英语国家概况重要词组翻译题必考
英语国家概况考试名词解释整理中文翻译
题型：选择，判断，名词解释，填空名词解释重点整理如下：英国经济的相对衰落：英国已经历了经济的下降，因为1945.But这是一个相对而不是绝对的下降。
英国是富裕和更富有成效的，比它在1945年，但由于其他国家的发展更为迅速，从第二大经济体，第六下滑。
私有化在1908s：英国经济在20世纪70年代经历了一个特别恶劣的时期，高通胀率和英镑贬值，因此，在20世纪80年代，当根据撒切尔夫人的保守党执政时期，一个广泛的方案。
进行了私有化。
许多国有企业（如钢铁，电信，天然气，航空航天）到了私人公司的私有化是在控制通货膨胀取得了成功，但同时失业率迅速上升。
英国经济的主要部门：主要行业，如农业，渔业和采矿，制造这些初级产品的复杂商品的第二产业;和大专（或服务）的产业，如：英国国家经济可以划分成三个主要领域银行，保险，旅游业和零售业。
综合学校：综合学校是在英国最流行的中学，这些学校承认不参考他们的学术能力的儿童提供普通教育的学生可以学习一切从喜欢文学，喜欢烹饪的实用科目的学科。
文法学校。
文法学校在英国中学的类型选择通过一个名为“11 - PULS”考试在11岁以下的儿童，这些儿童与最高分去文法学校，这些学校打好重点上先进的学科，而不是更普遍的综合学校的课程，并期望他们的学生去上大学。
俗称独立学校：独立学校是公立学校，这实际上是私人学校接收他们通过私营部门和学费率的资金，与一些政府援助的独立学校是不是国民教育体系的一部分，但教学的质量和标准。
通过参观女王陛下的学校督察保持这些学校限制学生的父母都比较丰富。
公开大学：。
开放大学是在英国成立的1960年为人们谁可能不会得到经济和社会原因高等教育机会的它是对所有人开放，并并没有要求在同一个正式的其他大学教育资格大学其次通过电视，广播，通信，视频和Q研究中心的净工作课程，公开大学学业结束。
成功的学生将被授予大学学位。
邦联条：独立战争胜利后，美国新的国家是一个虚弱的国民政府组织联合会章程协议下的所谓国会，每个国家都有自己的政府，其自身的规律。
英语国家概况中英对照
大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国P4The commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined economically and have trading arrangements. The commonwealth has no special powers. There are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾是英国殖民地而现已独立的国家构成，成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
联邦没有特殊的权力。
有50个成员国在联邦。
P12The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.英格兰人是盎格鲁——撒克逊人，而苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人却都是凯尔特人；P17凯尔特人Celts----首先入侵The Celts, a taller and fairer race than the people who had come before, began to arrive about 700BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans. They may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany. They came to Britain in three main waves.凯尔特人比先前抵达的种族更高、更漂亮，他们于公元前700年开始迁入，并于此后不断迁居到此岛，直至罗马人入侵；他们最初来自东欧和中欧,现在法国、比利时和德国南部一带。
英语国家概况译文
CHAPTER ONELAND AND PEOPLEDifferent Names for Britain and its PartsWhen people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, Great Britain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U. K. Do they mean the same thing?当人们提及英国时,常用不同的名称,如不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国,以及缩写的U.K…这些不同的称呼是不是指向相同的事物?Strictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The British Isles are made up of the two large islands—Great Britain and Ireland and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Britain, or Great Britain, is the larger of the two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland——the northern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U. K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There is another country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the reminder of Ireland——the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.严格地说,不列颠群岛、大不列颠群岛和英格兰都是地理名称。
“英语国家概况”新大纲中文考点（2）
后果：把英国⼈⾛出法国对两个国家都是幸事。
若英国⼈继续留在法国，那么法国⼈在领⼟和财富上所占的优势，必然阻碍英国作为⼀个独⽴民族的发展；⽽法国如果被外国势⼒占领了⼤量的领⼟，其民族特性的发展也要长期受阻。
Consequences of the Black Death ⿊死病的后果 ⿊死病是现代名称，指的是由⿏⾝上的跳蚤传播的，致使的⿏疫引起的传染性疾病。
14世纪传播到欧洲，1948年夏横扫全英国，夺去1/3⼈⼝的性命。
后果：⿊死病对经济影响深远。
⿏疫导致劳动⼒匮乏，存活的农民处于有利的讨价还价的地位，从农奴变成雇佣劳动⼒。
政府⾸次⼲预，制定法规维持低⼯资。
1951年政府颁布“劳⼯法令”，规定农民们涨⼯资的要求，或雇主⽀付⽐地⽅官制订的⼯资⽔平要⾼的⼯资都是犯罪。
这些镇压性措施以及⼀系列的⼈头税引起了⼴泛的极⼤不满。
4. Transition to the Modern Age 向现代过渡 The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争的性质和后果 玫瑰战争⼀词，是19世纪的⼤作家⽡尔特。
司考特创造的。
后专指两⽀⾦雀花家庭的争⽃。
红玫瑰代表兰开斯特家族，⽩玫瑰是约克家族的象征。
1455年战争爆发，1459⾄1460年双⽅多次交战。
1485年8⽉22⽇，在莱切斯特郡的博斯沃思原野进⾏了玫瑰战争的最后⼀战。
兰开斯特家族的亨利。
都铎，打败约克家族的理查德三世，不久后他娶了约克家族的伊莉莎⽩，从⽽将两⼤家族联合在了⼀起，国家处于都铎王朝的统治之下。
后果：玫瑰战争是贵族间的权利争⽃，⼤多数普通民众的利益未被卷⼊。
封建制度却遭受了致使打击，许多皇族⾎统的贵族阵亡，中世纪的贵族势⼒被⼤⼤削弱，名誉扫地。
⾄此国王权⼒变得⾄⾼⽆上。
Henry VIII and the English Reformation 享利⼋世和英国的宗教改⾰ 享利⼋世的成就是进⾏了宗教改⾰，改⾰的原因有三： 第⼀，改⾰教会的渴望已有多年，现受马丁。
英语国家概况名词解释
1.William the Conqueror 威廉征服: William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.建立了封建制度2.Doomsday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London. 为了可靠地记录所有的土地、佃户和他们的财产并查明他们能交多少税,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为末日审判书;因为对英国人来说,这本土地清册无疑就是最后审判日那天众王之王所用的末日书;此册完成于1086 年,它记录了1085 年作的英国全国总调查的结果;此册陈述了土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权;现在末日审判书保存在伦敦的公共档案馆里;从此册可以看出,在1086年,农村约有一半的耕地掌握在10 个承租人贵族手里,其中只有两个是英国贵族,约五分之一土地归国王本人所有;其余大多数属于主教、修道院院长和其他修道院头领3.the Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. 黑死病是现代名称,指的是由鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染疾病;14 世纪传播到欧洲,尤其是在1347 - 1350 年;1348 年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无征兆;但重要的是无药可救;不论贫富不放过任何人,死亡迅速而痛苦;它夺去了二分之一到一半的英国人的生命,加上随后50 年中发生的流行病,英国的人口在14 世纪末从400 万税减至200 万;4.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened..是对外战争和国内不稳定导致贵族们之间冲突再起,却令人回想起13 世纪的麻烦;1455至1485 年间政局不稳定是两支金雀花家族争斗引起的,它们是兰开斯特家族和约克家族;实际上,玫瑰战争这个词是19 世纪的大作家瓦尔特司考特创造的,但它已被普遍接受,专指这两个家族间的战争;因·为红玫瑰代表兰开斯特家族,而白玫瑰则是约克家族的象征尽管玫瑰战争断断续续进行了三十年,但普通民众所受影响甚微,他们照常从事各自营生;封建制度却遭受了致命打击;不少于80 位皇族血统的贵族阵亡,中世纪的贵族势力被大大削弱,名誉扫地;至此国王的权力变得至高无上5.The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelveproposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual 年詹姆斯麦迪逊在众议院提出了一系列的修正法案,后来这些法案被起草成十二条修正法案提交各州讨论;其·中有两条没被各州通过,其余十条在1791 年被通过,成为宪法的前十项修正案--人权法案;从那时起美国就完成了宪法体制的建立6.The British constitution: There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom, that is, unlike the constitutions of most other countries, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.英国议会制政府制度并不是基于成文宪法;联合王国没有成文宪法,也就是说与大多数他国宪法不同,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而是由成文法、习惯法和惯例组成;惯例是指法律没有明文要求必须执行,但被视为政府工作中不可缺少的行为准则;司法部门裁定习惯法和解释成文法; 7.The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan the only one entirely in the ., Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States expect Lake Michigan.美国最重要的湖泊就是五大湖;这五大湖包括：苏必利尔湖--世界上最大的淡水湖,密歇根湖唯一完全在美国境内的湖,休伦湖,伊利湖和安大略湖;除密歇根湖全部属美国外,其他均为美国和加拿大之间的界湖;8.The Emancipation Proclamation-解放宣言---After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy. 1863年1月1日,林肯总统发表了解放宣言,正是解放美国所有的奴隶;9.checks and balances: 制衡the United states has three separate branches of government: the of government: the legislative, executive ,andjudicial .Each branch has a portion of constitutional authority and can check or block the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. the three branches are thus in balance .this is a system of checks and balances美国政府的三个分支：在政府立法,执行,和司法;每个分支具有宪法权力的一部分,可以检查或其他部门的行为块;三个部门是平衡三个部门是平衡的;这是一个制衡制度;10.The Great Depression: It refers to the economic depression started from the New York stock market collapse on October24, that, thousands of banks and businesses failed. Many people lost their jobs, It was due to the New Deal started in 1933 and the defense buildup before and during World War II that the United States finally recovered from the Great Depression大萧条：它指的是在经济萧条的october241929纽约股票市场崩溃的开始;之后,银行和数千家企业失败;许多人失去了他们的工作,这是由于新政开始在1933之前和第二次世界大战期间,美国从大萧条中恢复的最后的国防建设11.Industrial revolution: The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize工业革命：工业革命是指工业的机械化,并在第十八年末和第十九世纪初英国社会和经济组织的变化随之而来;英国成为第一个工业化的国家12.The New Deal-新政---In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy. "罗斯福确实马上开始行动;在进入白宫后的第一个100 天里,他使国会通过了许多法案,旨在阻止经济状况的进一步恶化,帮助需要帮助的人们正如罗斯福总统所说,这些措施的目的在于"拯救美国的民主";这些措施确实有助于克服当时资本13.Counterculture: 反主流文化Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society. 反文化是对运动的道德价值观的反叛,审美标准,个人行为和社会关系的传统;14.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制----It is a political system that has been practiced in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons. 这是一个政治制度,已实行在英国1688的光荣革命以来;根据此制度,宪法是优越的君主;在法律上,君主具有最高权力,但在实践中,君主制的实力已大大减少,今天女王行为完全在她的部长的建议;她统治但不规则;真正的力量在于议会,或者更确切地说,在下议院;15.The hundred years war:英法百年战争The Hundred Years War was a series of wars between England and France.The background of the Hundred Years War went as far back as to the reign of William the Conqueror.When William the Conqueror became king in 1066 after his victory at the Battle of Hastings, he united England with Normandy in France.William ruled both as his own.。
英语国家概况余志远版复习资料注释翻译版
