曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节题库(通货膨胀：起因、影响和社会成本)【圣才出品】
第5章通货膨胀：起因、影响和社会成本一、判断题1．未预期到的通货膨胀如果高于预期的通货膨胀，那么债权人会受益而债务人受损。
（）【答案】F【解析】本题所述条件相当于未预期到的通货膨胀高于实际的通货膨胀，则债权人受损而债务人收益，因为偿还的价值比双方预期的低，也就是比实际应该支付的低。
2．根据货币数量理论，如果每年货币供给增长2%，则每年的通货膨胀率为2%。
（）【答案】F【解析】根据货币数量理论有：P＝MV/Y，则ΔP/P＝ΔM/M＋ΔV/V－ΔY/Y，因此通货膨胀率ΔP/P的变动不仅仅取决于货币供给增长率ΔM/M，还取决于货币流通速度的变动率ΔV/V和实际国民产出的变动率ΔY/Y。
只有当货币流通速度和实际国民产出保持不变时，才有每年的通货膨胀率为2%。
3．如果你的房东说：“工资、公用事业及别的费用都涨了，我也只能提高你的房租。
”这属于需求拉动的通货膨胀。
（）【答案】F【解析】需求拉动的通货膨胀是指总需求超过总供给所引起的一般价格水平的持续显著的上涨。
成本拉动的通货膨胀是指在没有超额需求的情况下由于供给方面成本的提高所引起的一般价格水平持续和显著的上涨。
房东由于成本上升提高房租，这属于成本拉动型通货膨胀。
4．如果通货膨胀被完全的预期到了，那么通货膨胀将是没有成本的。
（）【答案】F【解析】预期的通货膨胀的成本包括：①由通货膨胀税产生的人们持有的货币量的扭曲；②因高通货膨胀引起企业更经常地改变它们的价格，从而产生菜单成本；③面临菜单成本的企业不会频繁改变价格，导致资源配置上的无效率；④税法的许多条款并没有考虑通货膨胀的效应；⑤通货膨胀给人们的生活带来不方便。
5．由实际可变因素带来的货币变化的不相关性被称为货币中性，大多数经济学家认同货币中性的观点，将其作为一种对长期而不是短期的经济的好的描述。
（）【答案】T【解析】货币中性是指货币对实际变量的无关性。
大多数经济学家都认同，在长期内，货币是中性的。
二、单项选择题1．经济中货币供给每年增长7%，货币流通速度不变，下列关于实际GDP和通货膨胀的判断哪个是正确的？（）A．实际GDP以2%的速度增长，通货膨胀率为5%B．实际GDP以7%的速度增长，通货膨胀率为7%C．实际GDP以2%的速度增长，通货膨胀率为9%D．实际GDP以9%的速度增长，通货膨胀率为2%【答案】A【解析】由数量方程式MV＝PY可知货币供给的增长速度等于实际GDP的增长速度加上通货膨胀率，因此两者之和必须等于7%。
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解(失业)【圣才出品】
曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）章节习题精编详解第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济第7章失业一、概念题1．自然失业率（natural rate of unemployment）答：自然失业率又称“有保证的失业率”、“正常失业率”、“充分就业失业率”等，它是经济围绕其波动的平均失业率，是经济在长期中趋近的失业率，是充分就业时仍然保持的失业水平。
自然失业率是在没有货币因素干扰的情况下，让劳动市场和商品市场自发供求力量起作用时，总供给和总需求处于均衡状态时的失业率。
“没有货币因素干扰”是指失业率的高低与通货膨胀率的高低之间不存在替代关系。
自然失业率决定于经济中的结构性和摩擦性的因素，取决于劳动市场的组织状况、人口组成、失业者寻找工作的能力愿望、现有工作的类型、经济结构的变动、新加入劳动者队伍的人数等众多因素。
任何把失业降低到自然失业率以下的企图都将造成加速的通货膨胀。
任何时候都存在着与实际工资率结构相适应的自然失业率。
自然失业率是弗里德曼对菲利普斯曲线发展的一种观点，他将长期的均衡失业率称为“自然失业率”，它可以和任何通货膨胀水平相对应，且不受其影响。
2．摩擦性失业（frictional unemployment）答：摩擦性失业指劳动力市场运行机制不完善或者因为经济变动过程中的工作转换而产生的失业。
摩擦性失业是劳动力在正常流动过程中所产生的失业。
在一个动态经济中，各行业、各部门和各地区之间劳动需求的变动是经常发生的。
即使在充分就业状态下，由于人们从学校毕业或搬到新城市而要寻找工作，总是会有一些人的周转。
摩擦性失业量的大小取决于劳动力流动性的大小和寻找工作所需要的时间。
由于在动态经济中，劳动力的流动是正常的，所以摩擦性失业的存在也是正常的。
3．部门转移（sectoral shift）答：部门转移是指劳动力在不同部门和行业的重新配置。
由于许多原因，企业和家庭需要的产品类型一直在变动。
随着产品需求的变动，对生产这些产品的劳动力的需求也在改变，因此就出现劳动力在部门之间的转移。
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解(经济波动导论)【圣才出品】
曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）章节习题精编详解第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济第10章经济波动导论一、概念题1．奥肯定律（Okun’s law）答：奥肯定律是表示失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间关系的经验统计规律，由美国经济学家奥肯在20世纪60年代初提出。
其主要内容是：失业率每高于自然失业率1个百分点，实际GDP将低于潜在GDP2个百分点。
奥肯定律的一个重要结论是：实际GDP必须保持与潜在GDP同样快的增长，以防止失业率的上升。
如果政府想让失业率下降，那么，该经济社会的实际GDP的增长必须快于潜在GDP的增长。
根据奥肯的研究，在美国，失业率每下降1%，实际国民收入增长2%。
但应该指出的是：①奥肯定律表明了失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间是反方向变动的关系；②两者的数量关系1:2是一个平均数，在不同的时期，这一比率并不完全相同；③这一规律适用于经济没有实现充分就业时的情况。
在经济实现了充分就业时，这一规律所表示的自然失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间的关系要弱得多，一般估算是1:0.76。
2．领先指标（leading indicators）答：领先指标是指一般先于整体经济变动的变量，可以帮助经济学家预测短期经济波动。
由于经济学家对前导指标可靠意见看法的不一致，导致经济学家给出不同的预测，其中就包括短期经济波动情况的预测。
领先指标的大幅度下降预示经济很可能会衰退，大幅度上升预示经济很可能会繁荣。
3．总需求（aggregate demand）答：总需求是指整个经济社会在任何一个给定的价格水平下对产品和服务的需求总量。
它由消费需求、投资需求、政府购买和国外需求构成。
在其他条件不变的情况下，当价格水平上升时，总需求水平就下降；当价格水平下降时，总需求水平就上升。
由产品市场均衡条件()()Y C Y T I r G =-++和货币市场均衡条件(),M L r Y P=可以求得总需求函数。
如果AD 表示总需求，P 表示价格水平，总需求函数可写成()AD AD P =。
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)配套题库【名校考研真题】第5篇 宏观经济理论专题【圣才出品】
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圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 16 章 理解消费者行为
一、名词解释 1．相对收入假说（东南大学 2016 研；东北财大 2014 研；武汉大学 2000 研） 答：相对收入消费理论由美国经济学家杜森贝利在《收入、储蓄的消费行为理论》中提 出。 在指出凯恩斯错误假设的基础上，杜森贝利提出消费并不取决于现期绝对收入水平，而 是取决于相对收入水平，即相对于其他人的收入水平和相对于本人历史上最高的收入水平。 根据相对收入假设，杜森贝利认为：①消费有习惯性，某期消费不仅受当期收入的影响，而 且受过去所达到的最高收入和最高消费的影响。消费具有不可逆性，即所谓的“棘轮效应”， 也就是说，由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难。②人们的消费会相互影响，有攀比倾向，即“示范效 应”，人们的消费不决定于其绝对收入水平，而决定于同别人相比的相对收入水平。
2．假设某国经济陷入衰退，政府决定从 2014 年开始之后的十年内减税 2 万亿，但是 这个减税不是平滑实行的，而是在 2014 年和 2015 年少量减税，之后增加：
（1）一些评论者使用的是凯恩斯的消费函数，认为这种政策对经济衰退不起作用，为 什么？
（2）一些评论者使用消费的永久收入理论，认为政府在 2014 年和 2015 年减税是有 作用的，为什么？
圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 5 篇 宏观经济理论专题
第 15 章 一个经济波动的动态模型
本章建立了一个动态总需求和总供给的模型，介绍了名义刚性条件下的动态的、随机的 和一般均衡模型，利用这个模型来研究短期经济波动。本章内容的学习主要是为了便于学员 以后学习高级宏观经济学等相关课程，学员作简单了解即可，历年研究生入学考试未在本章 出过相关考题。
曼昆宏观经济学第九版答案中文版
曼昆宏观经济学第九版答案中文版1、企业为扩大生产经营而发生的业务招待费，应计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.管理费用(正确答案)B.财务费用C.销售费用D.其他业务成本2、下列各项中，不会引起无形资产账面价值发生增减变动的是（）。
[单选题] *A.对无形资产计提减值准备B.转让无形资产使用权(正确答案)C.摊销无形资产D.转让无形资产所有权3、盈余公积是企业从（）中提取的公积金。
[单选题] *A.税后净利润(正确答案)B.营业利润C.利润总额D.税前利润4、下列关于无形资产的描述中，错误的是（）。
[单选题] *A.企业内部研究开发项目研究阶段的支出应计入管理费用B.购入但尚未投入使用的无形资产的价值不应摊销(正确答案)C.不能为企业带来经济利益的无形资产的账面价值应全部转为营业外支出D.只有很可能为企业带来经济利益且其成本能够可靠计量的无形资产才能予以确认5、某企业上年末“利润分配——未分配利润”科目借方余额为50 000元（属于五年以上亏损），本年度实现利润总额为1 000 000元，所得税税率为25％，无纳税调整项目，本年按照10％提取法定盈余公积，应为（）元。
[单选题] *A.75 000B.71 250C.100 000D.70 000(正确答案)6、2018年12月31日，甲公司某项固定资产计提减值准备前的账面价值为1 000万元，公允价值为980万元，预计处置费用为80万元，预计未来现金流量的现值为1 050万元。
2018年12月31日，甲公司应对该项固定资产计提的减值准备为（）万元。
[单选题] *A.0(正确答案)B.20C.50D.1007、企业购入的生产设备达到预定可使用状态前，其发生的专业人员服务费用计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.“固定资产”B.“制造费用”C.“在建工程”(正确答案)D.“工程物资”8、．（年预测）下列属于货币资金转换为生产资金的经济活动的是（）[单选题] *A购买原材料B生产领用原材料C支付工资费用(正确答案)D销售产品9、下列交易和事项中，不应确认为营业外支出的是（）。
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节题库(总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡)【圣才出品】
第14章总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡一、判断题1．菲利普斯曲线方程式和短期总供给曲线方程式在本质上代表了同样的宏观经济思想，因此，经济学家也常用菲利普斯曲线来表示总供给。
（）【答案】F【解析】菲利普斯曲线和短期供给曲线在本质上代表了同样的宏观经济思想，即短期内物价、货币等名义变量的变动也会影响产量。
但是菲利普斯反映的是通货膨胀与失业之间的取舍关系，而短期总供给曲线反映的是短期内价格与收入的关系，反映的内容不同，因此不能用菲利普斯曲线来表示总供给。
2．如果菲利普斯曲线在长期内有效，说明预期在长期内是无效的。
（）【答案】T【解析】无论是短期还是长期，只要预期是有效的，则菲利普斯曲线就是无效的。
因此，如果预期在长短期内均存在，则菲利普斯曲线在长短期内均不存在，也即在长短期内通货膨胀与失业之间均不存在取舍关系。
3．奥肯定律意味着失业率降低1.5个百分点，将会导致通货膨胀上升3个百分点。
（）【答案】F【解析】奥肯定律反映的是失业与实际GDP之间的负相关关系，即失业率高于自然失业率1个百分点，实际GDP的增长便低于潜在的GDP的2个百分点。
4．假设某菲利普斯曲线为π＝π－1－0.75（u－5%），要使通货膨胀率下降9个百分点，则需要使失业率提高到12%。
（）【答案】F【解析】由题意有π－π－1＝－9%，从而u－5%＝9%÷0.75＝12%，则失业率应当提高到17%。
5．根据黏性价格模型，短期总供给曲线的斜率取决于经济中黏性价格企业的比例s，s 越大，斜率越小。
（）【答案】T【解析】根据黏性价格模型，短期总供给曲线可写为：Y＝Y＿＋s（P－EP）/[（1－s）a]，短期总供给曲线的斜率为：a（1－s）/s。
当比例s越大，斜率越小。
6．只有黏性价格模型对短期总供给曲线的解释是：假定实际物价水平高于预期物价水平时，产出（即供给）会增加。
（）【答案】F【解析】黏性工资模型、不完全信息模型以及黏性价格模型对短期总供给曲线的解释都是如此。
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节题库(经济增长Ⅱ：技术、经验和政策)【圣才出品】
第9章经济增长Ⅱ：技术、经验和政策一、判断题1．如果MPK－δ＝n＋g，则该式所对应的资本存量是资本存量黄金律。
（）【答案】T【解析】资本的黄金律水平是使消费最大化的稳定状态的k值。
考虑人口增长和技术进步，人均消费可写为：c*＝f（k*）－（δ＋n＋g）k*，根据人均消费最大化的一阶条件可得：MPK－δ＝n＋g。
2．在考虑人口增长和技术进步的索洛模型中，稳态意味着sf（k）＝（δ＋n＋g）k。
（）【答案】T【解析】稳态意味着持平投资等于储蓄，考虑人口增长和技术进步，sf（k）＝（δ＋n ＋g）k。
3．根据内生经济增长模型，投资可以导致一国的长期增长。
（）【答案】T【解析】投资使得一国的资本存量增加，而资本存量的增加会促进经济增长。
内生经济增长模型中，资本边际收益是非递减的，因此投资可以导致一国的长期增长。
4．内生增长模型可以写作Y＝AK，其中，A为常数。
（）【答案】T【解析】不存在资本边际递减是该公式的主要特征，因此符合内生增长理论的假设条件，可以作为内生增长模型的一种特例。
5．内生增长模型与索洛增长模型的主要区别在于前者假定一个总资本的边际报酬不递减。
（）【答案】T【解析】内生增长理论将资本这一要素广义化，不但用来指物质资本，同时还包括人力资本，它通过生产者“知识溢出”和人力资本的“外部利益”的作用，使得投资收益递增，从而避免了资本积累收益递减的倾向，从而使得资本边际报酬不递减。
6．根据索洛增长模型，一国的人均收入的增长主要取决于资本积累速度，即取决于储蓄率。
（）【答案】F【解析】根据索洛增长模型，一国的人均收入的增长主要取决于外生的技术进步。
7．索洛余量能准确地代表短期中的技术变动。
（）【答案】F【解析】索洛余量能准确地代表超长期中的技术变动。
二、单项选择题1．资本收益不变的假定意味着大公司应该比小公司更有效率，但这并不意味着一定会趋向垄断，因为（）。
A．大多数产业本质上是完全竞争的B．公司的投入不仅仅是资本C．只有资本的回报不变，仍可得出所有要素的回报递减D．如果一个公司增加其资本，其他公司也能从这些新资本的运用中获益【答案】D【解析】内生增长模型假定不存在资本收益递减，是因为他们把知识看成资本的组成部分，一个公司运用该资本，其他公司也能获益。
曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案3
曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案3Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 3 National Income: Where It Comes From and Where It GoesQuestions for Review1. The factors of production and the production technologydetermine the amount of output an economy can produce. The factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services: the most important factors are capital and labor. The production technology determines how much output can be produced from any given amounts of these inputs. An increase in one of the factors of production or an improvement in technology leads to an increase in the economy’s output.2. When a firm decides how much of a factor of production tohire or demand, it considers how this decision affects profits. For example, hiring an extra unit of labor increases output and therefore increases revenue; the firm compares this additional revenue to the additional cost from the higher wage bill. The additional revenue the firm receives depends on the marginal product of labor (MPL) and the price of the good produced (P). An additional unit of labor produces MPL units of additional output, which sells for P dollars per unit. Therefore, the additional revenue to the firm is P MPL. The cost of hiring the additional unit of labor is the wage W. Thus, this hiring decision has the following effect on profits:ΔProfit= ΔRevenue –ΔCost= (P MPL) –W.If the additional revenue, P MPL, exceeds the cost (W) ofhiring the additional unit of labor, then profit increases. The firm will hire labor until it is no longer profitable to do so—that is, until the MPL falls to the point where the change in profit is zero. In the equation abov e, the firm hires labor until ΔP rofit = 0, which is when (P MPL) = W.This condition can be rewritten as:MPL = W/P.Therefore, a competitive profit-maximizing firm hires labor until the marginal product of labor equals the real wage.The same logic applies to the firm’s decision regarding how much capital to hire: the firm will hire capital until the marginal product of capital equals the real rental price.3. A production function has constant returns to scale if anequal percentage increase in all factors of production causes an increase in output of the same percentage. For example, if a firm increases its use of capital and labor by 50 percent, and output increases by 50 percent, then the production function has constant returns to scale.If the production function has constant returns to scale,then total income (or equivalently, total output) in an economy of competitive profit-maximizing firms is divided between the return to labor, MPL L, and the return to capital, MPK K. That is, under constant returns to scale, economic profit is zero.4. