《土木工程专业英语》复习题
土木工程专业英语
1.荷载短期荷载short-time load 临界荷载critical load 持续荷载sustained loads恒载dead load 活载live load 峰值荷载peak load 冲击荷载impact load 2.专业名词力矩面等横截面cross section 隔离体 a free body 轴力axial forces 带肩梁ledger beam正应力the normal stress 剪应力the shear stress 固定铰支座 a pin support 可动铰支座 a roller support 平面内弯矩in-plane bending 平面外弯矩out-of-plane bending简支梁a simple beam 悬臂梁 a cantilever beam 分布力distributed load 均布力uniformly distributed load 静定结构statically determinate structure 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 角焊缝fillet weld 对接焊缝groove weld外缘outer edges 中性轴the neutral axis 形心矩centroidal distance沙石混凝土sand-and-stone concrete 预应力混凝土pre stressed concrete复合应力combined stress 极限应变limiting tensile strain 平均正应力mean normal stress名义抗剪强度nominal shear strength 惯性力inertia force 地震作用seismic action广义位移generalized displacement 扭矩torsion 预加应力pre stress托梁corbel3.材料平面顶deck 屋面防水层water proof roofing 金属箔层压板foil-laminated钢筋steel 涂料paint 木条板lath 灰泥plaster 楔子wedge基础footing 横向钢筋transverse reinforcement 纵筋longitudinal reinforcement 弯起纵筋bent-up longitudinal steel 单向板one-way slabs 腹筋the web steel 楼梯踏步stair tread 顶棚抹灰plastered ceilings 承重墙bearing wall第 1 页/共 4 页轻质幕墙light weight curtain walls 桁架truss 构件member 谷仓grain elevator桥墩bridge pier 大型结构heavy structure 梯井stair shaft高层写字楼high-rise office 预埋构件metal insert 作业平台work plat form企口木板tongue-and-groove plank 施工架constructed yoke 走道脚手架 a walkway scaffold铅垂线the plumb line 喷雾器fog sprays 型钢structural steel 剪力墙shear wall平板flat slab 合成薄板synthetic film 防护墙板endosing wall panels人字起重机derrick crane 卫生间设施bathroom groups 服务竖井the service shaft隔气层vapor barriers 隔热层insulation 结露点dew point 空心板hollow plank竖向剪力墙shear-resistant vertical wall 预制构件pre cast member 隔板wall panel4.其他1应力等值线 a stress contour 数值分析numerical analysis 悬索基础cable structures实验研究experimental investigation 超静定次数degree of statical indeterminaly叠加法method of superposition 基本结构released structure高跨比span-depth ratio弯矩图bending moment diagram 附着deposit 弹性模量modulus of elasticity水化hydrate 硬化harden 变量variables 环境相对湿度ambient relative humidity蒸发evaporate 定向立方体单元oriented elementary cube初步结论tentative conclusion斜向拉力diagonal tension 微分长度单元 a differential length 应力迹线stress trajectory骨料咬合作用aggregate interlock 销栓作用dowel action 延性ductility扭转力偶twisting couple 力臂lever arm 分数fraction 取代in lieu of地震高发区zones of high earthquake probability 平立面in plan elevation平动translation 转动rotation 凹部depressions 凸起projection 凸口recess 在现场on the site 误差error 通用规范applicable codes滑模施工slip form operations 养护care 锚固be anchored in 挠度deflection5.其他2侧向支持sway bracing 先张法pre tensioning technique 后张法post tensioning technique安全系数safety factor 安全储备margin of safety 附属cust-in fittings防火等级fire ratings 不匀称沉降differential settlement 深基础deep foundation扩展式基础spread foundation 符合基础combined footings 条形基础strap footings垂直于at right angles to 类似于analogous to 单位力法unit-load method大小相等方向相反be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction静力平衡方程equations of static equilibrium 与……有关pertain to求合力from a summation of force 一组联立方程 a set of simultaneous equations协调方程equations of compatibility 经验方程empirical equation大一个数量级an order of magnitude longer 第二面积积分the second moment-area thorea·b dot product a*b cross product 位移互等定理reciprocal displacement theorem第 3 页/共 4 页液压控制系统hydraulic master control system 功的互等定理…………work ……与……成正比in direct proportion to 与……一致be geared to。
土木工程专业英语(完整 大学)
Lesson 26PavementNew words1. pavement [ ☐♏♓❍☜⏹♦] n. 路面2. apron [ ♏♓☐❒☜⏹] n.围裙, 停机坪It is usually the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled or boarded.3. subgrade [ ♦✈♌♈❒♏♓♎] n. 路基4. profile [ ☐❒☜◆♐♋♓●] n.剖面, 侧面, 外形, 轮廓5. rehabilitation [ ❒♓☎♒✆☜♌♓●♓♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n.复原，维修6. swelling [ ♦♦♏●♓☠] n. 膨胀，河水猛涨,涨水7. heaving [ ♒♓♓☠] n. 鼓起，隆起8. extant [♏♦♦✌⏹♦] adj.现存的, 未毁的9. overlay [ ☜◆☜●♏♓] n. 覆盖,10. unpaved ☯✈⏹☐♏♓♎] adj.没有铺石砖的, 没有铺柏油的11. liquefy [ ●♓♦♓♐♋♓] v.(使)溶解, (使)液化12. bituminous [♌♓♦◆❍♓⏹☜♦] adj.含沥青的13. hydrocarbon [ ♒♋♓♎❒☜◆♌☜⏹] n.烃, 碳氢化合物14. macadam [❍☜✌♎☜❍] n.碎石, 碎石路15. silicate [ ♦♓●♓♓♦] n. [化]硅酸盐16. kiln [ ♓●⏹ ♓●] n. (砖, 石灰等的)窑, 炉, 干燥炉vt.烧窑, 在干燥炉干燥17. clinker [ ●♓☠☜] n. (一种表面光洁如玻璃的)炼砖, 渣块18. nonbituminous [ ⏹⏹♌♓♦◆❍♓⏹☜♦]19. solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v.(使)凝固, (使)团结20. dowel [ ♎♋◆☜●] n. 木钉, 销子vt.用暗销接合Phrases and Expressions1. traveled way 车行道2. composite pavement 复合路面3. flexible pavement 柔性路面4. rigid pavement 刚性路面5. open-graded 开级配6. coarse-graded 粗级配7. fine-graded 细级配8. Asphalt Institute (A.I.) 沥青协会9. Present Serviceability Index (PSI) 现有性能指标10. macadam aggregate 碎石骨料11. cold-laid mixture 冷铺12. hot-laid mixture 热铺13. rock asphalt 岩沥青14. Appian Way 亚壁古道Text PavementBackgroundPavements serve structural, functional and safety purposes. 路面具有结构、功能和安全的目的。
土木工程专业英语期末复习题
《专业英语》复习题一、选择题1.civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for (civilian) use,whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military use2.attention must (be paid to) the working temperature of the machine.3.diplomatic relations (have been established) between china and theunited states of America4.a direct current is a current (flowing) always in the same direction.5.it’s our duty to (comply with) the specification.6.dose your shop (supply) rebar ?7.neither I nor he (is) fond of music.8.the (above-mentioned)cements(水泥) are widely used on theconstruction site.9.the production of steel has been increased (by) 70%.10.i f the garden is big, some floodlights can be (installed).11.(wherever) you go, you can see many buildings.12.d ams, (bridge), water supply systems, and other large projectsordinarily employ several engineers to work together.13.the bigger quantity you order,(the lower until cost you will beoffered).14.i n modern road constructions, powerful modern machines areemployed to move mountains and fill valleys to make the (surfaces) as direct as possible.15.b esides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be(durable).16.t ensile failure of (reinforced) concrete happens easily and involvesprogressive micro-cracking.17.c oncrete is (inherently) a porous material (多孔材料)18.–may I use your bike for a moment?--(by all means)(一定，务必)19.conclusions can be (drawn) from the above discussion.20.it’s a small country, yet has a lot of (potential) resources.21.a person’s calorie requirements vary (throughout)22.there is a computer syetem (with which) the company is experiencing problems.23. usually there is (less) traffic in the streets on weekday than on Sundays.24. The thief tried to open the locked door but (in vain)25. cracks would not only be unsightly but would (expose) the steel bars to corrosion by moisture and other chemical action.26.(having packed) their luggage, the tourists hurried to the airport.27.generous public funding of basic science would (lead to) considerable benefits for the country’s health,wealth and security.28.”you are very selfish,it’s high time you (realized) that you are not the most important person in the world,” edgar said to his boss angrily.29.(even if) the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have include all variables and modeled accurately.30.remember that customers don’t (bargain) about prices in the city.二、词组互译1.tensile strength 抗拉强度：pressive strength 抗压强度3.construction engineering 建筑工程4.reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土5.raw material 原材料6.civil engineers 土木工程师7.assemblage technology 装配技术8.simply supported beam 简支梁9.continuous beam 连续梁10.f raming member 框架构件11.b ending strength 抗弯强度12.s hearing strength 抗剪强度13.b ill of quantities 工程量清单14.e stimated cost 预算成本15.t he column-diagonal truss tube 对顶柱桁架筒体16.c ash flow 现金流动17.t hree-dimensional 三维的18.E nglish for specialized science and technology 专业外语19.g eotechnical engineering 岩土工程20.f oundation settlement 地基沉降21.f undamental assumption 基本假设22.b ending moment 弯曲力矩23.s hear stress 剪应力，剪切应力24.n ormal stress 正应力，法向应力25.o n schedule 按时26.b e in equilibrium with 与···平衡27.h orizontal plane 水平面28.v ertical plane 垂直面29.s oil mechanics 土力学30.a erial photographs 航空摄影31.s anitary engineering 卫生工程32.d etrimental agents 有害因素33.j oint action 联合作用34.d eformed bars 变形钢筋35.c urrent situation(present situation) 现状36.p ositive sequence 正序37.n egative sequence 逆序（负序）38.f abrication plant 加工厂（加工设备）39.f inancial budget 财政预算40.d ivide by 除以41.i n charge of 负责（主管）42.t ake account of 考虑到，顾及43.s pectacular achievements 惊人的成就44.u ltrahigh-rise buildings 超高层建筑45.t erminate contract 解除合同（终止合同）46.s pandrel beams 外墙托梁47.e ncroach on 侵占，蚕食48.i ntersect surfaces 相交曲面49.b undled-tube structures 束筒结构50.t ake delivery of 取货，提货三、翻译句子1.The term civil engineering originally came into use to distinguish itfrom military engineering .土木工程这个术语起初是用来与军事工程相区别的，土木工程处理的是民用的永久性建筑结构，而军事工程则是主要负责处理临时性的军用建筑。
