自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology

《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构

Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)

Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.

Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.

Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)

Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.

Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.

Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，

Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)

Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.

Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.

Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.

Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.

Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.

Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.

Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).

Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.

Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.

Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)

6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）

1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.

An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.

2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):

diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).

3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)

1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .

2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的shi fts.

6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）

6.2.1Types of homonyms

1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.

2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .

3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.

6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms

1. Change in sound and spelling.

2. Borrowing.

3. Shortening.

6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)