新公共管理的现状-外文文献及翻译

The New Public Management SituationOwen E. Hughes Monash University Management (Australia) No doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm. Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticism belong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public department responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change, Private sector related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three stages: the development of distinct phases, and public administration before traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its ownmanagement mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from thetraditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed thetransition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basisis very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but itis not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the2best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it'sage is a great reform, but that time has passed. A traditional pattern Obviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a longhistory, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. Asthe case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since thegovernment appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is thesocial or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration managementor business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow ofsocial sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrativesystem in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile floodingcaused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the handynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to thebackground, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal isto seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and theholy Roman, Spain's administrative empire, they first by the central through variousrules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries developsimultaneously with "bureaucratic management structure development". Althoughthese countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early essence is the personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegianceto the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode, the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the3money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money, which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune. America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed. Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and special", and according to the argument, modern Weber bureaucracy is "impersonal, rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still exist serious low efficiency. The enormous success of traditional administrative pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist othersystem. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass theexam, until 1854, Britain and north G..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began toestablish in China, although the system has long passage. The traditional public administrative pattern In the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this isthe so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from severalcountries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of MaxWeber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tylersystematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the privatesector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the othertheorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential inthis field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect.In other countries, plus G..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administrationof administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. Inthe 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examinationand character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutralpoint of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:41. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucraticrank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of aclassic, and analysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and othertissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, foradministrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for theorganization provides the best way.3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is selfless paying.6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to any political leaders.7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is its operation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, tocommand certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority. This does not grant an institution specific cases through some instructions. It only5matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation."It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the basic principles for with weber impersonal system to completely eliminate autocratic - at least in ideal condition is so. File exists, the reference principle of parallel and legal basis in the same environment means will always make the same decision. Below this kind of circumstance is not only more efficient, and the citizen and bureaucratic hierarchy know myself.Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations and impersonal basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also noticed the bureaucracy of the organization and individual term.The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted bygovernments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage.And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thoughtof individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a greatprogress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the modelcan even said outdated, also can say is outdated.The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Politicalcontrol theory has problems. Administrative means follow instructions, so peopledemand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and hasa clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expandsthe scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar -6bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization.Formal bureaucracy could have its advantages, but people think it often training toroutineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking,encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was thebureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type ", "but now this ideal type is inert, cultivatethe progressive, leads to low efficiency, these mediocrity and is believed to be thepublic sector of the special disease. It is also criticized. Actually, the word"bureaucracy in today's more likely as low efficiency of synonyms. The new public management mode In the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of newmanagement methods of defects. This method can alleviate some of the problems oftraditional pattern, also means that the public sector operation aspects has changedsignificantly. The new management method has many names: management of"individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of publicadministration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To the late 1990s, people tend to use "and the concept of new public administration". Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus. First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish "helmsman, with the rower to distinguish". Government intervention is not always7refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of the steps are necessary.Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the followingfeatures: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around theefficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environmentreplaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service deliverycloser to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related informationand other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of publicproducts supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concernedwith the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, includingemphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, andbetween internal to create a competitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategicdecision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multipleinterests outside change and the response. (7) by request relevant results andcomprehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) generalservice budget and management system to support and encourage the change.The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way.Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results.Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers shouldassume responsibility. Conclusion The government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. Firstis the personification of modern administrative mode, or when the pattern of itsdefects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode oftraditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional8administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management,from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market dominant period.In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principle is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market prescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the government management has already happened, we can use the term "paradigm" to describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned to the traditional administrative pattern.新公共管理的现状欧文·E·休斯(澳大利亚莫纳什大学管理系)毫无疑问,世界上许多国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期都开始了一场持续的公共部门管理变革运动。