英语国家概况（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）英国部分1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom?It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?They are Great Britain and Ireland.3. What are the four political divisions部门 of the United Kingdom?They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.4. Why does the United Kingdom have a mild climate, even though it lies farther north than our Heilongjiang Province省份职权?Because Britain’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream墨西哥湾流.5. How many metropolitan areas does England have?England has seven metropolitan areas. 大都市6. What is the backbone of England?It is the Pennines.奔宁山脉7. What is the largest lake in the British Isles?It is Lough Neagh. 內伊湖8. From what languages is English derived由……而来?England is mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French languages.9. What is an eisteddfod?诗人An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of poetry, music and other arts.10. What have the Scottish people been famous for?The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans, colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors. 组织严密的家族、格子服饰、凶猛的战士技能11. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years.12. Why was the Roman impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited有限的?The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited because the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class奴隶阶级 and they never intermarried with the native Britons.13. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle使……定居 in Britain?The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the 5th century.14. When did England begin to be Christianized? 基督化England began to be Christianized in 579.15. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire约克郡 in 664?The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries传教士 gained the upper hand上风 over the Celtic missionaries.16. What was Harold doing when he was informed of the invasion of Northumbria by Tostig and Harold Hardrada?He was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy.17. Where did Harold defeat 战败 Tostig and Hardrada?Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge. 斯坦福球场18. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey?威斯敏斯特教堂William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York. 约克大教主19. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north?He built a string of defense castles to ensure确定 his military军队 control of the whole country.20. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England?Yes. The Norman Conquest was the last successful invasion of England because England has never been invaded since.21. Why did William I give his barons large estates房地产 in England?William I gave large estates to his barons because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.22. What was the peculiar 特权feature特色 of the feudal system of England?All landowners, big and small, took the oath宣誓 of allegiance效忠 for the land they held, not only to their immediate直接 lord主, but also to the king.23. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled? 末日宣判书William I had the Domesday Book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants承租人 and their possessions拥有；财产 and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes.24. What was William I ’s policy towards the church?He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold支持鼓励维持 its power.25. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop大教主 of Canterbury?He thought that Thomas Becket would assist him in carrying out贯彻实施 legal reforms改革.26. What brought Henry II into collision 冲突矛盾with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury?The exceptional异常的 privileges特权 enjoyed by the clergy神职，牧师 brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket.27. What are the two aspects方面 of the Norman legacy遗产 that contributed to great domestic 国内 unrest 动荡in England in the 12th and 13th centuries?One was England’s possession占有 of territory领土 in France. The other was Norman adherence 依附坚持to Roman Catholicism.28. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year’s War who helped the French to drive the English out of France?Joan of Arc.圣女贞德29. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep down wages?The government established rules for the first time to keep down wages in 1351.30. How many peasant 农民in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II ’s troops骑兵，军队?40,000 peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II’s troops.31. What were the emblems象征 of the Houses of York and Lancaster?The emblem of the House of York was a white rose and the emblem of the House of Lancaster was a red rose.32. What was the impact影响 of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England?The Wars of the Roses dealt处理分配 a death blow 打击to feudalism in England.33. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds?She tried to avoid troubling Parliament by making strict economies at Court.34. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.35. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain in friendly relationship with France?She managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France through her marriage alliances which were never materialized. 具体化36. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed? 执行Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.37. What did the destruction毁灭消灭 of the Spanish Armada show?It showed England’s superiority as a naval power.38. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot? 火药阴谋The long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot has been an annual celebration of November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display显示炫耀 is arranged.39. What was Puritanism清教 noted for因……而著名?It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards标准 and very egalitarian平等 attitudes.40. What is a constitutional宪法 monarchy君主?A constitutional monarchy is one whose power is limited by Parliament.41. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century?They stood for a reduction减少 in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists非国教, and care for the interests of merchants商人 and bankers.42. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century? Changes in farming methods affected lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time.43. What did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? They wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.44. Why was King George III nicknamed “Farmer George”?King George III was nicknamed “Farmer George” because he was very enthusiastic热衷 about agricultural 农业的changes at Winsor.45. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes 统治阶级in the closing decades数十年 of the 18th century?They were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.46. When did the British begin to transport convicts罪犯 to Australia?The British began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788.47. What was the result of the general strike打击罢工 of 1926?The strike failed. The miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before. Yet, outside the mining district, the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes.48. Why did Edward VIII abdicate 退位in 1936 after a reign of 10 months?Edward VIII abdicated because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced 离婚American.49. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community? 欧共体Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January,1973.50. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990?It was because of her opposition反对 to European Union and her imposition征收强加 of an extremely unpopular flat-rate 固定税率“poll tax”人头税 in place of property taxes to payor local government service.61. Where does the Sovereign’s coronation加冕 take place?