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form F(K,L) =AKαL1–α. The text showed that the parameter αgives capital’s share of income. So if capital earns one-fourth of total income, then = . Hence, F(K,L) = Consumption depends positively on disposable income—.the amount of income after all taxes have been paid. Higherdisposable income means higher consumption.The quantity of investment goods demanded depends negatively on the real interest rate. For an investment to be profitable, its return must be greater than its cost.Because the real interest rate measures the cost of funds,a higher real interest rate makes it more costly to invest,so the demand for investment goods falls.6. Government purchases are a measure of the value of goodsand services purchased directly by the government. For example, the government buys missiles and tanks, builds roads, and provides services such as air traffic control.All of these activities are part of GDP. Transfer payments are government payments to individuals that are not in exchange for goods or services. They are the opposite of taxes: taxes reduce household disposable income, whereas transfer payments increase it. Examples of transfer payments include Social Security payments to the elderly, unemployment insurance, and veterans’ benefits.7. Consumption, investment, and government purchases determinedemand for the economy’s output, whereas the factors of production and the production function determine the supply of output. The real interest rate adjusts to ensure that the demand for the economy’s goods equals th e supply. At the equilibrium interest rate, the demand for goods and services equals the supply.8. When the government increases taxes, disposable incomefalls, and therefore consumption falls as well. The decrease in consumption equals the amount that taxes increase multipliedby the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). The higher the MPC is, the greater is the negative effect of the tax increase on consumption. Because output is fixed by the factors of production and the production technology, and government purchases have not changed, the decrease in consumption must be offset by an increase in investment. For investment to rise, the real interest rate must fall. Therefore, a tax increase leads to a decrease in consumption, an increase in investment, and a fall in the real interest rate.Problems and Applications1. a. According to the neoclassical theory of distribution,the real wage equals the marginal product of labor.Because of diminishing returns to labor, an increase in the labor force causes the marginal product of labor to fall. Hence, the real wage falls.Given a Cobb–Douglas production function, theincrease in the labor force will increase the marginal product of capital and will increase the real rental price of capital. With more workers, the capital will be used more intensively and will be more productive.b. The real rental price equals the marginal product ofcapital. If an earthquake destroys some of the capital stock (yet miraculously does not kill anyone and lower the labor force), the marginal product of capital rises and, hence, the real rental price rises.Given a Cobb–Douglas production function, the decrease in the capital stock will decrease the marginal product of labor and will decrease the real wage. With less capital, each worker becomes less productive.c. If a technological advance improves the productionfunction, this is likely to increase the marginal products of both capital and labor. Hence, the real wage and the real rental price both increase.d. High inflation that doubles the nominal wage and theprice level will have no impact on the real wage.Similarly, high inflation that doubles the nominal rental price of capital and the price level will have no impact on the real rental price of capital.2. a. To find the amount of output produced, substitute thegiven values for labor and land into the production function: Y = = 100.b. According to the text, the formulas for the marginalproduct of labor and the marginal product of capital (land) are:MPL = (1 –α)AKαL–α.MPK = αAKα–1L1–α.In this problem, αis and A is 1. Substitute in the given values for labor and land to find the marginal product of labor is and marginal product of capital (land) is . We know that the real wage equals the marginal product of labor and the real rental price of land equals the marginal product of capital (land).c. Labor’s share of the output is given by the marginalproduct of labor times the quantity of labor, or 50.d. The new level of output is .e. The new wage is . The new rental price of land is .f. Labor now receives .3. A production function has decreasing returns to scale if anequal percentage increase in all factors of production leads to a smaller percentage increase in output. For example, if we double the amounts of capital and labor output increases by lessthan double, then the production function has decreasing returns to scale. This may happen if there is a fixed factor such as land in the production function, and this fixed factor becomes scarce as the economy grows larger.A production function has increasing returns to scale ifan equal percentage increase in all factors of production leads to a larger percentage increase in output. For example, if doubling the amount of capital and labor increases the output by more than double, then the production function has increasing returns to scale. This may happen if specialization of labor becomes greater as the population grows. For example, if only one worker builds a car, then it takes him a long time because he has to learn many different skills, and he must constantly change tasks and tools. But if many workers build a car, then each one can specialize in a particular task and become more productive.4. a. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form Y =AKαL1–α. The text showed that the marginal products for the Cobb–Douglas production function are:MPL = (1 –α)Y/L.MPK = αY/K.Competitive profit-maximizing firms hire labor until its marginal product equals the real wage, and hire capital until its marginal product equals the real rental rate. Using these facts and the above marginal products for the Cobb–Douglas production function, we find:W/P = MPL = (1 –α)Y/L.R/P = MPK = αY/K.Rewriting this:(W/P)L = MPL L = (1 –α)Y.(R/P)K = MPK K = αY.Note that the terms (W/P)L and (R/P)K are the wage bill and total return to capital, respectively. Given that the value of α= , then the above formulas indicate that labor receives 70 percent of total output (or income) and capital receives 30 percent of total output (or income).b. To determine what happens to total output when the laborforce increases by 10 percent, consider the formula for the Cobb–Douglas production function:Y = AKαL1–α.Let Y1equal the initial value of output and Y2equal final output. We know that α = . We also know that labor L increases by 10 percent:Y1 = Y2 = .Note that we multiplied L by to reflect the 10-percent increase in the labor force.To calculate the percentage change in output, divide Y2 by Y1:Y 2 Y 1=AK0.31.1L()0.7AK0.3L0.7 =1.1()0.7=1.069.That is, output increases by percent.To determine how the increase in the labor force affects the rental price of capital, consider the formula for the real rental price of capital R/P:R/P = MPK = αAKα–1L1–α.We know that α= . We also know that labor (L) increases by10 percent. Let (R/P)1equal the initial value of the rental price of capital, and let (R/P)2 equal the final rental price of capital after the laborforce increases by 10 percent. To find (R/P )2, multiply Lby to reflect the 10-percent increase in the labor force:(R/P )1 = – (R/P )2 = –.The rental price increases by the ratioR /P ()2R /P ()1=0.3AK -0.71.1L ()0.70.3AK -0.7L 0.7=1.1()0.7=1.069So the rental price increases by percent. To determine how the increase in the labor forceaffects the real wage, consider the formula for the real wage W/P :W/P = MPL = (1 –α)AK αL –α.We know that α = . We also know that labor (L )increases by 10 percent. Let (W/P )1 equal the initialvalue of the real wage, and let (W/P )2 equal the finalvalue of the real wage. To find (W/P )2, multiply L by toreflect the 10-percent increase in the labor force:(W/P )1 = (1 ––.(W/P )2 = (1 ––.To calculate the percentage change in the real wage, divide (W/P )2 by (W/P )1:W /P ()2W /P ()1=1-0.3()AK 0.31.1L ()-0.31-0.3()AK 0.3L -0.3=1.1()-0.3=0.972That is, the real wage falls by percent.c. We can use the same logic as in part (b) to setY 1 = Y 2 = A Therefore, we have:Y 2Y 1=A 1.1K ()0.3L 0.7AK 0.3L 0.7=1.1()0.3=1.029This equation shows that output increases by about 3percent. Notice that α < means that proportional increases to capital will increase output by less than the same proportional increase to labor.Again using the same logic as in part (b) for thechange in the real rental price of capital:R /P ()2R /P ()1=0.3A 1.1K ()-0.7L 0.70.3AK -0.7L 0.7=1.1()-0.7=0.935The real rental price of capital falls by percentbecause there are diminishing returns to capital; that is, when capital increases, its marginal product falls. Finally, the change in the real wage is:W /P ()2W /P ()1=0.7A 1.1K ()0.3L -0.30.7AK 0.3L -0.3=1.1()0.3=1.029Hence, real wages increase by percent because the addedcapital increases the marginal productivity of the existing workers. (Notice that the wage and output have both increased by the same amount, leaving the labor share unchanged —a feature of Cobb –Douglas technologies.)d. Using the same formula, we find that the change in output is:Y 2Y 1= 1.1A ()K 0.3L 0.7AK 0.3L 0.7=1.1This equation shows that output increases by 10 percent.Similarly, the rental price of capital and the real wage also increase by 10 percent:R /P ()2R /P ()1=0.31.1A ()K -0.7L 0.70.3AK -0.7L 0.7=1.1W /P ()2W /P ()1=0.71.1A ()K 0.3L -0.30.7AK 0.3L -0.3=1.15. Labor income is defined asW P ′L =WL P Labor’s share of income is defined asWL P ?è÷÷/Y =WL PY For example, if this ratio is aboutconstant at a value of ,then the value of W /P = *Y /L . This means that the real wage is roughly proportional to labor productivity. Hence, any trend in labor productivity must be matched by an equal trend in real wages. O therwise, labor’s share would deviate from . Thus, the first fact (a constant labor share) implies the second fact (the trend in real wages closely tracks the trend in labor productivity).6. a. Nominal wages are measured as dollars per hour worked.Prices are measured as dollars per unit produced (either a haircut or a unit of farm output). Marginal productivity is measured as units of output produced per hour worked.b. According to the neoclassical theory, technicalprogress that increases the marginal product of farmers causes their real wage to rise. The real wage for farmers is measured as units of farm output per hour worked. The real wage is W/P F, and this is equal to ($/hour worked)/($/unit of farm output).c. If the marginal productivity of barbers is unchanged,then their real wage is unchanged. The real wage for barbers is measured as haircuts per hour worked. The real wage is W/P B, and this is equal to ($/hour worked)/($/haircut).d. If workers can move freely between being farmers andbeing barbers, then they must be paid the same wage W in each sector.e. If the nominal wage W is the same in both sectors, butthe real wage in terms of farm goods is greater than the real wage in terms of haircuts, then the price of haircuts must have risen relative to the price of farm goods. We know that W/P = MPL so that W = P MPL. This means that P F MPL F= P H MPL B, given that the nominal wages are the same. Since the marginalproduct of labor for barbers has not changed and the