专八英国文学史笔记

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英语专八英国文学史笔记

The Victorian PeriodCharles DickensWilliam Makepeace ThackerayGeorge EliotThomas HoodCharlotte Bronte and Emily BronteAlfred, Lord TennysonRobert BrowningElizabeth Barrett BrowningTwentieth Century LiteratureThomas HardyJohn GalsworthyOscar WildeGeorge Bernard ShawD.H. LawrenceVirginia WoolfJames JoyceIndexThe Sixteenth CenturyWilliam ShakespeareThe works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism, a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.WorksFirst period: Romeo and JulietSecond Period:1.Hamlet, Prince of Demark2.Othello, the Moor of Venice3.King Lear4.The Tragedy of MacbethThe Seventeenth CenturyPoetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert, and prose became as somber as Burrton‟s Anatomy of Melancholy.The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisites workmanship, and one of great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression.John DrydenAs a critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of the restoration age. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim as to entertain the licentious aristocrats.John Donne1. PoetryFormPart of his poetry is in such classical forms as satires, elegies, and epistles---though it style has anything but classical smoothness---and part is written in lyrical forms of extraordinary variety.Characteristics1.Most of it purports to deal with life, descriptive or experimentally, and the first thing tostrike the reader is Donne‟s extraordinary and penetrating realism.2.The next is the cynicism which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents aconscious reaction from the extreme idealization of woman encouraged by the Patrarchantradition.Love-poemIn his serious love-poems, however, Donne, while not relaxing his grasp on the realities the love experience, suffuses it with an emotional intensity and a spiritualized ardor unique in English poetry.2. SonnetStyleIn moments of inspiration his style becomes wonderfully poignant and direct, heart-searching in its simple human accents, with an originality and force for which we look in vain among the clear and fluent melodies of Elizabethan lyrists.Conceit1.Sometimes the “conceits”, as these extravagant figures are called, are so odd that we losesight of the thing to be illustrated, in the startling nature of the illustration.2.The fashion of conceiting writing, somewhat like euphuism in prose, appeared in Italy andSpain also. Its imaginative exuberance has its parallels in baroque architecture and painting.SongGo and catch a falling star,Get with child a mandrake root,Tell me where all the past years are,Or who cleft the Devil‟s foot,Teach me to hear mermaids singing,Or to keep off envy‟s stinging,And findWhat windServers to advance an honest mind.If thou beest born to strange sights,Things invisible to see,Ride ten thousand days and nights,Till age snow white hairs on thee, Thou, when thou return‟st, wilt tell meAll strange wonders that befell thee,And answerNo where Lives a woman true, and fair,If thou find‟st one, let me know,Such a pilgrimage were sweet,Yet do not, I would no goThough next door we might meet, Though she were true when you met her,And last till you write your letter,Yet sheWill beFalse, ere I come, to two, or three.John Milton Days in HortonPamphletsParadise Lost1.It represents the author‟s views in an allegorical religious form,2.And the reader will easily discern its basic idea---the exposure of reactionary forces of thistime and passionate appeal for freedom.3.It is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---Adamand Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in plot.John BunyanMilton and BunyanBooks helpful for Bunyan significantly1.The books from his wife The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and The Practice of Pietygave fire to his imagination, which he saw new visions and dream terrible new dreams oflost souls.2.Without fully digestion of Bible and Scripture, he was tossed about alike a feather by all thewinds of doctrine.The Pilgrim‟s ProgressBunyan‟s most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, written in old fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.The Eighteenth century1.2 Founders of novelThe development of industry and trade brought to the foremen of a new stamp, who had to be typified in the new literature.1.3 Innermost life WritersAlong with the depiction of morals and manners and social mode of life the writers of the Enlightenment began to display interest of the inmost life of an individual.2. SentimentalismThe middle of the 18소century in England sees the inceptions of a new literarycurrent---that of sentimentalism.The sentimentalism came into being as a result of bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social society.The representatives of sentimentalismcontinued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. The philosophy of the enlighteners, though rational and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sense, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and, a cult of a “natural man” whose feelings display themselves in a most human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocratic---this cult was upheld by the majority of the enlighteners and helped them to fight against privileges of birth and descent which placed the aristocracy high above common people.But later enlighteners of England having come to the conclusion that, contrary to all reasoning, social injustices, still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore, appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.3. Pre-romanticismAnother conspicuous trend in the English literature of the latter half of the 18소century was the so-called pre-romanticism. It originated among the conservatives group of men of letters as a reactions against enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the Gothie novel”, the terms arising from the fact that the greater pa rt of such romance were devoted to the medieval times. EndThe task of upholding revolutionary struggle of the people for their rights in the 18소 century was initiated by Robert Burns and later taken up in the 19소 century by the writers of revolutionary romanticism.Daniel DefoeHenry FieldingJonathan SwiftThe eighteenth century in English literature is an age of prose, but because the poetry isOliver GoldsmithWilliam BlakeThe Romantic PeriodBackgroundIndustrial Revolution and French Revolution had a strong influence in Britain literature. Fighting for “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” also becomes British national spirit.Age of WordsworthLiteratureLake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. William WordsworthGorge Gordon, Lord ByronPercy Bysshe Shelly“Mad Shelly” his schoolmates called him, and in the judgment of the world he remained “mad Shelly” to the end of his life.John KeatsIn 1817 he published a little volume of verse, most of it crude and immature enough, but contain the magnificent sonnet, On First Looking into Chapman‘s Homer, which reveals one source of his inspiration. From the first his imagination has turned out to the old Greek work with instinctive sympathy; and he now choose as the subject for a long time narrative poem the story of Endymion, the Latmian shepherd beloved by the moon-goodness.Endymion was published in 1818. The exordium of poem, the Hymn to Pan in the opening episode, and a myriad other lines and short passages are worthy of the Keats that was to be; but as a whole Endymion is chaotic, and cloyed with ornament. Nobody knew better than Keats himself.Great odes including On Melancholy, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche, and To a Nightingale had done wonders in deepening and strengthening his gift. In turning from Spenser and Ariosto the great masculine poets of the seventeenth century, Shakespeare, Webster, Milton, and Dryden, he had found the iron which was lacking in his earlier intellectual food, and had learned the lessons of artistic calmness and severity, without sacrifice of the mellow sweetness native to him; to charm, he had added strength.Walter ScottWalter Scott is the creator an d a great master of the historical novel. Scott‟s novels give a panorama of feudal society from its early stages to its downfall. The writer describes the different phases of this epoch: the Crusades, the rise of absolute monarchy, the bourgeois revolution in England, the attempts to restore feudalism in the 18소century.Scott‟s novels were written from a definite class standpoint. Despite his aristocratic inclination, Scott was greatly interested in fate of the people, of the patriarchal peasant in particular, portraying the decay of their mode of life by the onslaught of industrial capitalism. Scott‟s historical approach to life was a result of the great changes wrought by the industrial revolution in England and the first bourgeois revolution in France. A contemporary of these events, the writer learnt from the lessons given by the history of his time that one cannot understand history without taking into account the role of the masses of the people.The central heroes of Scott‟s novels are young men of valor. They are usually of noble birth. It is noteworthy however, that these heroes appear in the novels as common men, poor, persecuted and faced with innumerable hardship. They are thrown into comradery with men in the ordinary rank of life and often establish a close friendship with them (Ivanhoe and others). In the end Scott‟s heroes acquire their titles and return to the prosperous life of the ruling class. Taken as whole, Scott‟s main hero is rather spastically, lacking in virility and lacking dept of psychological characterization.Scott‟s novel is the c onsummation and development of two different trends of the English literatureof the 18소and the beginning of the 19소centuries: that pertaining to the realistic novel of H. Fielding and T.G. Smollett and of the earlier 19th century realists, such as Jane Austen and others on the one hand, and that of the so-called Gothic novel of the pre-romanticists, such as H. Walpole and A. Radcliff and of whole romantic school of poetry on the other.The great realists of the 19th century made use of, and developed, the method of a realistic presentation of the past in their description and treatment of contemporary life. Thus we may say that Walter Scott‟s historical novel paved the path for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century.。

英国文学史期末复习笔记

英美文学史期末复习笔记英国美国1.伊丽莎白时期的文学 1.殖民地时期文学2.17世纪和18世纪的文学 2.浪漫主义文学3.浪漫主义时期 3.现实主义文学4.维多利亚时期 4.自然主义文学5.20世纪的小说与诗歌 5.20世纪20年代的诗歌与小说6.二战后的诗歌 6.二战后的诗歌与小说7.二战后的小说7.美国戏剧梳理8.少数族裔文学1.Definition of epicAn epic is a long narrative poem.2.Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。

乔叟the father of English poetry(literature) 英国文学之父the heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)AA BB CC DD EE代表作:The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）文艺复兴时期The Renaissance(1500-1660)1.the definition of RenaissanceRenaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France and thence to Germany and England and Spain and the other countries.核心：humanism ：admire human beauty and human achievement.文艺复兴三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔2.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)He is actor, playwright;totally 37 playsFour great tragedies:Hamlet (哈姆雷特)Othello(奥赛罗)King Lear(李尔王)Macbeth(麦克白)Four great comedies:The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth night 《第十二夜》Ben Johson dedicated a poem in praise of him:“…Soul of the age.He was not of an age, but for all time”.3.Sonnet(十四行诗）Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic(抑扬格的) pentameters（五步格诗）in English. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearen sonnet after its foremost practitinoner) comprises three quatrains (四行诗)and a final couplet（对句），rhyming ababcdcdefef. An important variant of this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser ), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the turn comes with the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram.4.metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌）The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The name given to a diverse group of 17th-century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious (精致的)use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits(幻想), strange paradoxes, and far-reaching imagery, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. T.S Eliot and others revived their reputation, stressing their quality of wit, in the sense of intellectual strenuousness and flexibility rather than smart humor.Its main features:①the diction is simple②The imagery is drawn from the actual life③The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.5.John Donne(1572-1631)View of poetry: A blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or "wit".The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.Special features: Conceits;wit;imagery;dramatic and conversational style.代表作：the flea《跳蚤》6.Francis Bacon(1561-1626)He is the precursor of materialism英国唯物主义的始祖（马克思和恩格斯语）；also the founder of modern science；the first British essayist.作品：Essays《随笔》(of studies is the most famous one of them)7.John MiltonDefense for the English People为英国人辩护;blank verse 素体诗作品：Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园18世纪的启蒙主义文学1.the definition of enlightenmentA general term applied to the movement of intellectual liberation that develop in Western Europe from the late 17th Century to the late 18th century.(the period is often called the Age of Reason), especially in France and Switzerland.The enlightenment culminated(使达到顶峰) with the writings of Jeans-Jacques Rousseau and the Encyclopedia（百科全书）, the philosophy of Immanuel(以马内利，基督的别称) Kant, and the political ideas of the American and French Revolutions while the forerunners in science and philosophy included Bacon, Descartes, Newton, and Locke. Its central idea was the need and the capacity of human reason to clearaway ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice.Literary features:①Classicism: As a critical term, classicism is a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greek and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. ②Neoclassicism:it emphasized the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.③Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.4 Pre-romanticism: In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism.Gothic novel is its most manifest expression.2.John Locke(1632-1704)one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers ;considered one of the first of the British empiricists经验主义者, following the tradition of Francis Bacon; best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer《荷马史诗》;He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations,after Shakespeare and Tennyson.3.Daniel Defoe(1661-1731)代表作：The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (英国文学史第一部小说)Moll Flanders《摩尔. 佛兰德斯》Robinson Crusoe celebrates the 18th-century Western civilization’s material triumphs and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. Robinson, apparently, is cast as a typical 18th-century middle-class tradesman, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.The hero is practical, diligent, shrewd, courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles. In another sense, Robinson is Everyman struggling to master nature.This novel is the representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.4.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)乔纳森.斯威夫特作品：Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》A Tale of a Tub 《木桶的故事》The Battle of Books 《书战》A Modest Proposal 《一个小小的建议》His writing features : Swift defines a good style as “proper words in proper places”. His language is always precise, simple, clear, vigorous as well as economical and concise.He is also a master satirist.5.Henry Fielding(1707-1754)The father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)代表作：《约瑟夫·安德鲁》Joseph Andrews《汤姆·琼斯》Tom Jones6.Oliver Goldsmith’s(1730-1774)代表作：The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师The Deserted Village 荒村浪漫主义时期English Romanticism(1798-1830)1.the definition of RomanticismIt is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》in the Parliament. English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism.Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they revol t against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc. and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.2.two schools of Romanticism①The lake poets湖畔派诗人（escapist romanticists）：William Wordsworth华兹华斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治and Robert Southey骚塞.They three were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.②The Satanic school撒旦派（active romanticists):Byron, Shelly, and Keats.3.William Blake(1757-1827)十九世纪英国浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家作品：Songs of Experience《经验之歌》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》The Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The Lamb《羊羔》4.Robert Burns（1759-1796）（苏格兰著名农民诗人）作品：“A Red, Red Rose”《红红的玫瑰》5.William Wordsworth(1770-1850)He focused on the nature, children, the poor, common people, in his poem, he aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, so he used ordinary words to express his personal feelings.1843年获得桂冠诗人(Laureate)称号代表作：The Daffodils《水仙花》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割者》6.George Gordon Byron（1788-1824）Influence:(to world)Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms & innovations. He stands with Shakespeare & Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland of Europe.(to china)His revolutionary zeal and democratic ideals, as shown in his stirring lyricThe Isles of Greece and Childe Harold, strongly impressed the Chinese youth who were then waging struggles to overthrow the old feudal system.代表作Don Juan《唐璜》, 1818-1823When we two parted《当我们分手》She walks in beauty《她走在美的光彩中》Byronic hero：a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers,unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(fiery passions unbending will, ideal of freedom, against tyranny(专制统治)and injustice, lonely fighters individualistic ends)7.Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）代表作：Ode To The West Wind《西风颂》Queen Mab 《麦布女王》8.John Keats（1795—1821）代表作：Ode to An Nightingale《夜莺颂》(“美即是真，真即是美”Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.是他的著名诗句。