发生举行The Sovereign’s coronation takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.62. When is the Sovereign’s birthday officially celebrated?It is officially celebrated in June every year.63. What does the Duke of Edinburgh do when the Queen pays state visits to foreign governments? He accompanies陪同 her.64. Where does the Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties come from?The Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments.65. What does the term “parliament” originally最初 mean?The term “parliament” originally means a meeting for a parley or discussion.66. What is the main function of the House of Lords?The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.67. What is the Speaker’s task in the House of Commons?His task is to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order. 执行顺序规则68. How many counties are there in England and Wales?There are 53 counties in England and Wales.69. What are the three island areas where single-tier authorities当局官方 were introduced in Scotland?They are the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Western Isles.70. How do local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue?They raise revenue 税收through the council tax.81. Are British people obliged to 不得不use the National Health Service?国民医疗保健制度No. They are not obliged to use the service.82. What are services for elderly people aimed at?Services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible. 83. What is the aim of the social security system?The aim of the social security is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.84. At what age do men and women generally retire退休?Men generally retire at the age of 65, and women at the ate of 60.85. What are the two established churches in Britain?They are the Church of England in England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland.86. How many provinces职权省份 does the Church of England have?The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York.87. When were the first women priests ordained in Britain?They were ordained in March 1994.88. Who founded the Salvation Army in the East of London in 1865?William Booth, a great follower of John Wesley, founded the Salvation Army.89. Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations?They go to Oxford Street, Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations.90. Why is December 26th called “Boxing Day”?December 26th is called Boxing Day because it was formerly the custom to give “Christmasboxes”, or gifts of money, to servants and tradesmen商人 on this day.91. How many kinds of state secondary schools 国立公立are there in Great Britain? Three. They are grammar school, secondary modern school and comprehensive school.92. When was the Open University founded? When did it begin its first courses?It was founded in 1969, and it began its first courses in 1970.93. Why is the Open University so named?It is so named because it is “open” to all to become students.94. How much money is spent on press advertising平面广告every year in Great Britain? About ￡5,100 million.95. How much time do British people spend a day watching television?People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television.96. How are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed?They are financed from the sale of television licences.97. How are independent channels ITV and C4 funded?They are funded entirely by advertising. 广告98. When did the BBC begin to provide regular television broadcasts?The BBC began to provide regular television broadcasts in 1936.99. Which sport is regarded as typically English?Cricket 板球is the most typically English sport.100. What is a “copyright” library?It is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom.美国部分1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area? The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world in population and the fourth-largest country in area.2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States?They are the Appalachian Highlands阿巴拉契亚山脉 and the Rocky Mountains. 落基亚山脉3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide?The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic.4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States?They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior. 伊利湖、休伦湖、密歇根、安大略、苏必利尔湖5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they? There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States. 在美国有七个地理区域。
英语国家概况翻译
Unit 1 ABrief Intr oduct ion t o Th e Uni ted K ingdo m我们正在研究的这个国家的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这也是一个复杂的名字，对于一个在许多方面都很复杂的国家。
大多数人都知道它，是因为它的庞大的海外帝国的称号使他在国家上扮演着重要的角色，但是在第二次世界大战之后的数年，这一切都结束了。
然而，人们知道的那些有关英国（他们可能称它为英国或者，错误的称为大不列颠）的事情，可能跟大多数真正的英国人是如果过自己的生活的事情没有多大的联系。
一方面，现在，帝国的时代已经过去很久了，只有老人们把帝国作为他们生活有一些意义的一件事留在记忆里。
英国不再是一个帝国，尽管其过去帝国的影响可能体现在各方各面;而不是仅仅体现在与曾经是这个帝国的一部分并且建立起一个松散（自愿）的称之为英联邦国家的组织保持联系的50或更多的国家之间的密切关系。
但是今天在英国国际关系中，更重要的是欧洲联盟。
自从1973年始，英国成为了它的成员。
考虑到当代的英国，强调它在欧盟中扮演的角色，比起英联邦的一部分，要有用得多了。
作为7国集团成员的大型发达经济体，它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家。
另外一个明显旧帝国的影响在于组成英国人口本身。
在20世纪50年代和60年代这段时间，受到鼓励来自这些英联邦国家的移民，导致了一个二十个人中就有一个非欧洲人的人口种族。
他们自己，其父母，或者祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，仅举出这几个最有代表性的国家和地区。
这将引入什么是本章节关于英国的关键主题：因为是大多数，或所有的国家，是不可能用简单的话语来概括英国人民。
《英语国家概况》单词资料
C 11. geography [英] [dʒɪ'ɒɡrəfɪ] [美] [dʒi'ɑɡrəfi] n. 地理（学）；地形，地势；布局adj. geographical adv. Geographically2. features高频词，一定要记住哦！[英] ['fi:tʃəz] [美] ['fi:tʃəz] n. 特征( feature的名词复数)；特写；[复数]面貌；面貌的一部分3. geographical features地理特征4. collectively中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [kə'lektɪvlɪ] [美] [kə'lɛktɪvlɪ]adv. 全体地，共同地5. account[英] [ə'kaʊnt] [美] [ə'kaʊnt] n. 账，账目；存款；记述，报告；理由vi. 解释；导致；报账vt. 认为；把…视6. account for[英] [ə'kaunt fɔ:] [美] [ə'kaʊnt fɔr] 生词本说明（原因、理由等）；导致，引起；（在数量、比例上）占；对…负责7. urbanize[英] ['ɜ:bənaɪz] [美] [ˈɚbəˌnaɪz] vt. 使都市化，使文雅过去式：urbanized 过去分词：urbanized 现在分词：urbanizing 第三人称单数：urbanizes8. constituent中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [kənˈstɪtjuənt] [美] [kənˈstɪtʃuənt]n. 选民；成分，构成部分；委托人adj. 构成的，组成的；选举的；有选举权的复数：constituents9.substantial [英] [səb'stænʃl] [美] [səbˈstænʃəl] adj. 大量的；结实的，牢固的；重大的n. 本质；重要材料复数：substantials10.unifiy中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['ju:nɪfaɪ] [美] [ˈjunəˌfaɪ] vt. 使联合；使相同；使一致；统一过去式：unified 过去分词：unified 现在分词：unifying 第三人称单数：unifies 11. scenery低频词，[英] ['si:nərɪ] [美] [ˈsinəri] 生词本n. 风景，景色；舞台布景；风景画；舞台面12.whisky [英] [ˈwɪski] [美] [ˈhwɪski, ˈwɪs-] n. 威士忌酒13.densely[英] [denslɪ] [美] [ˈdɛnslɪ] adv. 浓密地，稠密地，密集地14.originate[英] [ə'rɪdʒɪneɪt] [美] [əˈrɪdʒəˌnet] vt. 引起；创始，创作；开始，发生；发明vi. 起源于，来自；产生；起航过去式：originated 过去分词：originated 15. dominate[英] ['dɒmɪneɪt] [美] [ˈdɑməˌnet] vt.& vi. 控制；在…中占首要地位；在…中具有最重要（或明显）的特色；在…中拥有最重要的位置vt. 耸立于，俯临；支配；施加过去式：dominated 过去分词：dominated 现在分词：dominating 第三人称单数：dominates16.temperate低频词，[英] [ˈtempərət] [美] [ˈtɛmpərɪt, ˈtɛmprɪt] 生词本adj. 有节制的；（气候）温和的；适度的比较级：more temperate 最高级：most temperate 17. frequent[英] ['fri:kwənt] [美] [ˈfrikwənt] adj. 频繁的，时常发生的，常见的；（脉搏等）急促的，快的vt. 常到，光顾，常与…交往；常去，时常出入于过去式：frequented 过去分词：frequented 现在分词：frequenting 第三人称单数：frequents18. instability[英] [ˌɪnstə'bɪlətɪ] [美] [ˌɪnstəˈbɪlɪti] n. 不稳定，不稳固；不坚决，反复无常；基础薄弱复数：instabilities19. changeability[英] [ˌtʃeɪndʒə'bɪlətɪ] [美] [ˌtʃeɪndʒə'bɪlətɪ] n.可变性，易变性20. financial [英] [faɪˈnænʃl] [美] [faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l] adj. 财政的；财务的；金融的；有钱的21. port中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [pɔ:t] [美] [pɔrt, port] n. 港口22. a major port主要港口23. landmark中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [ˈlændmɑ:k] [美] [ˈlændˌmɑrk] 生词本n. [航]陆标；界标；里程碑；纪念碑adj. 有重大意义或影响的复数：landmarks n. 陆标( landmark的名词复数)；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址）24. symbol [英] ['sɪmbl] [美] [ˈsɪmbəl] n. 象征；标志；符号；记号vt. 用符号代表复数：symbols 过去式：symbolled symboled 过去分词：symbolled symboled 现在分词：symbolling symboling 第三人称单数：symbols25.tourist attractions旅游景点26. administrative[英] [ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv] [美] [ædˈmɪnɪˌstretɪv] 生词本adj. 管理的，行政的；行政职位；非战斗性行政勤务的27. headquarter英] ['hed'kwɔ:tə] [美] ['hed'kwɔ:tə] vi. 设总部vt. 将…的总部设在；把…放在总部里headquarters n. （机构，企业等的）总部；总店；司令部；指挥部28.institution高频词，一定要记住哦！