marginal product of labor for farmers has risen, the price of a haircut must have risen relative to the price of the farm output. If we express this in growth rate terms, then the growth of the farm price + the growth of the marginal product of the farm labor = the growth of the haircut price.f. The farmers and the barbers are equally well off after the technological progress in farming, giventhe assumption that labor is freely mobile between the two sectors and both types of people consume the same basket of goods. Given that the nominal wage ends up equal for each type of worker and that they pay the same prices for final goods, they are equally well off in terms of what they can buy with their nominal income.The real wage is a measure of how many units of output are produced per worker. Technological progress in farming increased the units of farm output produced per hour worked. Movement of labor between sectors then equalized the nominal wage.7. a. The marginal product of labor (MPL)is found bydifferentiating the production function with respect to labor: MPL=dY dL=11/3H1/3L-2/3An increase in human capital will increase the marginal product of labor because more human capital makes all the existing labor more productive.b. The marginal product of human capital (MPH)is found bydifferentiating the production function with respect to human capital:MPH=dY dH=13K1/3L1/3H-2/3An increase in human capital will decrease the marginal product of human capital because there are diminishing returns.c. The labor share of output is the proportion of outputthat goes to labor. The total amount of output that goes to labor is the real wage (which, under perfect competition, equals the marginal product of labor) times the quantity of labor. This quantity is divided by the total amount of output to compute the labor share:Labor Share=(13K1/3H1/3L-2/3)LK1/3H1/3L1/3=1 3We can use the same logic to find the human capital share: Human Capital Share=(13K1/3L1/3H-2/3)HK1/3H1/3L1/3=1 3so labor gets one-third of the output, and human capital gets one-third of the output. Since workers own their human capital (we hope!), it will appear that labor gets two-thirds of output.d. The ratio of the skilled wage to the unskilled wage is:Wskilled Wunskilled =MPL+MPHMPL=13K1/3L-2/3H1/3+13K1/3L1/3H-2/313K1/3L-2/3H1/3=1+LHNotice that the ratio is always greater than 1 because skilled workers get paid more than unskilled workers.Also, when H increases this ratio falls because the diminishing returns to human capital lower its return, while at the same time increasing the marginal product of unskilled workers.e. If more colleges provide scholarships, it will increaseH, and it does lead to a more egalitarian society. The policy lowers the returns to education, decreasing the gap between the wages of more and less educated workers.More importantly, the policy even raises the absolute wage of unskilled workers because their marginal product rises when the number of skilled workers rises.8. The effect of a government tax increase of $100 billion on(a) public saving, (b) private saving, and (c) nationalsaving can be analyzed by using the following relationships: National Saving = [Private Saving] + [Public Saving]= [Y –T –C(Y –T)] + [T –G]= Y –C(Y –T) –G.a. Public Saving—The tax increase causes a 1-for-1increase in public saving. T increases by $100 billion and, therefore, public saving increases by $100 billion.b. Private Saving—The increase in taxes decreasesdisposable income, Y –T, by $100 billion. Since the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is , consumption falls by $100 billion, or $60 billion. Hence,ΔPrivate Saving = –$100b – (–$100b) = –$40b.Private saving falls $40 billion.c. National Saving—Because national saving is the sum ofprivate and public saving, we can conclude that the $100 billion tax increase leads to a $60 billion increase in national saving.Another way to see this is by using the third equation for national saving expressed above, that national saving equals Y –C(Y –T) –G. The $100 billion tax increase reduces disposable income and causes consumption to fall by $60 billion. Since neither G nor Y changes, national saving thus rises by $60 billion.d. Investment—T o determine the effect of the tax increaseon investment, recall the national accounts identity:Y = C(Y –T) + I(r) + G.Rearranging, we findY –C(Y –T) –G = I(r).The left side of this equation is national saving, so the equation just says that national saving equals investment. Since national saving increases by $60 billion, investment must also increase by $60 billion.How does this increase in investment take place We knowthat investment depends on the real interest rate.For investment to rise, the real interest rate must fall.Figure 3-1 illustrates saving and investment as a function of the real interest rate.。
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节题库-第十二章至第十四章【圣才出品】
【答案】F 【解析】非充分就业时应使用扩张性的财政政策与货币政策，增加总需求，从而扩大国
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圣才电子书
民收入。
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
4．其他条件不变时，货币供给的增加将使 LM 曲线向右移动。（ ） 【答案】T 【解析】其他条件不变时，货币供给增加使 r 下降，从而使投资需求增加，使得收入增 加，于是 LM 曲线向右移动。
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 12 章 总需求Ⅱ：应用 IS-LM 模型
一、判断题 1．流动性陷阱指 LM 曲线呈水平状，此时财政政策最有效。（ ） 【答案】T 【解析】在流动性陷阱中，利率处于极低水平，债券价格处于极高水平，购买债券的风 险极高，此时无论货币供给增加多少，人们都会持有现金，而不会购买债券。这意味着货币 的投机需求趋于无限大，因而 LM 曲线为水平线。这时采用扩张性的财政政策将使得 IS 曲 线向右移动，收入水平会大幅提高，而利率却不发生变化，从而挤出效应很小，财政政策最 有效。
2．假定名义货币供给量不变，价格总水平上升将导致一条向右上方倾斜的 LM 曲线上 的一点（ ）。
A．沿原 LM 曲线向上方移动
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
B．沿原 LM 曲线向下方移动 C．向右移动到另一条 LM 曲线上 D．向左移动到另一条 LM 曲线上 【答案】D 【解析】LM 曲线为 r＝ky/h－M/（Ph）。当名义货币供给量不变，而价格总水平上升 时将导致 LM 曲线的左移。
10．财政收缩政策必定将降低消费水平、产出和投资。（ ） 【答案】F 【解析】政府支出的减少会使 IS 曲线左移，则产出下降，假设收入效应大于利率效应 或在消费上无利率效应，因此消费下降，同时利率下降，收入下降导致投资减少，而利率下 降导致投资增加，因此财政紧缩政策对于投资的影响不是很明确。
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解(经济增长Ⅱ：技术、经验和政策)【圣才出品】
曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）章节习题精编详解第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济第9章经济增长Ⅱ：技术、经验和政策一、概念题1．劳动效率（efficiency of labor）答：劳动效率是指单位劳动时间的产出水平，反映了社会对生产方法的掌握和熟练程度。
当可获得的技术改进时，劳动效率会提高。
当劳动力的健康、教育或技能得到改善时，劳动效率也会提高。
在索洛模型中，劳动效率（E）是表示技术进步的变量，反映了索洛模型劳动扩张型技术进步的思想：技术进步提高了劳动效率，就像增加了参与生产的劳动力数量一样，所以在生产函数中的劳动力数量上乘以一个劳动效率变量，形成了有效工人概念，这使得索洛模型在稳态分析中纳入了外生的技术进步。
2．劳动改善型技术进步（labor-augmenting technological progress）答：劳动改善型技术进步是指技术进步提高了劳动效率，就像增加了参与生产的劳动力数量一样，所以在生产函数中的劳动力数量上乘以一个劳动效率变量，以反映外生技术进步对经济增长的影响。
劳动改善型技术进步实际上认为技术进步是通过提高劳动效率而影响经济增长的。
它的引入形成了有效工人的概念，从而使得索洛模型能够以单位有效工人的资本和产量来进行稳定状态研究。
3．内生增长理论（endogenous growth theory）答：内生增长理论是用规模收益递增和内生技术进步来说明一个国家长期经济增长和各国增长率差异的一种经济理论，其重要特征就是试图使增长率内生化。
根据其依赖的基本假定条件的差异，可以将内生增长理论分为完全竞争条件下的内生增长模型和垄断竞争条件下的内生增长模型。
按照完全竞争条件下的内生增长模型，使稳定增长率内生化的两条基本途径就是：①将技术进步率内生化；②如果可以被积累的生产要素有固定报酬，那么可以通过某种方式使稳态增长率受要素的积累影响。
内生增长理论是抛弃了索洛模型外生技术进步的假设，以更好地研究技术进步与经济增长之间的关系的理论。
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)配套题库【课后习题】第3篇 增长理论：超长期中的经济 【圣才出品】
第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济第8章经济增长Ⅰ：资本积累与人口增长一、概念题1．索洛增长模型（Solow growth model）答：索洛增长模型是表明储蓄、人口增长和技术进步如何影响一个经济的产出水平及其随着时间推移而实现增长的一种经济增长模型。
它的基本假定有：①社会储蓄函数为S＝sY，式中，s是作为参数的储蓄率；②劳动力按照一个不变的比例增长；③生产的规模报酬不变。
其主要思想是：人均投资用于资本扩展化和资本深化，当人均投资大于资本扩展化时，人均产出就会增长；当人均投资等于资本扩展化时，经济达到稳定状态，人均产出不再增长，但总产出会继续增长，增长率等于人口增长率。
2．稳定状态（稳态）（steady state）答：索洛模型的稳定状态是指长期中经济增长达到的一种均衡状态，在这种状态下，投资等于资本扩展化水平，人均资本存量维持不变，即∆k＝sf（k）－δk＝0。
这个维持不变的人均资本存量k*被称为稳定状态人均资本存量。
在稳定状态下，不论经济初始位于哪一点，随着时间的推移，经济总是会收敛于该人均资本水平k*。
在稳定状态，由于人均资本存量保持不变，所以人均产出也保持不变，即人均产出增长率为零。
3．资本的黄金律水平（golden rule level of capital）答：资本的黄金律水平是指在稳定状态人均消费最大化时所对应的人均资本水平，由经济学家费尔普斯于1961年提出。
他认为如果一个经济的发展目标是使稳态人均消费最大化，稳态人均资本量的选择应使资本的边际产出等于劳动力的增长率。
黄金律具有如下的性质：①在稳态时如果一个经济中人均资本量高于黄金律的水平，则可以通过消费掉一部分资本使每个人的平均资本下降到黄金律的水平，就能够提高人均消费水平；②如果一个经济拥有的人均资本低于黄金律的数量，则该经济能够提高人均消费的途径是在目前缩减消费，增加储蓄，直到人均资本达到黄金律的水平。
二、复习题1．在索洛模型中，储蓄率是如何影响稳态收入水平的？它是如何影响稳态增长率的？答：在索洛模型中，如果储蓄率高，经济的资本存量就会大，相应的稳态的产出水平就会高；如果储蓄率低，经济的资本存量就会少，相应的稳态的产出水平就会低。
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解(金融系统：机会与危险)【圣才出品】
曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）章节习题精编详解第6篇宏观经济政策专题第20章金融系统：机会与危险一、关键概念1．金融系统（financial system）答：金融系统是指代经济中促进储蓄者和投资者之间资金流动的机构的概括性术语，其主要职能是将来自储蓄者的资源引导到各种形式的投资中去。
金融系统的一个部分是金融市场的集合，另一个部分是金融中介的集合。
2．金融市场（financial markets）答：金融市场是指资金融通市场，资金供给者和资金需求者双方通过信用工具进行交易而融通资金的市场。
广义的金融市场是指实现货币借贷、资金融通、办理各种票据和有价证券交易活动的场所。
通过金融市场，家庭能够直接为投资提供资源。
两个重要的金融市场是债券市场和股票市场。
3．债券（bonds）答：债券代表债券持有人给企业的贷款。
通过发行债券来筹集投资资金称为债券融资。
债券是直接融资形式之一，发行者通常是公司或政府。
4．股票（stocks）答：股票代表企业股东的所有权要求。
通过发行股票来筹集资金称为股权融资。
股票是直接融资形式之一。
5．债务融资（debt finance）答：债务融资是指企业通过发行债券来筹集投资资金，资金供给者作为债权人享有到期收回本息的一种融资方式。
债务融资属于直接融资，其经营风险较小，预期收益也相对较小。
6．股权融资（equity finance）答：股权融资是指通过发行股票，引进新股东来筹集资金，企业无须还本付息，但是新老股东共享企业的收益。
股权融资属于直接融资，主要用于解决企业运营资金短缺的问题。
7．金融中介（financial intermediaries）答：金融系统是金融中介的集合，通过金融中介，家庭能够间接地为投资提供资源。
金融中介连接市场的两端，帮助金融资源流向它们的最佳用途。
商业银行是最广为人知的金融中介类型。
它们从储蓄者那里吸收存款，用这些存款给那些需要为投资项目融资的人放贷。
8．厌恶风险（risk averse）答：投资天生是有风险的。
曼昆-宏观经济经济学第九版-英文原版答案9
Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 9 Economic Growth II: Technology, Empirics, and PolicyQuestions for Review1. In the Solow model, we find that only technological progress can affect the steady-state rate of growthin income per worker. Growth in the capital stock (through high saving) has no effect on the steady-state growth rate of income per worker; neither does population growth. But technological progress can lead to sustained growth.2. In the steady state, output per person in the Solow model grows at the rate of technological progress g.Capital per person also grows at rate g. Note that this implies that output and capital per effectiveworker are constant in steady state. In the U.S. data, output and capital per worker have both grown at about 2 percent per year for the past half-century.3. To decide whether an economy has more or less capital than the Golden Rule, we need to compare themarginal product of capital net of depreciation (MPK –δ) with the growth rate of total output (n + g).The growth rate of GDP is readily available. Estimating the net marginal product of capital requires a little more work but, as shown in the text, can be backed out of available data on the capital stock relative to GDP, the total amount o f depreciation relative to GDP, and capital’s share in GDP.4. Economic policy can influence the saving rate by either increasing public saving or providingincentives to stimulate private saving. Public saving is the difference between government revenue and government spending. If spending exceeds revenue, the government runs a budget deficit, which is negative saving. Policies that decrease the deficit (such as reductions in government purchases or increases in taxes) increase public saving, whereas policies that increase the deficit decrease saving. A variety of government policies affect private saving. The decision by a household to save may depend on the rate of return; the greater the return to saving, the more