土木工程专业英语期末题库二
《土木工程专业英语》考点提炼二一、词汇汉译英1.初步设计：preliminary design ：2.屈服强度：yield strength3.水灰比：water-to-cement ratio4.空气调节：air conditioning5.园艺：horticultural6.承重墙：bearing wall7.管道；沟渠：conduit8.骨架：framework9.有限的；临界的：terminate10.分层：stratification二、词汇英译汉1.Residential:住宅2.high-rise building:高层建筑3.boundary:界限4.refuse disposal:垃圾处理5.sedimentation:沉降6.reinforced concrete:钢筋混凝土7.construction management:工程管理8.refuse disposal：垃圾处理9.water treatment and disposal：水处理10.Air-pollution control：空气污染控制三、句子英译汉1、The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation,is that part of a building below ground.上部结构是建筑物在地面上的部分 , 而下部结构以及基础是建筑物的地下部分。
2、Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice．好的方案可以使来访者在建筑中找到其目的地并留下印象，这种印象也许是下意识地通过把大的建筑体系中一些单元明显地联系起来而造成的。
(完整word版)15级《土木工程专业英语》复习题库
《土木工程专业英语》复习题库一、Vocabulary（词汇）1、structural engineering 结构工程2、project management 项目管理3、civil buildings民用建筑4、fire—resistant 防火5、dead loads 恒载6、bearing capacity承载力7、soil investigation 土质勘察8、moment—resisting frames 抗弯框架9、lightweight floor systems 轻质楼盖系统10、prestressing concrete预应力混凝土11、providing samples for testing 取样试验12、cement mortar 水泥灰浆13、general contractor 总承包商14、elastic modulus弹性模量15、shear deflections 剪切变形16、geotechnical engineering 岩土工程17、experienced engineer 经验丰富的工程师18、the most severe loading conditions 最不利荷载状态19、geometric nonlinearities 几何非线性20、construction costs施工成本21、 simple beam 简支梁22、原材料 raw materials23、masonry 砌体24、particle size粒径25、 fundamental period基本周期26、consolidation固结27、 permeability渗透性28、subcontractors 分包商29、 internal force内力30、curtain-wall幕墙二、Comprehension.（阅读）Frequently, frames will not be as as shear—wall construction, and therefore may produce excessive deflection for the more slender high—rise building designs。
土木工程专业英语
土木工程专业英语
土木工程专业英语 abandon v.放弃
abbreviation n.缩写
abrasion n.擦伤，磨损
abundance a.丰富，充裕，大量 access road 入口
accessibility n.可大性，可接近性 acid corrode 酸性腐蚀
acre n.英亩
acronym n.简称，只取首字母的缩写词 adapter n.适配器，转换接头，附件admeasurement contract 计价合同 admixture n.掺和剂
adverse a.不利的
aerodynamic a.空气动力的
aggregate n.骨料，集料
reactive aggregate 活性骨料
agitation n.拌和
air conditioning 空气调节
air-entrained concrete 加气混凝土 akin a.类似的，同样的(常跟to连用) alcove n.凹室，壁龛
alkaline a.碱性(的) high-alkai a.高碱性的
allocate v.分配，分派，配给 allowable stress 允许应力
allowable stress approach 允许应力法 allowance n.留量，容差，补助alkali-aggregate reaction 碱-骨料反应 alternative n.比较方案 a.交替的，变更的，比较的
aluminum(aluminium) n.铝
aluminium alloy 铝合金
amalgam n.混合物，软的混合物 amenity n.舒适，适宜，愉快 analogous a。
土木工程专业英语试题
一、选择填空20%1. Between the buildings （ B ）a secondary school.A. standB. standsC. to standD. standing2. Neither I nor he （ B ） fond of music.A. amB. isC. areD. were3.The laws that （ A ）how the buildings maybe made are building codes.A. tellB. ellsC. toldD. telling4.It is expensive （ C ）future cities on the sea.A build B. built C. to build D. builds5.The（ A ）cements are widely used on the construction site.A.above-mentionedB.above-mentioningC.above-mentionD.above-mentions6.The production of steel has been increased （ B）70%.A.inB.byC.atD.on7.Let’s discuss only such questions （ C ）concern everyone of us.A.whichB.thatC.asD.those8.He has to know（ D ）strong the materials are.A. thatB.whatC.whichD. how9.The Great Wall of China is the biggest structure（ A ）man has ever built.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when10. （ B ）you go, you can see many buildings.A.WhoeverB.WhereverC.WheneverD.Whatever11.We are looking forward to （ C） from you soon.A.hearB.heardC.hearingD. hears12.Five yuan （ A ）too cheap for the dictionary.A.isB.areC.wereD.has been13.We should aim at combining beauty and comfort （ C ）a welcoming friendliness.A.toB.inC.withD.for14.We can see an engineer （ A ）a device in the picture.A.adjustingB.adjustsC.adjustedD.adjust15.You are studying at college,（ B ）.A.so do weB.so are weC.we are soD.we do so16. （ C ）of the English films are familiar to me. I’ve never seen them before.A.BothB.NothingC.NoneD.Any17.If the garden is big, some floodlights can be （ A ）A.installedB.producedC.requiredD.fixture18.Dose your shop （B）rebar ?A.developB.supplyC.settleD.make19.It’s our duty to （ A ）the specification .ply withpleteC.knowD.make20.The bigger quantity you order, ( A ).A. the lower price you will be offeredB. the low price you will be offeredC. you will be offered lower priceD. you will be offer low二、词组互译20%1．小区规范 ( zoning codes) 2.钢筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete)3.供热设备 (the heating system)4.人工费 (labor cost)5.工艺 (workmanship)6.铸铁管 (cast iron pipe)7.承包商 (contractor)8.土木工程 (the civil engineering)9.工程量清单 (the bill of quantities) 10.建筑师 (architect) 11.tripod (三脚架) 12.lighting system (照明系统)13.site safety program (工地安全方案) 14.quality assurance (质量保证)15.bank guarantees (银行担保) 16.material cost (材料费) 17.technical staff (技术人员) 18.the layout of the rooms (房屋布局)19.town planning rules (城市规划) 20.office automation system (办公自动系统)三、选词填空10%( minimum \ insurance \ as well \ vary \ serve \ support \ apply \ foundation \ spread \ protect…from )1. Foreign language can ( serveas )a tool.2. We have to ( support ) the roof with pillars.3. Roofs( vary ) in shape from place to place.4. They are trying to achieve the maximum of efficiency with the ( minimum ) of labor.5. He has found a suitable piece of land and an experienced builder ( as well ).6. As he bought the fire( insurance ), he didn’t suffer sev erely from the great fire.7. As indicated the ( foundation )are bases of the building, which play an important part in construction.8. We should ( apply ) theory to practice.9. The disease( is spreadby )flies.We should ( protect )our plants ( from ) the cold.四．翻译句子（30％）1. Materials used for doors and window frames are timber, iron and aluminum alloys. ( 用于门、窗框的材料可以是木材、铁、铝合金。
宁波大学土木专业英语复习题.doc
单词动力荷载dynamic load 应力响应stress response疲劳破坏fatigue breakdown 111性面neutral surface净拉应力net tension stress 公共交通mass transit临界截面critical section 土木工程civil engineering横向分布系数horizontal distribution 不均匀沉降differential settlement 有效长度effective length 两端饺接two hinged钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 预应力混凝土prestressed concrete轴心荷载axis load 高层建筑high-rise building 板的挠度deflection of plate 框架结构frame construction 结构简图structure simplified 高架路elevated roadStiff joint 刚性节点soil stabilization 土壤稳定性Cantilever beam 悬臂梁cable-stayed bridge 斜拉桥Rigid frame 刚性框架truss single element 单个桁架单元Construction diagram 构造图stress and strain 应力与应变Compressive strength 折?压强度statically indeterminate structure 超净顶结构句子1.建筑结构中的基本构件是因其使用方便而命名的。
The basic building block of structure is named because of its convenience of use.2.壳体属于面结构，可单向、双向弯曲，或成双曲抛物面的形式。
Shells are surface structures which are curved in one or two directions or are warped as in the hyperbolic paraboloid shell.3.结构设计包括确定结构的最佳比例和给定其组成形式。
土木工程专业英语 题库
土木工程专业英语题库一、单选题（题数：45，共90.0 分）1The material costs make up only about（）of the cost of the completed steel structure in a building（2.0分）0.0 分A、one-thirdsB、one-thirdC、one-thirdlyD、one-three正确答案：C C2Steel and composite construction is often adopted in（）owing to high structural efficiency with large strength-to-self-weight ratios as well as large flexural rigidities against instability and serviceability problems.（2.0分）2.0 分A、super high-rise buildingsB、long span bridgesC、roof structuresD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D3Both elastic theory and plastic theory are used for composite members, the differences being as follows: concrete in tension is （）neglected in elastic theory, and（）neglected in plastic theory.（2.0分）2.0 分A、usually, usuallyB、always, alwaysC、usually, alwaysD、always, usually正确答案：C C4Failure modes include（）and less rigidity of bending（2.0分）2.0 分A、Strength failureB、Lateral-torsional-bucklingC、Local buckling of platesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D5（）, where the column’s failure is due to the crushing of concrete or due to the yielding of the steel bars under the full load capacity of the column.（2.0分）2.0 分A、Short columnsB、Long columnsC、Slender columnsD、None正确答案：A A6（）loaded columns, where the loads are applied at any point on the column section, causing moments about both the x axis and y axis simultaneously（2.0分）2.0 分A、AxiallyB、EccentricallyC、BiaxiallyD、None正确答案：C C7Strictly speaking, all（）nonlinearities of the different materials should be observed in calculating the strength of steel-concrete composite column.