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微生物多样性的研究方法概况

陈晶

(西南师范大学生命科学学院,重庆400715)

摘要:介绍了进行微生物多样性研究多种方法,将其简要划分为三大部分:1.经典纯培养技术的改进方法;2.现代分子生物学技术;3.上述两种方法的联合使用;并重点阐述了这些方法的优缺点,展望了微生物多样性研究方法的发展前景。

关键词:微生物;多样性;难培养;分子生物学方法;纯培养技术

中图分类号:Q93-31 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004-311X(2005)04-0085-03

收稿日期:2004-10-17;修回日期:2005-04-05

作者简介:陈晶(1976-),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:微生物生态学。

微生物对我们来说是一个即熟悉又陌生的名字。,对于大众来说,除了疾病和腐败外,对微生物几乎一无所知;许多专业的生物学家也忽视了对微生物的认识。事实上,微生物的总数约在105至106种之间,其生理代谢1类型、代谢产物、遗传基因及生态类型的多样性居生物之首。微生物多样性的研究已经应用于生命起源的探索[1],环境的保护治理[2],新型抗生素的筛选[3]等多种领域。

最早检测微生物的多样性是通过显微镜进行的。列文虎克利用显微镜观察菌体的形态使人们对微生物的研究成为可能;随后,科赫建立了微生物纯培养技术,人们除了可以对研

究对象进行形态观察外,还可对其生长所需的营养要求、环境条件和生长特性进行深入的研究。这一技术也成为研究微生物种群多样性的一个经典方法。但是,随着研究的不断进行,这一技术暴露出其最大的局限性)))平板计数异常(plate count anomaly),即只有少数的微生物能在实验室获得培养成功,许多微生物是难培养的,甚至是不能培养成功的,根据微生物种群的差别,可培养微生物的数量不超过总数的0.0001~15%。

1 改进后的纯培养方法应用于微生物多样性研究

1.1 针对可培养微生物进行的纯培养方法

Jassen [5]等人通过改进传统实验室培养技术使微生物培养能力得到了提高。他以土壤微生物为对象,设计试验使土壤细菌的培养能力提高至14.1%,其中平均活菌计数是总菌计

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