变换法：即运用不同的句式来表达相同的句意。
概要写作微技能3：同义替换
2.词性变化
例2：It is of great importance to keep a balanced diet as well crucially important
as a healthy eating habit.
A balanced diet and a healthy eating habit are crucially important.
3.短语替换
例1：He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor (债lac权k 人(of)). money
Lack of money brought much trouble to him. 或：He was in financial difficulties.
Advertising fulfills the customers’ information demand and publicizes the brand, product position and conception.
1.词词替换
例4：In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are
2.词性变化
例1：I have a preference for a basic mobile phone though it
prefer to
ordinary cell phone
is not as advanced as a smartphone.
I prefer to use an ordinary cell phone compared to a smartphone.
1.词词替换
概要写作 Willpower高考英语作文新题型【精选】
challenges.”
⑥The findings could help people who are battling temptation. Willpower指isn导’t 意dri义ven by a
biologically based process as much as we used to think. The belief in it is what influences
结构：
Para 1
Para 2
Para 3&4&5
Para 6
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
① According to most people, after a long period of studying o对r w比o引rki出ng话, w题e need to have a rest to refresh ourselves. However, that may not be the case. According to a
you don’t need the break as much as you may think that makes
you feel less tired.
主题句
写作思路解读
Para. 2: Scientists have long assumed that willpower is a limited resource, which is why you feel the need to have a rest, have a snack and th关en键词get back to a task when you’re feeling better. They argued that the only way to restore willpower was by rest, food or entertainment.
英语作文中的同义替换
英语作文中的同义替换英文回答：Synonymous Substitutions in English Composition.Synonymous substitutions are a crucial aspect of English composition, allowing writers to enhance their writing style, avoid repetition, and improve the overall readability and flow of their text. Employing synonyms helps diversify vocabulary, making the writing more engaging and preventing monotony. It also enables thewriter to convey subtle nuances of meaning, adding depth and richness to the composition.Types of Synonymous Substitutions.There are various types of synonymous substitutionsthat writers can employ effectively. Some common categories include:1. Semantic Synonym: These synonyms convey the same essential meaning as the original word but may differ in connotation or formality. For instance, "happy" and "joyful" are semantic synonyms.2. Stylistic Synonym: This type of synonym offers a different stylistic variation to the original word, often enhancing the tone or register of the sentence. For example, "said" and "uttered" are stylistic synonyms.3. Functional Synonym: These synonyms share the same grammatical function as the original word but may have slightly different meanings. For instance, "because" and "since" are functional synonyms.4. Euphemism: Euphemisms are synonyms that replace potentially offensive or sensitive words with more acceptable or inoffensive terms. For example, "passed away" is a euphemism for "died."5. Archaism: Archaisms are outdated words or phrasesthat may be used for a specific effect or to convey a senseof nostalgia or history. For instance, "thou" is an archaism for "you."Effective Implementation of Synonymous Substitutions.To effectively use synonymous substitutions in English composition, it is essential to consider the following guidelines:1. Precision: Synonyms should be carefully chosen to convey the intended meaning accurately. Using an inappropriate synonym can distort the intended message.2. Variety: Incorporating a variety of synonyms prevents monotony and makes the writing more engaging. Avoid excessive use of a single synonym.3. Context: The context of the sentence should guide the choice of synonyms. Some synonyms may be more suitable in particular contexts than others.4. Thesaurus: Using a thesaurus can help writers expandtheir vocabulary and identify potential synonyms. However, it is essential to understand the nuances of each synonym before using it.5. Practice: Regular practice and experimentation with synonymous substitutions will enhance the writer's ability to use them effectively.Benefits of Synonymous Substitutions.Employing synonymous substitutions in English composition offers numerous benefits, including:1. Enhanced Readability: Using synonyms breaks up repetitive patterns and makes the text easier to read and understand.2. Improved Style: Synonyms provide a wider range of expressive options, allowing writers to refine theirwriting style and convey their ideas more effectively.3. Avoidance of Clichés: Replacing overused words withsynonyms helps writers avoid falling into predictable language patterns and clichés.4. Depth and Nuance: Synonyms can convey subtle differences in meaning, adding depth and nuance to the composition.5. Increased Vocabulary: Experimenting with synonyms expands the writer's vocabulary, enhancing their overall language proficiency.Conclusion.Synonymous substitutions are indispensable tools in English composition, providing writers with the means to enhance their writing style, improve readability, and convey their ideas with greater precision and nuance. By carefully choosing and implementing synonyms, writers can produce compositions that are engaging, evocative, and effective.中文回答：英语作文中的同义词替换。
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2.词性变化
例1：I have a preference for a basic mobile phone though it
prefer to ordinary cell phone is not as advanced as a smartphone. I prefer to use an ordinary cell phone compared to a smartphone.
fulfills information demand, but also advertises the brand, product and position and conception. publicizes
Advertising fulfills the customers’ information demand
2.词性变化
例2：It is of great importance to keep a balanced diet as well
crucially important as a healthy eating habit.
A balanced diet and a healthy eating habit are crucially important.
3.短语替换
例1：He was hard up for money and was being pressed by
lack (of) money his creditor (债权人). Lack of money brought much trouble to him.
或：He was in financial difficulties.
正话反说
traditional / regular
In the follow-up class, the methods do not differ from regular classes in language teaching.
1.词词替换
reject, resist, refuse
例5：So the first thing to do if you want to have a restful
2.词性变化
例3：In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when
Biologically only one individual exists.
when its last individual dies
正话反说
Biologically, a species becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
1.词词替换
例1：In order to keep our health, we should take more
maintain To healthy food into consideration. consider To maintain our health, we shouldave computers out of bedroom. The earlier you
get your fingers off from the keyboard, the sooner you tend to fall asleep. Avoid alcohol, as it might reduce our cycles of the “rapid eye movement” sleep, when our brains process the information we have received during the day. It prevents our
brain activity going well. And do not eat nuts or cheese in the
evening. So in order to sleep well, people are advised to reject computer, resist alcohol as well as refuse nuts or cheese before bedtime.
healthy food.
1.词词替换
例2：The company’s promise to satisfy customers’ need is
guarantee customer commitment important to its success in sales promotion. satisfaction
概要写作微技能3：同义替换
动词、形容词、名词等
《考试说明》第五档第四条：完全使用自己的语言。
案例
There is no doubt that the celebrity spokespeople could
promote the sale of a product. Undoubtedly, the celebrity spokespeople could boost the sale of a product.
vital / of great importance The company’s commitment to guaranteeing customer
satisfaction is vital to its sales promotion.
1.词词替换
例3：Advertising not only satisfies the customers’
and publicizes the brand, product position and
conception.
1.词词替换
例4：In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are
similar to those used in conventional classes. not different