（2.0分）2.0 分A、geometrical and physicalB、mechanical and geometricalC、mechanical and physicalD、none正确答案：A A8The main structural forms of steel structure are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Truss structuresB、Frame structuresC、Grids structuresD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D9A tendon with a duct that contains multiple pieces of prestressing steel strand is commonly called a（）tendon.（2.0分）2.0 分A、multistrandB、monostrandC、singleD、strand正确答案：A A10The（）system makes use of either column capitals, drop panels or both to increase the shear and moment resistance of the system at the columns where the shears and moments are greatest.（2.0分）2.0 分A、flat plateB、waffle slabC、flat slabD、two-way slab with. beams正确答案：C C11The height of Khalifa tower is 828m, and the total number of floors is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、100B、130C、162D、188正确答案：C C12It includes（）,keyways, threads, or abrupt changes in plate width or thickness.（2.0分）2.0 分A、holesB、groovesC、notchesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D13Prestressing by（）involves installing and stressing prestressing strand of bar tendons only after the concrete has been placed, hardened and attained a minimum compressive strength for that transfer.（2.0分）2.0 分A、pretensioningB、post-tensioningC、pretensionedD、post-tensioned正确答案：B B14When grease is used, the prestressing steel is permanently free to move relative to the sheathing and the tendon is referred to as an]（）tendon.（2.0分）2.0 分A、bondedB、unbondedC、barD、strand正确答案：B B15In（）members the prestressing strands are tensioned against restraining bulkheads before the concrete is cast.（2.0分）2.0 分A、pretensioningB、post-tensioningC、pretensionedD、post-tensioned正确答案：C C16Yan Fu, a translator at the end of the Qing Dynasty, thinks that the standard of translation is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、faithfulnessB、expressivenessC、eleganceD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D17This section mainly introduces the professional English vocabulary and expression related to（）of steel structure technology（2.0分）2.0 分A、the development levelB、market prospectC、design principleD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D18For walls, a（）is a slab wider than the wall and extending the length of the wall（2.0分）2.0 分A、combined footingB、spread foundationC、grid foundationD、mat foundation正确答案：B B19（）, because there is only one point at the intersection of the center line of the long and narrow section, which is their shear center（2.0分）2.0 分A、Cross sectionB、Angle sectionC、T-sectionD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D20Reinforced concrete beams not included（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Singly reinforced rectangular beamsB、Doubly reinforced rectangular beamsC、Plain concreteD、Singly or doubly reinforced T -beams正确答案：C C21Standard parts can be measured（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、yield strengthB、ultimate strengthC、elastic modulusD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D22The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、0.01B、0.1C、0.001D、正确答案：A A23The classification and grade of steel are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、carbon structural steelB、low alloy structural steelC、quality carbon structural steelD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D24The assumed complete interaction enables definition of（）for the whole inhomogeneous cross-section.（2.0分）2.0 分A、section propertiesB、stiffnessC、slender ratiosD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D25（）are most economical for spans from 4.5 to 6m（2.0分）2.0 分A、Flat platesB、Waffle slabC、Flat slabTwo-way slab with beams正确答案：A A26The "Structural Welding" provides welding processes for（）and SAW.（2.0分）2.0 分A、SMAWB、GMAWC、FCAWD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D27Concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、0.3B、0.03C、0.0033D、0.003正确答案：C C28In the（）, the steel mesh reinforcements of 3-4mm in diameter are embedded into the horizontal mortar joints every 2-5 courses.（2.0分）2.0 分A、steel mesh reinforced brick masonryB、reinforced hollow unit masonryC、reinforced grouted cavity masonryD、composite brick masonry正确答案：A A29In steel mesh reinforced brick masonry，the steel mesh reinforcements of 3-4mm in diameter are embedded into the horizontal mortar joints every 2-5（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、layersB、coursesC、piecesD、blocks正确答案：B B30Bending in a main plane is called（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、biaxial flexural memberB、unidirectional bending memberC、platform beamD、castellated beam正确答案：B B31Civil Engineering English is set as a required course to cultivate high-quality civil engineering talents, which is beneficial to（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、improve the students' attention to professional English learningB、promote the construction progress and height of professional English online coursesC、training senior civil engineering talents with international vision and professional English literacy D、All of the above are right正确答案：D D32It is believed that automobile is blamed for such problems as（）and slum conditions in the central areas, and air and noise pollition.（2.0分）2.0 分A、urban expansionB、wasteful land useC、congestionD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D33（）has excellent deep drawing and deep drawing properties（2.0分）2.0 分A、Fire resistant steelB、ultra-low yield point steelC、high friction factor steel plateD、structural casting steel正确答案：B B34According to the load, it can be divided into（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Axially loaded columnsB、Eccentrically loaded columnsC、Biaxially loaded columnsD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D35The compressive capacity of unreinforced masonry is far greater than its（）capacity（2.0分）2.0 分A、tensileB、bendingC、shearD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D36If the bearing soil capacity is different under different foundations—for example, if the foundations of a building are partly on soil and partly on rock—a（）settlement will occur（2.0分）2.0 分A、differentB、differentialC、identicalD、same正确答案：B B37The grade of asphalt is divided according to () technical index（2.0分）2.0 分A、PenetrationB、ductilityC、softening pointD、flash point正确答案：A A38The reinforced concrete confining elements are horizontal members called （）and vertical members called（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、ring beams, structural columnsB、structural columns, ring beamsC、ring beams, ring beamsD、structural columns, structural columns正确答案：A A39The advantages of steel structure residence are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Good seismic performanceB、Low comprehensive costC、Fit with the development direction of housing industrializationD、All of the above are right40Three different types of composite columns:（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、steel reinforced concrete columnsB、rolled section columns partly encased in concreteC、concrete filled steel tubesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D41（）was founded in 1969（2.0分）2.0 分A、SSCIB、ISSHPC、ISSD、HCV正确答案：A A42Which of the followings is mechanical imperfection of steel members?（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、initial out-of-straightnessB、initial eccentricityC、residual stressD、initial crookedness43The whole instability of solid web compression member refers to（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Flexural bucklingB、Torsion bucklingC、Flexural-torsional bucklingD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D44The section form of compression member is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、doubly symmetricB、singly symmetricC、unsymmetricD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D45The characteristics of vocabulary are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Professional vocabulary and semi professional vocabularyB、Get used to using compound wordsC、Get used to using abbreviationsD、All of the above are right二、多选题（题数：5，共10.0 分）1As English majors pay attention to the （）of technical problems, the translation standards of professional English are more focused on "faithfulness" and "expressiveness"（2.0分）2.0 分A、scientificityB、logicalityC、correctnessD、strictness正确答案：ABCD ABCD2Factors affecting the properties of steel include（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、chemical compositionB、process of steelmakingC、time-hardeningD、cold work正确答案：ABCD ABCD3Applications of steel structures include（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Large-span structuresB、Multi-story &high-rise buildingsC、Buildings of heavy duty plantsD、Portal frames正确答案：ABCD ABCD4Masonry structure can be divided into（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Brickwork structureB、stone masonry structureC、Block masonry structureD、Reinforced masonry structure正确答案：ABCD ABCD5Major Courses You will learn（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Engineering GeologyB、Engineering MeasuremenC、Soil MechanicsD、Foundation Engineering正确答案：ABCD ABCD。