attractive saving becomes. Taxincentives such as tax-exempt retirement accounts for individuals and investment tax credits forcorporations increase the rate of return and encourage private saving.5. The legal system is an example of an institutional difference between countries that might explaindifferences in income per person. Countries that have adopted the English style common law system tend to have better developed capital markets, and this leads to more rapid growth because it is easier for businesses to obtain financing. The quality of government is also important. Countries with more government corruption tend to have lower levels of income per person.6. Endogenous growth theories attempt to explain the rate of technological progress by explaining thedecisions that determine the creation of knowledge through research and development. By contrast, the Solow model simply took this rate as exogenous. In the Solow model, the saving rate affects growth temporarily, but diminishing returns to capital eventually force the economy to approach a steady state in which growth depends only on exogenous technological progress. By contrast, many endogenous growth models in essence assume that there are constant (rather than diminishing) returns to capital, interpreted to include knowledge. Hence, changes in the saving rate can lead to persistent growth. Problems and Applications1. a. In the Solow model with technological progress, y is defined as output per effective worker, and kis defined as capital per effective worker. The number of effective workers is defined as L E (or LE), where L is the number of workers, and E measures the efficiency of each worker. To findoutput per effective worker y, divide total output by the number of effective workers:Y LE =K12(LE)12LEY LE =K12L12E12LEY LE =K12 L1E1Y LE =KLE æèççöø÷÷12y=k12b. To solve for the steady-state value of y as a function of s, n, g, and δ, we begin with the equationfor the change in the capital stock in the steady state:Δk = sf(k) –(δ + n + g)k = 0.The production function ycan also be rewritten as y2 = k. Plugging this production functioninto the equation for the change in the capital stock, we find that in the steady state:sy –(δ + n + g)y2 = 0.Solving this, we find the steady-state value of y:y* = s/(δ + n + g).c. The question provides us with the following information about each country:Atlantis: s = 0.28 Xanadu: s = 0.10n = 0.01 n = 0.04g = 0.02 g = 0.02δ = 0.04δ = 0.04Using the equation for y* that we derived in part (a), we can calculate the steady-state values of yfor each country.Developed country: y* = 0.28/(0.04 + 0.01 + 0.02) = 4Less-developed country: y* = 0.10/(0.04 + 0.04 + 0.02) = 12. a. In the steady state, capital per effective worker is constant, and this leads to a constant level ofoutput per effective worker. Given that the growth rate of output per effective worker is zero, this means the growth rate of output is equal to the growth rate of effective workers (LE). We know labor grows at the rate of population growth n and the efficiency of labor (E) grows at rate g. Therefore, output grows at rate n+g. Given output grows at rate n+g and labor grows at rate n, output perworker must grow at rate g. This follows from the rule that the growth rate of Y/L is equal to thegrowth rate of Y minus the growth rate of L.b. First find the output per effective worker production function by dividing both sides of theproduction function by the number of effective workers LE:Y LE =K 13(LE )23LE YLE =K 13L 23E 23LEY LE =K 13L 13E 13Y LE =K LE æèçöø÷13y =k 13To solve for capital per effective worker, we start with the steady state condition:Δk = sf (k ) – (δ + n + g )k = 0.Now substitute in the given parameter values and solve for capital per effective worker (k ):Substitute the value for k back into the per effective worker production function to find output per effective worker is equal to 2. The marginal product of capital is given bySubstitute the value for capital per effective worker to find the marginal product of capital is equal to 1/12.c. According to the Golden Rule, the marginal product of capital is equal to (δ + n + g) or 0.06. In the current steady state, the marginal product of capital is equal to 1/12 or 0.083. Therefore, we have less capital per effective worker in comparison to the Golden Rule. As the level of capital per effective worker rises, the marginal product of capital will fall until it is equal to 0.06. To increase capital per effective worker, there must be an increase in the saving rate.d. During the transition to the Golden Rule steady state, the growth rate of output per worker will increase. In the steady state, output per worker grows at rate g . The increase in the saving rate will increase output per effective worker, and this will increase output per effective worker. In the new steady state, output per effective worker is constant at a new higher level, and output per worker is growing at rate g . During the transition, the growth rate of output per worker jumps up, and then transitions back down to rate g .3. To solve this problem, it is useful to establish what we know about the U.S. economy: • A Cobb –Douglas production function has the form y = k α, where α is capital’s share of income.The question tells us that α = 0.3, so we know that the production function is y = k 0.3.• In the steady state, we know that the growth rate of output equals 3 percent, so we know that (n +g ) = 0.03.• The deprec iation rate δ = 0.04. • The capital –output ratio K/Y = 2.5. Because k/y = [K /(LE )]/[Y /(LE )] = K/Y , we also know that k/y =2.5. (That is, the capital –output ratio is the same in terms of effective workers as it is in levels.)a. Begin with the steady-state condition, sy = (δ + n + g)k. Rewriting this equation leads to a formulafor saving in the steady state:s = (δ + n + g)(k/y).Plugging in the values established above:s = (0.04 + 0.03)(2.5) = 0.175.The initial saving rate is 17.5 percent.b. We know from Chapter 3 that with a Cobb–Douglas production function, capital’s share ofincome α = MPK(K/Y). Rewriting, we haveMPK = α/(K/Y).Plugging in the values established above, we findMPK = 0.3/2.5 = 0.12.c. We know that at the Golden Rule steady state:MPK = (n + g + δ).Plugging in the values established above:MPK = (0.03 + 0.04) = 0.07.At the Golden Rule steady state, the marginal product of capital is 7 percent, whereas it is 12 percent in the initial steady state. Hence, from the initial steady state we need to increase k to achieve the Golden Rule steady state.d. We know from Chapter 3 that for a Cobb–Douglas production function, MPK = α (Y/K). Solvingthis for the capital–output ratio, we findK/Y = α/MPK.We can solve for the Golden Rule capital–output ratio using this equation. If we plug in the value0.07 for the Golden Rule steady-state marginal product of capital, and the value 0.3 for α, we findK/Y = 0.3/0.07 = 4.29.In the Golden Rule steady state, the capital–output ratio equals 4.29, compared to the current capital–output ratio of 2.5.e. We know from part (a) that in the steady states = (δ + n + g)(k/y),where k/y is the steady-state capital–output ratio. In the introduction to this answer, we showed that k/y = K/Y, and in part (d) we found that the Golden Rule K/Y = 4.29. Plugging in this value and those established above:s = (0.04 + 0.03)(4.29) = 0.30.To reach the Golden Rule steady state, the saving rate must rise from 17.5 to 30 percent. Thisresult implies that if we set the saving rate equal to the share going to capital (30 percent), we will achieve the Golden Rule steady state.4. a. In the steady state, we know that sy = (δ + n + g)k. This implies thatk/y = s/(δ + n + g).Since s, δ, n, and g are constant, this means that the ratio k/y is also constant. Since k/y =[K/(LE)]/[Y/(LE)] = K/Y, we can conclude that in the steady state, the capital–output ratio isconstant.b. We know that capital’s share of income = MPK ⨯ (K/Y). In the steady state, we know from part (a)that the capital–output ratio K/Y is constant. We also know from the hint that the MPK is afunction of k, which is constant in the steady state; therefore the MPK itself must be constant.Thus, capital’s share of income is constant. Labor’s share of income is 1 – [C apital’s Share].Hence, if capital’s share is constant, we see that labor’s share of income is also constant.c. We know that in the steady state, total income grows at n + g, defined as the rate of populationgrowth plus the rate of technological change. In part (b) we showed that labor’s and capital’s share of income is constant. If the shares are constant, and total income grows at the rate n + g, thenlabor income and capital income must also grow at the rate n + g.d. Define the real rental price of capital R asR = Total Capital Income/Capital Stock= (MPK ⨯K)/K= MPK.We know that in the steady state, the MPK is constant because capital per effective worker k isconstant. Therefore, we can conclude that the real rental price of capital is constant in the steadystate.To show that the real wage w grows at the rate of technological progress g, defineTLI = Total Labor IncomeL = Labor ForceUsing the hint that the real wage equals total labor income divided by the labor force:w = TLI/L.Equivalently,wL = TLI.In terms of percentage changes, we can write this asΔw/w + ΔL/L = ΔTLI/TLI.This equation says that the growth rate of the real wage plus the growth rate of the labor forceequals the growth rate of total labor income. We know that the labor force grows at rate n, and,from part (c), we know that total labor income grows at rate n + g. We, therefore, conclude that the real wage grows at rate g.5. a. The per worker production function is F (K, L )/L = AK α L 1–α/L = A (K/L )α = Ak α b. In the steady state, Δk = sf (k ) – (δ + n + g )k = 0. Hence, sAk α = (δ + n + g )k , or, after rearranging:k *=sA d +n +g éëêêùûúúa 1-a æèççöø÷÷.Plugging into the per-worker production function from part (a) givesy *=A a 1-a æèççöø÷÷s d +n +g éëêêùûúúa 1-a æèççöø÷÷.Thus, the ratio of steady-state income per worker in Richland to Poorland isy *Richland/y *Poorland ()=s Richland d +n Richland +g /s Poorlandd +n Poorland +g éëêêùûúúa1-a =0.320.05+0.01+0.02/0.100.05+0.03+0.02éëêêùûúúa1-c. If α equals 1/3, then Richland should be 41/2, or two times, richer than Poorland.d. If 4a 1-a æèççöø÷÷= 16, then it must be the case that a 1-a æèççöø÷÷, which in turn requires that α equals 2/3.Hence, if the Cobb –Douglas production function puts 2/3 of the weight on capital and only 1/3 on labor, then we can explain a 16-fold difference in levels of income per worker. One way to justify this might be to think about capital more broadly to include human capital —which must also be accumulated through investment, much in the way one accumulates physical capital.6. How do differences in education across countries affect the