英国文学史笔记总结部分

English Literature 英国文学史笔记The Development of English LiteratureFrom the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods:1. Early and Medieval English literature;2. The English Renaissance;3. The 17th C. – The Period of Revolution and Restoration;4. The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment5. Romanticism in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;6. The Victorian Age;7. The 20th Century Literature –Modernism and Post-ModernismChapter1 Literature of Old and Medieval Period(449—1485)1) Anglo-Saxon Period /Old English Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem in the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.2）The Anglo-Norman Period /Middle English Period (1066-1485)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman Conquest (1066). After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code, the romantic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc.. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.㈠Definitions of Literary Terms1. Couplet(对句): a couplet is two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.2. Iambic pentameter: each line has five feet of iambs; in each foot, there is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.3.Heroic Couplet(英雄偶句／双韵体): two consecutive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. (an iambic pentameter couplet). The form was introduced into English by Geoffrey Chaucer and was widely used subsequently, reaching a height of popularity in the works of Alexander Pope.4. Blank Verse(无韵体，素体诗): unrhymed iambic pentameter.5. Epic(史诗): A long narrative poem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes.6. Frame story: a narrative that provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told. (The Canterbury Tales isa collection of stories in a frame story)7. Romance: A tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. The content of Romance was usually about love, chivalry and religion.㈡Geoffrey Chaucer (about1340—1400) 杰弗里•乔叟“The Founder (Father) of English poetry‖A Londoner of bourgeois origin, the most important and influential poet in medieval England, established English as a courtly language. Geoffrey’s Chaucer’s works are often categorized in three chronological periods (the French period, the Italian period and the English period).Ⅰ.Chaucer’s Contributions①. He introduced from French the ―heroic couplet‖ to English poetry.②. He is the first important poet to write in the current English language.③. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.Ⅱ.Geoffrey Chaucer’s famous work :The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400)《坎特伯雷集》an unfinished series of stories told by a group of pilgrims(about 29), who came from all layers of society(a knight, a prioress, a plowman, a merchant, a clerk, the wife from Bath, etc.), journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. ―The General Prologue‖ told us Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. But Chaucer had actually completed only 23 stories.Scholars are uncertain about the order of the tales, and The Canterbury Tales has been passed down in several handwritten manuscripts.Ⅲ. Other works:1)The French period (to 1372): Book of Duchess (1369) 《公爵夫人之书》2)The Italian period (1372—1385): House of Fame (1379—1384) 《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls (1377—1382) 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde (1382—1385) 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》3)The English period (1387—1400): The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400) Chapter 2 Literature of English Renaissance（1485—1616）The Renaissance as a cultural movement embraced all Western Europe roughly from the 14th century to the 17th century. It first sprang in Florence of Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe (to Germany and Spain and England). ―Renaissance‖, French for ―rebirth‖, refers to the revival of interest in ancient Roman and Greek culture.During this period, the classical arts and learning were discovered again and widely studied , so the term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Roman and Greek) arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism , it also marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution .In the Renaissance period, scholars and educators called themselves humanists and began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture, in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world. So humanism became the keynote of the English Renaissance. And the greatest humanist is Thomas More, the author of Utopia. The representatives in literature are Shakespeare and Bacon. The former has the greatest contribution in drama an d sonnets while the latter’s essays are condensed and witty.代表人物：1) Thomas More（1478—1535）托马斯•莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2) Thomas Wyatt 托马斯•怀亚特He introduced sonnet into English literature引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter3) Edmund Spenser（1522—1599）埃德蒙•斯宾塞“the poet’s poet”(诗人中的诗人) English poet whose long allegorical poem(寓言性浪漫史诗) The Faerie Queene 《仙后》is one of the greatest in the English language. It was written in what cameto be called the Spenserian stanza.Spenserian stanza：A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The last line is written in iambic hexameter4) Christopher Marlowe （1564—1593）克里斯托弗•马洛“the most gifted writer of the University Wits”“the forerunner of English drama”“The Father of English Tragedy” (one-man tragedy) The greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。

专八考试英国文学复习资料（整理）

专八考试英国文学复习资料（整理）专八考试英国文学复习资料（按时间顺序）整理一The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)1代表作：The Song of Beowulf贝奥武夫（民族史诗national epic）采用了隐喻手法2写作手法：押头韵例子：to his kin the kindest ,kennest for praise二The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)1 Canto 诗章romance传奇文学（romance was a prevaliling form of literature in the medieval period）2代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士，是一首押头韵的长诗三Geffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1 he is the father of English poetry 他是英国诗歌之父2 heroic couplet 英雄体对句Pentameter 五步抑扬格3代表作：the Canterbury tales 坎特伯雷故事集（英国文学史的开端）、小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner ,thus revealing his own views and charactors.小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.he is anxious to see man freed from superstitons and a blind belief in fate.4大众民谣popular ballads:a story hold in 4-lines stanzas with second and foruth line rhymed.ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.代表人物：Bishot Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕西主教Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林戴尔四Renaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期DramaCanto1 key words:humanism人文主义：admire the bueaty and huamn achievement2 代表人物：1）Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2）Francis Bacon 佛朗西斯.培根，他是第一个散文家，“the trumpeter of a new age”(his essaies invlve bueaty,love and studies)3)Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特，他是引入十四行诗的第一人（另外写十四行诗的还有Henry Howard ,Sidney,Spenser）4)John Lyly 约翰.黎里Eupheus夸饰文体5)Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德.斯宾塞被称作诗人中的诗人poet’s poet，代表作有the fairy queen仙后，The Shepherd’s Calendar 牧羊人日志。

英国文学史笔记(上外)

IndexThe Sixteenth CenturyWilliam ShakespeareThe works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism, a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations. WorksFirst period: Romeo and Juliet Second Period:1. Hamlet, Prince of Demark2. Othello, the Moor of Venice3. King Lear4. The Tragedy of MacbethThe Seventeenth CenturyPoetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert, and prose became as somber as Burrton’s Anatomy of Melancholy .The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so called gloomy age produced someminor poems of exquisites workmanship, and one of great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression.John DrydenAs a critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of the restoration age. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim as to entertain the licentious aristocrats.John Donne1. PoetryFormPart of his poetry is in such classical forms as satires, elegies, and epistles---though it style has anything but classical smoothness---and part is written in lyrical forms of extraordinary variety.Characteristics1.Most of it purports to deal with life, descriptive or experimentally, and the first thing tostrike the reader is Donne’s extraordinary and penetrating realism.2.The next is the cynicism which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents aconscious reaction from the extreme idealization of woman encouraged by the Patrarchantradition.Love-poemIn his serious love-poems, however, Donne, while not relaxing his grasp on the realities the love experience, suffuses it with an emotional intensity and a spiritualized ardor unique in English poetry.2. SonnetStyleIn moments of inspiration his style becomes wonderfully poignant and direct, heart-searching in its simple human accents, with an originality and force for which we look in vain among the clear and fluent melodies of Elizabethan lyrists.Conceit1.Sometimes the “conceits”, as these extravagant figures are called, are so odd that we losesight of the thing to be illustrated, in the startling nature of the illustration.2.The fashion of conceiting writing, somewhat like euphuism in prose, appeared in Italy andSpain also. Its imaginative exuberance has its parallels in baroque architecture and painting.SongGo and catch a falling star,Get with child a mandrake root,Tell me where all the past years are,Or who cleft the Devil’s foot,Teach me to hear mermaids singing,Or to keep off envy’s stinging,And findWhat windServers to advance an honest mind.If thou beest born to strange sights,Things invisible to see,Ride ten thousand days and nights,Till age snow white hairs on thee,Thou, when thou return’st, wilt tell meAll strange wonders that befell thee,And answerNo whereLives a woman true, and fair,If thou find’st one, let me know,Such a pilgrimage were sweet,Yet do not, I would no goThough next door we might meet,Though she were true when you met her,And last till you write your letter,Yet sheWill beFalse, ere I come, to two, or three.John MiltonDays in HortonPamphletsParadise Lost1.It represents the author’s views in an allegorical religious form,2.And the reader will easily discern its basic idea---the exposure of reactionary forces of thistime and passionate appeal for freedom.3.It is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---Adamand Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in plot.John BunyanMilton and BunyanBooks helpful for Bunyan significantly1.The books from his wife The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and The Practice of Pietygave fire to his imagination, which he saw new visions and dream terrible new dreams oflost souls.2.Without fully digestion of Bible and Scripture, he was tossed about alike a feather by all thewinds of doctrine.The Pilgrim’s ProgressBunyan’s most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, written in old fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.The Eighteenth century1. Enlightenment1.1 First representatives of Enlightenment1.2 Founders of novelThe development of industry and trade brought to the foremen of a new stamp, who had to1.3 Innermost life WritersAlong with the depiction of morals and manners and social mode of life the writers of the2. SentimentalismThe middle of the 18소 century in England sees the inceptions of a new literary current---that of sentimentalism.The sentimentalism came into being as a result of bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social society.The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. The philosophy of the enlighteners, though rational and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sense, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of na ture and, a cult of a “natural man” whose feelings display themselves in a most human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocratic---this cult was upheld by the majority of the enlighteners and helped them to fight against privilegesof birth and descent which placed the aristocracy high above common people.But later enlighteners of England having come to the conclusion that, contrary to all reasoning, social injustices, still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore, appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.3. Pre-romanticismAnother conspicuous trend in the English literature of the latter half of the 18소 century was the so-called pre-romanticism. It originated among the conservatives group of men of letters as a reactions against enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the Gothie novel”, the terms arising from the fact that the greater part of such romance were devoted toEndThe task of upholding revolutionary struggle of the people for their rights in the 18소century was initiated by Robert Burns and later taken up in the 19소 century by the writers of revolutionary romanticism.Daniel DefoeHenry FieldingJonathan SwiftThe eighteenth century in English literature is an age of prose, but because the poetry is very bad but because the prose is very good.Oliver GoldsmithWilliam BlakeThe Romantic PeriodBackgroundIndustrial Revolution and French Revolution had a strong influence in Britain literature. Fighting for “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” also becomes Br itish national spirit.Age of WordsworthLiteratureLake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.William WordsworthGorge Gordon, Lord ByronPercy Bysshe Shelly“Mad Shelly” his schoolmates called him, and in the judgment of the world he remained “mad Shelly” to the end of his life.John KeatsIn 1817 he published a little volume of verse, most of it crude and immature enough, but contain the magnificent sonnet, On First Looking into Chapman‘s Homer, which reveals one source of his inspiration. From the first his imagination has turned out to the old Greek work with instinctive sympathy; and he now choose as the subject for a long time narrative poem the story of Endymion, the Latmian shepherd beloved by the moon-goodness.Endymion was published in 1818. The exordium of poem, the Hymn to Pan in the opening episode, and a myriad other lines and short passages are worthy of the Keats that was to be; but as a whole Endymion is chaotic, and cloyed with ornament. Nobody knew better than Keats himself.Great odes including On Melancholy, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche, and To a Nightingale had done wonders in deepening and strengthening his gift. In turning from Spenser and Ariosto the great masculine poets of the seventeenth century, Shakespeare, Webster, Milton, and Dryden, he had found the iron which was lacking in his earlier intellectual food, and had learned the lessons of artistic calmness and severity, without sacrifice of the mellow sweetness native to him; to charm, he had added strength.Walter ScottWalter Scott is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. Scott’s novels give a panoramaof feudal society from its early stages to its downfall. The writer describes the different phases of this epoch: the Crusades, the rise of absolute monarchy, the bourgeois revolution in England, the attempts to restore feudalism in the 18소 century.Scott’s novels were written from a definite class standpoint. Despite his aristocratic inclination, Scott was greatly interested in fate of the people, of the patriarchal peasant in particular, portraying the decay of their mode of life by the onslaught of industrial capitalism. Scott’s historical approach to life was a result of the great changes wrought by the industrial revolution in England and the first bourgeois revolution in France. A contemporary of these events, the writer learnt from the lessons given by the history of his time that one cannot understand history without taking into account the role of the masses of the people.The central heroes of Scott’s novels are young men of valor. The y are usually of noble birth. It is noteworthy however, that these heroes appear in the novels as common men, poor, persecuted and faced with innumerable hardship. They are thrown into comradery with men in the ordinary rank of life and often establish a c lose friendship with them (Ivanhoe and others). In the end Scott’s heroes acquire their titles and return to the prosperous life of the ruling class. Taken as whole, Scott’s main hero is rather spastically, lacking in virility and lacking dept of psychological characterization.Scott’s novel is the consummation and development of two different trends of the English literature of the 18소and the beginning of the 19소centuries: that pertaining to the realistic novel of H. Fielding and T.G. Smollett and of the earlier 19th century realists, such as Jane Austen and others on the one hand, and that of the so-called Gothic novel of the pre-romanticists, such as H. Walpole and A. Radcliff and of whole romantic school of poetry on the other.The great realists of the 19th century made use of, and developed, the method of a realistic presentation of the past in their description and treatment of contemporary life. Thus we may say that Walter Scott’s historical novel paved the path for the development of the realisti c novel of the 19th century.。