土木工程专业英语期末复习题.doc
土木工程专业英语期末复习题。
《专业英语》复习题一、选择题1.土木工程涉及（民用)永久结构,而军事工程涉及军事用途的临时结构。
必须注意机器的工作温度3 .中国和美国已经建立了外交关系。
直流电是一种总是朝同一个方向流动的电流5 .我们有责任遵守规范6 .你们工厂供应钢筋吗？7.我和他都不喜欢音乐一、选择题1.土木工程涉及（民用)永久结构,而军事工程涉及军事用途的临时结构。
必须注意机器的工作温度3 .中国和美国已经建立了外交关系。
直流电是一种总是朝同一个方向流动的电流5 .我们有责任遵守规范6 .你们工厂供应钢筋吗？7.我和他都不喜欢音乐。
通过测量进行工程放线；准备细部图纸,以使施工技术人员弄清设计工程师的图样意图；工程检查,以保证工程施工遵循设计及设计说明书。
四、根据词根或词缀写单词1.ag=do，act做,动代理机构,作用；代理商的代理人2.agri=field田地,农田农业田地,农田；农业的农业的,农艺的 3.ann=年份年周年纪念日周年纪念日年刊每年的,年度的4.奥迪=听到听观众听众,倾听礼堂礼堂,讲堂5.brev=短短简短的短暂的,简短的简单短暂,简短 6.ced=go行走先例先行的,在前的空前的无先例的,空前的7.cept=接受拿,取反对除之外例外例外,除外8.cid，cis=切断,杀死切,杀决定决定决定决定,决心9.circ=环环,圆传播循环圆圆,圈10.大声叫喊喊叫惊叫呼喊,惊叫感叹呼喊,惊叫11.clar=清除清楚,明白声明表明,声明申报者宣告者,声明者12 .咯咯声,咯咯声=关闭,关闭关闭排除排斥,拒绝接纳独家的排外的,除外的13.cogn=知道知道认识知道,认识可辨识的可认识的,可认知的14 .绳索=心脏心记录记录,记载记录员录音机15.cred=相信,信任相信,信任可靠的可信的,可靠地惊人的难以置信的土木工程土木工程结构工程结构化工程土力学土壤力学现场勘察现场调查项目经理projectmanager土木工程师土木工程岩土工程岩土工程工程师施工检查施工检查施工监管施工监理助理工程师助理工程师多孔材料多孔材料平衡条件平衡条件弹性模量弹性模量应力张量应力传感器孔隙压力porepressure有效应力主应力专业技术人员专业技术人员压缩模块压缩模量各向同性法向应力各向同性正应力应力分量应力分量施工监管施工监理范文。
(完整word版)土木工程专业英语复习资料
承重骨架 load carrying frame结构工程 structural engineering钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete稳定性 stability岩土工程 geotechnical engineering楼板、平板 slab结构性能 structural behavior测量 Survey均匀沉降 uniform settlement浇筑 pour测量是指为收集数据，以便在水平面内画出地球表面点的相应位置图的一种技术Surveying is defined an art of collecting data for mapping the relative positions of points on the surface of earth in a horizontal plane.摩天大厦的存在归功于19世纪的两大发明：钢结构和载人电梯The skyscraper owes it is existence to two developments of the 19th century:steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator.一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对现场进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水、下水道和电力线When a project begins,the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement water,sewer,and power lines.1.excavate 开挖2.Structural engineering 结构工程3. water and sewage systems 给排水工程4. settlement 沉降5. heating and cooling systems 供暖、制冷系统6. cantilever beam 悬臂梁7. balustrade 栏杆8. decoration 装饰9. span 跨度10. pour 浇筑11. blank wall 围墙、挡墙12. budget 预算13. plan 计划、方案、规划14. partition 隔墙15. lintel 过梁16. skin 外墙17. allocate 分配18. bearing wall 承重墙19. superstructure 上部结构20. substructure 下部结构21.mechanical and electrical systems 机电系统22. slab-column system 板柱系统23. time-dependent 截止日期24. outline 外观25. Parlance 术语26. Depth 进深27. reservoir 水库28. high-rise building 高层建筑29. tube in tube 筒中筒30. spillway 泄洪道31. water-to-cement ratio 水灰比32. asphalt 沥青33. predominate 主导34. hydroelectric 水电35 . tension 应力36 . compression 压缩37. simply supported beam 简单支撑梁38. elevator 电梯39. reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土40. truss 桁架41. rigid frames 刚性框架42. maintenance 养护43. Arch bridge 拱桥44. bridge piers 桥墩45. abutment 桥台46. auxiliary 附加的47. embankment 坝48 . permeability 渗透性49. arch dam 拱坝50. shaft 轴1. 工程管理 Engineering management2. 动力厂(发电厂) power plant；power station3. 连续梁 continuous beam4. 力 force5. 混凝土 concrete6. 公路工程 highway engineering7. 支配的，统治的，占优势 dominant8. 说法，术语 parlance9. 隐蔽处，躲避处，避难所 shelter10. 抗剪强度 shearing strength11. 建筑物 building12. 建筑学 architecture13. 建筑的组成 components of a building14. 承重框架load-carrying frame/ load-bearing frame15. 直升电梯 elevator/lift16. 砖石、砌体masonry17. 桁架truss18. 粉土silt19. 不均匀沉降uneven settlement20. 均匀沉降 uniform settlement21.基础 foundation22.过梁柱 post and lintel/ post and beam23. 钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete24. 荷载 load25. 剪力墙 shear wall26. 筒中筒tube in tube27. 刚梁桥rigid beam bridge28. 悬索桥suspension bridges29. 公路工程highway engineering30. 土石坝earth and rockfill dam31.混凝土坝concrete dam32.堤坝embankment1.Civil engineering, the oldest of engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage system to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
《土木工程专业英语》期末考试重点及参考答案
土木工程civil engineering结构工程structural engineering 土力学soil mechanics现场勘察site investigation项目经理project manager土木工程师civil engineer岩土工程Geotechnical Engineer 施工检查construction inspection 施工监管construction supervision助理工程师assistant engineer多孔材料porous material平衡条件equilibrium condition弹性模量elastic modulus应力张量stress tensor孔隙压力pore pressure有效应力principle of effectivestress专业技术人员professional andtechnical personnel压缩模块compressive modulus各向同性法向应力isotropicnormal stress应力分量stress components施工监管construction supervise1.Despite the essential尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。
munication lines道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。
3.The principle of 流体力学原理可以用到日常生活中，如：飞机的飞行，水中鱼的游动，以及血管中的血液循环等。
4.Water supply engineering供水工程涉及水的定位和收集、水处理方法、标准极限试验和水的有效供给。
5.The role of an environmental环境工程师的作用是通过将各种技术应用到清理垃圾的工作中，从而在生物与技术之间建造一座桥梁。
土木工程专业英语全部
Lesson 1Compression MembersNew Words1. achieve achievement2. eccentricity center, 中心; ec centric 偏心的；ec centricity 偏心,偏心距3. inevitable evitable 可避免的avoidable; in evitable 不可避免的unavoidable4. truss 桁架triangular truss, roof truss, truss bridge5. bracing brace 支柱,支撑；bracing, 支撑,撑杆6. slender 细长,苗条；stout; slenderness7. buckle 压曲,屈曲；buckling load8. stocky stout9. convincingly convince, convincing, convincingly10. stub 树桩, 短而粗的东西；stub column 短柱11. curvature 曲率；curve, curvature12. detractor detract draw or take away; divert; belittle, 贬低,诽谤；13. convince14. argument dispute, debate, quarrel, reason, 论据理由15. crookedness crook 钩状物,v弯曲,crooked 弯曲的16. provision 规定,条款Phrases and Expressions1. compression member2. bending moment shear force, axial force3. call upon on 要求,请求,需要4. critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载critical 关键的,临界的5. cross-sectional area6. radius of gyration 回转半径gyration7. slenderness ratio 长细比8. tangent modulus 切线模量9. stub column 短柱10. trial-and-error approach 试算法11. empirical formula 经验公式empirical 经验的12. residual stress 残余应力residual13. hot-rolled shape 热轧型钢hot-rolled bar14. lower bound 下限upper bound 上限16. effective length 计算长度Definition 定义Compression members are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compressive forces: that is, the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross section, andthe stress can be taken as f a =P/A, where f a is considered to be uniform over the entire cross section. 受压构件是仅受轴向压力作用的构件,即：荷载是沿纵轴加在其截面形心上的,其应力可表示为…,式中,假定f a 在整个截面上均匀分布; This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable. 然而,现实中从来都不可能达到这种理想状态,因为荷载的一些偏心是不可避免的;This will result in bending, but it can usually be regarded as secondary and can be neglected if the theoretical loading condition is closely approximated. 这将导致弯曲,但通常认为它是次要的,如果理论工况是足够近似的,就可将其忽略;This cannot always be done if there is a computed bending moment, and situation of this type will be considered in Beam-Columns. 但这并非总是可行的,如有计算出的弯矩存在时,这种情形将在梁柱理论中加以考虑;The most common type of compression member occurring in buildings and bridges is the column , a vertical member whose primary function is to support vertical loads. 在建筑物和桥梁中最常见的受压构件就是柱,其主要功能就是支承竖向荷载;In many instances these members are also called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column . Compression members can also be found in trusses and as components of bracing systems. 在许多情况下,它们也需要抵抗弯曲,在此情况下,将它们称为梁柱;受压构件也存在于桁架和支撑系统中;Column Theory 柱理论assume the shape indicated by the dashed line. 如果慢慢增加轴向荷载P,它最终将达到一个足够大的值使该柱变得不稳定失稳,如图中虚线所示; The member is said to have buckled, and the corresponding load is called th e critical buckling load . 这时认为构件已经屈曲,相应的荷载称为临界屈曲荷载;If the member is more stocky members and for more slender columns before they buckle, the compressive stress P/A is uniform over the cross section at any point along the length. 