Solow model? Education is one factoraffecting the efficiency of labor , which we denoted by E . (Other factors affecting the efficiency of labor include levels of health, skill, and knowledge.) Since country 1 has a more highly educated labor force than country 2, each worker in country 1 is more efficient. That is, E 1 > E 2. We will assume that both countries are in steady state. a. In the Solow growth model, the rate of growth of total income is equal to n + g , which isindependent of the work force’s level of education. The two countries will, thus, have the same rate of growth of total income because they have the same rate of population growth and the same rate of technological progress.b. Because both countries have the same saving rate, the same population growth rate, and the samerate of technological progress, we know that the two countries will converge to the same steady-state level of capital per effective worker k *. This is shown in Figure 9-1.Hence, output per effective worker in the steady state, which is y* = f(k*), is the same in bothcountries. But y* = Y/(L E) or Y/L = y*E. We know that y* will be the same in both countries, but that E1 > E2. Therefore, y*E1 > y*E2. This implies that (Y/L)1 > (Y/L)2. Thus, the level of incomeper worker will be higher in the country with the more educated labor force.c. We know that the real rental price of capital R equals the marginal product of capital (MPK). Butthe MPK depends on the capital stock per efficiency unit of labor. In the steady state, bothcountries have k*1= k*2= k* because both countries have the same saving rate, the same population growth rate, and the same rate of technological progress. Therefore, it must be true that R1 = R2 = MPK. Thus, the real rental price of capital is identical in both countries.d. Output is divided between capital income and labor income. Therefore, the wage per effectiveworker can be expressed asw = f(k) –MPK • k.As discussed in parts (b) and (c), both countries have the same steady-state capital stock k and the same MPK. Therefore, the wage per effective worker in the two countries is equal.Workers, however, care about the wage per unit of labor, not the wage per effective worker.Also, we can observe the wage per unit of labor but not the wage per effective worker. The wageper unit of labor is related to the wage per effective worker by the equationWage per Unit of L = wE.Thus, the wage per unit of labor is higher in the country with the more educated labor force.7. a. In the two-sector endogenous growth model in the text, the production function for manufacturedgoods isY = F [K,(1 –u) EL].We assumed in this model that this function has constant returns to scale. As in Section 3-1,constant returns means that for any positive number z, zY = F(zK, z(1 –u) EL). Setting z = 1/EL,we obtainY EL =FKEL,(1-u)æèççöø÷÷.Using our standard definitions of y as output per effective worker and k as capital per effective worker, we can write this asy = F[k,(1 –u)]b. To begin, note that from the production function in research universities, the growth rate of laborefficiency, ΔE/E, equals g(u). We can now follow the logic of Section 9-1, substituting thefunction g(u) for the constant growth rate g. In order to keep capital per effective worker (K/EL) constant, break-even investment includes three terms: δk is needed to replace depreciating capital, nk is needed to provide capital for new workers, and g(u) is needed to provide capital for thegreater stock of knowledge E created by research universities. That is, break-even investment is [δ + n + g(u)]k.c. Again following the logic of Section 9-1, the growth of capital per effective worker is thedifference between saving per effective worker and break-even investment per effective worker.We now substitute the per-effective-worker production function from part (a) and the function g(u) for the constant growth rate g, to obtainΔk = sF [k,(1 –u)] – [δ + n + g(u)]kIn the steady state, Δk = 0, so we can rewrite the equation above assF [k,(1 –u)] = [δ + n + g(u)]k.As in our analysis of the Solow model, for a given value of u, we can plot the left and right sides of this equationThe steady state is given by the intersection of the two curves.d. The steady state has constant capital per effective worker k as given by Figure 9-2 above. We alsoassume that in the steady state, there is a constant share of time spent in research universities, so u is constant. (After all, if u were not constant, it wouldn’t be a ―steady‖ state!). Hence, output per effective worker y is also constant. Output per worker equals yE, and E grows at rate g(u).Therefore, output per worker grows at rate g(u). The saving rate does not affect this growth rate.However, the amount of time spent in research universities does affect this rate: as more time is spent in research universities, the steady-state growth rate rises.e. An increase in u shifts both lines in our figure. Output per effective worker falls for any givenlevel of capital per effective worker, since less of each worker’s time is spent producingmanufactured goods. This is the immediate effect of the change, since at the time u rises, thecapital stock K and the efficiency of each worker E are constant. Since output per effective worker falls, the curve showing saving per effective worker shifts down.At the same time, the increase in time spent in research universities increases the growth rate of labor efficiency g(u). Hence, break-even investment [which we found above in part (b)] rises at any given level of k, so the line showing breakeven investment also shifts up.Figure 9-3 shows these shifts.In the new steady state, capital per effective worker falls from k1 to k2. Output per effective worker also falls.f. In the short run, the increase in u unambiguously decreases consumption. After all, we argued inpart (e) that the immediate effect is to decrease output, since workers spend less time producingmanufacturing goods and more time in research universities expanding the stock of knowledge.For a given saving rate, the decrease in output implies a decrease in consumption.The long-run steady-state effect is more subtle. We found in part (e) that output per effective worker falls in the steady state. But welfare depends on output (and consumption) per worker, not per effective worker. The increase in time spent in research universities implies that E grows faster.That is, output per worker equals yE. Although steady-state y falls, in the long run the fastergrowth rate of E necessarily dominates. That is, in the long run, consumption unambiguously rises.Nevertheless, because of the initial decline in consumption, the increase in u is not unambiguously a good thing. That is, a policymaker who cares more about current generationsthan about future generations may decide not to pursue a policy of increasing u. (This is analogous to the question considered in Chapter 8 of whether a policymaker should try to reach the GoldenRule level of capital per effective worker if k is currently below the Golden Rule level.)8. On the World Bank Web site (), click on the data tab and then the indicators tab.This brings up a large list of data indicators that allows you to compare the level of growth anddevelopment across countries. To explain differences in income per person across countries, you might look at gross saving as a percentage of GDP, gross capital formation as a percentage of GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, and population growth rate. From the Solow model, we learned that (all else the same) a higher rate of saving will lead to higher income per person, a lower population growth rate will lead to higher income per person, a higher level of capital per worker will lead to a higher level of income per person, and more efficient or productive labor will lead to higher income per person. The selected data indicators offer explanations as to why one country might have a higher level of income per person. However, although we might speculate about which factor is most responsible for thedifference in income per person across countries, it is not possible to say for certain given the largenumber of other variables that also affect income per person. For example, some countries may have more developed capital markets, less government corruption, and better access to foreign directinvestment. The Solow model allows us to understand some of the reasons why income per person differs across countries, but given it is a simplified model, it cannot explain all of the reasons why income per person may differ.More Problems and Applications to Chapter 91. a. The growth in total output (Y) depends on the growth rates of labor (L), capital (K), and totalfactor productivity (A), as summarized by the equationΔY/Y = αΔK/K + (1 –α)ΔL/L + ΔA/A,where α is capital’s share of output. We can look at the effect on output of a 5-percent increase in labor by setting ΔK/K = ΔA/A = 0. Since α = 2/3, this gives usΔY/Y = (1/3)(5%)= 1.67%.A 5-percent increase in labor input increases output by 1.67 percent.Labor productivity is Y/L. We can write the growth rate in labor productivity asD Y Y =D(Y/L)Y/L-D LL.Substituting for the growth in output and the growth in labor, we findΔ(Y/L)/(Y/L) = 1.67% – 5.0%= –3.34%.Labor productivity falls by 3.34 percent.To find the change in total factor productivity, we use the equationΔA/A = ΔY/Y –αΔK/K – (1 –α)ΔL/L.For this problem, we findΔA/A = 1.67% – 0 – (1/3)(5%)= 0.Total factor productivity is the amount of output growth that remains after we have accounted for the determinants of growth that we can measure. In this case, there is no change in technology, so all of the output growth is attributable to measured input growth. That is, total factorproductivity growth is zero, as expected.b. Between years 1 and 2, the capital stock grows by 1/6, labor input grows by 1/3, and output growsby 1/6. We know that the growth in total factor productivity is given byΔA/A = ΔY/Y –αΔK/K – (1 –α)ΔL/L.Substituting the numbers above, and setting α = 2/3, we findΔA/A = (1/6) – (2/3)(1/6) – (1/3)(1/3)= 3/18 – 2/18 – 2/18= – 1/18= –0.056.Total factor productivity falls by 1/18, or approximately 5.6 percent.2. By definition, output Y equals labor productivity Y/L multiplied by the labor force L:Y = (Y/L)L.Using the mathematical trick in the hint, we can rewrite this asD Y Y =D(Y/L)Y/L+D LL.We can rearrange this asD Y Y =D YY-D LL.Substituting for ΔY/Y from the text, we findD(Y/L) Y/L =D AA+aD KK+(1-a)D LL-D LL =D AA+aD KK-aD LL=D AA+aD KK-D LLéëêêùûúúUsing the same trick we used above, we can express the term in brackets asΔK/K –ΔL/L = Δ(K/L)/(K/L)Making this substitution in the equation for labor productivity growth, we conclude thatD(Y/L) Y/L =D AA+aD(K/L)K/L.3. We know the following:ΔY/Y = n + g = 3.6%ΔK/K = n + g = 3.6%ΔL/L = n = 1.8%Capital’s Share = α = 1/3Labor’s Share = 1 –α = 2/3Using these facts, we can easily find the contributions of each of the factors, and then find the contribution of total factor productivity growth, using the following equations:Output = Capital’s+ Labor’s+ Total FactorGrowth Contribution Contribution ProductivityD Y Y =aD KK+(1-a)D LL+D AA3.6% = (1/3)(3.6%) + (2/3)(1.8%) + ΔA/A.We can easily solve this for ΔA/A, to find that3.6% = 1.2% + 1.2% + 1.2%Chapter 9—Economic Growth II: Technology, Empirics, and Policy 81We conclude that the contribution of capital is 1.2 percent per year, the contribution of labor is 1.2 percent per year, and the contribution of total factor productivity growth is 1.2 percent per year. These numbers match the ones in Table 9-3 in the text for the United States from 1948–2002.Chapter 9—Economic Growth II: Technology, Empirics, and Policy 82。