[英] [ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn] [美] [ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən, -ˈtju-] n. （大学、银行等规模大的）机构；惯例，制度，规定，建立；社会事业机构；<口>名人，名物复数：institutions29. the National Gallery国家美术馆30. the Royal Festival Hall皇家节日音乐厅, 皇家音乐厅31. stunningly中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['stʌnɪŋlɪ] [美] [ˈstʌnɪŋlɪ] adv. 绝妙地；极好地；令人震惊地；使人目瞪口呆地stun中频词，你记住了吗？常见度：[英] [stʌn] [美] [stʌn] 生词本vt. 击晕，使昏厥；使震聋；使目瞪口呆；使大吃一惊n. 打击，刺激过去式：stunned 过去分词：stunned 现在分词：stunning 第三人称单数：stuns 32. renowned [英] [rɪˈnaʊnd] [美] [rɪˈnaʊnd] adj. 有名的，享有声誉的；有声望的v. 使有声誉(renown的过去分词)renown[英] [rɪˈnaʊn] [美] [rɪˈnaʊn] n. 名望，声誉；威名；声威33. insurance[英] [ɪnˈʃʊərəns] [美] [ɪnˈʃʊrəns] n. 保险，保险业；保险费；预防措施adj. [体]巩固球队领先局面，使对手不能因增加一分而成平局的34. enormous中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [iˈnɔ:məs] [美] [ɪˈnɔrməs] adj. 巨大的；庞大的；极恶的；凶暴的35. restoration[英] [ˌrestə'reɪʃn] [美] [ˌrɛstəˈreʃən] n. （规章制度等的）恢复；复原；（遗失等物的）归还原主；整修36. fashionable[英] [ˈfæʃnəbl] [美] [ˈfæʃənəbəl] adj. 流行的；时髦的，符合时尚的；时髦人物使用的；（尤指）有钱人常光顾的n. 时髦的人37. impressive [英] [ɪmˈpresɪv] [美] [ɪmˈprɛsɪv] adj. 给人印象深刻的，感人的；引人注目的；可观的；显赫38. selection [英] [sɪ'lekʃn] [美] [sɪˈlɛkʃən] n. 选择，挑选；被挑选的人[事物]；选萃；[生]选择，淘汰复数：selections39. world-class adj. 世界级的；国际水平的40. trendy低频词，[英] ['trendɪ] [美] [ˈtrɛndi] adj. 时髦的，赶时髦的，追随时髦的n. 时髦人物，赶时髦的人；领导时尚的人复数：trendies 比较级：trendier 最高级：trendiest41. waterfront waterfront低频词，[英] [ˈwɔ:təfrʌnt] [美] [ˈwɔtɚˌfrʌnt, ˈwɑtə-] 生词本n. 海滨，江边；装在火炉前部的热水缸复数：waterfronts42. trendy waterfront area时髦的滨水地区,时髦的海港区/江岸地区43. crammed crammed低频词，常见度：[英] [kræmd] [美] [kræmd]adj. 塞满的，挤满的；大口地吃；快速贪婪地吃v. 把…塞满；填入；临时抱佛脚( cram的过去式)44. monuments[ˈmɔnjumənts] n. 纪念碑( monument的名词复数)；遗迹；遗址；丰碑45. remarkable中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [rɪˈmɑ:kəbl] [美] [rɪˈmɑrkəbəl] adj. 异常的，引人注目的，；卓越的；显著的；非凡的，非常（好）的比较级：more remarkable 最高级：most remarkable46. transformation[英] [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn] [美] [ˌtrænsfɚˈmeʃən, -fɔr-] n. 变化；<核>转换；<语>转换；<电>变换47. redevelop[英] [ˌri:dɪ'veləp] [美] [ˌridɪˈvɛləp] vt. 重建，重新开发过去式：redeveloped 过去分词：redeveloped 现在分词：redeveloping 第三人称单数：redevelops48. estimate[英] ['estɪmət] [美] [ˈɛstəˌmet] n. 估计，预测；报价，预算书；评价，判断vt. 估计，估算；评价，评论；估量，估价复数：estimates 过去式：estimated 过去分词：estimated 现在分词：estimating 第三人称单数：estimates49. density[英] ['densətɪ] [美] [ˈdɛnsɪti] n. 密度；稠密，浓厚；[物]浓度，比重；愚钝复数：densities50. prosperous[英] ['prɒspərəs] [美] [ˈprɑspərəs] adj. 繁荣的，兴旺的；富裕的；幸福的，运气好的；良好的51. fertile[英] ['fɜ:taɪl] [美] [ˈfɚtl] adj. 肥沃的；可繁殖的；丰富的；[物]能产生裂变物质的52. distribute[英] [dɪ'strɪbju:t] [美] [dɪˈstrɪbjut] vt. 分配，散布；散发，分发；把…分类；[电]配电过去式：distributed 过去分词：distributed 现在分词：distributing 第三人称单数：distributes53. descendant低频词，[英] [dɪˈsendənt] [美] [dɪˈsɛndənt] n. 后代；后裔；（由过去类似物发展来的）派生物；弟子adj. 下降的；祖传的复数：descendants54. mountainous[英] [ˈmaʊntənəs] [美] [ˈmaʊntənəs] 生词本adj. 多山的；巨大的；山一般的1. permanent中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['pɜ:mənənt] [美] [ˈpɚmənənt] adj. 永久（性）的，永恒的，不变的，耐久的，持久的，经久的；稳定的；常务的，常设的n. 电烫发，烫发2. resident [英] [ˈrezɪdənt] [美] [ˈrɛzɪdənt, -ˌdɛnt]adj. 定居的，常驻的；[计]常驻的，常存于内存中的；[动]不迁徙的（鸟兽等）；固有的，内在的n. 居民；（旅馆的）住宿者；住院医师复数：residents3. permanent resident 永久居民4. immigrant [英] [ˈɪmɪgrənt] [美] [ˈɪmɪɡrənt] n. 移民，侨民；从异地移入的动物[植物] adj. 移民的，移来的；侨民的5.Caribbean英] [ˌkærɪˈbi:ən] [美] [ˌkærəˈbiən, kəˈrɪbiən] n. 加勒比海6. mutually 中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈmju:tʃuəli] 美[ˈmjuːtʃuəli] adv. 互相地，互助；7. intelligible英[ɪnˈtelɪdʒəbl] 美[ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbəl] adj. 可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的8. inhabitant英[ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] 美[ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] n. 居民，住户；（栖息在某地区的）动物9. Christianity 中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˌkrɪstiˈænəti] 美[ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti, ˌkrɪsti-]n. 基督教；基督教徒；基督教教义10. estrange e 英[ɪs'treɪndʒ] 美[ɪˈstrendʒ] vt. 使疏远（尤指家庭成员之间11. modify 中频词，你记住了吗？英['mɒdɪfaɪ] 美[ˈmɑdəˌfaɪ] vi. 被修饰；修改vt. 改变；减轻，减缓；[语]修饰，（用变音符号）改变12. standardization 低频词，英[ˌstændədaɪ'zeɪʃn] 美[ˌstændədaɪ'zeɪʃn] n. 标准化；标定；规格化；规范化13. assimilate低频词，英[ə'sɪməleɪt] 美[əˈsɪməˌlet] vi. 吸收，消化；同化vt. 透彻理解；使吸收14. protein中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈprəʊti:n] 美[ˈproˌtin, -tiɪn] n. [化]朊，蛋白（质）adj. 蛋白质的15. vaccine英['væksi:n] 美[vækˈsin,ˈvækˌsin] n. 疫苗，痘苗adj. 痘苗的，疫苗的复数：vaccines16. shampoo英[ʃæm'pu:] 美[ʃæmˈpu] n. 洗发剂；洗发香波；（洗地毯、家具罩套、汽车等的）洗涤剂；洗头vt. 用洗发剂洗头；用洗涤剂洗17. pajamas英[pə'dʒɑ:məz] 美[pə'dʒæməz] n. 睡衣裤18. virtually中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈvɜ:tʃuəli] 美[ˈvɚtʃuəli] adv. 实际上，实质上，事实上，几乎；无形中；无形19. lingua franca生词本英[ˌlɪŋgwəˈfræŋkə] n. 混合语，任何混合国际商业用的语言P15-P16Establishment n. 确定，制定美 [ɪ'stæblɪʃmənt] 英 [ɪ'stæblɪʃm(ə)nt; e-]Feudalism n. 封建制度英 ['fjuːdəlɪz(ə)m] 美 ['fjʊdl'ɪzəm]principal adj. 主要的英 ['prɪnsɪp(ə)l] 美 ['prɪnsəpl]ascend v.上升，登高英 [ə'send] 美 [ə'sɛnd]throne n. 王座vi. 登上王座英[θrəʊn] 美[θron]justice n. 司法，法律制裁英 ['dʒʌstɪs] 美 ['dʒʌstɪs]institutionalize vt. 使~~~制度化美 [,ɪnstɪ'tuʃənəlaɪz]clause n. 条款英 [klɔːz] 美 [klɔz]payment n. 付款，支付；报酬，报答；偿还；惩罚，报应英 ['peɪm(ə)nt] 美 ['pemənt] consent vi. 同意；赞成；答应n. 同意；（意见等的）一致；赞成英 [kən'sent] 美 [kən'sɛnt] arrest vt. 逮捕；阻止；吸引n. 逮捕；监禁英 [ə'rest] 美 [ə'rɛst]imprisoned adj. 被封印的英 [ɪm'prɪznd]convicted adj. 证明有罪的privilege n. 特权；优待；基本权利vt. 给与…特权；特免英 ['prɪvɪlɪdʒ] 美 ['prɪvlɪdʒ] vassal n. 诸侯；封臣adj. 臣属的英 ['væs(ə)l] 美 ['væsl]self-government n. 自治；自制；克己英 ['selfɡʌvənmənt]be crowned in 登基被加冕rein n. 缰绳；驾驭；统治；支配vt. 控制；驾驭；勒住vi. 勒住马英 [reɪn] 美 [ren]wage vi. 进行；发动；从事n. 工资；代价；报偿vt. 进行；开展英 [weɪdʒ] 美 [wedʒ] provision n. 规定；条款；准备；[经] 供应品vt. 供给…食物及必需品英 [prə'vɪʒ(ə)n]noble 贵族clergyman n. 牧师英 ['klɜːdʒɪmən] 美 ['klɝdʒɪmən]parliament n. 议会国会英 ['pɑːləm(ə)nt] 美 ['pɑrləmənt]P17-P18throne [θrəʊn] 王座，王权renew [rɪ'nʊ]使更新，复兴Concept ['kɑnsɛpt] 观念feudalism ['fjuːdəlɪz(ə)m]封建主义badge [bædʒ] 微章，标记centralize ['sɛntrəlaɪz] 使集中，medieval [,mi:dɪ'i:vəl] 中世纪的，原始的inevitable [ɪn'evɪtəb(ə)l]必然的monarchy ['mɒnəkɪ]君主政体resentment [rɪ'zentm(ə)nt] 愤恨，怨恨corruption[kə'rʌpʃ(ə)n]贪污，腐败grant [grɑːnt] 授予，允许wholesale ['həʊlseɪl]】批发的，批发vtsuppression [sə'preʃ(ə)n]抑制，镇压guise [gaɪz]伪装，外观reformation [refə'meɪʃ(ə)n]革新，改善bloody ['blʌdɪ]血腥的，残忍的persecution [pɜːsɪ'kjuːʃn] 迫害，烦忧settlement ['set(ə)lm(ə)nt]解决，处理execute ['eksɪkjuːt]实行，执行faction ['fækʃ(ə)n] 派别，内讧consolidate [kən'sɒlɪdeɪt]巩固，使固定P23-241.occupy ['ɑkjupaɪ][ 过去式occupied 过去分词occupied 现在分词occupying ]vt. 占据，占领；居住；使忙碌occupier ['ɑkjupaɪɚ]n. 居住人；占有者；占用者2.self-governing ['self'ɡʌvəniŋ]adj. 自治的；自己管理自己的governing ['gʌvɚnɪŋ]adj. 有统治、控制或治理权力的govern ['ɡʌvɚn]vt. 管理；支配；统治；控制vi. 居支配地位；进行统治3.dominion [də'mɪnɪən]n. 主权，统治权；支配；领土4.colonial [kə'lonɪəl]n. 殖民地居民adj. 殖民地的，殖民的colony ['kɑləni]n. 殖民地；移民队colonialism [kə'lonɪəlɪzəm]n. 殖民主义；殖民政策ndmass ['lændmæs]n. 大陆6.imperialism [ɪm'pɪrɪəlɪzəm]n. 帝国主义imperialistic[ɪm,pɪrɪəl'ɪstɪk]adj. 帝国主义的；帝国主义者的；拥护帝国主义的\imperialisticallyadv. 帝国主义地imperialist [ɪm'pɪrɪəlɪst]n. 帝国主义者adj. 帝国主义的7.industrialized [ɪn'dʌstrɪəlaɪzd]adj. 工业化的industrialize [ɪn'dʌstrɪəlaɪz]vt. 使工业化vi. 实现工业化[ 过去式industrialized 过去分词industrialized 现在分词industrializing ]8.eager ['igɚ]adj. 渴望的；热切的；热心的eagerly ['igɚli]adv. 急切地；渴望地；热心地9.conflict ['kɑnflɪkt]n. 冲突，矛盾；斗争；争执vi. 冲突，抵触；争执；战斗10.rivalry ['raɪvlri]复数[rivalries ] n. 竞争；对抗；竞赛rivalrous ['raɪvlrəs]adj. 敌对性的；有竞争性的11.plunge [plʌndʒ]n. 投入；跳进vi. 突然地下降；投入；陷入；跳进vt. 使陷入；使投入；使插入12.respective [rɪ'spɛktɪv]adj. 分别的，各自的13.allies [æ,laɪz; ə'laɪz]n. （第二次世界大战时的）同盟国；（第一次世界大战时的）协约国14.drain [dren]vi. 排水；流干vt. 喝光，耗尽；使流出；排掉水n. 排水；下水道，排水管；消耗15.merchant ['mɝtʃənt]n. 商人，批发商；店主adj. 商业的，商人的merchantable ['mɝtʃəntəbl]adj. 适销的；可买卖的；有销路的16.taxes [tæksiːz] n. 税收，税金；税务；[税收] 税捐tax æks]vt. 向…课税；使负重担n. 税金；重负17.soar [sɔr]vi. 高飞；高耸；往上飞舞n. 高飞；高涨18.relinquish [rɪ'lɪŋkwɪʃ]vt. 放弃；放手；让渡relinquishment[ri'liŋkwiʃmənt]n. 作罢；让渡19.permanently ['pɝmənəntli]adv. 永久地，长期不变地permanence ['pɝmənəns]n. 持久；永久20.disarm [dɪs'ɑrm]vt. 解除武装；裁军；缓和vi. 放下武器；裁减军备disarming [dɪs'ɑrmɪŋ]adj. 使解除警戒心的；使人消气的pel [kəm'pɛl]vt. 强迫，迫使；强使发生[ 过去式compelled 过去分词compelled 现在分词compelling ]22.vast [væst]adj. 广阔的；巨大的；大量的；巨额的n. 浩瀚；广阔无垠的空间[ 比较级vaster 最高级vastest ]vastitude ['væstɪtjʊd]n. 广大；广阔境界；浩瀚23.sum [sʌm]n. 金额；总数vi. 概括vt. 总结；合计[ 过去式summed 过去分词summed 现在分词summing ]24.arouse [ə'raʊz]vt. 引起；唤醒；鼓励vi. 激发；醒来；发奋[ 过去式aroused 过去分词aroused 现在分词arousing ] arousal [ə'raʊzl]n. 觉醒；激励25.racism ['resɪzəm]n. 种族主义，种族歧视；人种偏见racist['resɪst]n. 种族主义者26.reluctant [rɪ'lʌktənt]adj. 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的[ 比较级morereluctant 最高级most reluctant ]27.somewhat n. 几分；某物adv. 有点；多少；几分；稍微28.propel [prə'pɛl]vt. 推进；驱使；激励；驱策[ 过去式propelled 过去分词propelled 现在分词propelling ]propelling [prə'peliŋ]adj. 推进的29.suicide ['suɪsaɪd]n. 自杀；自杀行为；自杀者adj. 自杀的vt. 自杀vi. 自杀[ 过去式suicided 过去分词suicided 现在分词suiciding ]30.supremacy [su'prɛməsi]n. 霸权；至高无上；主权；最高地位supremacist [su'prɛməsɪst]n. 至上主义者adj. 至上主义者的P221. formation英[fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn] 美[fɔrˈmeʃən] n. 形成；构成，结构；形成物；编队，队形复数：formations2. colonization英[ˌkɒlənaɪ'zeɪʃn] 美[ˌkɑlənɪˈzeʃən] n. 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化；移殖3. Newfoundland英[ˌnju:fəndˈlænd] 美[ˈnufənlənd, -ˌlænd, -fənd-, ˈnju-]n. 纽芬兰，加拿大东部省名，包括纽芬兰岛和拉布拉多半岛东部。