英国文学史笔记

英国文学史笔记Christopher Marlowe William ShakespeareAlexander Pope Edmund SpenserHenry Fielding Samuel RichardsonGeoffrey Chaucer Thomas MoreSamuel Taylor Coleridge Jane Austen Jonathan SwiftHenry Fielding Samuel Richardson William ShakespeareJohn Milton Daniel DefoeWilliam Blake William WordsworthJonathan Swift Ben JonsonThe Anglo-Saxon period (the 11th~14th centuries)Beowulf : the most important piece ;forming period of English literatureBeowulf is the national epic(史诗) of Anglo-Saxon period, while Beowulf is the great warrior of …Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic in British literature. A rich fabric(结构) of fact and fancy.“I shall perform the deeds of hero or I have passed my last day in this mead hall.”The 14th century-the age of ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer, the writer of The Canterbury Tales. While most of his contemporaries are busy writing with French(the language of court) and Latin( the language of church), Chaucer is experimenting with the vernacular(本国的) English.The Arthurian LegendsGeoffrey Chaucer: father of English literature and poetry, a great master of English language.Anthology 诗选The 15th century-the transitional periodThe transitional period between the age of Chaucer and the age of Shakespeare with the popular ballad, Robin Hood Ballad, as the most representative form of literature.Rabin Hood ballads are popular ballads dealing with the famous outlaw……Thomas MoreThomas More –Utopia (written in 1515)This book contains (1) a realistic picture of early 16th century England: social evilsare exposed and attacked (2) the first sketch of the ideal commonwealth by an English writer.Limitations of the book: Utopia(1)His dream world did not have its sound political, economic and socialbases.(2)His indifferent attitude toward slavery and his actual contempt for physicallabor.(3)Contradictions in his world outlook.The Elizabethan AgeEdmund Spenser – The Faerie QueenEnglish poet, born in LondonChristopher Marlowe – Doctor FaustusPlaywright, greatest dramatist before ShakespeareDr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.Ben JonsonWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)He is English playwright and poet, and is recognized in much of the world as the greatest dramatist.Dramatic Works:William Shakespeare has 37 plays to his credit.JULIET:'Tis but thy name that is my enemy;Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What's Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other partBelonging to a man. O, be some other name!What's in a name? that which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet;So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,Retain that dear perfection which he owes Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,And for that name which is no part of theeTake all myself.Love’s Labor’s Lost 爱的徒劳The Merchant of V eniceThe Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧Julius Caesar 凯撒The Two Gentlemen of V eronaPeriod of Romantic Comedies (1595-1600)Four great comedies:The Merchant of V enice – PortiaAs Y ou Like It – RosalindMuch Ado About Nothing – BeatriceTwelfth Night – ViolaThe Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Merry Wives of WindsorA Midsummer-Night’s DreamMature Period (1601-1609)This is the period of tragedies. Four great tragedies:Othello ; King Lear ; Hamlet ; MacbethShakespeare’s Contribution to Drama(1)themes of progressive significance(2)masterful character portrayal(3)adroit plot construction(4)great freedom and ease in the use of languageThe Jacobean AgeBen Jonson (1573-1637)The most important playwright among Shakespeare’s contemporariesEvery Man in His Humor“comedy of humors”The Jacobean Prose:Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Francis Bacon was an important scientist, philosopher and essayist.“Real founder of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general.”– Marx 唯物主义从他开始(1)New InstrumentIn this work Bacon introduced the inductive method to the science.(2)The New AtlantisIn this book Bacon described a utopian society –a fictitious land where his principles of collaborative research have been put into effect in a great agricultural and mechanical experimental station called Solomon’s House.(3)Essays:T hese essays reflect the author’s views on political, social and personal problems and in turn the bourgeois ideals and limitations of a man.*Conciseness of expression and simplicity of dictions are the two chief characteristics of Bacon’s style. Bacon’s essays exerted important influence on the development of English prose. They are the first “essays” in English.Of StudiesThe English Revolution PeriodMetaphysical poets: 玄学派诗人(1) John Donne(2) John MiltonMilton is often considered the greatest English poet after William Shakespeare. 1)Paradise Lost : greatest epic poem of MiltonIt deals with the fall of man, Satan’s revolt against God and man’s loss of Paradise. The first three lines of Paradise Lost:Of Man’s first disobedience, and the first fruitOf that forbidden tree whose mortal tasteBrought death into the World, and all our woe2)Paradise Regained :Another epic dealing with the redemption of man by Christ3)Samson Agonistes(3)John BunyanSpoke for common people; “the Immortal Tinker”Most famous one “Pilgrim’s Progress”天路历程has become a world classic.V anity Fair 名利场The Life and Death of Mr. Badman(4)John DrydenThe most prominent poet, dramatist, translator, literature critic of Revolution Period, the greatest neoclassicist of the Restoration Period, the age of Dryden Introduced “heroic play”–drama in epic mode; grand, rhetorical and declamatory; its themes being love and honorBest-known piece of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, written in the form of a dialogue.Three Unities “三一律”The EnlightenmentTwo groups of English Enlighteners(1)Those in favor of partial reform :Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele and Richardson(2)The more radical wing :Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Sheridan and GoldsmithAlexander PopeHis most famous poem, “The Rape of the Lock”–夺发记An ingenious mock(1)Enlightener (2) neo-classicist (3) satirist (4) brilliant poet (5) had a greatinfluenceChief Works:1. An Essay on Criticism:A manifesto of neo-classicismAncient poets are highly praised and rules are laid down to be observed.2. An Essay on Man:The best known and the most quoted of all Pope’s works.3. Moral EssaysA good style as “proper words in proper places” is defineThe names of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele have always been linkedwith the literary periodicals – The Tattler and The Spectator..Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)English novelist and journalistProlific 多产的Defoe’s first and most famous novel, “The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”– Alexander Selkirk (原型)∙ A Letter to a Dissenter from his Friend at the Hague, 1688∙Essay on Projects, 1697∙True Born Englishman: A Satyr, 1701. -∙The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters, 1702.∙Hymn to the Pillory, 1703∙ A True Relation of the Apparition of One Mrs Veal, 1705∙The Consolidator, 1705∙Giving Alms No Charity, 1704.∙Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business∙The Family Instructor, 1715∙Dickory Cronke, the Dumb Philosopher, 1719∙On the Education of Women, 1719∙The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 1719.∙The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 1719∙The Life of Captain Singleton, 1720.∙Memoirs of a Cavalier, 1720∙The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders, 1722.∙Colonel Jack, 1722.∙Tour Through Eastern Counties of England, 1722∙From London to Land's End∙Journal of the Plague Year, 1722.∙Roxana, 1724∙The Great Law of Subordination Considered, 1724.∙ A General History of the Robberies and Murder of the Most Notorious Pyrates (attrib.), 1724-8 - excerpts∙ A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, 1724-7.∙The Complete English Tradesman, 1725-7. - excerpts∙The Political History of the Devil, 1726∙An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions, 1727∙London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe, 1728∙The Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, 1729Poems: The True-Born Englishman; A Hymn to the PilloryPicaresque Novel 流浪汉式小说Earliest English picaresque novel is believed to have been The Unfortunate Traveler or, The Life of Jack Wilton (1594) by Thomas.Jonathan SwiftAnglo-Irish satirist and political pamphleteer, considered one of the greatest masters of English prose. He was born in Dublin.A Modest ProposalSwift’s masterpiece Travel into Several Remote Nations of the World, more popularly titled Gulliver’s Travels. It was an instant success. It was an attack on human society. It is at once a fantasy and a realistic work of fiction.Prose: The Battle of Book; A Tale of a TubSamuel RichardsonHis novels are in epistolary form(a series of letters).A founder of the English modern novel and an outstanding novelist.(1)PamelaThe first epistolary novel in the English language; sometimes called the first modern English novel because of its “penetrating” psychological analysis.(2) ClarissaIt is the longest novel in Britain and generally considered Richardson’s masterpiece. Significance:1.sympathy for women2.psychological study *3.exposure of the moral hypocrisyHenry FieldingHe has been considered the real founder of modern fiction.Fielding’s masterpiece:The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)1)one of the great English novels2)is in the picaresque traditionTobias George SmollettA versatile and prolific writerThe comic inventiveness of character and incident greatl y influenced the work of English novelist Charles Dickens.He has three important novels:1.Roderick Random:The first sea novel in English literature, written more or less in the picaresque tradition and narrated in the first person.2.Peregrine Pickle:A picaresque novel3. Humphrey ClinkerWritten in the epistolary formLaurence Sterne1. Tristram ShandyMeditation 沉思,冥想The novel is considered a precursor to the modern novel and the technique of “stream of consciousness.”2. A Sentimental Journey:Sterne enjoys a European fame. He not only has his far-reaching influence upon English writers of later days, especially on Byron and Thackeray, but also upon Diderot(狄德罗) and Rousseau(卢梭) and V oltaire(伏尔泰)Sterne’s fame rests chiefly on his two books, Tristram Shandy and A Sentimental Journey, especially the former..The Gothic RomancesThe Castle of Otranto (1764)Considered the first Gothic novel in EnglishMary Shelley 这一时期的代表Shelley’s wife 雪莱之妻Frankenstein: the first and most important workThe Domestic Novels:1)Fanny Burney: Evelina2)Jane Austen: Pride and PrejudiceThe former described the fashionable society in London, while the latter the life oflanded gentry in provincial England.Richard SheridanComedy: The Rivals and The School for ScandalThe 18th– Century ProseSamuel JohnsonEnglish writer and lexicographer,a major figure in 18th–century literature. In 1755, Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language,which took him eight years to complete. The dictionary contains about 40,000 entries with vivid, idiosyncratic definitions and an extraordinary range of examples. The Dictionary of the English Language is the first kind of English dictionary.Thomas GrayBest known poem: Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardRobert BurnsHe is Scottish poet and writer of traditional Scottish folk songs, whose works are known and loved wherever the English language is read.He has been considered the greatest Scottish poet. His love songs are unsurpassed.He is a many-sided genius:Poet: A Red, Red RoseWilliam BlakeHe is an important English poet at the turn of the 19th century.Blake should be remembered chiefly for his bitter social criticism, for his fight for freedom, and for his lyricism.The Songs of Experience is certainly the most important of all Blake’s poetry.Poem: The Chimney SweeperLondonThe TigerWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)1. English poet, one of the most accomplished and influential of England’sromantic poets.2. Themes: freedom, folk, mature3. The DaffodilsI wandered lonely as a cloud,That floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Byron was notorious for his love affairs and unconventional lifestyle⏹He died while working to secure Greek independence from the Turks.⏹The “Byronic hero”— lonely, rebellious, and brooding— first appeared inManfred (1817).Among his other works are Childe Harold(1812-1818), The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), and the epic satire Don Juan (1819-1824).⏹Since the 1920s, his poetry has exerted considerable influence upon theChinese poets, and with the translation of some of his poems into the Chinese language, his name has become well known to the general reading public in China.●In 1822, shortly before his 30th birthday, Shelley was drowned in a stormwhile sailing.●In the final stanza—which ends with the now famous line “If Wintercomes, can Spring be far behind?”—Shelley appeals to the wind to help him spread the moral and political messages of his work.● A Defense of Poetry lays emphasis on the social educative role of poetry●. Byron only attacked political tyranny, but Shelley also saw the cruel relations of economic exploitation in the feudal-bourgeois world.Shelley had faith in the collective strength of the people and worked for the interests of the masses while Byron thought more of one’s personal happiness and sorrow and he believed chiefly in the might of individual heroes but had contempt for the common people.●Marx once said, “The real difference between Byron and Shelley is this:those who understand them and love them rejoice that Byron died at 36, because if he had lived he would become a reactionary bourgeois, theygrieve that Shelley died at 29, because he was essentially a revolutionist and he would always have been one of the advanced guard of socialism.”•John Keats (1795-1821), English poet, and an influential figure of the romantic movement.Ode to a Nightingale is possibly one of the most poignant expressions of Keats’ intense personal yearning for freedom from human misery as he fell under the magic of the nightingale’s song.•John Keats is remembered for his melodious, rich verse, and is considered one of the greatest English poets.Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott is considered the first major European historical novelist.l Scott’s historical novels may be conveniently divided into three main groups which coincided with the three periods in his creative career: l(1) The history of Scotlandl(2) English historyl(3) European historyl Novels on English historyl e.g. Ivanhoe: the struggle of Anglo-Saxon peasantry against their oppressors the Norman lords, in the last part of the 12th century.l Jane Austen (1775-1817), major English novelist, whose brilliantly witty, elegantly structured satirical fiction marks the transition in English literature from 18th-century neoclassicism to 19th-century romanticism.Austen was born near Basingstoke.l In her first period, from 1796 to 1798, she wrote Sense and Sensibility(1811), Pride and Prejudice(1813), and Northanger Abbey (1818); these novels did not find a publisher for several years after their composition.l Austen's second period of productivity began in 1811 after the publication of Sense and Sensibility.l She produced in quick succession her last three novels: Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1816), and Persuasion (1818).It is a truth universally acknowledged thatWho are the main characters of "Wuthering Heights"?I'm just lost. There are way too many characters, and I'm having trouble picking out the main characters.For example, would Mr. Lockwood be considered one? He's only listening to the story that Mrs. Dean is telling him.So please, can anyone write the name of all the main characters?1.Redscar has given you a terrific outline of the characters inthis novel. The only thing I might add is this: not all characters in fiction are considered "main characters". Characters have different roles in literature. For example, Mr. Lockwood and Nellie Dean are characters, but they are both used as vehicles for advancing the plot.This is a technique the author uses to tell the story in retrospect.Nellie narrates the story to Mr. Lockwood but Nellie is also a character in the action that has taken place in the past. She has experienced the tale she is telling to Mr. Lockwood. She is both a storyteller and part of the plot itself. Keep in mind that Nellie's story is biased, however, but this too has its purpose in the novel.2.It is my opinion (and some will disagree) that the two maincharacters of this novel are Heathcliff and Catherine. Wuthering Heights is THEIR story. All of the other characters have significance only as they relate to Heathcliff and Catherine. In other novels, there are many subplots, and so it can be said that there are many "main" characters, but in this novel, the entire story is about Heathcliff and Catherine.Even after Catherine dies and the younger generation comes into play, the story is still about Catherine and Heathcliff because Heathcliff cannot give Catherine up. So, I think if you really want to boil things down, Catherine and Heathcliff are the two main characters and all of the other characters are vehicles that enrich their story.。

(完整word版)英国文学史笔记(上外)

WorksFirst period: Romeo and JulietSecond Period:1.Hamlet， Prince of Demark2.Othello, the Moor of Venice3.King Lear4. The Tragedy of MacbethThe Seventeenth CenturyPuritan AgePoetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert ， and prose became as somber as Burrton’s Anatomy of Melancholy 。

The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age 。

This so called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisites workmanship, and one of great master of verse whose work would glorify anyage or people —--John Milton, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression.Restoration AgeJohn DrydenAs a critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of the restoration age。