对这些短柱以及更细长的柱,在其屈曲前,在其长度方向上任意点处横截面上的压应力P/A 都是均匀的;As we shall see, the load at which buckling occurs is a function of slenderness , and for very slender members this load could be quite small. 我们将会看到,屈曲发生时的荷载是长细程度的函数,非常细长的构件的屈曲荷载将会很低;If the member is so slender a precise definition of slenderness will be given shortly that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit —that is, the member is still elastic —the critical buckling load is given by 如果构件如此细长随后将会给出细长程度的精确定义以致即将屈曲时的应力低于比例极限—即,构件仍是弹性的,临界屈曲荷载如下式给出：22L EIP cr π=where E is the modulus of elasticity of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area with respect to the minor principal axis, and L is the length of the member between points of support. 式中E 为材料弹性模量,I 为关于截面副主轴的惯性矩,L 为支座间的距离;For to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must be free to rotate but not translate laterally. This end condition is satisfied by hinges or pins. 要使方程成立,构件必须是弹性的,且其两端必须能自由转动,但不能侧向移动;This remarkable relationship was first formulated by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and published in 1975. 此着名公式是瑞士数学家欧拉于1975年提出的;The critical load is sometimes referred to as the Euler load or the Euler buckling load. The validity of has been demonstrated convincingly by numerous tests. 因此有时将临界荷载称为欧拉荷载或欧拉临界荷载;欧拉公式的有效性正确性已由许多试验充分证实;It will be convenient to rewrite as follows: 方程可方便地写为2222222)/(r L EA L EAr L EIP cr πππ===where A is the cross-sectional area and r is the radius of gyration with respect to the axis of buckling. The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member ’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. 式中A 为截面面积,r 为关于屈曲轴的回转半径,L/r 为长细比,它是对受压构件细长程度的一种度量,该值越大,构件越细长;If the critical load is divided by the cross-sectional area, the critical buckling stress is obtained: 如果将屈曲荷载除以截面面积,便可得到以下屈曲应力： 22)/(r L E A P F cr cr π==This is the compressive stress at which buckling occur about the axis corresponding to r. 这便是绕相应于r 的轴发生屈曲时的压应力;Since buckling will take place as soon as the load reaches the value by the column will become unstable about the principle axis corresponding to the largest slenderness ratio. This usually means the axis with the smaller moment of inertia. 由于一旦荷载达到式之值,柱将在与最大长细比对应的主轴方向变得不稳定失稳,通常该轴是惯性矩较小的轴;Thus, the minimum moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the cross section should be used in and . 因此,应在方程和中采用截面的最小惯性矩和最小回转半径;Early researchers soon found that Euler ’s equation did not give reliable results for stocky, or less slender, compression members. 早期的研究者很快发现对短柱或不太细长的受压构件,欧拉公式并不能给出可靠的结果,This is because of the small slendernessthe stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear, and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used. 如果屈曲发生时的应力大于材料的比例极限,应力应变关系就不再是线性的,也不能再用弹性模量E;This difficulty was initially resolved by Friedrich Engesser, who proposed in 1889 the use of a variable tangent modulus E tpl . The tangent modulus E t is defined as the slope of the tangent to the stress-strain curve for values of f between F pl and F y . 对于如图所示的应力应变曲线的材料,当应力超过比例极限时,E 并非常数,当应力处于F pl 和F y 之间时,将切线模量定义为应力应变曲线的切线的斜率,If the compressive stress at buckling, P cr /A, is in this region, it can be shown that 如果屈曲时的压应力在此范围时,可以证明22L IE P t cr π=This is identical to the Euler equation, except that E t is substituted for E. 除公式中将E 代之以E t 外,上式与欧拉公式完全相同;Effective Length 计算长度Both the Euler and tangent modulus equations are based on the following assumptions: 欧拉和切线模量方程都是基于如下假定：1. The column is perfectly straight, with no initial crooked ness. 柱完全竖直,无初始弯曲;2. The load is axial, with no eccentricity. 荷载是轴向加载,无偏心;3. The column is pinned at both ends. 柱在两端铰结;The first two conditions mean that there is no bending moment in the member before buckling. 前两假定条件意味着在屈曲前无弯矩存在;As mentioned previously, some accidental moment will be present, but in most cases it can be neglected. 如前所述,可能偶然会存在一些弯矩,但在大多数情况下都可被忽略;The requirement for pinned ends, however, is a serious limitation, and provisions must be made for other support conditions. 然而,铰结要求是一个严重的局限,必须对其它支撑条件作出规定;The pinned-end condition is one that requires that the member be restrained from lateral translation, but not rotation, at the ends. 铰结条件要求约束构件两端不发生侧移,但并不约束转动;Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best. 由于实际上不可能构造无摩擦铰连接,即使这种支撑条件最多也只能是非常近似;Obviously, all columns must be free to deform axially. 显然,所有柱必须在轴向自由变形; In order to account for other end conditions, the equations for critical buckling load will be written as 为了考虑其它边界条件,将临界荷载写为如下形式22)/(r KL EAP cr π= or 22)/(r KL AE P t cr π=where KL is the effective length, and K is called the effective length factor. Values of K for different cases can be determined with the aid of the Commentary to the AISC Specification. 式中KL 为计算长度,K 称为计算长度系数,各种情况下的K 值可借助于AISC 美国钢结构学会American Institute of Steel Construction 规范的条文说明加以确定;Lesson 2Introduction to structural designNew words1. framework frame+work=frame 构架,框架; frame structure, 框架结构2. constraint vt. constrain 约束,强迫；n. constraint 约束3. collaborate vt. 合作,通敌；collaboration, collaborative4. evaluation vt. evaluate, value; assess, assessment5. fixture vt. fix, fixture 固定设备,固定物,夹具6. partition vt. n 分割,划分, make apart; partition wall7. overlook8. crane n. 超重机,鹤9. fatigue 疲劳fatigue strength, fatigue failure10. drift 漂流,漂移,雪堆11. enumerate v. list 列举12. plumbing n. 卫生,自来水管道,plumber 管道工13. ventilation n. 通风, ventilate, ventilate a room, a well-ventilated room, vent 通风口14. accessibility n. 可达性, access, n. vt. 通道,接近；accessible 易接近的,可达到的15. code n. vt 代码,编码,规范16. administer v. 管理,执行；administrate, 管理17. metropolitan a. 大城市,of metropolis18. consolidate v. 巩固,strengthen,reinforce; consolidation19. prescription n. 规定,命令,药方；prescribe20. municipality n. 市政当局,直辖市, municipal government21. specification n. 详述,规格, 规范；specify22. mandate n. 书面命令,委托,Phrases and expressions1. functional design 功能设计2. bending moment 弯矩3. dead load4. live load5. nonstructural components 非结构构件6. force due to gravity7. gravity load8. building code9. design specifications 设计规程10. nonprofit organization 非赢利组织,弄non-government organization11. the National Building Code12. the Uniform Building Code13. the Standard Building Code14. Building Officials and Code Administrators International BOCA 国际建筑公务员与法规管理人员联合会15. AISC 美国钢结构学会American Institute of Steel Construction16. AASHTO 美国公路和运输工作者协会American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials17. AREA 美国铁道工程协会the American Railway Engineering Association18. AISI 美国钢铁学会American Iron and Steel InstituteIntroduction to Structural DesignStructural designThe structural design of building, whether of structural steel or reinforced concrete, requires the determination of the overall proportions and dimensions of the supporting framework and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑结构设计,不论是钢结构还是钢筋混凝土结构,都需要确定其支承结构的整体比例和尺寸以及各构件的截面尺寸;In most cases the functional design, including the establishment of the number of stories and the floor plan, will have been done by an architect, and the structural engineer must work within the constraints imposed by this design. 在大多数情况下,功能设计,包括楼层层数和楼层平面的确定,将要由建筑师来完成,因而结构工程师必须在此约束条件下工作;Ideally, the engineer and architect will collaborate throughout the design process so that the project is completed in an efficient manner. 在理想状态下,工程师和建筑师将在整个设计过程中协同工作从而高效地完成设计工作;In effect, however, the design can be summed up as follows: 然而,事实上,设计过程可概括如下：The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down. 建筑师确定建筑物的外观,工程师必须确保其不会倒塌;Although this is an oversimplification, it affirms the first priority of the structural engineer: safety. Other important considerations include serviceability how well the structure performs in terms of appearance and deflection and economy. 尽管这样说过分简单,但它明确了工程师的第一个主要任务,即,确保安全;其它要考虑的因素包括适用性就外观和挠曲而言其工作性能如何;An economical structure requires an efficient use of materials and construction labor. Although this can usually be accomplished by a design that requires a minimum amount of material, savings can often be realized by using slightly more material if it results in a simpler, more easily constructed projects. 经济的结构要求对材料和人工的有效使用,尽管这通常都能通过要求最少材料来取得,但通过采用稍多的材料,但能使建筑物更简单和更容易建造常常会实现节约的目的;LoadsThe forces the act on a structure are called loads. They belong to one of two broad categories, dead load and live load. 