英语国家概况复习点1
Note 11. The full name of the UK is ________________________________________.2. Four parts: _________3. The national anthem ：“God save the queen”--- National flower：Rose--- National bird：redbreast/robin4. one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member of NATO, and of the Commonwealth,Member of European Union (1937) and the Group of seven (1985)5. the Group of Seven: the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada6. The effects of its imperial past:1) It helps maintain close links among many countries which used to be its colonies.2) It has great effects on the makeup of the multiracial society.7. Racial, class, regional and economic differences in the society:1) a multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, many are Muslims;2) class difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious（3）Economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries:1) difference between highland and lowland Scots2) difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north) 8. A significant role of London1) capital city2) in the south; largest city in the country3) culture center4) business center5) financial center, one of the 3 major international financial centers in the world (another two are New York and Hong Kong )6) long-standing historical role in the UK9. British history has been a history of invasions.(1) Roman Invation---first landing in 55 BC led by Julius Caesar---complete control over the land in 43 AD---Result: England and Wales became a part of Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.(2) Anglo-Saxon Invasion---In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain, they were three Germanic tribes.---Result: Anglo-Saxon invaders were the founders of “Angle-land”----England(3) The Vikings’Invasion---From the late 8th century on, the Viki ngs threatened Britain’s shores.---Results: A certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England(4) The Norman Conquest---Normans led by William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) invaded in 1066.---In the Battle of Hastings, King Harold was killed.---William took the English throne and became William the First of England.---Restult: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeed in invading.---The Norman conquest of England is perhaps the best-known event in English history. UnderWilliam, the feudal system in England was completely established.10. Introduction to Scotland⏹(1) Physical features⏹Second largest of the 4 nations⏹Most rugged part of UK⏹①In the north- the Highlands mountainsand lakes⏹②In the south- the Southern Uplands⏹③In the middle- the lowland zone with 3/4 of the population⏹(2) The Battle of Bannockburn⏹Time: 24th June, 1314⏹Heroes: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce vs. the English army⏹Results: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence⏹(3) Union with England⏹①In 1603, James VI of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England,uniting the two thrones. But Scotland maintained its separate political identity⏹②In 1707, under the reign of Queen Anne, English and Scottish Parliaments were united.⏹③Although Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament, The ScotlandAct of 1998 provided for the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Executive.11. Introduction to Wales⏹Physical features⏹(1) Smallest on the British mainland⏹(2) Close to central England; hilly and rugged⏹(3) Rich coal deposits (attract foreign investment from abroad, especially Japan and U.S.)(4) Capital: Cardiff, on the south coast⏹ A history features campaigns for the independence from UK⏹(1) In 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, forced the English to acknowledge him as Price ofWales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation.⏹(2) After Llywelyn died, the English King Edward I set about conquering Wales andsucceeded. Edward named his son the Prince of Wales, a title held by the first son of the Monarchy ever since, trying to bring Wales into the British nation.⏹(3) In 1400, Owain Glyndwr led an unsuccessful rising against the English.⏹(4) Llywelyn and Glyndwr are legendary heroes of Welsh Nationlism since their briefcampaigns are the only times in history when Wales existed as a unified and independent nation.⏹(5) In 1536, Wales was brought legally, administratively and politically into the UK byan act of the British Parliament.⏹(6) Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from the Party foWales.。
英语国家概况重点术语解释
重点翻译术语：(1) New Frontier 新边疆(2) the Civil Rights Movement 民权运动(3) the Great Society 伟大社会(4) the Counterculture Movement 反主流文化运动(5) the New Left Movement 新左派运动(6) the Anti-War Movement 反战运动(7) the Strategic Defence Initiative 战略防御措施(8) the Populist Party人民党(9) Star Wars星球大战(10) Monroe Doctrine门罗主义(11) Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义(12) the Marshall Plan 马歇尔计划(13) the Missile Crisis 导弹危机(14) the House Un-American Activities Committee 众议院非美活动调查委员会(15) W ASP 白人盎格鲁—撒克逊新教徒(16) indentured servants 契约佣工(17) the Civil War 美国内战(18) the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种协进会(19) model minority 模范少数族裔(20) Indian Reservations 印第安人保留区(21) Gold Rush淘金热(22) Supreme Court最高法院(23) the Court of Appeals 上诉法院(24) the District Court地区法庭(25) judicial review 司法复审(26) the House of Representatives 众议院(27) chief justice 首席大法官(28) associate justice 大法官(29) the Articles of Confederation 《邦联条例》(30) winner-take-all 赢者通吃/ （美国总统选举中）胜者获得所有选举人选票(31) grants-in-aid programs联邦拨款项目(32) the midterm election中期选举(33) Watergate Scandal水门事件丑闻(34) Electoral College选举人团(35) laissez faire自由放任(36) post-industrial society后工业社会(37) Sherman Antitrust Act谢尔曼反托拉斯法(38) New Deal新政(39) National Labor Relations Board全国劳工关系委员会(40) Social Security system 社会保障制度(41) Food Stamp食物劵(42) Aid to Families with Dependent Children未成年人家庭援助计划(43) original jurisdiction 初审管辖权(44) grand jury 大陪审团(45) petit jury 小陪审团(46) the Department of Justice 司法部(47) the Attorney General 司法部长/ 总检察长(48) the Solicitor General 司法部副部长/副总检察长(49) Common Law 习惯法(50) civil law 民法(51) criminal law 刑法(52) the Federal Bureau of Investigation美国联邦调查局(53) due process of law 正当法律程序(54) charter school 特许公立学校(55) school voucher 教育劵(56) associate degree 准学位(57) community college 社区大学(58) the Bilingual Education Act 双语教育法(59) affirmative action program 积极行动方案(60) reverse discrimination 反向歧视(61) compulsory education 义务教育(62) city upon a hill 山巅之城(63) the Great Awakening 大觉醒运动(64) rummage sales 旧杂物义卖(65) the Grand Canyon 大峡谷(66) British Commonwealth英联邦(67) God save the King /Queen 天佑吾王(68) the Stars and Stripes星条旗(69) E pluribus unum合众为一(70) the Good Friday Agreement北爱尔兰和平协议(71) Magna Carta（英国）大宪章(72) shadow cabinet影子内阁(73) the House of Lords 贵族院/ 上议院(74) Lords Spiritual 神职贵族(75) Lords Temporal 俗职贵族(76) the House of Commons下议院(77) Constitutional Monarchy君主立宪制(78) the Prime Minister首相(79) the Department of State国务院(80) Secretary of Commerce商务部长。