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解（政府债务和预算赤字）【圣才出品】
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解（政府债务和预算⾚字）【圣才出品】曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）章节习题精编详解第6篇宏观经济政策专题第19章政府债务和预算⾚字⼀、概念题1．资本预算（capital budgeting）答：资本预算是⼀种既衡量负债⼜衡量资产的预算程序，它考虑到了资本的变动。
采⽤资本预算，净国债等于政府资产减去政府负债。
按现⾏的预算程序，当政府出售其资产时，预算⾚字会减少。
但在资本预算中，从出售中得到的收⼊并没有减少⾚字，因为债务的减少被资产的减少所抵消了。
同样，在资本预算中，政府借贷为购买资本品筹资并不会增加⾚字。
经济学家对资本预算的看法不⼀。
资本预算的反对者认为，虽然这个体系在原则上优于现⾏体系，但它在实践中难以实施。
资本预算的⽀持者认为，即使对资本资产的不完善处理也⽐完全忽略资本资产好。
2．周期调整性预算⾚字（cyclically adjusted budget deficit）答：周期调整性预算⾚字有时称为充分就业预算⾚字，它的计算是根据对经济在其产出和就业⾃然率运⾏时政府⽀出与税收收⼊的估算⽽作出的。
周期调整性预算⾚字是⼀个有⽤的衡量指标，因为它反映了政策的变动⽽不是经济周期的当前阶段。
3．李嘉图等价（Ricardian equivalence）答：李嘉图等价定理是英国经济学家李嘉图提出，并由新古典主义学者巴罗根据理性预期重新进⾏论述的⼀种理论。
该理论认为，在政府⽀出⼀定的情况下，政府采取征税或发⾏公债来为政府筹措资⾦，其效应是相同的。
李嘉图等价理论的思路是：假设政府预算在初始时是平衡的。
政府实⾏减税以图增加私⼈部门和公众的⽀出，扩⼤总需求，但减税导致财政⾚字。
如果政府发⾏债券来弥补财政⾚字，由于在未来某个时点，政府将不得不增加税收，以便⽀付债务和积累的利息。
具有前瞻性的消费者知道，政府今天借债意味着未来更⾼的税收。
⽤政府债务融资的减税并没有减少税收负担，它仅仅是重新安排税收的时间。
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节题库(经济波动导论)【圣才出品】
第10章经济波动导论一、判断题1．总供给曲线越平坦，货币供给增加对GDP的影响越大。
（）【答案】T【解析】货币供给增加会使得总需求增加，从而使得总需求曲线右移，总供给曲线越平坦，则货币供给增加导致总需求曲线右移所带来的国民收入增加越大。
2．物价水平下降将引起总需求曲线向右移动。
（）【答案】F【解析】P是总需求曲线的内生变量，P变化只会使均衡点沿总需求曲线移动。
只有外生变量（P和Q以外的变量）的变动才会引起总需求曲线形状、位置的变化。
3．只要经济进入一次衰退，它的长期总供给曲线就向左移动。
（）【答案】F【解析】长期总供给曲线始终垂直于充分就业的产量水平，不会随着经济短期波动而变化，而短期总供给曲线会因为经济衰退向左移动。
4．垂直的总供给曲线意味着货币需求的利率弹性为零。
（）【答案】T【解析】垂直总供给曲线是古典学派的总供给曲线，则MV＝PY，由此可得，货币需求与利率并无实质性的关系，货币需求的利率弹性为0。
5．由于股票市场价格上升而导致财富的增加会引起经济沿着现存的总需求曲线移动。
（）【答案】F【解析】物价水平的变动才能使得经济沿着总需求曲线移动。
股票市场价格，并不等同于实体经济中的价格，股票价格上升导致的财富的增加可能会增加消费和投资，从而使得总需求曲线向外移动。
6．实际GDP的波动只由总需求变动引起，不为总供给变动所影响。
（）【答案】F【解析】长期而言，实际GDP是由总供给决定的，随着影响总供给曲线的劳动、资本以及技术的变动而变动。
7．如果作为总供给减少的反应，政府增加货币供应，失业率将回到自然失业率水平，但是价格甚至还要上涨。
（）【答案】T【解析】当经济面临不利的总供给冲击时，总供给曲线向左上方移动，而中央银行可以通过增加货币供应以增加总需求，阻止产出的下降，但这种政策的代价是更高的价格水平。
8．无论产量减少是由总需求减少还是总供给减少引起，作为产出减少的反应，经济都会回到其初始价格水平和初始产量水平。
曼昆 宏观经济经济学第九版 英文原版答案9(完整资料).doc
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 9 Economic Growth II: Technology, Empirics, and Policy Questions for Review1. In the Solow model, we find that only technological progress canaffect the steady-state rate of growth in income per worker. Growth in the capital stock (through high saving) has no effect on the steady-state growth rate of income per worker; neither does population growth.But technological progress can lead to sustained growth.2. In the steady state, output per person in the Solow model grows at the rate of technological progress g. Capital per person also grows at rate g. Note that this implies that output and capital per effective worker are constant in steady state. In the U.S. data, output and capital per worker have both grown at about 2 percent per year for the past half-century.3. To decide whether an economy has more or less capital than theGolden Rule, we need to compare the marginal product of capital net of depreciation (MPK –δ) with the growt h rate of total output (n + g). The growth rate of GDP is readily available. Estimating the netmarginal product of capital requires a little more work but, as shown in the text, can be backed out of available data on the capital stockrelative to GDP, the total amount of depreciation relative to GDP, and capital’s share in GDP.4. Economic policy can influence the saving rate by either increasingpublic saving or providing incentives to stimulate private saving. Public saving is the difference between government revenue and government spending. If spending exceeds revenue, the government runs a budget deficit, which is negative saving. Policies that decrease the deficit (such as reductions in government purchases or increases in taxes) increase public saving, whereas policies that increase the deficit decrease saving.A variety of government policies affect private saving. The decision bya household to save may depend on the rate of return; the greater thereturn to saving, the more attractive saving becomes. Tax incentives such as tax-exempt retirement accounts for individuals and investment tax credits for corporations increase the rate of return and encourage private saving.5. The legal system is an example of an institutional difference betweencountries that might explain differences in income per person.Countries that have adopted the English style common law systemtend to have better developed capital markets, and this leads to more rapid growth because it is easier for businesses to obtain financing. The quality of government is also important. Countries with moregovernment corruption tend to have lower levels of income per person.6. Endogenous growth theories attempt to explain the rate oftechnological progress by explaining the decisions that determine the creation of knowledge through research and development. By contrast, the Solow model simply took this rate as exogenous. In the Solowmodel, the saving rate affects growth temporarily, but diminishingreturns to capital eventually force the economy to approach a steady state in which growth depends only on exogenous technologicalprogress. By contrast, many endogenous growth models in essenceassume that there are constant (rather than diminishing) returns tocapital, interpreted to include knowledge. Hence, changes in the saving rate can lead to persistent growth.Problems and Applications1. a. In the Solow model with technological progress, y is defined asoutput per effective worker, and k is defined as capital per effective worker. The number of effective workers is defined as L E (orLE), where L is the number of workers, and E measures theefficiency of each worker. To find output per effective worker y,divide total output by the number of effective workers:Y LE =K12(LE)12LEY LE =K12L12E12LEY LE =K12 L12E12Y LE =KLE æèççöø÷÷12y=k1b. To solve for the steady-state value of y as a function of s, n, g, andδ, we begin with the equation for the change in the capital stock in the steady state:Δk = sf(k) –(δ + n + g)k = 0.The production function ycan also be rewritten as y2 = k.Plugging this production function into the equation for the changein the capital stock, we find that in the steady state:sy –(δ + n + g)y2 = 0.Solving this, we find the steady-state value of y:y* = s/(δ + n + g).c. The question provides us with the following information about each country:Atlantis: s = 0.28 Xanadu: s = 0.10n = 0.01 n = 0.04g = 0.02 g = 0.02δ = 0.04δ = 0.04Using the equation for y* that we derived in part (a), we cancalculate the steady-state values of y for each country.Developed country: y* = 0.28/(0.04 + 0.01 + 0.02) = 4Less-developed country: y* = 0.10/(0.04 + 0.04 + 0.02) = 1 2. a. In the steady state, capital per effective worker is constant, and thisleads to a constant level of output per effective worker. Given that the growth rate of output per effective worker is zero, this means the growth rate of output is equal to the growth rate of effective workers (LE). We know labor grows at the rate of population growth n and the efficiency of labor (E) grows at rate g. Therefore, output grows at rate n+g. Given output grows at rate n+g and labor grows at rate n,output per worker must grow at rate g. This follows from the rule that the growth rate of Y/L is equal to the growth rate of Y minus the growth rate of L.b. First find the output per effective worker production function by dividing both sides of the production function by the number of effective workers LE:Y LE =K13(LE)23LEYLE=K13L23E23LEYLE=K13L13E13YLE=KLEæèçöø÷13y=k13To solve for capital per effective worker, we start with the steady state condition:Δk = sf(k) –(δ + n + g)k = 0.Now substitute in the given parameter values and solve for capital per effective worker (k):Substitute the value for k back into the per effective workerproduction function to find output per effective worker is equal to2. The marginal product of capital is given bySubstitute the value for capital per effective worker to find themarginal product of capital is equal to 1/12.c. According to the Golden Rule, the marginal product of capital isequal to (δ + n + g) or 0.06. In the current steady state, the marginal product of capital is equal to 1/12 or 0.083. Therefore, we have less capital per effective worker in comparison to the Golden Rule. Asthe level of capital per effective worker rises, the marginal product of capital will fall until it is equal to 0.06. To increase capital pereffective worker, there must be an increase in the saving rate.d. During the transition to the Golden Rule steady state, the growth rateof output per worker will increase. In the steady state, output perworker grows at rate g. The increase in the saving rate will increaseoutput per effective worker, and this will increase output pereffective worker. In the new steady state, output per effective worker is constant at a new higher level, and output per worker is growing at rate g. During the transition, the growth rate of output per workerjumps up, and then transitions back down to rate g.3. To solve this problem, it is useful to establish what we know about the U.S. economy:• A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form y = kα, where α is capital’s share of income. The question tells us that α = 0.3,so we know that the production function is y = k0.3.•In the steady state, we know that the growth rate of output equals 3 percent, so we know that (n + g) = 0.03.•The deprec iation rate δ = 0.04.