作用在结构物上的各种力称为荷载,它们属于一两种广义类型,恒载和活载;Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself, which is sometimes called the self-weight. 恒载是那些永久荷载,包括结构自身的重量,有时也称为自重;Other dead loads in a buildinginclude the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings, suspended ceilings with light fixtures, and partitions. 其它建筑物恒载包括非结构构件的重量,如楼面面层、带有灯具的吊顶以及隔墙;All of the loads mentioned thus far are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. 至此所提的各种荷载都是由重力所引起,因而称为重力荷载;Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. 活载也可以是重力荷载,它们是那些不如恒载那样永久的荷载;This type may or may not be acting on the structure as any given time, and the location may not be fixed. 这类荷载可能也可能不总是作用在结构物上,且作用位置也可能不是固定的;Examples of live load include furniture, equipment, and occupants of buildings. 活荷载包括家具、设置和建筑物的居住者;In general, the magnitude of a live load is not as well defined as that of a dead load, and it usually must be estimated. In many cases, a given structural member must be investigated for various positions of the live load so that a potential failure situation is not overlooked. 通常,活荷载的大小不如恒载那样确定,常常必须估计;在许多情况下,必须研究活荷载作用在一给定的结构构件的各个位置以便不会漏掉每个可能的破坏情形;Building codesBuilding must be designed and constructed according to the provisions of a building codes, which is a legal document containing requirements related to such things as structural safety, fire safety, plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility to the physically disabled. 建筑物必须根据各种建筑规范的条款设计和建造,规范是一种法律文件,包含各种要求,如建筑安全、防火安全、上下水、通风和体残人的可达性等;A building code has the force of law and is administered by a governmental entity such as a city, a county, or, for some large metropolitan areas, a consolidated government. 建筑规范具有法律效力,由政府部位发布,如城市、县、对于大的城区,如联合政府;Building codes do not give design provisions, but they do specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied. 建筑规范并不给出设计规定,但却规定设计必须满足的各种要求和约束条款;Of particular importance to the structural engineer is the prescription of minimum live loads for buildings. 对结构工程师特别重要的是建筑物的最小活荷载规定;Although the engineer is encouraged to investigate the actual loading conditions and attempt to determine realistic values, the structure must be able to support these specified minimum loads. 尽管鼓励工程师研究实际荷载工况以确定真实的荷载值,结构必须能支承这些规定的最小荷载;Design specificationsIn contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and their connections. 与建筑规范不同,设计规程给出结构构件及其连接的更具体的指南;They present the guidelines and criteria that enable a structural engineer to achieve the objectives mandated by a building code. 它们给出各种方针和标准,使结构工程师能建筑规范所规定的目标;Design specifications represent what is considered to be good engineering practice based on their latest research. 根据其最新研究,设计规程结出认为是好的工程作法;They are periodically revised and updated by supplements or by completely new editions. 它们通过补充或通过发布新版本得到定期修订和更新;As with model building codes, design specifications are written in a legal format by nonprofit organizations. 如同一般建筑规范,设计规程由非赢利组织编写;They have no legal standing on their own, but by presenting design criteria and limits in the form of legal mandates and prohibitions, they can easily be adopted, by reference, as part of a building code. 尽管它们本身并无法律地位,但却以法令和禁令的形式给出设计准则和限制,以参考文献的形式,它们可容易地被录入,并作为建筑规范的一部分;Lesson 3New words1. col`loidal 胶状的,胶体的,`colloid 胶体2. sieve n,v. 筛,过筛,过滤3. sample . 样品,取样specimen4. mesh 网孔,网格,分网格5. `cumulative a. 积累的；cumulate, cumulation6. grading n. 级配,等级；grade7. sedimentation n. 沉淀; sediment8. suspension n. 悬浮；suspend ~bridge cable-stayed bridge9. agitate v. 搅动,混合；disturb10. hydro meter n. 液体比重计11. viscosity n. 黏性；viscoidal12. flaky n. 薄片状的,of flake13. pipette n. 吸液管14. ir recoverable a.不可恢复的ir retrievable15. con cave a. 凹的；con vex凸的16. permeability n. 渗透性; permeate, permeable seep seepagePhrases and expressions1. frost susceptibility 霜冻敏感性2. sieving method 筛分法3. semi-logarithmic curve 半对数曲线4. grading curve 级配曲线5. wet sieving 湿法筛分6. dispersing agent 分散剂7. Stoke’s law 斯托克定律8. unit weight 重度9. coefficient of grading 级配系数10. sedimentation method 沉降法11. particle-size distribution 粒径分布Text Particle Size Analysis 粒径分析The range of particle sizes encountered in soils is very wide: from around 200mm down to the colloidal size of some clays of less than . 在各种土中所遇到的粒径范围很大,大到200mm小到小于的一些粘土胶粒;Although natural soils are mixtures of various-sized particles, it is common tofind a predominance occurring within a relatively narrow band of sizes. 尽管天然土都是由各种粒径的颗粒组成,但通常可发现其主要组成颗粒出现在一个比较小的粒径范围内;When the width of this size band is very narrow the soil will be termed poorly-graded, if it is wide the soil is said to be well-graded. 当这一粒径范围非常小时,称这种土级配较差,而当其较大时,称这种土级配良好;A number of engineering properties, . permeability, frost susceptibility, compressibility, are related directly or indirectly to particle-size characteristics. 土的许多工程特性,如渗透性、霜冻敏感性、可压缩性等都直接或间接的与土的级配特性有关;shows the British Standard range of percentage of particle sizes. 图为粒径百分数的英国标准范围;The particle-size analysis of a soil is carried out by determining the weight percentage falling within bands of size represented by these divisions and sub-divisions. 通过确定落入由这些粒径分组和子组所代表的粒径范围的重量百分比,对土进行粒径分析;In the case of a coarse soil, from which fine-grained particles have been removed or wereabsent, the usual process is a sieve analysis. 对于粗粒土,它里面的细粒土被除去或本身就无细颗粒,常用的方法就是筛分法;A representative sample of the soil is split systematically down to a convenient sub-sample size and then oven-dried. 此法是将要分析土的一代表样本系统地分为方便的子样本,然后烘干;This sample is then passed through a nest of standard test sieves arranged in descending order of mesh size. 再使烘干的土样通过一组筛孔尺寸由大至小放置的标准试验筛;Where the soil sample contains fine-grained particles, a wet sieving procedure is first carried out to remove these and to determine the combined clay/silt fraction percentage. 在土样中含有细土粒的场合,首先用湿筛分法将其除去,并确定粘粒/粉粒总共所占的分数;A suitable-sized sub-sample is first oven-dried and then sieved to separate the coarsestparticles >20mm. 将一适量的分土样烘干,并过筛分开最粗的颗粒>20mm的颗粒The sub-sample is then immersed in water containing a dispersing agent and allowed to stand before being washed through a 63mmicron mesh sieve. 然后将土样浸入含有分散剂的水中,并在将其用63微米筛过筛前搁置起来并将其搁置一会,再用63micron的筛子过筛;The retained fraction is again oven-dried and passed through a nest of sieves. 将筛中保留的部分烘干,并用一组筛子过筛;After weighing the fractions retained on each sieve and calculating the cumulative percentage passing each sieve, the grading curve is drawn. 称量落在每个筛中土重,并计算出通过每个的累计百分数后,就可描出级配曲线;The combined clay/silt fraction is determined from the weight difference and expressed as a percentage of the total sub-sample weight. The coarsest fraction >20mm can also be sieved and the results used to complete the grading curve. 由重量差确定粘粒/粉粒的总重,并将其表示为子土样总重的百分数;最粗的部分即粒径>20mm的部分也可被过筛,并用其结果完成级配曲线的绘制;A further sub-division of particle-size distribution in the fine-grained fraction is not possible by the sieving method. 不能用筛分法对细粒部分的粒径分布作进一步分组;A processof sedimentation is normally carried out for this purpose. 通常必须用沉降法实现此目的; A small sub-sample of soil is first treated with a dispersing agent and then washed through a63m sieve. 首先将一小子土样用分散剂进行处理,然后洗过63的筛子;The soil/water suspension is then made up to 500 ml,agitated vigorously for a short while and then allowed to settle.再从中取出500ml的土/水悬浮液,充分搅拌一会后让其沉降;The procedure is based on Stoke’s law, which states that the velocity at which a spherical particle will sink due to gravity ina suspension is given by: 此方法是基于斯托克思定律,即在重力作用下球形颗粒在某一悬浮液中下降的速度为Where d=diameter of particle 颗粒直径=unit weight of the grain of particle 颗粒重度s=unit weight of the suspension fluid usually water 悬浮液w的重度通过为水的重度=vescosity of the suspension fluid 悬浮液的黏度Usually h=100mm, 通常h=100mm, giving 由此给出Samples taken at a depth of 100mm, at an elapsed time of t,will not, therefore, include particles of greater size than thediameter d given by 因此在,在深度100mm处,t 时间后所取的悬浮液中将不会有粒径大于式所给出的土粒; but the proportions of particles smaller than d in the suspension willremain unchanged. 但悬浮液中小于d的颗粒所占的比例仍保持不变;The procedure using a hydrometer consists of measuring the suspension density at a depth of 100mm at a series of elapsed-time intervals. 用液体比重计的方法包括以一系列时间间隔在深度100mm处测定悬浮液的比重;The percentage-finer values corresponding to particular diameter . particle sizes are obtained from the density readings, and thus a grading curve for the fine-grained fraction may be drawn. 通过比重读数得到小于某一特定粒径的颗粒的百分数,从而可画出细粒部分的级配曲线;Grading CharacteristicsThe grading curve is a graphical representation of the particle-size distribution and is therefore useful in itself as a means of describing the soil. 