英国文学史学生笔记

Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureHistorical Background1.When does early and medieval period refer to?“Early” here means English literature in primitive and slavery society. “Medieval” means English literature in feudal England b efore the Renaissance.2. What main events happened during this period?Roman conquest English conquest Norman conquestLiterature Achievements in old English period1.two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group was the pagan （异教徒）poetry represented by Beowulf, the second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.2. In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared. The famous prose writers of that period were Venerable Bede and Alfred the Great.Venerable Bede : is the first scholar and chronicler（年代史编者）in England. The most important works : The Ecclesiastical History of the English People.Alfred the Great : started the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.BeowulfI. Definition of epic（史诗）:an extended narrative poem（叙事诗）inelevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.II. Story of Beowulf : P3-4Questions : 1.setting :2. characters: 3.plotIII. Some important points“Beowulf” is a folk legend brought to England b y Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. However it also reflected the features of the tribal society（部落社会）in Britain.Originally Beowulf, the great epic, was in oral form and it must be a collective creation.Beowulf in the epic is a legendary figure. In formal history you can not find a man named Beowulf.IV. Artistic features of “Beowulf’’1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: Words beginning with the same consonants alliterate with each other within each line. Each line of verse may contain an indefinite number of words or syllables but generally has four stresses, with a pause between the second and the third stresses.2. ·Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas. Literary Features of the Anglo-Saxon Period1) secular(非宗教的) poetry, non religious poems but with Christian coloring;2) created collectively and orally;3) based on history, legend or events of the time;4) for entertainment;5) unknown writers, written down by the monks in the 10th centuryLiterature achievement in Middle English Period1.Romance: ( for noble )2.Ballads（民歌）: ( folk literature) (oral)( for English people)3. Poetry:1) William Langland (popular literature)2) Chaucer ( the founder of English literature)1.Romance:It is the most prevailing kind of literature in England on feudal period. It is a long composition, in verse or in prose. It describes the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central theme is loyalty to King and Lord. The code of manners and morals of a knight is Chivalry（骑士精神）. The most important romance is King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.2. Ballads:a.It is the most important form of English folk literature.b.It is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas with the second and fourthline rhymed.c.It is a literature of common people,( mainly the literature of the peasants) fromthem one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.d.It flourished in England in the 15th century.e.The most important ballads in England are Robin Hood .3. PoetryWilliam Langland:a. life:b. content:1.attack on the corruption of the rich and the wickedness of clergy2.the political situation of the time3.search for truth4. attack on the seven Deadly Sins（七宗罪）:(pride, lechery (色欲），envy, wrath, avarice, glutton, sloth)c. Social significance:1.a classic of popular literature2.kindled the toiling people‟s sense of human dignity and equality before God3.arousing revolutionary sentimentd. artistic features:1.It is written in the form of a dream vision.2.It is an allegory（寓言）which relates truth through symbolism. But in the main, it is a realistic picture of medieval England.3. The poem uses satire（讽刺）in his description of social abuses caused by the corruption4.The poem is written in alliteration.nguage style: lively speech of the countryside , blunt and unpolished words.Geoffrey ChaucerI. His Life♦Born in a wine merchant‟s family♦Trip to the continent on diplomatic missions,two of which took him to Italy♦Buried in Westminster Abbey, the poets‟ corner♦Political background:relation with John of GauntII. Literary Career:♦French period:The Book of the Duchess♦Italian period: works adapted from the Italian: Troilus and Criseyde♦English period: The Canterbury TalesHe reached maturity and was free from dominant foreign influence.III. His works:♦The Book of the Dutchess 《公爵夫人之书》♦The House of Fame《声誉之堂》♦The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》♦The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》♦Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯和克莱西》Troilus and Criseyde♦It is based on a poem by Boccaccio, his longest poem, written in the rhymed royal(君王体）(a seven-line stanza in iambic pentameter rhyming ababbcc.)The Canterbury Tales♦Questions :1. the organization of the book( the relationship between the general prologue and each tale)2.The main features of Chaucer‟s narration3.The image of Wife of Bath♦Basic informationForm: most of the tales are written in heroic coupletSetting: Tabard InnCharacters: types of literature: courtly romance, folk tale.,beast fable, story of travel and adventure, saint‟s life, allegorical tale, sermon, alchemical account.Language: Middle English, vivid, exact, word- picturesLength: planned to be 120 stories. The General prologue,20 complete tales, 4 fragments, separate prologues to each tale with links, comments,quarrels ,etc. in between.Arrangement: linked through the host‟s comments and prologue.two ways: the personality of the host affords a clear string of connection from the 1st to the last tale. There is an intimate connection between the tales and prologue.Typical characters: almost all medieval figures from different sides of life except noble and serfs （农奴）.Character of the wife of Bath ：the owner of a cloth factory, light-hearted, merry, somewhat vulgar and talkative. a lengthy account of her feelings about marriage.The Canterbury Tales’ significancereflection of his times--- a panoramic view（全景）of his contemporarylife; reflection of his humanist idea---- he exposed the evils of the church, the corruption of the upper class, praise man’s intellect and love; he affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness and oppose the dogma（教条）of asceticism（禁欲主义）preached by church.IV. Chaucer’s contributions:a. Forerunner of humanismb. The first realistic writerc. Father of English poetryd. Master of the English languagePart Two: The English Renaissance1. Renaissance in Europea. It began in the 14th century in Italy.b. nature: a cultural and intellectual movementc. content: there arose a current for the study of Greek and Latin authors; a generaldissatisfaction at the catholic（天主教）and feudal ideas.d. two striking（显著的）features: curiosity for classical literatureinterest in the activities of humanityII. Historical BackgroundThe establishment of Tudor Dynasty(1485-1603)Religious ReformationThe establishment of Protestantism（新教）Commercial expansion abroadThe war with Spain(English bourgeoisie资产阶级fought for existence and power) III. Renaissance and HumanismHumanisma.Nature: a literary and philosophical system of thought which attempt to placethe affairs of mankind at the center of its concerns.b.Origin: in Italyc.Source: based on a new reading of Greek and Roman literature, and anaffirmation of the importance of Platonic philosophy（柏拉图哲学）and reinterpretation of the writings of Aristotle（亚里士多德）.d.Idea: It took the life of man in the presence as a major interest.e.Humanism was one of the most important factors giving rise to theRenaissance. It is an attitude rather than a philosophy.The main traits of the Renaissance Literaturea. Its chief characteristic is the expression of secular（世俗的）values with maninstead of God as the center of the universe.b. It emphasizes the dignity of man, affirms and eulogizes（颂扬）the value ofman.c. It advocates the full expression of individualism and the fulfillment of one‟sabilities against the despotic rule of the feudalism.d. It affirms the delight of earthly achievement as well as men‟s desire for happinessand pleasure.PoetryI.Two poets before the Elizabethan Age:Thomas Wyatt; Henry Howarda. sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter（五步抑扬格）rhymed, introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey.b. Surrey: the first English blank verse, the form of poetry to be later masterly handled by Shakespeare and Milton.c. the songs and sonnets by Wyatt and Surrey was the first anthology of English lyric poems.II.Two poets of the Elizabethan Age1. Philip Sidneya. life: well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. He is Spencer‟s friend. Spencerwrote Shepherd‟s Calendar to dedicate to him. He was a courti er, a scholarand soldier.b. his collection of love sonnets:Astrophel and Stellac. criticism:Apology for Poetry: represent the spirit of literary criticism of the Renaissance.2. Edmund Spencera. life : a minor noble family, good education, the Poet‟s poet（诗人的诗人）,buried in Westminster Abbey.b. works:1) The Shepherds‟ calendar2) Amoretti：a sequence of 88 sonnets, containing Spencer‟s love poems to his future wife, Elizabeth Boyle.Question: what are most famous sonnet sequences（十四行诗）of the Elizabethan Age?3) Masterpiece : Faerie QueenPlanned in 12 books but only 6 finished.Content: In the epic each hero or heroine represents a virtue. In the course of their trials, they come to fully embody that virtue. The virtues areHoliness（圣洁）, Temperance（节欲）, Chastity（贞洁）, Friendship（友善）, Justice, and Courtesy（恩惠）.Form: allegoryLanguage: has sweet melody and its lines are very musicalVerse form: “Spenserian Stanza”Spenserian Stanza: First eight lines are iambic pentameter and ninth has twomore syllables, rhyming ababbcbcc.Theme: 1)nationalism 2) humanism 3) PuritanismInfluence: used by all the later poets, especially imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.( Byron, Shelley, Keats)Everything in the story has two levels — as part of the story and as part of the allegory, or symbolic meaning. This can be seen in Book I, which summarizes thewhole poem. As a Romantic adventure, this is the story of the Redcrosse Knight and Lady Una searching for Una‟s parents, who are trapped by a dragon. The knight kills the dragon and so wins the right to be the lady‟s husband. As a spiritual allegory, this is the story of a soul‟s encounter with the seven deadly sins, its separation from and reunion with the one faith, and its final salvation by divine grace.c. school-belong: like Lyly and Sidney, Spencer was a court poet.d. position: as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, the 1stto make English the natural music in poetry.ProseI. Biblea)Translation of Bible: the first complete English Bible was translated by JohnWycliffe(1324-1384), the morning star of the Reformation, and his followers.( from Latin to English)b)The Authorized Version of Bible: translated under the auspice（赞助）ofJames I in 1611 and so it was called the King James Bible. This version is simple and dignified in language.( modern English has been fixed and confirmed.)II.The greatest humanist: Thomas Morea.was born in a middle-class family. humanist leader of the early 16th century, ascholar, master of Latin, witty talker, music lover, great thinker; once Lord Chancellor; beheaded on a false charge of treason.b.MasterpieceUtopia in 1516(in Latin) translated into English in 1551.Form: a conversation between More and a returned voyager.Comment :a. He is a far-sighted thinker, living on the eve of the bourgeois revolution.b. More was the first to see the relation between wealth and poverty and to bringup the ideal of communist society. He was one of the forerunner of modern socialist thought.Question:What is More‟s Limitation?III.Bacon( the most important prose writer)Sir Francis Bacon was an English writer, philosopher and statesman and was educated in Cambridge. When he was fourteen, Bacon finished his education and went to Paris. In the French capital, he began to know humanism.In 1584, Francis Bacon was elected for the House of Commons（议会下院）and started his political career. Bacon advised for the union of England and Scotland and suggested ways to deal with Roman Catholics. For all these he had done, he was given the title of knight in 1603. By the time of James I, he was named as Lord Chancellor in 1618. In 1621, he was accused by Parliament and they said that he had accepted bribes（赃款）. For this reason his political career ended.Drama:1. Three kinds of drama:a. the Miracle play（神迹剧）: it is the root of English drama. It is based on Bible stories. Miracles were first performed in the church.b. the Morality play（道德剧）: It presents the conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages（角色）such as Mercy, Peace, Hate, Fally, etc.)( eg: Everyman)c. the Interlude（插曲）: a short performance during the break.( eg: the play of the weather)2. Two influences on Elizabethan Drama1) influence from the classics（经典名著）. (Greek and Latin drama)2) influence from the popular drama.3. Gammer Gurton‟s needle is the first English comedy, describing a quarrel over the loss of a needle.Gorboduc is the first English tragedy.The morality play Everyman at the end of 15th century makes the beginning of modern English drama.4. The London theatre and the audience5. playwrights:a. The University Wits（大学才子）: they are Lily, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash, etc. The most influential is Marlowe. They had studied at the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge and then set up as professional writers, selling their learning and their “ wits” to the London public of playgoers and reading public as well.b. Marlowe（马洛）Works: (tragedies)Doctor Faustus( for knowledge)Tamburlaine ( based on a German Legend, ambition)Jew of Malta ( greed for wealth)Themes of his plays:scorn of orthodox creeds（蔑视正统信条）praise of individuality , freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law. Position and achievements:He was the predecessor（前辈）of ShakespeareHe was the greatest pioneer of English drama.His two achievements: 1) He first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic drama),the principal instrument of English drama.2) He replaced the stilted heroes of drama in the past by men of vitality and passion. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama.b、ShakespeareLife :Four periods in play-writing1st period:Features:a) It‟s Shakespeare‟s early experimental period. It is marked by youthfulness and rich imagination.b) by extravagance of languagec) by the frequent use of rhymed couplets with blank versed) He looked down upon the world as a just one. Justice would eventually win in the end.e) Love, faith, work and duty were the four elements that made the world right.2nd period:Features:a)He worked as a master in play writingb)It was a period of rapid growth and development of his artistic power.c)He had a keen insight into human nature, great power of expression and geniusfor constructing a play.d)This period belongs to his best history plays.3rd period:features:a)The period of gloom（忧郁）and depressionb)He was concerned with deposit matters of human life.c)He grew in experience, in vision and in sympathyd)His belief and trust in mankind had been shattered（打碎）.e)He produced his four greatest tragedies.4th period:features:a) a period of unrealistic compromise and fantasyb) a period of restored serenity and tolerant resignationc)He sounds again a note of calm and hope and serene wisdom.d)His latest plays including Tempest have happy endings.His comediesShakespeare wrote his comedies in his early period. In these plays he portrayed the young people who had just freed themselves from the feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, their love and ideal of happiness. The heroes and heroines were sons and daughters of the Renaissance. They trust not in God or King but in themselves.16 comedies together. His main comedies are: Merchant of Venice; A MidsummerNight‟s Dream; As You Like It; Twelfth Night.His tragediesShakespeare‟s great tragedies are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. What caused the writer‟s personal sadness is unknown to us. It is generally attributed to the political misfortune of his friend and patron, Earl of Essex, who was killed by the Queen.Shakespeare wrote 11 tragedies. His main tragedies are: Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth. All these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life.They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evils, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer Shakespeare condemns the dark and evil society.Historical playsShakespeare‟s historical plays are political plays. The principal idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one sovereign（君主）. At his time, this idea was anti-feudal in nature; and it summed up the general opinion of the rising bourgeoisie in Shakespeare‟s own day. Among Shakespeare‟s 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable plays.Shakespeare’s poetical worksVenus and Adonis ; Lucrece are two long narrative poems.The bulk of（大多数）Shakespeare's sonnets were written between 1593 and 1598. Each line of a sonnet is in iambic pentameter, and the rhyme is abab cdcd efef gg. His 154 sonnets seem to fall into two series:One series are addressed to W. H, evidently a patron, and the other addressed to "dark lady" who played the poet false. For depth of sentiment, for mastery of diction, for perfection of finish, they are among the most excellent of Elizabethan poetry.Features of Shakespeare’s dramaa) progressive significance of his themeb) successful character portrayalc) master hand in constructing playsd) the ingenuity of his poetrye) mastery of English languagec、Ben JonsonI.Introduction:Poet, critic, poet‟s laureate; successor of Shakespeare. He was the greatest writers of comedy after Shakespeare.II.His plays:1)His plays are written according to “ humors ”. Every character in his comedies personified a definite humor, so his characters are like caricature（讽刺画）.2)His plays were not deep but had much surface energy.3)His masterpieces are Velpone and The AlchemistIII. His contribution:a) humorb) forerunner of classicismEnglish Literature in the seventeenth CenturyI .Social Backgroundthe English Revolution （光荣革命）and the Restoration（王朝复辟）II. Literary characteristics:1. literature of the Revolution periodPuritan literature period is different from the literature of Elizabethan period in the following aspects:1) Elizabethan literature had a marked unity and the feeling of patriotism（爱国主义）and devotion to the Queen, but in the Revolution Period，all this was changed, the king became the open enemy of the people, and the country was divided by the struggle for political and religious liberty. So literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties.2) Elizabethan literature was generally inspiring. It throbbed with youth and hope and vitality（生气）．Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.3) Elizabethan literature was intensely romantic．The romantic spirit sprang from the heart of youth．People believed all things, even the impossible．But in literature of the Puritan period, we cannot find any romantic ardor.2.The main literary form of the period was poetry．Among the poets, Milton was the greatest. Besides him, there were two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets （玄学派诗人）and the Cavalier Poets（骑士派诗人）.3. Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. This was precisely the outlook needed by the bourgeoisie for the accumulation of capital.Though there were many clever men in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only two minds which possessed the imaginative faculty in a very eminent degree. One of these minds produced the Paradise Lost，the other The Pilgrim's Progress.John Bunyan(约翰·班扬)1.life:son of a tinker. After receiving his early education at the Bedford grammar school ,he followed his father‟ s trade. Later, He joined a Ba ptist society and became a preacher. Soon he became active both in preaching and writing. After restoration, he was arrested and kept in prison for preaching. He was the chief puritan writer to participate in the struggle against the corrupt fedual-aristocratic regimes of Charlies II and James II after John Milton.2. Works: Pilgrim’s Progress<<天路历程>>Bunyan’s most important work and one of the most popular books in the English languages, was written in the form of an allegory.Allegory(寓言)It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning.This fictional literary narrative acts as an extended metaphor in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on the literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative.John MiltonI. life:Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century. Mastering the ancient languages and literature : Greek, Latin；“ the L ady of the Christ” “ spokesman of the Revolution”.Milton was sent to Christ‟s college, Cambridge, where he acquired a good knowledge of Latin. He was famous for his personal beauty and strictness of his life and was nicknamed “ the L ady of the Christ‟s”.II. Literary career:a) Up to 1641( First period)He was greatly influenced by humanism and the spirit of Elizabethan Age. His important poem is Lycidas, a pastoral elegy（挽歌）on the death of a college mate.b) From 1641 to 1654( second period)He wrote no poems but political essays and pamphlets.Areopafitica called for freedom of press. (prose)“ Defence of the English people”“ Second Defence of the English people”Pamphlets on marriagec) From 1655 to 1671( third period)Paradise Lost ( masterpiece)Paradise Regained （复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）III. works:a. Paradise Lost:epic in 12 books, written in blank verseSource: Old Testament（旧约全书）Theme: a revolt against （反感）God’s authoritythe fall of men ; man’s disobedience（违抗）and the loss ofparadise; the powers of man; craving for knowledge（求知欲）Image: Satan1) the real hero of the poem2) He is a very firm revolt against God and makes man revoltagainst God3) Though defeated he won the respects of his angles.4) He is the spirit questioning the authority of God.b. Samson Agonistespoetical drama, modeled on the Greek tragedies, from the “ Book of Judges” in Old Testament”.Common between Samson and MiltonIV. Features of Milton‟s poetry:a. Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He was also anoutstanding political pamphleteer（檄文执笔者）of the revolution period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. Every progressive English poet since Milton has drawn inspiration from him.b. Milton is a great stylist（文体学家）His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimity（崇高）of thought and majesty of expression.c. Milton is a great master of blank verse.He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece “ Paradise Lost”. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous（单调的）.d. Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influenceto later English poetry.V. Exercise:How do you understand these plots?1. God was surrounded by his angles, who never think of expressing anyopinions of their own.2. Satan and his followers freely discuss all issues in council. Why did Miltondesign the plots in such a way? Based on the text of Paradise Lost, how do you think Milton would justify his alterations of and additions to the Bible, given the fact that he was a devout（虔诚的）Christian?Answer: It seems that Milton writes this epic to "justify the ways of God to men", but actually, it is not. God is depicted as a despot. This contradiction can be explained by the fact that Milton is a devout Christian, a Puritan, on one hand, and a fervent revolutionary, Republican, on the other. So we may say, that Milton's original purpose might be "to justify the ways of God to men", but it turns out to be an eloquent expression of the revolutionary spirit of the English bourgeois revolution, a call to resist tyranny and to continue the fight for freedom. Herein lies the significance of the work.3.Satan is the most well-developed character in Paradise Lost. Is he asympathetic character?Answer: One reason that Satan is easy to sympathize with is that he is much more like us than God or the Son are. As the embodiment（化身）of human errors, he is much easier for us to imagine and empathize with than an omniscient（全知的）deity（神）. Satan‟s character and psychology are all very human, and his envy, pride, and despair are understandable given his situation.But Satan‟s speeches, while undeniably moving, subtly display their own inconsistency and error.When Satan first sees Earth and Paradise in Book III, he is overcome with grief. His description of his situation is eloquent（雄辩的）; his expression of pain is moving. Perhaps we pity Satan as he struggles to find his new identity while reflecting on his recent mistakes. Likewise, his feeling of despair resonates with feelings that all human beings undergo at some point. However, Satan‟s despair becomes fuel for his ever-increasing evil, rather than the foundation for repentance（悔改）. His anger and irrationality overcomes him, and he resolves to make evil his virtue. In many ways Satan becomes more understandable in this speech for his pitiable human qualities, and he becomesmore interesting as well due to the unpredictability of his character. But overall, his ever-increasing stubbornness（倔强）and devilish pride makes him less forgivable.Cavalier poets(骑士派诗人)Cavalier poets: (Term)A name given to supporters of Charles I in the Civil War. These poets were not a formal group, but all were influenced by Ben Johnson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet; their lyrics are distinguished by （以…为特征）short lines, precise but idiomatic diction(成语), and an urbane (温文尔雅的)and graceful wit(优雅风趣).Metaphysicals:a) It appears at the beginning of the 17th century.b) It is called “ Metaphysicals” by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writerC) The poetry was too often laboured（舒缓的）, intellectual, obscure（模糊的）.d) It‟s concerned too much with philosopy.e) The representative is John Donne.( including Herbert, Marvell, Crashaw, cowley, Cleveland, Vaughan)f) marked by mysticism in content and fantastic in form.John Donne:a. founder of metaphysical poetryb. two groups of his poetry:youthful love lyrics: (songs and sonnets)(歌与十四行诗)sacred versesc. features:1)original images and conceits2) use of colloquial speech（口语）3) flexibility of rhythm and meter4) caustic(讽刺的) humor5) sensuality is blended with philosophy, passion with intellect.The restoration literatureI. Drama: the restoration comedy is notorious（臭名昭著的）for its licentiousness （放荡）, being full of love intrigue（密谋）, seduction（诱惑）and promiscuity （乱交）, thus providing amusement for upper class. Dryden is the only important dramatist. His masterpiece is All for Love.( a noble tragedy based on Shakespeare‟s Antony and Cleopatra). The typical form of drama is the heroic play. Old plays were revised.II. Prose: Good prose is simple, clear and natural; the restoration prose paved the way for periodical essays, for the novelists of the 18th century.III. Poetry:a. Dryden was the most important poet, the poet laureate from 1668 to 1688.。