•The capital–output ratio K/Y = 2.5. Because k/y =[K/(LE)]/[Y/(LE)] = K/Y, we also know that k/y = 2.5. (That is, the capital–output ratio is the same in terms of effective workers as it is in levels.)a. Begin with the steady-state condition, sy = (δ + n + g)k. Rewritingthis equation leads to a formula for saving in the steady state:s = (δ + n + g)(k/y).Plugging in the values established above:s = (0.04 + 0.03)(2.5) = 0.175.The initial saving rate is 17.5 percent.b. We know from Chapter 3 that with a Cobb–Douglas production function, capital’s share of income α = MPK(K/Y). Rewriting, we haveMPK = α/(K/Y).Plugging in the values established above, we findMPK = 0.3/2.5 = 0.12.c. We know that at the Golden Rule steady state:MPK = (n + g + δ).Plugging in the values established above:MPK = (0.03 + 0.04) = 0.07.At the Golden Rule steady state, the marginal product of capital is 7 percent, whereas it is 12 percent in the initial steady state. Hence, from the initial steady state we need to increase k to achieve theGolden Rule steady state.d. We know from Chapter 3 that for a Cobb–Douglas production function, MPK = α (Y/K). Solving this for the capital–outputratio, we findK/Y = α/MPK.We can solve for the Golden Rule capital–output ratio using this equation. If we plug in the value 0.07 for the Golden Rule steady-state marginal product of capital, and the value 0.3 for α, we findK/Y = 0.3/0.07 = 4.29.In the Golden Rule steady state, the capital–output ratio equals4.29, compared to the current capital–output ratio of 2.5.e. We know from part (a) that in the steady states = (δ + n + g)(k/y),where k/y is the steady-state capital–output ratio. In theintroduction to this answer, we showed that k/y = K/Y, and in part(d) we found that the Golden Rule K/Y = 4.29. Plugging in thisvalue and those established above:s = (0.04 + 0.03)(4.29) = 0.30.To reach the Golden Rule steady state, the saving rate must risefrom 17.5 to 30 percent. This result implies that if we set the saving rate equal to the share going to capital (30 percent), we will achieve the Golden Rule steady state.4. a. In the steady state, we know that sy = (δ + n + g)k. This implies thatk/y = s/(δ + n + g).Since s, δ, n, and g are constant, this means that the ratio k/y is also constant. Since k/y = [K/(LE)]/[Y/(LE)] = K/Y, we can conclude that in the steady state, the capital–output ratio is constant.b. We know that capital’s share of income = MPK (K/Y). In thesteady state, we know from part (a) that the capital–output ratioK/Y is constant. We also know from the hint that the MPK is afunction of k, which is constant in the steady state; therefore theMPK itself must be constant. Thus, capital’s share of income isconstant. Labor’s share of income is 1 – [C apital’s Share].Hence, if capital’s share is constant, we see that labor’s share of income is also constant.c. We know that in the steady state, total income grows at n + g,defined as the rate of population growth plus the rate oftechnological change. In part (b) we showed that labor’s andcapital’s share of income is constant. If the shares are constant,and total income grows at the rate n + g, then labor income andcapital income must also grow at the rate n + g.d. Define the real rental price of capital R asR = Total Capital Income/Capital Stock= (MPK K)/K= MPK.We know that in the steady state, the MPK is constant becausecapital per effective worker k is constant. Therefore, we canconclude that the real rental price of capital is constant in the steady state.To show that the real wage w grows at the rate of technological progress g, defineTLI = Total Labor IncomeL = Labor ForceUsing the hint that the real wage equals total labor income divided by the labor force:w = TLI/L.Equivalently,wL = TLI.In terms of percentage changes, we can write this asΔw/w + ΔL/L = ΔTLI/TLI.This equation says that the growth rate of the real wage plus thegrowth rate of the labor force equals the growth rate of total labor income. We know that the labor force grows at rate n, and, frompart (c), we know that total labor income grows at rate n + g. We, therefore, conclude that the real wage grows at rate g.5. a. The per worker production function isF(K, L)/L = AKαL1–α/L = A(K/L)α = Akαb. In the steady state, Δk = sf(k) –(δ + n + g)k = 0. Hence, sAkα = (δ + n + g)k, or, after rearranging:k*=sAd+n+géëêêùûúúa1-aæèççöø÷÷.Plugging into the per-worker production function from part (a) givesy *=A a 1-a æèççöø÷÷s d +n +g éëêêùûúúa 1-a æèççöø÷÷.Thus, the ratio of steady-state income per worker in Richland to Poorland isy *Richland /y *Poorland ()=s Richland d +n Richland +g /s Poorland d +n Poorland +g éëêêùûúúa 1-a=0.320.05+0.01+0.02/0.100.05+0.03+0.02éëêêùûúúa 1-ac. If α equals 1/3, then Richland should be 41/2, or two times, richer than Poorland.d. If 4a 1-æèççöø÷÷= 16, then it must be the case that a 1-a æèççöø÷÷, which in turnrequires that α equals 2/3. Hence, if the Cobb –Douglasproduction function puts 2/3 of the weight on capital and only 1/3 on labor, then we can explain a 16-fold difference in levels ofincome per worker. One way to justify this might be to think about capital more broadly to include human capital —which must also be accumulated through investment, much in the way one accumulates physical capital.6. How do differences in education across countries affect the Solowmodel? Education is one factor affecting the efficiency of labor , which we denoted by E . (Other factors affecting the efficiency of laborinclude levels of health, skill, and knowledge.) Since country 1 has amore highly educated labor force than country 2, each worker in country 1 is more efficient. That is, E1 > E2. We will assume that both countries are in steady state.a. In the Solow growth model, the rate of growth of total income is equal to n + g, which is independent of the work force’s level of education. The two countries will, thus, have the same rate ofgrowth of total income because they have the same rate ofpopulation growth and the same rate of technological progress. b. Because both countries have the same saving rate, the samepopulation growth rate, and the same rate of technological progress, we know that the two countries will converge to the same steady-state level of capital per effective worker k*. This is shown in Figure 9-1.Hence, output per effective worker in the steady state, which is y* = f(k*), is the same in both countries. But y* = Y/(L E) or Y/L = y* E. We know that y* will be the same in both countries, but that E1> E2. Therefore, y*E1 > y*E2. This implies that (Y/L)1 > (Y/L)2.Thus, the level of income per worker will be higher in the countrywith the more educated labor force.c. We know that the real rental price of capital R equals the marginalproduct of capital (MPK). But the MPK depends on the capitalstock per efficiency unit of labor. In the steady state, both countries have k*1= k*2= k* because both countries have the same saving rate, the same population growth rate, and the same rate of technological progress. Therefore, it must be true that R1 = R2 = MPK. Thus, the real rental price of capital is identical in both countries.d. Output is divided between capital income and labor income.Therefore, the wage per effective worker can be expressed asw = f(k) –MPK • k.As discussed in parts (b) and (c), both countries have the samesteady-state capital stock k and the same MPK. Therefore, the wage per effective worker in the two countries is equal.Workers, however, care about the wage per unit of labor, not the wage per effective worker. Also, we can observe the wage per unitof labor but not the wage per effective worker. The wage per unitof labor is related to the wage per effective worker by the equationWage per Unit of L = wE.Thus, the wage per unit of labor is higher in the country with the more educated labor force.7. a. In the two-sector endogenous growth model in the text, theproduction function for manufactured goods isY = F [K,(1 –u) EL].We assumed in this model that this function has constant returns to scale. As in Section 3-1, constant returns means that for anypositive number z, zY = F(zK, z(1 –u) EL). Setting z = 1/EL, we obtainY EL =FKEL,(1-u)æèççöø÷÷.Using our standard definitions of y as output per effective worker and k as capital per effective worker, we can write this asy = F[k,(1 –u)]b. To begin, note that from the production function in research universities, the growth rate of labor efficiency, ΔE/E, equals g(u).We can now follow the logic of Section 9-1, substituting the function g(u) for the constant growth rate g. In order to keep capital per effective worker (K/EL) constant, break-even investment includes three terms: δk is needed to replace depreciating capital, nk is needed to provide capital for new workers, and g(u) is needed to provide capital for the greater stock of knowledge E created by research universities. That is, break-even investment is [δ +n + g(u)]k.c. Again following the logic of Section 9-1, the growth of capital pereffective worker is the difference between saving per effectiveworker and break-even investment per effective worker. We now substitute the per-effective-worker production function from part (a) and the function g(u) for the constant growth rate g, to obtainΔk = sF [k,(1 –u)] – [δ + n + g(u)]kIn the steady state, Δk = 0, so we can rewrite the equation above assF [k,(1 –u)] = [δ + n + g(u)]k.As in our analysis of the Solow model, for a given value of u, we can plot the left and right sides of this equationThe steady state is given by the intersection of the two curves. d. The steady state has constant capital per effective worker k as givenby Figure 9-2 above. We also assume that in the steady state, there is a constant share of time spent in research universities, so u is constant. (After all, if u were not constant, it wouldn’t be a“steady” state!). Hence, output per effective worker y is also constant. Output per worker equals yE, and E grows at rate g(u). Therefore, output per worker grows at rate g(u). The saving ratedoes not affect this growth rate. However, the amount of timespent in research universities does affect this rate: as more time is spent in research universities, the steady-state growth rate rises.e. An increase in u shifts both lines in our figure. Output per effectiveworker falls for any given level of capital per effective worker, since less of each worker’s time is spent producing manufactured goods. This is the immediate effect of the change, since at the time u rises, the capital stock K and the efficiency of each worker E are constant.Since output per effective worker falls, the curve showing savingper effective worker shifts down.At the same time, the increase in time spent in research universities increases the growth rate of labor efficiency g(u). Hence, break-even investment [which we found above in part (b)] rises at any given level of k, so the line showing breakeven investment also shifts up.Figure 9-3 shows these shifts.In the new steady state, capital per effective worker falls from k1 to k2. Output per effective worker also falls.f. In the short run, the increase in u unambiguously decreasesconsumption. After all, we argued in part (e) that the immediateeffect is to decrease output, since workers spend less timeproducing manufacturing goods and more time in researchuniversities expanding the stock of knowledge. For a given saving rate, the decrease in output implies a decrease in consumption.The long-run steady-state effect is more subtle. We found in part(e) that output per effective worker falls in the steady state. But welfare depends on output (and consumption) per worker, not per effective worker. The increase in time spent in research universities implies that E grows faster. That is, output per worker equals yE. Although steady-state y falls, in the long run the faster growth rate of E necessarily dominates. That is, in the long run, consumption unambiguously rises.Nevertheless, because of the initial decline in consumption, theincrease in u is not unambiguously a good thing. That is, apolicymaker who cares more about current generations than aboutfuture generations may decide not to pursue a policy of increasing u.