英语国家概况期末重点(必考)
英语国家概况期末重点（必考）1 How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods:Old English, Middle English and Modern English.2 What are the two components of the British Parliament ?They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.3 What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.4 What are the three functions of the House of Commons ?The three functions are: to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy.5 What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide ? British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literatuure and science,and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.6 How do students in the Open University receive their education ?The students follow university course through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centeres.7 What is Critical Realism ?Critical Realism is a literary school which flourished in the 40s and early 50s of the 19th century. The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English critical realist was Charles Dickens.8 Briefly introduce the Liberal Party ?The Liberal Party is Canada’s largest political party. It has been in office for most of the time in Canadian history since 1867. The party combines a liberal social policy with a moderate economic policy.9 What does “cultural mosaic” mean in Canada ?“Cultural mosaic”indicates that people of diverse origins and communities are free to preserve and enhance their own cultural heritage while participating as equal partners in Canadian society. 10 What is Standard English ?Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools.It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct BritishEnglish.It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.11 What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain ? The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused grest changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.12 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ?Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By1837, Britian had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.During-the-mid-19th century,the-British-government-consol idated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government.Before World War I,Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves ofgold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.13 Give a brief account of Romanticism ?Romanticism is the literary trend that appeared in England at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. It is a revolt against the prescribed rules of Classicism. Writers of Romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reason and intellect. Discontent with the development of capitalism, they seek a literary refuge. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge began the trend with their joint work Lyrical Ballads, whose preface is viewed as Rmnantic poetry’s "Declaration of Independence". It was the "second generation' Romantic poets such as Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats who brought the Romantic Movement to its height.14 What are the goals of the four main political parties in Ireland ? Fianna Fail pursues a policy of complete political separation from Britain and supports peaceful reunification of the whole island. The key principles of Fine Gael are equality of opportunity, proenterprise Policies,security,and integrity and hope.The aim of the Labor Party is to establish a society without poverty, which is based on democracy , Equality,participation and cooperation. The Progressive DemocraticParty supports free enterprise, marked separation between church and state,and a peaceful resolution to the problems in Northern Ireland.15 What are the similarities between the major cities of Canada ? Canada's major cities, from east to west, are Quebec,Montreal, Ottawa,Toronto and Vancouver, all located near the Canadian-U.S. Border.The climate in this area is comparatively moderate, and cities in this area all enjoy distinct seasons.Each city has a large population with people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds.16 What is the immigration policy in Canada ?Before World War II, Canada used to have a racist immigration policy which actively discriminated against racial and religious minorities. After Worid War II, the Canadian government began to adopt a new policy to eliminate pttjudice. Since Then, Canada has opened its door to immigrants of all races and religions from any countries. At the end of the 20th century, a kind of anti-immigrant sentiment spread in Canada, and the federal government made changes in immigration policy and rules that decreased the number of immigrants allowed into Canada. Now, it is more difficult for people to immigrate into Canada.17 Multilingualism and Multiculturalism in Canada ?Canadians are composed of many different races and ethnic groups;they speak different languages at home apart from English and French. while participating as equal partners in the Canadian society, they keep their own cultural heritage, constituting a "cultural mosaic". In 1971, Canada became the first country to implement a multiculturalism policy to admit pluralism as a fact of Canadian life. In 1988,the Canadian Multiculturalism act was passed,With globalization and increasing immigration,multilingualismand multiculturalism will remain a special feature of the Canadiansociety.。
英语国家概况-课文-翻译
第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中大不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。
因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。
这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。
英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。
约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。
它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。
但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。
英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。
成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。
目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。
Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。
它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。
英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。
大学生英语国家概况——考试单词名词解释整理
大学生英语国家概况——考试单词名词解释整理Brown v. Board of EducationIn 1954, U.S. Supreme Court claimed that schools in the Board of Education whichinsisted racial discrimination were illegal.When：inthespringof 1951 toMay 17,1954Where：Virginia佛吉尼亚州Who：black students&the NAACP（National Association for the Advancement of Colored People）美国全国有色人种协进会Why:In the spring of 1951, black students in Virginia protested their unequal status in the state's segregated educational system. Students at Moton High School protested the overcrowded conditions and failing facility.What：On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, that mandating, or even permitting, public schools to be segregated by race was unconstitutional. The Court stated th at “the segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group."From Wikipedia。
英语国家概况完整篇复习重点Word版
英语国家概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英语国家概况试题及答案
英语国家概况试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英语作为官方语言的国家不包括以下哪一个？A. 美国B. 英国C. 法国D. 加拿大2. 以下哪个国家不是英语国家？A. 澳大利亚B. 新西兰C. 印度D. 巴西3. 英语的发源地是：A. 美国B. 英国C. 澳大利亚D. 加拿大4. 英语中“Hello”一词的意思是：A. 再见B. 你好C. 谢谢D. 对不起5. 英语国家中，哪个国家有“枫叶国”之称？A. 美国B. 英国C. 加拿大D. 澳大利亚6. 英语国家中，以下哪个国家是君主立宪制？A. 美国B. 英国C. 加拿大D. 澳大利亚7. 英语国家中，哪个国家是联邦制国家？A. 美国B. 英国C. 加拿大D. 澳大利亚8. 英语国家中，以下哪个国家是双语国家？A. 美国B. 英国C. 加拿大D. 澳大利亚9. 英语国家中，以下哪个国家是英联邦成员国？A. 美国B. 英国C. 加拿大D. 所有选项10. 英语国家中，以下哪个国家是联合国安全理事会常任理事国？A. 美国B. 英国C. 加拿大D. 澳大利亚二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）1. 英语国家中，______是唯一一个以英语为官方语言的亚洲国家。
2. 英语国家中，______是唯一一个以英语为官方语言的南美国家。
3. 英语国家中，______是唯一一个以英语为官方语言的非洲国家。
4. 英语国家中，______是唯一一个以英语为官方语言的大洋洲国家。
5. 英语国家中，______是唯一一个以英语为官方语言的欧洲国家。
三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 请简述英语国家中，英国的地理位置及其主要特点。