级配曲线是粒径分布的一种图形表达,因而可用来作为描述土的手段;For this reason it is always a good idea to include copies of grading curves in laboratory and other similar reports. 因此,人们总是认为在实验室报告或其它报告里附上几份级配曲线是一种好做法; It should also be remembered that the primary object is to provide a descriptive term for the type of soil. 还应牢记的是我们的主要目的是提供对土的类型的描述性术语;This iseasily done using the type of chart by estimating the range of sizes included in the most representative fraction of the soil. 这可容易地通过采用这种级配曲线做到,因为用它能估计出土中最有代表性的成分的粒径范围;For example, the steep curve may be taken to represent a poorly-graded medium sand, indicating a narrow range of sizes. 例如,陡峭的曲线可用来表示级配差的中砂,并表示其粒径范围比较小;A further quantitative analysis of grading curves may be carried out using certain geometric values known as grading characteristics. 通过采用某些称为级配特征的几何值,可进一步对级配曲线进行定量的分析;First of all, three points are located on the grading curve to give the following characteristic sizes: 首先,定出级配曲线上的三个点以给出以下特征粒径：D10=maximum size of the smallest 10 percent of the sample; 只有10%土样通过的最大粒径；D30= maximum size of the smallest 30 percent of the sample; 只有30%土样通过的最大粒径；D60= maximum size of the smallest 60 percent of the sample；只有60%土样通过的最大粒径；From these characteristic sizes, the following grading characteristics are defined: 根据这些特征粒径,定义出如下级配特征：Effective size 有效粒径Uniformity coefficient 均匀系数Coefficient of gradation 级配系数Lesson 4New Words1.u ndergo ndu vt. 经历, 遭受, 忍受; experience2.e vaporation ivprein n.蒸发作用evaporate vapor3.a ttribute tribju:t vt.把…归因于, 把…归咎于,加于, 归结于;ascribe, impute, credit, assign, refer4.s hrinkageshrink rinkid n.收10.distribution distribju:nn.分配, 分发distribute distributor11. upwind pwindadj.逆风的adv.逆风地windward; leeward 12.diminish diminiv.使减少, 使变小diminishment; decrease13.creep kri:p n. 徐变;14.slippage slip缩shrink5.c apillary kpilri adj. 毛细作用的tensioncapillarity6.e vaporate ivpreitv.使蒸发, 消失7.p aste peist n.糊, 粘土团cement paste 8.a mbient mbint adj. 周围的,包围着的surrounding ambient air9.s pecimen spesimin n. 标本, 样品, 样本, 待试验物; sampleslipid n.滑动, 滑移, 滑程slip15.humidityhju:miditin.湿气, 潮湿, 湿度; humidrelative humidity 16.aug`ment: ment v.增加, 增大n.增加; increase, enlarge augmentation17.sustained ssteindadj.持续不变的, 相同的; sustainable development18.fatigue fti:n.疲乏, 疲劳, vt.使疲劳, vi.疲劳strengthPhrases and Expressions1.m oisture content 含8.s ustained load 永久水量,含湿度; water content2.c ement paste 水泥浆mortar3.c apillary tension 毛细管张力,微张力4.g radation of aggregate 骨料级配coarse fine crushed stone, gravel5.T he British Code PC100英国混凝土规范PC100; nowaday BS81106.c oefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系数7. The Code 英国标准规范荷载,长期荷载9.p ermanent plastic strain 永久的塑性应变stress10.crystal lattice晶格, 晶格11.cement gel 水泥凝胶体12.water-cement ratio 水灰比13.expansion joint 伸缩缝14.stability of the structure 结构的稳定性structural stability15. fatigue strength ofconcrete 混凝土的疲劳强度Text Volume Changes of ConcreteConcrete undergoes volume changes during hardening. 混凝土在硬结过程中会经历体积变化;If it loses moisture by evaporation, it shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands. 如果蒸发失去水分,混凝土会收缩；但如果在水中硬结,它便膨胀;The causes of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads. 混凝土体积变化的原因可归结为含水量的变化、水泥与水的水化反应、温度变化和所施加的荷载;ShrinkageThe change in the volume of drying concrete is not equal to the volume of water removed. The evaporation of free water causes little or no shrinkage. 混凝土干燥时的体积变化量不等于它所失去的水的体积;自由水的蒸发基本不产生收缩;As concrete continues to dry, water evaporates and the volume of the restrained cement paste changes, causing concrete to shrink, probably dueto the capillary tension that develops in the water remaining in concrete. 随着混凝土的不断变干,水分蒸发,受约束水泥浆的体积也变化,导致了混凝土的收缩,这多半是由于残留在混凝土中的水的毛细张力所致; Emptying of the capillaries causes a loss of water without shrinkage. But once the absorbed water is removed, shrinkage occurs. 毛细管变空导致无收缩的水分丢失,但一旦失去吸收的水分,收缩便发生;Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete caused by the variations in moisture conditions. 许多因素都会影响因水分环境发生变化而产生的混凝土收缩;and water content. The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. 水灰比：水灰比越大,收缩越大；and fineness of cement. High-early-strength and low-heat cements show more shrinkage than normal portland cement. The finer the cement, the greater is the expansion under moist conditions. 水泥的成分和细度：早强和低热水泥的收缩大于普通水泥,水泥越细,其在潮湿环境中的膨胀越大;, amount, and gradation of aggregate. The smaller the size of aggregate particles, the greater is the shrinkage. The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage. 骨料的类型、含量及其级配：骨料的粒径越小,收缩越大；骨料含量越大,收缩则越小;conditions, moisture, and temperature. Concrete specimens subjected to moist conditions undergo an expansion of 200to300×10-6,but if they are left to dry in air, they shrink. High temperature speeds the evaporation of water and, consequently, increases shrinkage. 外部条件,水分与温度：潮湿环境下的混凝土试件的膨胀量为200to300×10-6,但如果让其在空气中干燥,它们将收缩;高温加速了水分的蒸发,因此也加快了收缩;. Admixtures that increase the water requirement of concrete increase the shrinkage value. 添加剂：使用水量增加的外加剂也增加了收缩值;and shape of specimen. As shrinkage takes place in a reinforced concrete member, tension。
土木工程专业(建筑工程方向)专业英语期末考试试题
土木工程专业（建筑工程方向）专业英语期末考试试题土木工程专业（建筑工程方向）专业英语期末考试试题考试说明：试卷共80分，考试时间60分钟，采用半开卷方式考核。
第一部分：翻译（20分）1、 Cement is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate (smallstones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Concrete has a high and its strength depends on the proportion in which cement, and stones and water are mixed. It hardens with age and process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.2、用英文给出理论力学的定义。
第二部分：单词（40分）1、高性能商品混凝土2、应力3、脆性4、框架结构5、悬臂梁6、剪力分配法7、材料力学8、工程力学9、永久荷载10、承重墙11、钢筋商品混凝土12、先张法13、挠度14、抗压强度15、砌体16、螺栓连接17、粗骨料18、刚度19、收缩20、桩基础21、内横墙22、踢脚23、屈服强度24、力偶25、伸长率26、素商品混凝土27、高层建筑28、施工机械29、有限元法30、稳定性31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、楼梯大厅上部结构沉降计算简图各向同性结论应力-应变曲线剪力墙建筑施工第三部分：选择题（12分）1、 Who was the first man that called himself a civil engineer?A. John SmeatonB. Thomas ThefordC. sir Benjiamin BakerD.Jamse Brindley2、 Which type of subdiscipline of civil engineer deals with soil, rock andunderground water, and their relation with design, construction and operation of engineering projects?A. structural engineerB. environmental engineeringC. geotechnical engineeringD. survey engineering3、 Building can be classified according to their number of storeys, and thenaccording to this classification, a 12-storey residential building is a building.A．low-rise building B. mid-high-rise buildingC. mid-rise buildingD. high-rise building4、 Nowadays surface.A. RoofB. RoadC. RailwayD. Concrete第四部分：学习专业英语的意见与建议（8分）从教学方法，教材及学习效果和收获方面入手。
土木工程专业英语考试复习资料
专业英语一．专业词：1.asphalt沥青2.abstruct 摘要3.aluminum铝4.alloy合金5.access road进出共地道路6.abutment桥台7.arch拱8.blast-hole爆破孔 9.bearing pressure承载力 10.building materials建筑材料11.bearing wall承重墙 12.bolting栓接 13.building code建筑标准 14.beam梁15 pressive压缩的 16.corossion腐蚀 17.cement水泥 18.construction施工19.concrete砼 20.column柱 21.construction施工 22.concrete curing砼养护23.cantilever悬臂 24.column柱 25.ceiling天花板 26.construction control施工控制27.construction operations场地准备 28.construction engineering施工工程29.civil engineering materials土木工程材料 30.concrete construction砼施工31 munity and urban planning城乡规划 32.concrete placement砼浇筑33.concrete production砼搅拌 34.concrete forming砼制模板35.curtain wall幕墙 36.detailed design详细设计1.excavation开挖2.expansive soil膨胀土3.engineering management工程管理4.explosive炸药5.engineering properties of soils土的工程性6.elastic modulus弹性模量7.excavation开挖8.embed埋入9.earthmoving土方工程 10.expressway公路 11.execution具体操作12.embankment路堤 13.exploration/drilling 勘探/钻探 14.elevation立面图15.engineering公路工程 16.fireproof防火 17.foundation treatment地基处理18.gravel 砾石 19.grout灌浆 20.ground water table/level地下水位21.geotechnical engineering岩土工程 22.geophysical seismic地球物理地震23.girder主梁 24.highway高速公路 25.highway 26.hydration水化29.multistory building多层楼房 30.management skill管理职能31.masonry砌体 32.mud 淤泥 33.mechanical and electrical systems机械与电力系统34.oxidation氧化 35.plastic塑料 36.plan平面图 37.pipeline engineering管道工程38.planning施工规划 39.job site工地 40.professional staff专业人员41.propagation velocity传播速率 42.pavement人行横道43.project manager工程经理 44.permeability渗透性 45.pier墩 46.quarry采石场47.rock 岩石 48.representative soil sample代表性土样 49.riveting铆接50.resist抵抗 51.roof屋顶 52.rigid frame钢构1.soil type 土类2.silt 粉土3.sand 沙4.site investigation 场址勘察5.seismic人工地震6.speciality专业7.structural engineering结构工程8.surveying and mapping测绘工程 9.steel钢材 29.timber木材10.shear/bend抗压/抗弯 11.reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土12.structural member构架 13.slab板 52.skyscraper摩天大楼14.settle沉降 15.subgrade地基 16.superstructure上部结构 17.substructure下部结构18.span跨 19.transportation engineering交通工程20.tall (apartment、office) building高层建筑 21.tensile forces扭力22.truss桁架 23.uneven settlement不均匀沉降 24.uniform settlement均匀沉降25.ultimate tensile/strength极限抗拉强度 26.visual inspection 踏勘27.welding焊接二．句子翻译：1.Concrete construction consists of several operations:forming,concrete, Production,placement,curing.混凝土施工包括几道工序：支模板，搅拌混凝土，浇筑，养护。