专八文学笔记

Chapter 1 The Beginning Period of English LiteratureI. 1. OverviewA. The history of Britain♦a. Iberians from the Mediterranean (about 3000 BC)♦b. Celtic tribes from Europe (about 750BC)♦c. The Roman occupation (55BC-410) (around from Han to Jin) Julius Caesar♦d. Anglo-Saxon Times (449-1100) (from Jin to North Song) King Arthur, heptarchy♦e. The invasion of Vikings and the Danish Rule (1013-1042)♦f. The Norman conquest (1066-1485)B. The history of Christianity♦a. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent his emissary Augustine to convert the Jutes in Kent.♦b. In Northumbria, monks from Ireland were active, setting up monasteries and preaching Christianity.♦c. Christianity enabled them to learn book knowledge as the early education.♦d. They traveled long distances to Rome on pilgrimages for broadening their spiritual powers.C. The class polarization♦The class polarization of Anglo-Saxons had appeared during Heptarchy.♦The village system replaced the clan system.♦There had been the King, lords, knights, freemen, semi-freemen, slaves whom peasants became.2. Beowulf: An English epic♦Time: around A.D.700 (Tang Dynasty)♦Narration: Violence—conquer—more violence/ revenge—conquer—new violence—conquer with sacrifice♦Theme: the evil should be punished and the righteous will be rewarded.♦Trait: Christian culture & Germanic culture. Pagan heroism and fatalism are mingled with Christian qualities.♦Comments: Human beings struggle hard to survive in a hostile environment, for they had to face various difficulties regarded as unconquerable supernatural forces.II. The transitional period♦The Seafarer and The Wanderer are 2 lyrics.♦The Seafarer is a monologue, describing an old sailor between the attraction of the sea and its perils.♦The Wanderer is a monologue, telling a man’s joyful days of comradeship and his sorrow over the harshness after the death of his friend.III. Three major poets in 14th century England♦The Norman Conquest (1066-1485) (from North Song to Early Ming)♦a. In 1066, William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons.♦b. Land was the basis of the feudal system.♦c. England was ruled by 2 royal families:the Normans (1066-1154) & the Plantagenets (1154-1485)♦d. Chivalry was the important code of behavior for the knights.♦e. Medieval romances became a popular form of literature. (adventures for love, faith, excitement)♦f. Black Death made people’s life harsher.Three major poets in 14th century England♦Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400)♦William Langland &The Vision of Piers Plowman (c. 1362)♦The Gawain-poet &Sir Gawain and Green Knight (1325-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400)♦Chaucer’s poetry belongs to both the Medieval Ages and the Renaissance.♦A middle class of merchants and craftsmen began to gain power.c. Chaucer’s works♦The Book of the Duchess (1369) is an elegy in memory of Blanche, the Duchess of Lancaster. ♦Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385) is the tragedy of the love story between Troilus, a prince of Troy, and Criseyde, a capture.♦The Canterbury Tales (c. 1387-1400) is a collection of stories told by pilgrims on their way to Canterbury.♦Comments: The structural link is meticulously planned. The poem presents 24 tales.♦Significance: He was accepted by lower and upper class people.♦Theme: His works reveal a broader understanding of human weakness and human virtue.2. The Vision of Piers Plowman(c.1362)♦Theme: Salvation is the 3 stages of the journey to heaven—Do-Well, Do-Better, Do-Best. Honest work and devotion to religion is the way to lead one to heaven.♦Comments: It shows the unhappy side of lif e in feudal England: social injustices, the church’s corruption, the power struggle in the court, sufferings of the poor peasants.♦Moral: Bribery and corruption can’t be reconciled with conscience and virtue.♦Style: The poem is allegorical and satirical. Its language is plain and direct.3. The Gawain-poetSir Gawain and Green Knight (1325-1400)♦a. It is about the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.♦b. The story is a chivalrous romance based on an ancient legend of a Green Knight who challenges the courage of King Arthur’s Knights.Chapter2The Glory of Poetry:From Sidney to PopeI.Overview1. The Tudors before Queen Elizabeth•The War of the Roses (1455-1485):wars between the Duke of York and Lancaster.•Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster ended and the House of Tudor began. •Feudalism was on the decline.•Henry VIII rebelled against Pope in Rome and declared head of the English Church.•The Protestant movement developed rapidly.2. The Renaissance•“Rebirth”, the reintrod uction of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome into Western Europe.•It changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one.•It started in Italy during the 14th century.•The intellectual wisdom encouraged a rebirth of human spirit, human potential of development and creation.•The essence of the Renaissance spirit: “Man is the measure of all things” and he could control his own destiny.3. The Reign of Queen Elizabeth•She managed to keep a balance between Protestantism and Catholicism.•She established a strong central government and defeated the king of Spain.•She encouraged court entertainment, so English literature thrived.II.Major poets of the Elizabethan Age1. Sir Philip Sidney(1554-86)Sidney’s works•Arcadia(1580), a prose romance filled with lyrics.•Astrophel and Stella (1591) The sonnet sequence became popular in England.•Defense of Poetry(1579) is a prose essay that describes the nature of poetry and defends it against Puritan objections.Astrophel and Stella (1591)•It is a love romance.•Stella (Penelope Rich) was unhappily married to Lord Rich.•The complex feeling of a lover: hope & despair, tenderness & bitterness, conceit & modesty. •Its language is clear and direct.2. Edmund Spenser (1552-99)Edmund Spenser’s poems•The Shepheardes Calendar(1579) contains 12 eclogues牧歌in a variety of meters. •Amoretti(1594) is the sonnet sequence to his wife.•The Faerie Queen is dedicated to the Queen.The Faerie Queen•Gloriana, the queen of Fairyland represents glory and Queen Elizabeth.•The six completed books relate the adventures of the knights who represent the various good qualities of holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice, and courtesy.•It is remarkable for its vivid style and rich content, combining Greek, Latin, Italian, and English traditions.3. Shakespeare and Marlowe as poetsHero and Leander is a tale of 2 tragic lovers.Hero is a nun and lives on the northern shore; Leander falls in loves with her and lives on the southern. He loses his life for meeting her; she dies to grieve him.Shakespeare’s Sonnets•Sonnets represent the finest poetic craftsmanship of Elizabethan poetry.Shakespeare’s Sonnets•He praises a young man’s beauty and virtue and exposes their triangular relationship with “the Dark Lady”.•Various themes: human nature, moral conflicts, the immortality of art, friendship, sorrows. •One sonnet has 14 lines with 3 quatrains and 1 couplet.•It has rhyme scheme of “abab cdcd efef gg”.4. John Donne (1572-1631)His poems•“The Flea”•“An Anatomy of the World” (1611)•Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (1624)•Holy SonnetsThe comments of John Donne’s poems•His poems are considered obscene and vulgar.•He also wrote poems of serious philosophical thinking.•His love poetry is cynical and sensuous.•His ideas challenge the mainstream thoughts of his time.•He is regarded a man full of doubts, fears, and spiritual uncertainties.III. Metaphysical poets (玄学派)1. Donne and others•John Donne•George Herbert (1593-1633) & The Temple•Richard Crashaw (c. 1613-49) & Steps to the Temple•Henry Vaughan (1621-95) & Silex Scintillans2. “Metaphysical poems”•The poetry emphasized intellect or wit as against feeling and emotion.•It rejected the romantic exaggeration of Elizabethan love poetry.•The poets used new and shocking expressions for their sophisticated ideas.•Their language was rough.•The poetry had a psychological depth.IV John Milton (1608-74)2. Milton’s wo rks•“L’Allegro” (quick and light-hearted) & “Il Penseroso” (slow and thoughtful) (c.1631)•“Lycidas” (1637) is an elegy in memory of his classmate, Edward King.•Comus (1634) lures travelers and changes them into half-monsters. •“Areopagitica” (1644) is a pro se for the freedom of the press.•17 Sonnets “On His Blindness” (1655)•“On the Late Massacre in Piedmont” & “On His Deceased Wife” (1658)3. Paradise Lost (1667)•It’s largely based on the Biblical story of God, His Son, Adam and Eve.•Its setting is the whole universe.•Satan enters the body of a serpent and tempts Eve to taste the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. They are all punished for their sin.•Satan is read as a hero, but he commits a great sin—his excessive pride.4. Paradise Regained(1671)•It’s less im pressive.•It is concerned with human salvation through Christ.•Satan tries to corrupt Jesus, but Jesus resists against all these temptations.5. Samson Agonistes (1671)•Milton employed the Old Testament story of Samson to sing a song in praise of courage and sacrifice.•It is written as a “closet drama” not for performance but for reading.•It’s viewed as a deficient drama: It had a beginning and an end without no proper middle.V. The NeoclassicistsIt was influenced by French Enlightenment.•The intricate, bold, extravagant literary style gradually gave way to a style which was simple, clear and regular.•Contemporary and intelligible themes were preferred to ancient and difficult ones.1. John Dryden (1631-1700)1. John Dryden as a poet (1631-1700)•“Annus Mirabilis” (“The Year of Wonders” 1667)•The Hind and the Panther (1687) He defended his switch from the Church of England to Catholicism.•“A Song for St. Cecilia’s Day” (1687)•“Alexander’s Feast” (1697)•Aeneid is his translation of Virgil’s work.•2. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Pope’s works•The Rape of the Lock (1712, 1714) is a social satire on leisure aristocracy.•The Dunciad 《愚人记》(1728) is a remarkable satire.•Iliad (1720) & Odyssey (1726) was translated.•“Essay on Man” (1734)•An Essay on Criticism (1711) is a neat exposition of 3 basic rules of poetry in 18th century. •Follow human nature and human experience•Imitate the classic poets•State ideas in greater control & polishChapter 3 The Golden Age of English DramaI. Origins and Influences●1. The thrivin g theater: In 1576 the Elizabethan actor James Burbage built England’s 1st playhouse, called “The Theater.”●2. Miracles plays were called mystery plays, because they showed the miracles performed by saints.●3. Morality plays are dramatized allegories in which abstract virtues and vices appear in personified form.●4. Interludes were general short, performed during the interval of a long play.II. The Elizabethan dramatists who influenced ShakespeareA. University wits●Robert Greene (c. 1560-1592)●John Lyly (c. 1554-1606)●Thomas Nashe (1567-1601)●Thomas Lodge (c. 1558-1625)●Thomas Kyd (1558-1594)●George Peele (1556- c. 1597)●Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)B. Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)Marlowe’s works●Tamburlaine (c. 1587)《帖木儿》is a drama in blank verse (free verse).●The Massacre at Paris (1594)●Edward II (1594)●The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1594)●The Jew of Malta (1592)III. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)The 1st period (1590-1595)●History plays:●Henry VI and Richard III (1593)●4 comedies:●The Comedy of Errors (c. 1592)●The Taming of the Shrew (c. 1593)●The Two Gentlemen of Verona (c.1594)●Love’s Labor’s Lost (c. 1594)●Tragedies:●Titus Andronicus (c. 1593)●Romeo and Juliet (c. 1595)The 2nd period (1595-1600)●History plays:●King John (c. 1595)●Richard II (c. 1595)●Henry IV (c. 1597)●Henry V (c. 1598)●Shakespeare’s comedies:●A Midsummer Night’s Dream (c. 1595)●The Merchant of Venice (c. 1596)●The Merry Wives of Windsor (c. 1599)●Much Ado about Nothing (c. 1599)●As You Like It (c. 1599)●The 1st tragedy: Julius Caesar (c. 1599)The 3rd period (1600-1608)●His four greatest tragedies:●Hamlet (c. 1601) His hesitation delays his revenge.●Othello (c. 1604) It demonstrates how easily a noble heart can be destroyed.●King Lear (c. 1605) It’s caused by human folly.●Macbeth (c. 1606) It’s caused by human ambition.More tragedies●Antony and Cleopatra (c. 1606)●Coriolanus (c. 1608)●Timon of Athens (c. 1608)4 comedies●Twelfth Night (c. 1601)●Troilus and Cressida (c. 1602)●All’s Well that Ends Well (c. 1602)●Measure for Measure (c. 1604)The 4th period (1608-1612)●His principal romantic tragicomedies:●Pericles, Prince of Tyre (c. 1608)●Cymbeline (c. 1610)●The Winter’s Tale (c. 1610)●The Tempest (c. 1611)IV. Other major dramatists of the period: Ben Jonson (1572-1637)Jonson’s plays●Every Man in His Humor (1598) is a comedy filled with humor.●Masques: The Satyr (1603) Masque of Beauty (1608), and Masque of Queens (1609)●2 tragedies: Sejanus (1603) and Catiline (1611)4 comedies●Volpone, or the Fox (1606) describes an old man plays a trick on those who desire to inherit his wealth.●The Alchemist (1610) is about human desire for easy money.●Epicene, or the Silent Woman (1609)●Bartholomew Fair (1614)Chapter 4. The Beauty of ProseFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)Bacon’s works♦The Advancement of Learning (1605)♦Essays (1597, 1612, 1625)♦The History of Henry VII (1622)♦The New Atlantis (1626)♦Novum Organum (The New Instrument of Learning 1620) 《新工具》won Bacon the title of Father of Modern Science.♦His essays were successful and liked by the public.♦The literary form as “essay” was new to English audience.♦His essays cover many subjects, such as truth, beauty, friendship, marriage, family, etc.♦His essays are short, powerful, and elegant.Chapter 5 The Rise of the Novel1. Overview●The English novel matured in the 18th century.●It developed over a century slower than European novels.●English novel was influenced by European novels, esp. French, Italian, Spanish novels.●“Novel” came from the Italian word novella.●Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740) is the 1st mature English novel.●Prose fiction before 1700 helped to nurture the English novel.2. John Bunyan (1628-88)His works and achievements●The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) was written during his 2nd imprisonment.●It depicts the pilgrimage of a human soul searching for salvation.●He travels from Destruction to the Heaven, through a series of tests.●It is filled with realistic description, lucid prose and familiar images.II. The rise of the novel in the 18th century●Novel allowed writers a creative space to examine society with depth and breadth.●Writers criticized the deep gap between different classes and the unsatisfactory society.●Early English novels dramatized the rise of bourgeoisie.●Writers could make a living through the sale of their works without patronage.The social setting●The control of government passed into the hand of bourgeoisie.●The Glorious Revolution of 1688 forced James II to flee.●Commercial developments made the middle class wealthier than aristocracy.●Intermarriage between them fused them into one large group.●The Coffee House became popular for people to meet and to do business.2. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)His works and achievements●An Essay upon Projects (1695) includes practical schemes for social progress, such as women education.●The True-Born Englishman (1701) is a poem criticizing people’s belief in racial and national superiority.●The Shortest Way with Dissenters (1702) satirizes the Anglican’s hostility toward the dissenters.●The Review (1704-1713) is a triweekly news journal.His novels and comments●A journalist, a trader, a soldier, a thinker, a spy●At the age of 60, starts to be a novelist●The Life and Adventure of Robinson Crusoe (1719) is based on the adventure of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk.●The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders (1722) relates the adventures of a London prostitute who finally enjoys a peaceful life.The Life and Adventure of Robinson Crusoe (1719)Different themes:●A story of sea adventure●An artistic projection of colonist expansion●The dignity of labor●Back to nature●Religious devotion3. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)His works and achievementsPoems: The Journal to Stella (1766) is his love letters and poems to Esther Johnson whose education he supervised.●Cadenus and Vanessa is a poem to depict Vanessa loves him but he keeps devotion to Esther. ●Novels: Gulliver’s Travels (1726) Prose: The Battle of the Book (1697) is a humorous satire on the sham scholarship.●A Tale of a Tub(1704) is a satirical work of a parable about 3 sons of an old man who represent Catholicism, Anglican Church, and the dissenters.●“A Modest Proposal” (1729) proposes the ironic plan that the rich serve the flesh of the poor on their tables, turning an economic burden to general profit. Gulliver’s Travels (1726)●The voyage to Lilliput 小人国The voyage to Brobdingnag 巨人国The voyage to Laputa and other countriesThe voyage to Houyhnhnms 半人半马●He held a dark view of human nature.●It condemns the vanity and hypocrisy of upper and middle class.●It is full of political implication.3. Henry Fielding(1707-54)His works and achievements●Farce: Tom Thumb (1730) is critical of corruption in governmental institutions.●Joseph Andrews (1742) is to poke fun at the sentimental moralism of Richardson’s novel. ●The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743) is based on a thief’s life to give ironical comments on delinquency, cruelty and hypocrisy. ●Amelia (1751) is a study of justice an penal system in England. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) ●The story depicts Tom’s adventures to win back his heritance.●Careful and intermingled plot with uncertainty and suspense●A panorama of the social background●Complex character with different traits●More care about human virtues●He devised a new structure and theory of fiction writing.Chapter 7 Emotion and Nature in Romantic PoetryRomanticism vs. EnlightenmentRomanticism EnlightenmentThe spiritual and emotional life of man Rationalism, logic,objectivity, materialismThe human rights and dignity of the individual Philosophic novels withsocial moral and reasonRomanticism vs. NeoclassicismRomanticism NeoclassicismIndividuality SocietyInternal world External worldSpiritual essence Social civilizationThe spontaneous feelings The elevated sentimentsNatural and rustic feelings Rich and artificial feelingsEscape from the limitations of reality Portray a world of harmony and balanceII. William Blake (1757-1827)His works and achievementsCollections of Blake’s poemsPoetical Sketches (1783) Some are original in substance, daring in form, exquisite in quality.Songs of Innocence (1789) praises the beauty of nature and the innocence of the child.Songs of Experience (1794) shows poverty and distress, the sufferings of the poor, and a wish for freedom and revolution.The symbolist: BlakeInfluenced by the Swedish writer Emanuel SwedenborgBelieves material things are the symbols of a spiritual realityHis mind was full of fantasies.A liberator of human spirit and a rebellious genius in artIII. Robert Burns (1759-96)Burns Scottish styleHe was nurtured by the Scottish cultural traditions.Content: drinking, friends, pleasures of lifeThemes: love and friendship, sympathy and patriotism, sorrows and joys of Scottish farmers His works and achievementsPoems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786) depicts Scottish rural life with compassion and humor.Over 200 songs were published in James Johnston’s Scot’s Musical Museum.About 100 were published in George Thomson’s Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs. IV. William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Friendship with ColeridgeThough different, they published Lyrical Ballads (1798).Contrasts between them“Lake poets”Poetry is spontaneousAll good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.Subjects: common things, common people, common incidents from common life“The Solitary Reaper” is simple and common with profound feelings.“Ode to Duty” marks a change in his attitude towards life from optimism to pessimism.Nature inspires poetryThe most elementary sensations of man in his dialogue with nature are universal and old.“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”“Intimations of Immortality”“Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”“My Heart Leaps Up”Common subjects can be poeticThemes: searching and revealing the feelings of common people, such as rural life and ordinarypeople in the English countrysideHe showed man’s association with nature.He rejected the contemporary emphasis on form and an intellectual way.V. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)His works and achievementsPoems:The Fall of Robespierre is written with Robert Southey and it depicts a Utopian emigrant society.Lyrical Ballads is to deal with supernatural subjects“Kubla Khan” 《忽必烈可汗》“Christabel”“This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison”“Frost at Midnight”“The Nightingale”His works and achievementsProse:Biographia Lituararia, or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions (1817) is to explain the task of critic was not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.Subjects: the nature of poetry, the role of imaginationHe can be regarded as the 1st critic of the romantic school.*“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”Form: a balladContent: an ancient mariner tells his adventures at sea. A kind and helpful seabird—killing with inhospitality—punishment of shipmates’ death.It is full of horror and introduces to the reader a supernatural realm.He combines the natural with the supernatural, the ordinary with the extraordinary.VI. George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)His works and achievementsFugitive Pieces (1807)Hours of Idleness deals with childish recollections and early friendships.English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809) is a satire to challenge all the celebrities of the day. Childe Harold (1812)The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)Childe Harold’s PilgrimageDon Juan (1819-24) his masterpieceCain (1821) a poetical dramaThe Prophecy of Danta (1821)The Vision of Judgment (1822)Major poems and commentsChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage expres ses Byron’s own philosophical and political views of his hatred for English high society and his escape from it.Don Juan tells his adventures in different social backgrounds and his actions in different historical events. He displayed himself as a romanticist and a realist.VII. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)His works and achievements“The Necessity of Atheism” (1811)Queen Mab (1813) takes the form of a fairy-tale dream.The Revolt of Islam (1818)Masque of Anarchy (1819), his famous allegorical poemPrometheus Unbound,a lyrical dramaThe Cenci, a historical tragedy on an Italian subject“Ode to the West Wind”“A Dirge”VIII. John Keats (1795-1821)His works and achievements5 long poemsEndymion is a love story between the shepherd-prince and the goddess of the moon.“Isabella” is a love tragedy.“The Eve of St. Agnes” is full of beautiful imagery, rich color and word music.“Lamia” is on the appreciation of sensuous beauty.Hyperion describes a struggle for power in heaven.His shorter poems“Ode to Autumn”“Ode on a Grecian Urn”“Ode to a Nightingale”He created a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality.Chapter 8Female Novelists in 19th-Century EnglandThe social settingThe Industrial Revolution of the 18th centuryThe lower-class women became workers.Economic independence led to political independence.During the French Revolution, women fought for liberation, equality, and fraternity.Feminist voice in EnglandMary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)William Godwin, Mary’s husband, Political JusticeThe pen became a symbol of masculine privilege.Women used man's pennames to publish their works.II Jane Austen (1775-1817)Her works and achievements6 NovelsSense and Sensibility (1811)Pride and Prejudice (1813)Mansfield Park (1814)Emma (1816)Persuasion (1818)Northanger Abbey (1818)Sense and Sensibility (1811)Subjects: the story of 2 sisters and their love affairs. Elinor has good sense; Marianne has sensibility.Theme: Girls should have reason to deal with men. She criticized selfish and irresponsible behaviors in their marriage.Pride and Prejudice (1813)Subjects: Elizabeth has prejudice; Darcy has pride. The conflict between them is the conflict between 2 wrong views.Theme: People should give up their pride and prejudice to choose their spouse. Austen established a new image of women with intelligence.CommentsSubjects: the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class EnglishStyle: the character drawing with vivid languageTheme: young women’s social growth and self-discovery, women’s maturity through the loss of illusionMary Wollstonecraft ShellyHer achievementsShe had a dark view of life and her novels are more imaginative than Jane Austen’s.She believed in free and true love.The Last ManFrankensteinThe world is the creation of Frankenstein, a scientist.The monster symbolizes the terrible destructive force of men.It is a warning against the negative consequence of technological development.It brings up the theme of isolation and love.The Brontë sistersCharlotte Brontë (1816-55)Emily Brontë (1818-48)Anne Brontë (1820-49)Charlotte Brontë (1816-55)Her works and achievementsProfessorJane Eyre (1847)Shirley (1849)Villette (1853)EmmaJane Eyre (1847)Narration: Love—love lost—religious love—love regainedSubjects: female issues and concerns; a free woman with independenceTheme: Love should be not physical, not material, but moral. Women can rescue poor men with deconstructive creation. Women can become the dominant power to control their own life. Emily Brontë (1818-48)Wuthering Heights (1847)Content: attractive description and passion on love, jealousy, hatred and vengeanceNarration: the loss of love—absence—double revenge—hatred—forever unhappinessStyle: a Gothic novel with a remote and alien settingTheme: the unconventional, the uncommon aspects of human nature, human weakness. Sometimes love is a source of tragedy.Anne Brontë (1820-49)Her works and achievementsAgnes Grey (1847) is sensitively constructed.Subjects: the adventures of a governess with an end of a happy marriageStyle: detailed descriptions of kinds of peopleThe Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) is based on her own family story—her brother.Chapter 9Social Images in 19th-Century English Novels IntroductionOverview•The English novel flourished during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. •Romanticism gave way to realism.•Remote and mystic atmosphere gave way to observation of personal and social problems •During the Victorian Age the novel became the main form of literature.Charles John Huffan Dickens (1812-70)His works and achievements•A magazine: Sketches by Boz•Oliver Twist (1837-38)•Nicholas Nickleby (1838-39)•The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-41)•American Notes (1842)•Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-44)•A Christmas Carol (1843)Social criticism。