2. 请简述英语国家中，美国的国家体制及其主要特点。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 论述英语国家中，加拿大的多元文化政策及其对世界的影响。
2. 论述英语国家中，澳大利亚的自然环境和经济发展。
五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. 请将以下英文句子翻译成中文：“English is the most widely spoken second language in the world.”2. 请将以下中文句子翻译成英文：“英语是世界使用最广泛的第二语言。
英语国家概况重点整理
第一周Questions and answers1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦)2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周chapter1-2Questions and answers2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3.What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。
Geographical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6.What are their respective capitals（首府）?London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7.What’s its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9.What’s its national flower?Rose10.What’s its national flag?Union Jack11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2第三周chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English.2. Middle English.3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present) English is descended from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons.(450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people?It’s Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people?It’s Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts 4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all. London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester……课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1.Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC）p.482.Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493.Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494.Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的封建社会（1066）p.515.King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215）p.526.Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265）p537.Hundred Years’ War 英法百年战争(1337—1453)p.578.Black Death 黑死病(1348)9.Watt Tyler’s Uprising瓦特-泰勒起义(1381) p5810.The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争(1455—1485) p5911.Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命(1534) p6012.The Civil War 内战(1642—1649) p6313.The Commonwealth (1649—1660) 共和国时期p6414.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命p64Questions and answers1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name “England” and “English”.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex.8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England9. King William made a record of each man’s property, whi ch was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliament was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in the age of Elisabeth I.16. The “Glorious Revolution” was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18.James Hardgrave,a carpenter made the first invention called “spinning Jenny”.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets.课后重点练习CHAPTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生Roman Conquest 罗马征服Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -------Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役Doomsday Book 末日审判书The Great Charter 大宪章All Estates Parliament 各级会议Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War 百年战争爆发Wat Tyler’s Uprising 农民起义The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命the call of the Long Parliament -------The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟the execution of Charles 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament ------CHAPTER 8一：1 2 3四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机the power loom------- The steam engine 蒸汽机the “Spinning Jenny”珍妮纺织机CHAPTER 9一：136****1516第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary?The United States is situated in the southern part of North Americ a with its two youngest states.It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、What’s its rank all over the world concerning its area?It’s fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other?Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii is in the central Pacific6、What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、The two most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters”refers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.HOMES：H-Huron，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior. 11、How many geographical regions is it divided into?The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? What’s the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.Cthe capital of the US, is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers.2:New York CityThe largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a little over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angelesA seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10第八周Chapter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA?Its full name: the United States of America;Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、What’s its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It c onsists of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance 警觉，Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people?It’s Uncle Sam.It’s Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、What’s its national anthem, national flower and tree?The Star - spangled Banner5、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say someof them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of Liberty White House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las VegasHoover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise Golden Gate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United Sta tes is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a “melting pot”, meaning people with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is calledAmerican culture today.Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term “melting pot”. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its position in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America.7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, WhiteAnglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels?Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford(1863 –1947)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how much the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. That’s why it has got the name of “a nation on the wheel”.9、What’s the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name W ho’s Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scientists、actorsor actresses and so on.).1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic Actor Actress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball ChampionAmerican Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long) Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 15—18Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American Indians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at Lexington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration ofIndependence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the importantMississippi River waterway, almost doubled the territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union,establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of Americ a on February 9, 1861.9、Har riet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a profoundeffect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. 