专业英语复习要点——土木工程专业英语
土木工程专业英语
Civil engineering and civil engineers
Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning ， design ， construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles ， from irrigation and drainage systems to rocketlaunching facilities. 土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管 理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原 理建造的结构物。 Civil engineers build roads ， bridges ， tunnels ， dams ， harbors ， power plants ， water and sewage systems ， hospitals ， schools ， mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations． 土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统 和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口 集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。
The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities． 一座建筑物的作用是为人类活动的进行提供一个躲避处。 This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges． 除了建筑物，这艺术还包括所有的土木工程结构物，比如大坝、运河、 隧道、沟渠和桥梁。 Architecture is the art of building． 建筑学是建筑的艺术。
土木工程专业英语 测试二
版本二土木工程专业英语测试二（unit4 & unit 5&unit 6 ）得分________________班级_________________ 姓名_________________ 学号___________________Test 2Part 1Section A: Translate the following Chinese items into English (20’)1.承重墙bearing wall2.水平梁horizontal beams3.高层建筑high-storey building4.垂直柱vertical support5.内墙与外墙interior and exterior wall6.总工chief engineer7.项目经理project manager 8.工程部works department9.总部headquarter 10.施工人员constructor11.工作效率work efficiency 12.智能楼宇intelligent building13.混凝土搅拌机concrete mixer 14.质量与安全quality and safety15.地下工程underground works 16.打桩机piling machine17.连续基础continuous foundation 18.软土compressible /soft soil19.剪力实验sheer test 20.独立垫式基础independent foundationSection A: Translate the following Chinese items into English (20’)1.sharply-pointed ridge 尖顶2. honeycomb bricks _空心砖3. qualified engineer合格的工程师4. cleaning up 清场5. at the lowest cost 以最低的成本6. in harmony和谐一致7. plan and speed of the job工程计划与进度8. within the required time在规定的时间内9. superstructure上层结构10. trial operation试验施工11. precast concrete piles预制混凝土桩12. strength variation test 应力变化测试13. vertical tolerance垂直误差14. triaxial tests三轴试验15. a soil mechanics survey土力学勘探16. soil sample土样17. differential settlement不均匀沉降18. soil stratum土层19. steel joists 钢梁20. plain concrete without reinforcement不加钢筋的素混凝土Part 2 Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (45’)1．Buildings must be able to carry not only their own load, but also the weight of the people and objects within them. (4)房屋不仅仅能够承担其自身的重量，还能承担屋内人和物的重量。
土木工程专业英语期末题库一
《土木工程专业英语》考点提炼一一、词汇汉译英1.运输工程：Transportation engineering2.抗拉强度：tensile strength3.社区与城市规划：Community and urban planning4.岩土工程：geotechnical5.高层建筑：high-rise building6.幕墙：curtain wall7.钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete8.空气调节：air conditioning9.住宅：residential10.栏杆、扶手：balustrade二、词汇英译汉1.bearing wall：承重墙2.framework：骨架3.stratification：分层4.terminate：有限的；临界的5.boundary：界限6.Pipeline engineering：管道工程7.shelter：隐蔽处8.preliminary design ：初步设计9.yield strength：屈服强度10.water-to-cement ratio：水灰比三、句子汉译英1、承重墙体限制了建筑物的高度，因为墙体的厚度要求很厚。
Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of theenormous wall thickness required.2、它的用途是满足人类消费、灌溉或工业用水的需求，或者增加河流水深以改善通航条件。
Its purposes are to meet demands for water for human consumption, irrigation, or industry，or to increase the depth of water in a river so as to improve navigation．3、基础仍然是许多建筑物隐蔽的而且花费昂贵的部分。
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《土木工程专业英语》一、单项选择（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）1. Before designing a project, civil engineers should survey both the ( ) and subsoil features of the proposed site.A. photographyB. geographerC. topographyD. graphy2. Dams, ( ), water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers to work together.A. beamB. columnC. brickD. bridge3. In modern road constructions, powerful modern machines are employed to move mountains and fill valleys to make the ( ) as direct as possible.A. routesB. rootsC. surfacesD. lane4. Between the buildings （）a primary school.A. standB. standsC. to standD. standing5. Tensile failure of ( ) concrete happens easily and involves progressive micro-cracking.A. forcedB. reinforcedC. steelD. unreinforced6. ( ) concrete is used only for footings and concrete slabs laid on the ground, and for other massive structures.A. forcedB. reinforcedC. steelD. Plain7.The laws that （）how the buildings maybe made are building codes.A. tellB. tellsC. toldD. telling8. The steel bars in concrete take the ( )component of the bending moment.A. shearB. compressiveC. tensileD. draw9.It is expensive （）future cities on the sea.A. buildB. builtC. to buildD. builds10. Cracks would not only be unsightly but would ( ) the steel bars to corrosion by moisture and other chemical action.A. adoptB. exposeC. employD.make11. The（）cements are widely used on the construction site.A. above-mentionedB. above-mentioningC. above-mentionD. above-mentions12. Besides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be ( ).A. capableB. considerableC. durableD. beautiful13. It is our duty to （）the specification .A. comply withB. completeC. knowD. make14. Concrete is ( ) a porous material.A. natureB. inherentlyC. madeD. not15. Conclusions can be ( ) from the above discussion.A. drawnB. tensileC. towed C. looked二、单词填空（共10空；每空2分，满分20分）1. The Romans bound their empire together with an extensive system of roads radiating in many directions from Rome.2. Portland cement must pass a series of chemical and physical tests before it can be shipped.3. Concrete consists of water , cement , aggregate and sand .（admixture）4. A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties.5. The presence of cracks in concrete reduces its resistance to the action of corrosion of reinforced bars.6. Concrete is a widely used material in numerous civil engineering structures三、英译中（短句翻译，共10句，每句2分，满分20分）1. Later in history, when well-traveled routes were made sturdier with rocks and stones, the path was raised above the surrounding land, it became a “high way”.史上记载，当交通量大的道路用更坚实的岩石和石头来建造，且路面被建在路基上，它就变成了一条“高速公路”。
2. The various components of a mix are proportioned so that the resulting concrete has adequate strength, proper workability for placing and low cost.各种成分按比例混合以便所得到的混凝土有足够的强度、合理的浇筑流动性和较低的成本。
3. Due to the ability of concrete to be cast on site it allows to be used in different shapes in structures.因为混凝土具有现场浇注的性能，所以它被允许用于各种形状的结构。
4. The first step in building a road is to plan the route. Sometimes the route has been decided by the nature of the land, but today nature can often be conquered.建造一条道路的第一步是制定好路线。
有时是由大自然的土地所决定的，但是当今大自然通常可以被征服。
5. In addition to the main components of concretes, admixtures are often used for special purposes.除了混凝土的主要成分之外，混合剂常用于特殊用途。
6. The chemical tests constitute, in effect, a chemical analysis to determine whether the variousstrength-giving compounds appear in proper quantity, and if there are excessive amounts of certain undesirable substances.实际上，化学测试的目的包括一个化学分析，以确定各种强度的混合物是否合理，以及它们是否含有过多的杂质。
7. High or low temperatures and high or low humidity in themselves do not cause significant damage to building materials, but changes in temperature and humidity do.高或低的温度或湿度的高低本身不会引起建筑材料重大的破坏，但会受温度、湿度影响而发生变化。
8. Curing is the term given to the protection of the concrete during the early stages of hardening, when it requires additional moisture for the continuing hydration of the cement.养护是指当混凝土在硬化凝结的初期需要额外的水分不断进行水泥的水化反应时对其进行保护的过程。
9. The business man concerned with contracts will normally learn about their contents, and the precise but intricate mode of expression that is common to them and to all legal documents, in his own language.商人签订合同一般都会熟悉合同的内容，他们会用自己的语言和准确且复杂难懂的表达方式制定所有合法的文件。
10. Contractors are usually unwilling to enter into any entire contracts, other than the very smallest, unless provision is made for interim payments to them as the work proceeds.除了非常小的合同之外，承包商通常是不愿意签订任何一整套的合同的，除非有条款规定随着工程的进行，业主将付给他们相应的报酬。