英专八级人文重要考点总结——英美文学

. 英语专业八级人文知识——英国文学Part one Old and Medieval English Literature1. Old English P oetry and “Beowulf ”(贝奥武浦)• “Beowulf ” → the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people →Alliteration( 头韵）national epic: 国家史诗（赞颂一个国家的丰功伟绩）2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury T ales①The R omance ( describing the life and adventures of a noble hero) 浪漫传奇• King Arthur and His Knights o f the R ound T able 《亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士》②Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟→ the “_ father of English poetry__________________”,→“The Canterbury T ales ” is Chaucer’s masterpiece (stories narrated by Pilgrims 朝圣者)→ he introduced rhymed couplet to English poetry , instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.• (Couplet: A stanza of two lines, usually rhyming. ) couplet: 对句，对联 stanza:诗的一节Renaissance (1485—1660) 文艺复兴→ The Background: the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism.→ Revival or rebirth of classical arts, culture and philosophy after the dark ag e s of medieval → The key word for it is _ humanism _, emphasized secular concerns , express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.→ Shakespeare, Spenser , and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this periodThomas More (1478-1535)Utopia (socialism ) The definition of Utopia is "no place." Edmund Spenser(1552-1599) “A poet’s poet” The Faerie Queen 《仙后》Francis Bacon 培根 (1561-1626)1 “Adv an cemen t o f Learning ” 学术的推进:2 “New Instrument ” :新工具 the inductive method of reasoning3. “New Atlantics ” : an ideal society 新大西岛4. “Essays ” / 58 essays 论说文集A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, beauty, studies, riches…His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression☆ his essays is an important landmark in the development of English pr oseChristopher Marlowe (1564-1593)1.University wits, the greatest pioneer of English d rama2. blank verse V erse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格). 无韵诗，素体诗3. Doctor Faustus 《浮士德》William Shakespeare：the greatest English poet and dramatist①154sonnets（十四行诗）（商籁体）,②37plays,including14comedies,12tragedies,and11historical plays,③2long poems.☆But for such a great writer,we have very little definite knowledge about his life. Shakespeare’s T ragedies(1)Hamlet(2)Othello(3)King Lear(4)Macbeth Shakespeare’s Comedies(1)The Merchant o f V enice(2)A Mi d summer Night's Dream(3)As Y ou Like It《皆大欢喜》(4)T welfth nightThe Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship be tw e en Antonio and Bassanio,to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty,wit and loyalty,to expose the insatiable greed and brutality (Shylock)Hamlet hesitate betw een fact and fiction,language and action→T o be,or not to be-to live on in this world or to die;to suffer or to tak e action Soliloquy or monologue-fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters（独白）Poetry1.Narrative poetry①the epic②the r omance③popular ballads2.Lyric poetry①the elegy:a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual.挽歌②the ode:a lyric poem of considerable length to sing in honor a person or a thing.It is seriousin subject and formal in style.颂歌3.Dramatic poetry:dialogue in the d ramaSonnetA14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.Rhyme:abab cdcd efef gg☆3quatrains(3four-line stanza)+1couplet(2lines)quatrains:四行诗The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution→Historical background:two revolutions:puritan revolution and glorious revolutionthe transition from the absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy→1.two literary schools of poets①the school of Metaphysical玄学②the school of Cavaliers.骑士2.the most important poet:John Milton Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌)It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poe ts who wrote in a similar style.dislike traditional poem Scholar,Highly abstract or theoretical;John Milton约翰·弥尔顿the last great poemsParadise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙.→The two most essential things:Puritanism and his republicanism.Paradise Lost→the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.→the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority→Satan is the real her o of the poem.Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬Puritan author His best known work,The Pilgrim‘s Progress天路历程a religious allegory（宗教预言）18世纪英国文学Cultural Background1.Enlightenment Movemen t启蒙运动⑴A progressive intellectual movement⑵E nlighteners considered“Enlightenment”or“education”of the people to be their chief objective.⑶They believed in the power of reason(the age of reason)⑷two groups:①the moderate(Pope,Defoe,Addison)（温和派）→support the principles of the existing social order②the radical(Swift,Fielding,Sheridan)（激进派）→crisis→Sentimentalism（感伤主义）18世纪英国文学Complex:An age of pr ose(Addison’s essay\Swift’s satire\Fielding’s novel)1.Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works,order,logic→(P ope\Addison\S teel:model themselves after Greek and Latin authors)2.Sentimentalism(Gray\Goldsmith\Richardson\Sterne:discontent with the social reality “Heart”)3.The beginning of modern novel→Major novelists:Defoe\Swift\Fielding\Richardson,4.Pre-romanticism in English poetry5.English Drama(Sheridan:the school for Scandal) Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works,order,logic→(model themselves after Greek andLatin authors)1.Alexander P ope蒲伯:Heroic couplet英雄双韵体2.Joseph Addison艾迪生Sir Richard Steele斯梯尔:The Spectator旁观者3.Samuel Johnson:DictionaryAlexander P ope蒲柏Neo-classicism新古典Heroic couplet英雄双韵体Lines of ia mbic pentameter rhyme in pairs；P ope carried this to its last stage of perfection；An Essay on CriticismSentimentalism格列 n i discontent with the social realityThomas Gray 格雷 (poem) Laurence Sterne (novel)Thomas Gray (1716 -1771)Sentimentalism The graveyard school 墓园派Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》The beginning of modern novelSmollett: First important sea novelist Laurence Sterne 斯泰恩 : SentimentalismSamuel Richardson 理查生: Pamela, or Virtue R ewarded 《帕美拉》Clarissa Harlowe, or Virtue T riumphant 《克拉丽莎》1.Daniel Defoe 迪福 : R obinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记R obinson is the very prototype of the empire builder , the pioneer colonist.2.Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特： a master satirist Gulliver‘s Travels 佛游记3.Henry Fielding ：Father of English novel 、The founder of English realistic novel T om Jones 汤姆· 琼斯Romanticism in Britain The New Literary T rend (1798---1832)1.Dissatisfaction with the society (1) A revolt against it (2) An escape from it2. An introspection into one ’s inner world ( attention on spiritual and emotional life)3. The passions of man and the beauties of nature4. A period of poetical revival(1) The Romantic period is an age of poetry . (Blake , Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley , Keats)(2) The Romantic period is a great age of prose. Coleridge , Hazlitt, Lamb (3) This period is also a great age of novels.Walter ScottScott ’s historical novels combine a romantic atmospher e with a realistic depiction of historical b ack ground and common people ’s life. Scott mark ed the transition from romanticism to the period realism.William Blake 布莱克 Symbolism: 象征主义1.The earliest poems: Poetical sk etches 素描诗集2.Songs o f Innocence 天真之歌3.Songs o f experience 经验之歌_4.famous poem: The tiger\London\The Chimney SweeperRobert Burns (1759-1796)1.Written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjectsP oems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 苏格兰方言诗集2. Songs of love and friendship —a new spirit of romanticism“A Red, Red Rose ”一朵红红的玫瑰3 The rural theme / Beauties of nature“My Heart’s the Highlands ”我的心呀在高原1.Samuel T aylor Coleridge(1772-1834)柯勒律治P oetic and critic “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” 1798 《古舟子咏》“Kubla Khan” 1816 《忽必烈汗》•W ordsworth and Coleridge 's Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》William Wordsworth 威廉· 华兹华斯“Lucy ”---《露西组诗》(She Dwelt Among the Untr odden Ways ） ☆harmony be tw ee n humanity and nature2. “The Solitary Reaper ”---《孤寂的刈麦人》 ☆pathetic pictures of the labouring people3. “I wondered lonely as a cloud ”—《我孤独如云》☆ deep love for natureGeorge Gordon“Childe Harold ’s Pilgrimage ” 1812《恰罗德· 哈罗德游记》“Don Juan ” 1812-1823 masterpiece 《唐· 璜》 a great comic epic of the early 19th century . The “ Byronic hero ” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin• 名诗：She W alks in Beauty The Isles o f GreecePercy Bysshe Shelly 雪莱 (1792-1822)1. “Queen Mab ”:麦布女王 His first long poem expresses almost all his major political ideas.2. “Prometheus Unbound ”:《解放了的普罗米修斯》His masterpiece; a lyrical drama.3. Lyrics on nature and love: e.g. “Ode to the West Wind”; “To a Skylark”《西风/云雀颂》 ☆“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”John Keats(1795-1821) Not noble Died of TB Died at 25Ode on MelancholyOde on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂It reveals the contrast between the permanence o f art and the transience o f human passion. Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂It reveals the contrast between the happy world o f natural loveliness and human world o f agonyOde to Psyche Ode to Autumn 秋颂The Development of Victorian Literature→ Victorian Literature, as a pr oduct of its age, naturally had its quality of magnitude and diversity .It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people ’s life and thought.→the great period of the novel in Britain Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleThe Genres of Victorian Literature1)The novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.Charles Dickens,William Makepeace Thackeray,Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte,Elizabeth Gaskell,George EliotRobert Browning勃朗宁(1812-1889)the most original poet,who improve and matur e the dramatic monologue戏剧独白Wrote an admiring letter to Elizabeth Barret(an invalid,a poet,six years elder)→famous r omance→secretely wedded,eloped to Italy in1846→Sonnets From the P ortuguese(love poems to her husband)葡萄牙十四行诗The ring and book(poetic drama)My last Duchess(dramatic monologue)→A poem in which a single character,addressing a silent listener,explains his actions at an important moment or crisis in his lifeHome Thoughts From AbroadAlfred T ennyson(1809-1892)P oet Laureate A real artistinvents dramatic monologueJane Austen简·奥斯丁1775-18171.Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺2.Sense and Sensibility理智与情感3.Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见4.Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园5.Emma爱玛6.P ersuasion劝导Austen’s writing style1.The founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class people.2.Vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society,the small world she lived in3.Delicate description of the daily talks and doings of y oung people4.Quiet irony and analysis of characterCharles Dickens(1812-1870)→one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age→famous for his forceful social criticism→urb an poor(Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people)→Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works→A mingling of humor and p ath os悲伤The P osth umou s Papers o f the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传Oliver T wist奥利弗·退斯特/雾都孤儿American Notes美国札记The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店Dombey and Son董贝父子David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔Hard Times艰难时世A T ale o f T wo Cities双城记Great Expectation远大前程”·Thackeray (1811-63)萨克雷 Representative of critical realism→different from Dickens, Less interested in direct social criticism→ Showing people ’s vanity and their deluded efforts to achieve wealth and social statusThe book o f Snobs (1846-47)势利者集 V anity Fair (1847-48)名利场P endennis (1848)潘登尼斯 Henry Esmond (1852)亨利爱德芒德The Newcomes (1853)纽卡姆一家 The Virginians (1857)弗吉尼亚人V anity Fair 名利场★V anity Fair is Thackeray ’s masterpiece.★ The term "vanity fair" originates from the allegorical story The Pilgrim's Progress, by John Bunyan.★ The sub-title of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero (the characters are all flawed to a greater or lesser degree )★ The novel satirizes society in early 19th-century England (characterised by hypocrisy and opportunism).George Eliot (1819-1880)insightful psychological novels （心理小说）Writing about life in small rural towns,《亚当· 比德》 Adam Bede (1859) 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 The Mill on the Floss (1860)《织工马南》 Silas Marner (1861) 《米德尔玛契》Middlemarch (1871-1872) ----a portrait of life in a provincial town, is considered her masterpiece.As a woman of exceptional (特有的)intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of womenThe Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855) Jane Eyre Shirley ProfessorEmily Bronte 爱米丽 · 勃郎特 1818-1848 Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄（Heathcliff ） Anne Bronte 安妮· 勃郎特 Agnes Grey 艾格尼斯格雷简· 爱 Jane Eyre (1847) Jane Eyre Mr. Rochester★ The center theme : women should have equal rights with man. （The position of woman in society ）★ The problem of the bourgeois system of education;★ The problem of orphan;Thomas HardyUnder the Greenwood T ree(1872) 绿茵下 Far fr om the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣 The Return o f the Native(1878) 还乡 The Mayor o f Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长 T ess of the D ’Urbervilles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896) 无名的裘德His principal works are the Wessex novelsi.e.novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers威塞克斯小说His pessimistic philosophy seems to show that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate,which brings misfortune to human life.English literature at the turn of the century→The turn of the century→Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),John Galsworthy George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),→Irish poet and dramatist→The literary school of decadence→apostle of Aestheticism “art for art’s sake”.