10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated somefour million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long economic depression inthe late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) New Dea l measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on PearlHarbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki inAugust 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, andthe Cold W ar began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14三：1 2 7 8 9 10四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10四：1 2 7 8Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1.How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2.On what kind of system are the three branches based?A system of checks and balances..3.Where is the seat of government for congress?The Capitol.4.The congress is composed of two chambers. What are they?The House of Representatives and the Senate5.Where is the official residence of the president?The White House.6.Who has the executive power in the U.S.?The president.7.In American history, only two presidents were raised for impeachment bill. Who were there ?Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton8.What are the two major parties in the U.S.? Tell the symbol of each party. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton9.Who is the first African president in the American history?Barack Obama10.Which book written by him became No. 1 on both New York Times and bestseller lists ?Barack Obama课后重点联系Chapter13一1 2 3 4 15 16 三第十二周Chapter 3-4Questions and answers1.What is the basis of the British government?constitutional monarchy2.Who is the head of the country?a queen or a king3.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?Elizabeth II4.How many parts make the British Parliament?Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?Lord Chancellor上议院议长、大法官6.What are the two major parties?the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.7.Who presides the cabinet?the Prime Minister8.Who has the real power in the country?the Prime Minister9.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK?David Cameron10.Where does the Prime Minister live and work?No.10, Downing Street课后重点练习。
英语国家概况简答题+翻译
1.Shakespeare:Great Tragedies:Hamlet\ Macbeth\ Othello\ King LearGreat Comedies:The Merchant of Venice\The Twelfth Night\A Midsummer Night's Dream\As you like it2.The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give private advice to the King.So the Privy Council was also called the King's Council in history.Today its role is largely formal,advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees.3.Civil ServiceImplementation of the Minister’s decisions is carried out by a permanent politically neutral organization known as the civil service.The civil service is non-political.Changes of government do not involve changes in departmental staff.Civil servants are recruited mainly by open competition.4. Norman ConquestIn 1066, Edward died childless. Harold, Edward’s brother-in-law, and William, Duke of Normandy, Edward’s Norman cousin, both claimed the throne.William, Duke of Normandy, crossed the Channel , killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings.After Norman Conquest, feudalism was established inEngland.5. Great CharterRichard I demanded more feudal taxes and army service. The lords became angry, marched to London and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th.The Great Charter contained 3 sets of provisions.It was made in the interests of the feudal lords.6.Bourgeoisie RevolutionCharles I ascended the throne in 1625.Like his father,he was constantly at loggerheads with Parliament.At the beginning of the Civil War,two camps were formed;the king's men were called "Cavaliers" and the supporters of parliament were called "Roundheads".The King ran away to join the revolt in 1648.The army,under the leadership of Cromwell,defeated the revolt in a few months.The king was recaptured on 1649.English then called itself a Commonwealth.7. Restoration of the StuartThe bourgeoisie compromised with the rightists and invited Charles II to come back from Holland to the throne in 1660.The expansion of James II’s power soon clashed with the interests of the bourgeoisie, and in 1688, the 2 parties of thebourgeoisie united and staged a bloodless coup d’ etat.8.What were the consequences of the British Industrial Revolution ?First, the industrial bourgeoisie gained supremacy in the 1840s.Second, productivity was greatly increased.Third, population was more and more concentrated in towns and cities.Fourth, the rapid growth of capitalism caused miseries and disasters among the working people.9. Why is the United States a melting pot?The United States has long been known as a “melting pot”, because it is a country of many ethnic groups from different parts of the world.There are many different Americans, who have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures toward some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot”of the United States and gradually forming a new nation.10. What are the 2 principles followed by the constitution ? Explain each.The Constitution follows two principles : the federal system and the “separation of powers”. The federal system means that the states have the right to self-government. There is also a division of powers among the three branches of the federal government: the legislative branch, the executive branchand the judicial branch. They are supposed to be independent of each other, but each checks the other two which calls for “checks and balances”.11. Use the process of law-making to illustrate the relationship between the president and congress.After both houses have passed the bill, it is sent to the President, who should sign it or veto it within ten days. If he vetoes the bill, it goes back to Congress; his veto may be overruled by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress and the bill then becomes a law.12. Use the process of impeachment to explain the relationship between the president and congress.Under the Constitution, a sitting President may be removed from office before his term expires only by an impeachment process whereby the House of Representatives, upon sufficient evidence, brings a “bill of impeachment”approved by two-thirds of its membership. Next there comes a trial in the Senate, with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as the judge and the Senators as the jury. In 1868, Congress tried to impeach President Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, but both failed.13. When the first 13 colonies were established how werethey divided? What were their distinctive features in terms of economy?Firstly, the New England Colonies became a center for lumbering, shipping and fishing.Secondly, the Central Colonies became a region of small farms.Thirdly, the Southern Colonies developed a plantation system with the exploitation of slave labor.14. the Stamp ActThe British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765, which required that a stamp, purchased from the British government, be placed on all legal documents, newspaper and other printed materials. The reaction from the colonies was so violent that the British government was forced to repeal the Act.15. Boston Tea PartyIn 1773, the British government passed the Tea Act, which permitted the British East India Company to sell tea directly to its agents in the colonies. A group of Boston citizens, who disguised themselves as Indians, boarded three British ships in the labor and tossed a cargo of tea worth 17000 overboard. 16.Monroe DoctrineIn 1823,President James Monroe announced his "Monroe Doctrine",which warned the European powers against anyattempt at intervention in Latin American affairs with the aim of keeping Latin American countries for the United States itself. 17. Cuban Missile CrisisIn 1962 after the discovery of Soviet nuclear missile bases in Cuba,the US imposed naval as well as air blockade on Cuba while Pres.Kennedy demanded that the Soviet Union dismantle the missiles.For several days the world stood on the brink of its first nuclear war,however,the USSR later removed the missiles.18.我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生存权，自由权和追求幸福的权利。
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