→The Picture o f Dorian Gray(1891)道林·格雷的画像剧作→his comic masterpieces The Importance o f Being Earnest(1895)埃耐斯特的重要性. Lady Windermere's Fan(1892)温德米尔夫人的扇子An ideal Husband理想丈夫童话→"The Happy Prince."(his fairy tales especially)快乐王子John Galsworthy(1867-1933高尔斯华绥①The first trilogy“The Forsyte Saga”福尔塞世家:The Man o f Property(1906)有产业的人（It was a landmark in the development of Galsworthy’s art.It established his place in literature as a representative of bourgeois realism in the20th century English novel.）In Chancery(1920)骑虎难下T o let(1921)出租;②The second trilogy,“A Modern Comedy”:现代喜剧The White Monkey(1924)白猿The Silver Spoon(1926)银匙Swan Song(1928)天鹅曲Bernard ShawShaw was an essay-writer，language scholar and critic，but is best-remembered as a playwright.pr oblem plays.Widowers’Houses鳏夫的房产Mrs.W arren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒Man and Superman人与超人Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbroken House伤心之家The Apple Cart苹果车H.G.Wells（1866-1946）威尔斯•Wells is celebrated as a popularizer of science，but his best novels explore serious social and cultural themes，•科幻小说：The Time Machine时间机器E.M.Forster福斯特（1879-1970）A P assage to India印度之行Howards End霍华德庄园The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程The Room With A View可以远眺的房间Wher e Angels Fear to T read天使们忘而却步的地方,William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965)毛姆1915—Of Hu man Bandage 人性枷锁 1919 — The Moon and Sixpence 月亮与六便士 1930—Cakes and Ale 寻欢作乐 1944—The Razor ’s Edge 刀锋 1951—short storiesArnold Bennett ， 1867-1931Naturalism Old Wives' T ale 《老妇谭》Joseph Conrad 康拉德 (1857-1924)☆by birth a P ole ☆ His experience as a sailor made the sea his favorite theme.☆ Conrad's narratives may resemble adventure stories in incident and setting ， but his real concern is with issues of character and morality .Heart o f Darkness 黑暗的心灵 Lord Jim 吉姆老爷An Outcast o f progress 文明的前哨 The Chance 机缘The Nostromo 诺斯特罗莫 The secret Age n t 间谍“The Nigger o f the Narcissus ”(1899) is a magnificent and symbolic story of a ship in a storm. 水仙号上的黑鬼Modernism(1)A reaction against realism(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.(3)The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships b e tw e en man and nature,man and society, man and man, and man and himself .(4) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective th an on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, th e past, the present and the future are mingled toge ther and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.James Joyce (1882-1941)乔伊斯 Irish novelistSecond only to Shak espeare in his mastery of the English language• definitely established “ stream of consciousness ” as a valid way of writing fiction.• 1914—Dubliners 短篇小说集（都柏林人）short stories about the hard life of poor peoplein Dublin• 1916– A Portrait of the Artist as a Y oung Man 青年艺术家的画像, a novel which islargely autobiographical, about a boy growing up in Dublin.• 1922– Ulysses 尤利西斯, a novel about three main characters in Dublin, told entirelythr oug h “stream of consciousness ”• 1939— Finnegan ’s Wake 芬尼根的觉醒, a long , extremely difficult book, written inmany languages, with many layers of symbolism, full of puns, linguistic gymnastics anddeep complicated philosophy• ☆stream-of -consciousness, or interior -monologue: a literary device that renders all theth ough ts ， feelings and sensations of a character with scrupulous psychological realism.• ☆ epiphany Joyce employ ed symbols to create what he called an “epiphany ，” the; revelation of an emotional or personal truthVirginia Woolf (1882-1941) Novelist and critic Leader of the “Bloomsbury Group ” 1922 — J acob ’ s R oom 1925 Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人 1927 – T o the Lighthouse 到灯塔去1929—A R oom of O ne ’s Own 1931—The W aves 浪 1937—The Y ears 1939—Between the Acts 幕间散文集D wrence(1885-1930) 劳伦斯 O ne of the most original and controversial writers of the early 20th century• 1910---- The white P eacock 白孔雀 1913—Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人 • 1915—The Rainbow 虹 1921—Women In Love 恋爱中的妇女 •1923—Kangaroo 1926—The Plumed Serpent •1928—Lady Chatterly ’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人P oem of 20th centuryWilliam Butler Y eats 叶芝Irish writer who is considered among the greatest poe ts of the 20th century .• The Winding Stair 盘旋的楼梯T.S.Eliot 艾略特诗集：Prufrock and Other Observation 普鲁夫洛克及其他The W aste Land 荒原•William Golding (1911-1993)戈尔丁Winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize Novelist, essayist, poetThe Lord of the Flies （1954） The Inheritors 继承人T ed Hughs 特德· 休斯 1930-The Hawk in the Rain 雨中鹰（poem ）Richard Lessing 多丽丝· 莱辛 1919-The Four -gated City 四门城 The Golden Notebook 金色笔记蒸英语专业八级人文知识——美国文学Introduction to American literature1.The Colonial P eriod2.The Romantic P eriod (the first half of 19th century)3.The Age of Realism and Naturalism4.The P eriod ar ound WWIChapter One The Colonial PeriodI. The Colonial P eriod (the early 17th and 18th century)1. Puritanism: idealism and opportunism2. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明· 富兰克林 :→ “The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin”自传→ Poor Richard ’ s Almanac 穷查理历书 (containing witty maxims for achieving wealth as a result of hard work and thrift)3.Philip Freneau (poem)菲利普· 弗伦诺 The Rising Glory of America 蒸日上的美洲American PuritanismPuritans → The early settlers☆ founding fathers of the America nation☆T o purify the rituals and lessen the authority of bishops → escaped to the new world, create a new paradise→ advocate highly religious and moral principles.→ American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.Chapter Two American Romanticism and New England LiteratureRepresentative figures of the time:Pre-romanticism: W ashington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper 库珀Post-romanticism:Novelists: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman MelvilleP oets: Henry W adesworth Longfellow, Edgar Allan P oe, Walt Whitman Emily DickinsonEssayists: Ralph W aldo Emerson, Henry David ThoreauAmerican RomanticismThe romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth century thr oug h the outbreak of the Civil W ar (1790-1865).1. Background(1) Political b ack ground and economic developmentT erritorial Expansion Industrial Growth The Civil WarThe “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism. →optimism and hope among the people There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.(2)foreign influence–Romantic movement in European countriesAmerican Romanticism☆Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.☆For romantics,the feelings,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.☆They stressed th e close relationship be tw ee n man and nature;☆They emphasized individualism and affirmed the inner life of the self.Washington Irving(1783-1859)华盛顿·欧文早期浪漫主义小说家A History of New Y ork纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记→①The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家→②Rip V an WinkleJames Fenimore Cooper1789-1851詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀早期浪漫主义小说家“Leatherstocking T ales”皮裹腿故事集→a series of five novels,that is☆the Pioneers拓荒者(I823)☆the Last o f the Mohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人☆The Prairie(1827)大草原☆The Pathfinder(1840)探路者☆The Deerslayer(1841)杀鹿者→adventure into the wilderness of the West2.The summit of Romanticism---New England T ranscendentalism超验主义1.Emerson/“Nature”2.Henry David Thoreau/“Walden”3.Whitman/“Leaves of Grass”4.Hawthorn/“The Scarlet Letter”5.Herman Meville\“Moby Dick”Post-romanticism(New England T ranscendentalism)• 1.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)爱默生•→The leading New England T ranscendentalist•→“Nature”论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者• 2.Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)•→T ranscendentalist\Emerson’s friend→W alden《瓦尔登湖》The major features of T ranscendentalism1.The T ranscendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most importantthing in the universe.2.The T ranscendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.T o them the individualwas the most important element of society.3.The T ranscendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit orGod.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God’s overwhelming presence.·The Development of T ranscendentalism• ☆ Nature (in 1836) by Ralph W aldo Emerson• Nature ’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of NewEngland T ranscendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.• T ranscendentalist Club• ☆ T ranscendentalism was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism, thereligious idealism of their Puritan past.T ranscendentalists ’ emphasis on the individualwas directly traceable to the Puritan principle of self -culture and self -improvement. Thusthere is good reason to state that New England T ranscendentalism was Romanticism onthe Puritan soil.• ☆ New England T ranscendentalism was important to American literature. It inspired awhole new generation of famous authors such as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson.Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)☆ Novels:Scarlet Letter 《红字》 Hester Prynne; The House of Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》;• The Blithedale R omance 《福谷传奇》; The Marble Faun 《大理石神像》☆Short story collections:• T wice-T old T ales 《故事新编》Moses from an Old Manse 《古屋青苔》Herman Melville 赫尔曼· 梅尔维尔 1819-1891• Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比· 迪克/白鲸Edgar Allan P oe 埃德加· 爱伦· 坡 1809-1849→The first professional writer in AmericaThe first writer of detective story in the world• -----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头• The Fall o f the House o f Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);• → The Raven 乌鸦(poem) T amerlane and Other P oems 帖木儿和其他诗;• T o Hellen 致海伦（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Walt Whitman(1819-1892)沃尔特· 惠特曼 •••••O ne of the great innovators in American P oetry Free verse Growing up in a working-class back ground, having little education Leaves o f Grass 草叶集 → Song o f Myself ”自我之歌 reveals a world of equality , without rank and hierarchy .poets •①Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) • The P oems o f Emily Dickinson 埃米莉迪金森诗集(love, death,nature,friendship, andimmortality)·”• ② Henry W adsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思朗费罗 1807-1882 →A Psalm of Life 生命礼赞（short poem ）→ The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗•③; William Cullen Bryant 1794-1878 柯伦· 布莱恩特 •→ T o a Waterfowl 致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽特· 比彻· 斯托 1811-1896• Uncle T om ’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 ☆“一个女人和一本书引发的战争 ”—南北战争Chapter 3 The Age of Realism and Naturalism• The three strong advocates of 19th century American realismWilliam Dean Howells (critic)豪威尔斯 Henry James 威廉· 詹姆斯 Mark Twain 马克· 吐温Henry James 1842-1910→ James ’novel ’s “international situation” are set against a b ack gr ound be tw een America and Europe→James contribution to literary criticism is immense.• T o him, “art without life is a poor affair ”. “the aim of the novel is to represent life ”.→ His realism was called as Psychological realism .• He was esp. an observer of the mind rather than a recorder of the times.• The American Daisy Miller The Portrait o f a Lady 贵妇人画像• The Wings o f the Dove 鸽翼 The Ambassadors 大使Mark Twain 马克· 吐温1. “The Adventures o f Tom Sawyer 汤姆· 索耶历险记2. “The Adventures o f Huckleberry Finn ”----his masterpiece/ 哈克贝利· 费恩历险记“The Gilded Age ” 镀金时代3. F amous for his localism, colloquial style, humor and bitter attacksAmerican Naturalism : pessimistic realism1. Naturalism cam e from France.2. Reasons: civil war , social upheavals ☆Darwin ’s theory of evolution : the survival of the fittest→ Men were conditioned\ d omi nat ed by social and economic forces, by heredity and environment.3. Features of naturalist writing:A. naturalist writers turned literary creation into a mechanical record of society, in a way of attempting to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. They never made comments on the characters and their behaviors.B. The characters were o ften figures of low social and economic classesC.They stressed men had no free will,their lives were controlled by heredity and environment.4.American Naturalist writers:S tephen Crane,Frank Norris,Jack London,Henry Adams,Theodore Dreiser.Stephen Crane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬·克莱恩•Maggie:A Girl o f the S treets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）•The R ed Badge o f Courage红色英勇勋章•The Black Riders(his first book of poems)Theodore Dreiser(1871-1945)德莱塞•Sister Carrie1900☆A feather in wind,she is totally at the mercy of forces she cannot comprehend and control.She does not seem to possess what may be called a moral fibre in her.•Jennie Gerhardt1911T rilogy of Desire欲望三部曲Financer金融家1912,The Titan巨人1914,The Stoic斯多葛1915•An American T ragedy美国的悲剧1925（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Frank Norris(1870-1902)弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus1901章鱼Jack London(1876-1916)杰克·伦敦Martin Eden马丁·伊登（masterwork）The Call o f the Wild野性的呼唤The Sea-W olf海狼White Fang白獠牙O Henry(1862---1910)欧·享利☆famous for short stories1“The Gift o f Magi”2“The Cop and the Anthem”3.F amous for his fascinating plot,h umor ous touch,interesting puns,localism,and unexpected endings.Chapter Four The Period around WWIAmerican literature in the1920s and1930s1.P oets:T.S.Eliot:“the W aste Land”R obert Frost2.Novelists:Fitzgerald/“the Great Gatsby”Hemingway/“A Farewell to Arms”Faulkner/ wrote about the SouthThe Lost Generation迷惘的一代→a disillusionment about the value of war→disgusted by th e new frivolous,greedy way of life in AmericaWhen the First World W ar brok e out,many idealistic y oung Americans volunteered to tak e part in the war and test their own bravery.They discovered that modern warfare was not。

英国文学史笔记学习资料

英国文学史简介英国文学史简介楼主一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。

故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。

公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。

《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。

这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。

因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。

二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初）相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。

文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。

托马斯·莫尔（Thomas more， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。

utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。

《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（the new Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（gulliver's travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。

[文学]专八英美文学总结

英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入son3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（edy of manners）《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《Thetatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。

英国文学史课堂笔记

英国文学史课堂笔记两希文化：古希腊文化和希伯来文化。

干禄《圣经》（《旧约》和《新约》）房龙：《圣经的故事》《丑陋的中国人》斯宾格勒：《文明的衰落》汤因比：《历史研究》亨廷顿：《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》（文明冲突论）老子，李耳，玄元皇帝/玄祖庄子：《南华真经》儒家——入世道家——出世《培根论说文集》钱钟书、辜鸿鸣、徐志摩……The Celtsthe Celtic Invasion1) Iberian --- Celtic invasion --- Britons (tribe of Celts)2) The Roman Conquest: 55 BC-410, Natives --- Britons, Christianity introduced培根说：“笔记使人准确。

”《培根论说文集》《新工具》3) English Conquest: mid-5th century, tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes --- Anglo-Saxons (English) --- Anglo-Saxon / Old English7 kingdoms --- 7 century(The Anglo-Saxons Christianized), United kingdom (England --- the land of Angles)Transition from tribal society to feudalism4) The Danish Invasion: 787-1043, King Alfred the Great,The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle --- prose of Old English5) The Norman Conquest: 1066-, William, the Conqueror, confiscate the lands of lords, surveyI came and I conquered.我死后哪怕洪水滔天。

英美文学笔记及专八人文知识

上外英国文学史笔记表格版，蛮清晰的。

好不容易才找到的哦，赶快分享吧。

来源：吴蒙的日志英国文学Part 1. Old and medievalBeowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration,metaphors and understatements.William Langland 威廉。

兰格伦Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribut ion to English poetry: introduced from france the rhy med couplet of 5 accentsin iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the f irst great poet who wrote in the Englishlanguage. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English renaissanceThomas More托马斯。

莫尔Utopia乌托邦Philip Sidney菲力普。

锡德尼Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。

斯宾塞The Faerie Queene 仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New At lantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）The founder of English materialist philosophyChristopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫。

英国文学史知识点

一、The Anglo-Saxon period 449-10661、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan异教徒 Christian基督徒2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫 national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵写作手法例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period 1066-1350Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed押韵 lines in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格;小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions迷信 and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运.他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来;4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission书上.歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance 16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman 戏剧 drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical Greek and Roman arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴;The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展;1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家essayist3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet十四行诗： form of poetry intricately rhymed间隔押韵 in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人 The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem 史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式;6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷五、the period of Revolution and Restoration 17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离;2、代表人物：1、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets 玄学派诗人的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗 Death be not proud笔记作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.坦诚的态度和现实描绘② novelty of subject matter and point新颖的题材和视角③ novelty of its form.新颖的形式2、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人poem 诗歌 blank verse Defense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost 失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory寓言”Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned旧体形式, medieval form of allegory比喻and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment 18世纪启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope. 特,Othello奥赛罗,King Lear李尔王,The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白强调正确的格式和写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,和蒲柏一样创作诗歌;The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式;The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about theviciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致;Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足;因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段;2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Classicism古典主义、revival of romantic poetry新兴的浪漫主义诗歌、beginnings of the modern novel刚启萌的现代派小说3、代表人物：1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel：Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Wild乔纳森.威尔德 Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯2、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction现代小说之父Joseph Andrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity,full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事;The History of Tom Jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him 3、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 novel 反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校,喜剧 comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师,小说 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全,欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村,诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏;代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Period 1798-1832浪漫主义散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人 poetRobert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命;2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由,平等,博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始4、lake poets湖畔诗人：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate 桂冠诗人The Prelude序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 Ode to the West Wind西风颂 poem 诗4、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 poem To a Nightingale致夜莺poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Emma爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人;7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在这两个时期的开始,艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快;Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期,散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ,Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中,宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动;2、代表人物：1、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艰难时刻 Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 A Tale of Two Cities双城记描述了法国大革命French Revolution特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众;2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre简.爱Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄主人公：Mr. Heathcliff 特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South玛丽.巴顿,北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利场— this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活,无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中,完美的获取财富和地位的手段; 特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society;小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照;5、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场,但是她的心洞察了个性的发展; 特点：the s ignificance of G. Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞;3、桂冠诗人poet-laureate：1、Alfred Tennyson 2、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy 嫉妒 Stingy小气贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义“art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术2、代表人物;1、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists Tess of the D’Urbervilles 苔丝 Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧;2、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术3、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家playwright Mrs. Warren’s profession华莱夫人的职业4、D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and lovers儿子与情人3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1、Virginia Woolf Mrs. DallowayA Room of One’s Own Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2、James Joyce Ulysses。

《英国文学简史》完整版笔记

《英国文学简史》完整版笔记Chapter 4 En glish Literature of the 17th Cen tury I.A HistoricalBackgro undII. The Overview of the Literature (1640-1688)1. The revoluti on period(1)The metaphysical poets;(2)The Cavalier poets.(3)Milto n: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Ren aissa nee merged with Protesta nt political and moral conv icti on2. The restorati on period.(1)The restorati on of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reas on, moderatio n, good taste, deft man ageme nt, and simplicity. (school of Ben Jon son)(3)The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rati on alism.(4)The restorati on drama.(5)The Age of Dryde n.III. Joh n Milt on1. Life: educated at —visiti ng the continent—invo Ived in to the revoluti on —persecuted—writi ng epics.2. Literary career.(1)The 1st period was up to 1641, duri ng which time he is to be see n chiefly as a son of the huma ni sts and Elizabetha ns, although his Purita nism is not abse nt. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milt on a true offspri ng of the Ren aissa nee, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creati ons was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of acollege mate, Edward King.3. Major Works(1)Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.(2)Paradise Rega in ed.(3)Sams on Agoni stes.4. Features of 's works.(1)Milt on is one of the very few truly great En glish writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an importa nt prose writer. The two most esse ntial thi ngs to be remembered about him are his Purita nism and his republica ni sm.(2)Milt on wrote many differe nt types of poetry. He is especially a great master of bla nk verse. He lear ned much from Shakespeare and first used bla nk verse in non-dramatic works.(3)Milt on is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style no ted for its dig nity and polish, which is the result of his life-lo ng classical and biblical study.(4)Milt on has always bee n admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expressi on.IV. John Bun yan1. Life:(1)purita n age;(2) poor family;(3) parliame ntary army;(4) Baptist society, preacher;(5) pris on, writ ing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress(1) The allegory in dream form.(2) the plot.(3) the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical Poets2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevail ing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were ofte n courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elega nt, amorous and gay, but ofte n superficial. Most of their verses were short son gs, pretty madrigals, love fan cies characterized by light ness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabetha n lyric without its imagi native flights. They are lighter and n eater but less fresh tha n the Elizabetha n's.VI. John Dryde n.1. Life:the represe ntative of classicism in the Restorati on.poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.(4) Literary career —four decades.(1) (2)(3) cha ngeable in attitude.(5)Poet Laureate2. His in flue nces.(1)He established the heroic couplet as the fashi on for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.(2)He developed a direct and con cise prose style.(3)He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the nu merous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 En glish Literature of the 18th Cen turyI. I ntroducti on1. The Historical Backgro und.2. The literary overview.(1)The En lighte nment.(2)The rise of En glish no vels.When the literary historia n seeks to assig n to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in deali ng with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long roma ntic n arrative poems, the Elizabetha ns in drama, the En glishma n of the reig ns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is en amored of the no vel. Almost all types of literary producti on con ti nue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or gen eral conv ersati on, we find abundant evide nee of the eno rmous prep on dera nee of this kind of literary en terta inment in popular favor.(3)Neo-classicism: a revival in the seve ntee nth and eightee nth cen turies of classical sta ndards of order, bala nee, and harm ony in literature. Joh n Dryde n and Alexa nder Pope were major exp onents of the n eo-classical school.(4)Satiric literature.(5)Sen time ntalismII. Neo-classicism. (a general description)1. Alexa nder Pope(1)Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by readi ng and tran slat ing;d. friend of Addis on, Steele and Swift.(2)three groups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism (manifesto of neo-classicism);f. The Rape of Lock;g. Tran slati on of two epics.(3)His contribution:h. the heroic couplet——fini sh, elega nee, wit, poin ted ness;i. satire.(4)weak ness: lack of imagi nati on.2. Addis on and Steele(1)Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of n ewspaper.(2)Joseph Addis on: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “ Specta(orzith”Steele, 1711)(3)Spectator Club.(4)The sig ni fica nee of their essays.a. Their writings in “ The Tatler ” , and “ The Spectator ” provide a nesocial morality for the risi ng bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of in the 18th century.3. Samuel Joh nso—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.(1)Life:a. studies at ;b. made a liv ing by writi ng and tran slat ing;c. the great cham of literature.(2)works: poem (The Vanity of Huma n Wishes, Lon don ；criticism (The Lives of great Poets ； preface.(3)The champi on of n eoclassical ideas.III. Literature of Satire: Jon atha n Swift.1. Life:(1)born in Ireland;(2)studies at Trinity College;(3)worked as a secretary;(4)the chief editor of The Examiner;(5)the Dean of St. Patrick's in .2. Works: The of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Satire—the Whig and the Tories, An glica n Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire— the legal system; condemn ati on of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scie ntific experime nt.Part IV. Satire—ma nki nd.IV. En glish Novels of Realistic traditi on.1. The Rise of no vels.(1)Early forms: folk tale -fables -myths -epic -poetry -romances —fabliaux —no vella - imagi native n ature of their material. (imag in ative n arrative)(2)The rise of the novela. picaresque novel in Spain and England (16th century) : Of or relating to a genre of prose ficti on that origi nated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adve ntures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b. :.c. Addis on and Steele: The Spectator.(plot and characterization and realism)(3)no vel and drama (17the cen tury)2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.)(1)Life:a. bus in ess career;b. writi ng career;c. in terested in politics.(2)Robinson Crusoe.a. the story.b. the sig ni fica nee of the character.c. the features of his no vels.。

英国文学简史笔记完整版)

Chapter 1伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期。

大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据。

【 The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period 】✧sign: the Stonehenge（巨石阵）prehistoric monumental pile of stones Celts（凯尔特人）were probably the first inhabitants of the British Isles in recorded history.One of their tribes,In 597 AD the Anglo-Saxons began to be converted to Christianity.name， began to sing.Another century passed, Beowulf.In the 9th century, King Alfred decided that literature should be writtenin the vernacular（方言） of Old English.✧With the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 AD and the subsequent spread of Christianinfluence and classical learning, heathen poetry was maneuvered out of the scene.a time of intermingling（过渡时期） of the pagan with the Christian components in poetry.1. The national epic of English people, a pagan poem2. An epic of well over 3000 lines.3. The greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribes.4. The most ancient ever since the demise of the Greek andRoman literatures.5. The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxonperiod.6. The story takes place in Scandinavia, no mention ofEngland.7. Anglo Saxon’s early life in Englandth century hero, Beowulf. It is basically a two-part narrative——Beowulf’s fight with thesea-monsters Grendel and his mother in the first part, and hiskilling a fiery dragon and his death in the second.1.human desire for some super power to conquer nature..（作诗法）The mixture of pagan and Christian elements2. using of kenning(一种描写手法)e.g.: sea is often“swan’s way” or “whale-path.3. conspicious occurrence of alliteration(头韵).4. narrator of the poem, the “I” is aminstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游诗人）5. story’s digressive manner of narration.6. elevated tone（提高的音调）.7. the use of metaphors and understatements✧Then the pagan was superseded（超过） by the religious spirit, and minstrels（吟游诗人） gave way to learned men.✧Caedmon（凯德蒙）: the first known poet in English literary history.✧The Ecclesiastical History of England（英格兰教会史）by the venerable Bede（比得）.欧洲最早的编年史：Anglo-Saxon Chronicle（编年史）founded by King Alfred the Great （阿尔弗雷德大帝）.【 Medieval（中世纪）Literature: a brief introduction 】✧☑In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the ConquerorB. Julius CaesarC. Alfred the GreatD. Claudius☑After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke _____.A. FrenchB. EnglishC. LatinD. SwedishThe changes and replacement of dynasty and government:The Norman line of kings90 years1154 Angevin kingsKing Henry Ⅱ and his descendants 245 years 1399 The House of Lancaster✧William the Conqueror grabbed Anglo-Saxon land by force and gave it tohis nobles and followers.A historical record of Anglo-Saxon institutions, customs, and way oflife（十字军东征）A serious of wars between Christians and the Muslims (1096-1270)（大宪章）King John was forced to recognize the rights of the powerful barons.（男爵）（Duke公 Marquis侯 Count伯 Viscount子 Baron爵）Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements began to coalesce into one nation, andthe English language started to revive.The emergence of nation（民族兴起）✧传奇：The Growth of the Arthurian Legends（亚瑟王传奇）Not put down on paper until 1147 Geoffrey of Monmouth came out with hisLatin Historia Reugm Britanniae.Be enriched by a good number of later writers.1205 Layamon wrote his cast verse work of 32,000 lines Brut in English.The beginning of the revival of English as a literary medium骑士文学：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:(《高文爵士和绿骑士》)supernatural--in verse or prose.☑The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____.A. novelB. dramaC. romanceD. essay☑The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. BeowulfC. Piers the PlowmanD. The Canterbury Tales☑The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.A. loyaltyB. revoltC. obedienceD. mockeryA famous roman about King Arthur’s storyA 4-part work of 2,530 lines in 101 sections.knightly virtues: loyalty, valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,and integrity.One Christmas（故事发生的时间）1.某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。