(This is analogous to the question considered in Chapter 8 ofwhether a policymaker should try to reach the Golden Rule level ofcapital per effective worker if k is currently below the Golden Rulelevel.)8. On the World Bank Web site (), click on the datatab and then the indicators tab. This brings up a large list of dataindicators that allows you to compare the level of growth anddevelopment across countries. To explain differences in income per person across countries, you might look at gross saving as a percentage of GDP, gross capital formation as a percentage of GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, and population growth rate. From the Solow model, we learned that (all else the same) a higher rate of saving will lead to higher income per person, a lower population growth rate will lead to higher income per person, a higher level of capital per worker will lead to a higher level of income per person, and more efficient orproductive labor will lead to higher income per person. The selected data indicators offer explanations as to why one country might have a higher level of income per person. However, although we mightspeculate about which factor is most responsible for the difference in income per person across countries, it is not possible to say for certain given the large number of other variables that also affect income per person. For example, some countries may have more developed capital markets, less government corruption, and better access to foreigndirect investment. The Solow model allows us to understand some of the reasons why income per person differs across countries, but givenit is a simplified model, it cannot explain all of the reasons why income per person may differ.More Problems and Applications to Chapter 91. a. The growth in total output (Y) depends on the growth rates oflabor (L), capital (K), and total factor productivity (A), assummarized by the equationΔY/Y = αΔK/K + (1 –α)ΔL/L + ΔA/A, where α is capital’s share of output. We can look at the effect onoutput of a 5-percent increase in labor by setting ΔK/K = ΔA/A =0. Since α = 2/3, this gives usΔY/Y = (1/3)(5%)= 1.67%.A 5-percent increase in labor input increases output by 1.67 percent.Labor productivity is Y/L. We can write the growth rate in labor productivity asD Y Y =D(Y/L)Y/L-D LL.Substituting for the growth in output and the growth in labor, we findΔ(Y/L)/(Y/L) = 1.67% – 5.0%= –3.34%.Labor productivity falls by 3.34 percent.To find the change in total factor productivity, we use the equationΔA/A = ΔY/Y –αΔK/K – (1 –α)ΔL/L.For this problem, we findΔA/A = 1.67% – 0 – (1/3)(5%)= 0.Total factor productivity is the amount of output growth that remains after we have accounted for the determinants of growththat we can measure. In this case, there is no change in technology, so all of the output growth is attributable to measured input growth.That is, total factor productivity growth is zero, as expected.b. Between years 1 and 2, the capital stock grows by 1/6, labor inputgrows by 1/3, and output grows by 1/6. We know that the growthin total factor productivity is given byΔA/A = ΔY/Y –αΔK/K – (1 –α)ΔL/L.Substituting the numbers above, and setting α = 2/3, we findΔA/A = (1/6) – (2/3)(1/6) – (1/3)(1/3)= 3/18 – 2/18 – 2/18= – 1/18= –0.056.Total factor productivity falls by 1/18, or approximately 5.6 percent.2. By definition, output Y equals labor productivity Y/L multiplied by the labor force L:Y = (Y/L)L.Using the mathematical trick in the hint, we can rewrite this asD Y Y =D(Y/L)Y/L+D LL.We can rearrange this asD Y Y =D YY-D LL.Substituting for ΔY/Y from the text, we findD(Y/L) Y/L =D AA+aD KK+(1-a)D LL-D LL =D AA+aD KK-aD LL=D AA+aD KK-D LLéëêêùûúúUsing the same trick we used above, we can express the term in brackets asΔK/K –ΔL/L = Δ(K/L)/(K/L) Making this substitution in the equation for labor productivity growth, we conclude thatD(Y/L) Y/L =D AA+aD(K/L)K/L.3. We know the following:ΔY/Y = n + g = 3.6%ΔK/K = n + g = 3.6%ΔL/L = n = 1.8%Capital’s Share = α = 1/3Labor’s Share = 1 –α = 2/3Using these facts, we can easily find the contributions of each of the factors, and then find the contribution of total factor productivitygrowth, using the following equations:Output = Capital’s+ Labor’s+ Total FactorGrowth Contribution ContributionProductivityD Y Y = aD KK+ (1-a)D LL+ D AA3.6% = (1/3)(3.6%) + (2/3)(1.8%) +ΔA/A.We can easily solve this for ΔA/A, to find that3.6% = 1.2% + 1.2% + 1.2%We conclude that the contribution of capital is 1.2 percent per year, the contribution of labor is 1.2 percent per year, and the contribution of total factor productivity growth is 1.2 percent per year. These numbers match the ones in Table 9-3 in the text for the United States from 1948–2002.。
曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解(总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡)【圣才出品】
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
的变动。这种混淆影响了供给多少的决策，并导致价格水平与产出之间在短期的正相关关系。 当价格水平发生了未预期到的上升时，经济中所有供给者都观察到了自己所生产的产品价格 的上升。他们都错误地推断，他们生产的产品的相对价格上升了。他们更努力地工作，并生 产得更多。
新古典综合派经济学家把菲利普斯曲线作为调节经济的依据，即当失业率高时，实行扩 张性财政政策与货币政策，以承受一定通货膨胀率为代价换取较低的失业率；当通货膨胀率 高时，实行紧缩性的财政政策与货币政策，借助提高失业率以降低通货膨胀率。
货币主义者对菲利普斯曲线所表示的通货膨胀率与失业率之间的交替关系提出了质疑， 并进一步论述了短期菲利普斯曲线、长期菲利普斯曲线和附加预期的菲利普斯曲线，以进一 步解释在不同条件下，通货膨胀率与失业率之间的关系。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
古典宏观经济学的批判，认为它缺乏微观经济学基础。适应性预期的权数分布是既定的几何 级数，没有利用与被测变量相关的其他变量，对经济预期方程的确定基本上是随意的，没有 合理的经济解释。因此，新古典宏观经济学派的“理性预期”逐渐取代了“适应性预期”。
5．需求拉动型通货膨胀（demand-pull inflation） 答：需求拉动型通货膨胀，又称为超额需求通货膨胀，指总需求超过总供给所引起的一 般价格水平的持续显著上涨，可解释为“过多货币追求过少的商品”。 需求拉动型通货膨胀的原因是：在总产量达到一定水平后，当需求增加时，供给会增加 一部分，但供给的增加会遇到生产过程中的瓶颈现象，即由于劳动、原料、生产设备的不足 使成本提高，从而引起价格上升；或者在产量达到最大时，即为充分就业的产量时，当需求 增加，供给也不会增加，总需求增加只会引起价格的上涨。消费需求、投资需求或来自政府 的需求、国外需求都会导致需求拉动型通货膨胀，需求方面的原因或冲击主要包括财政政策、 货币政策、消费习惯的改变和国际市场的需求变动等。 引起需求扩大的因素有两大类：一类是实际因素，即消费需求、投资需求的扩大，政府 支出的增加、减税，净出口增加等（通过 IS 曲线右移），它们都会导致总需求的增加，需求 曲线右移；另一类是货币因素，即货币供给量的增加或实际货币需求量的减少即实际货币余 额增加（通过 LM 曲线右移），导致总需求增加。
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曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库单选题1.当发生通货膨胀时，（）最有可能遭受财务损失。
[对外经济贸易大学2018研]A.政府B.欠债的穷人C.放贷的富人D.贷款的企业【答案】C【解析】根据费雪定律r=i一x，保持名义利率不变，通货膨胀率增加会导致实际利率降低，有利于借款者，不利于贷款者。
通货膨胀使名义工资上升，在累进税率制度下，导致消费者进入更高的纳税区间，使政府的税收收入增加，对政府有利。
2.人口学家预言老年人的比例在未来20年中将要提高，根据生命周期假说，以下说法正确的是（）。
[上海财经大学2017研]A.未来国民储蓄将提高B.现在国民储蓄率会下降C.现在和未来的国民储蓄率都会下降D.以上都不正确【答案】D【解析】未来老年人占比增大将导致未来国民储蓄率下降。
但是根据生命周期假说，这阶段性的提高了人们现在的储蓄动机和国民储蓄率。
3.古典学派和凯恩斯学派的分歧不包括（）。
[对外经济贸易大学2017研]A.政府是否应该干预经济B.经济是否自动实现充分就业的均衡C.潜在产出是否取决于要素的投入量和技术水平D.名义价格与货币工资的调整是否具有灵活性【答案】C【解析】C项，宏观经济学家尤其是宏观经济学中的两大主要流派新凯恩斯主义经济学和新古典宏观经济学经过近二十年的争论，目前在四个问题上基本上达到了共识。
其中包括：在长期，GDP依赖于劳动、资本和技术在内的生产要素。
当生产要素增加和技术水平提高时，GDP增长。
3.在哪儿可以看到全部题库内容（）。
A. 百度达聪学习网B. 站内搜索曼昆C. 找到对应的资料即可4.如果在稳态的时候资本大于黄金率，那么减少储蓄率导致了在向新的稳态转移过程中的消费（）。
[上海财经大学2018研]A.上升B.减少C.先上升，后减少D.先减少，后上升【答案】C【解析】如果在稳态的时候资本大于黄金率，也即从资本过多开始，储蓄率的下降引起消费的立即增加和投资的等量减少，随着时间的推移，当资本存量减少时，产出、消费、投资同时减少。
因此，在向新的稳态转移过程中，投资一直减少，消费先增加后减少。
5.根据新古典经济增长理论，下列（）不影响我国长期经济增长率。
[对外经济贸易大学2016研]A.全面放开生育二胎政策B.货币供应量的增加C.基础研究领域投入的增加D.大众创业、万众创新政策的制定和实施【答案】B【解析】根据新古典经济增长理论，影响长期经济增长率的有人口增长率n和技术进步率g。
A 项，全部放开生育二胎政策会提高人口增长率，从而提高经济增长率；CD两项，基础研究领域投入的增加和大众创业、万众创新政策的制定和实施会促进技术进步，从而提高经济增长率。
B项，根据货币中性，在长期，货币供给增加不影响实际产出。
6.现实中大部分发达国家的中央银行的货币政策之所以盯住利率而不是货币量M，是以下述（）为基础。
[上海财经大学2011研]A.均衡周期理论B.价格错觉模型C.工资黏性理论D.价格黏性理论【答案】D【解析】在价格黏性理论中，短期内价格水平不变，中央银行通过调整利率以使产品市场和货币市场同时达到均衡。
7.在正的技术冲击中的价格错觉，将会使得（）。
[上海财经大学2012研]A.GDP增长，但低于没有错觉B.劳动供给增长，但低于没有错觉C.预期价格下降，但少于实际价格下降D.以上都是【答案】D【解析】在有正的技术冲击中，价格错觉缓解了实际冲击的短期实际影响，正的技术冲击会提高产出Y和劳动供给L，但幅度比没有错觉时小。
这是因为正的技术冲击使得产出Y增加和价格水平下降，同时工人预期价格下降，但低估了价格下降的幅度。
因为P<Pe，所以工人察觉到的实际工资率W/Pe=（W/P）（P/Pe）<现实的实际工资率W/P，劳动供给减少，从而使得劳动供给曲线左移，从而使得正技术冲击对产出Y的作用比没有价格错觉时小。
8.假设一国总体经济具有规模报酬不变的生产函数，劳动收入的份额为0.7，资本收入的份额为0.3，劳动年增长率为1%，资本年增长率为6%，总产出增长率为3.5%，则该国的技术进步率大约为（）。
[对外经济贸易大学2017]A.1.0%B.1.5%C.2.0%D.2.5%【答案】A【解析】索洛余量公式为AA/A=AY/Y-QAL/L-BAK/K，代入△Y/Y=3.5%，劳动份额a=0.7，ALL =1%，资本份额β=0.3，AK/K=6%，得出AA/A=3.5%-0.7×1%-0.3×6%=1.0%。
9.货币中性是指（）。
[上海财经大学2012研]A.货币增长率的变化不会对名义变量产生影响B.货币增长率的变化不会对实际变量产生影响C.货币存量的变化不会对名义变量产生影响D.货币存量的变化不会对实际变量产生影响【答案】D【解析】货币中性是指货币供给量的变动对实际经济变量（如就业、产出）没有影响，只会引起物价水平的同比例变动。
货币增长率的变化不会对实际变量产生影响，称之为货币超中性。
10.在解释工资粘性的内部人-外部人模型中，外部人是（）。
[对外经济贸易大学2016研]A.企业外部处于失业的劳动者B.企业外部的政府官员C.其他企业中已就业的工人D.企业内部已就业的工人【答案】A【解析】在内部人-外部人模型中，内部人是指企业内部已就业的工人，外部人是指企业外部处于失业状态的劳动者。
11.在新古典增长模型中，当人均资本的边际产品等于（）时，人均消费将达到极大。
[上海财经大学2007研]A.sy（n+8）B.sy一（n+8）C.s-（n+8）D.n+8【答案】D【解析】稳态时，Ak=sf（k）-（n+8）k=0，人均消费c=f（k）-（n+8）k，因此当f（k）=（n+8）时，人均消费达到极大，这也就是费尔普斯提出的资本黄金律。
12.在黏性价格模型里，一个负的货币冲击会在短期内（）。
[上海财经大学2011研]A.减少劳动需求B.减少实际产出C.减少实际工资D.以上都是【答案】D【解析】在黏性价格模型中，负的货币冲击会使得货币供给减少，家庭实际货币余额减少，消费需求减少，企业供给减少，劳动需求减少，实际产出减少，短期内劳动供给不变，从而实际工资减少。
13.黏性价格是指（）。
[上海财经大学2010研]A.实际价格不能对环境作出迅速反应B.价格被政府管制C.名义价格不能对环境作出迅速反应D.价格从来不能变更【答案】C【解析】黏性价格是指对于已经变化的情况不能迅速作出反应的商品名义价格。
其原因有两点：①典型的生产者制定价格；②存在菜单成本。
14.根据新古典增长模型，（）。
[上海财经大学2009研]A.人均收入低的国家人均收入增长一定较快B.人均收入低的国家人均收入增长不一定较快C.人均储蓄低的国家人均收入增长一定较快D.人均储蓄低的国家人均收入增长率较高【答案】B【解析】根据新古典增长模型条件趋同的结论：如果两个经济体开始时有着不同的资本存量，但是有着由它们的储蓄率、人口增长率和劳动效率所决定的相同的稳态，那么在趋同过程中，人均收入低的国家人均收入增长较快。
反之，如果两个经济体有着不同的稳态，那么人均收入低的国家则不一定拥有较快的收入增长速度。
15.均衡周期理论（EBC）认为，一个正的技术冲击会导致（）。
[上海财经大学2012研]A.劳动力的需求大于供给B.劳动力的供给大于需求C.均衡点沿需求曲线上移D.均衡点沿供给曲线上移【答案】D【解析】根据均衡周期理论，一个正的技术冲击会使得劳动需求曲线右移，由于短期内劳动供给不变，从而均衡点将沿着供给曲线上移。
由于均衡周期理论认为市场能够迅速出清，因此劳动需求等于劳动供给。
16.李嘉图等价意味着政府赤字将会导致（）。
[上海财经大学2010研]A.现期消费增长B.未来税负增长C.现期国民储蓄下降D.以上都是【答案】网【解析】李嘉图等价定理认为政府今天的预算赤字意味着未来更高的税收，但是并不产生收入效应，不影响GDP、消费、储蓄、投资等。
17.失业理论认为，工资刚性产生的主要原因是（）。
[上海财经大学2011研]A.效率工资B.最低工资法和工会化C.效率工资、最低工资法和工会化D.以上表述都不完整【答案】网【解析】效率工资理论认为，企业向其工人支付高工资就能更有效地运行，因此企业保持高于均衡水平的工资是有利可图，从而造成了工资刚性；最低工资法阻止工资下降到均衡水平，从而直接导致了工资刚性；工会化使得参加工会的工人的工资不是由供给和需求均衡决定的，而是由工会与企业谈判决定，最终的协议使得工资位于均衡水平之上，从而造成工资刚性。
18.今天经济学家所使用的菲利普斯曲线与当年菲利普斯的研究相同之处在于（）。
[上海财经大学2011研]A.二者都研究了失业率与通货膨胀率之间的关系B.二者都考虑了预期的通货膨胀率C.二者都考虑了供给冲击D.以上说法都不正确【答案】D【解析】当年菲利普斯研究的是失业率与工资膨胀率之间的一种负相关关系，今天经济学家所使用的菲利普斯曲线与菲利普斯所考察的关系在三个方面存在不同：①现代菲利普斯曲线用价格的膨胀率代替工资膨胀率；②现代菲利普斯曲线包括了预期的通货膨胀；③现代菲利普斯曲线包含了供给冲击。
19.根据实际经济周期理论，实际总供给曲线具有正的斜率是因为（）。
[上海财经大学2008研]A.技术的变化B.劳动的跨期替代C.实际货币余额的变化D.价格和工资黏性【答案】A【解析】实际经济理论假设经济经历技术的波动，这种波动决定了经济把投入（资本与劳动）变为产出的能力，而且，这些技术的波动引起了就业和产出的波动。
另外实际经济周期理论假设货币在经济中短期也是中性的，即假设货币政策对产出和就业这些实际变量没有影响，认为货币供给是内生的，并且价格和工资具有完全的伸缩性是实际经济周期理论的假设前提。
20.下列正确的是（）。
[上海财经大学2009研]A.如果政府宏观调控属相机抉择，则存在“时间不一致性”B.根据卢卡斯批评，要了解市场行为对政府政策的反应函数，可以通过计量模型预测政策效应C.古典和凯恩斯主义经济学家都认为当经济遭受重大外生冲击时，政府应该积极干预D.以上都不对【答案】A【解析】综合考虑稳定政策的概念，相机抉择的宏观调控的确存在“时间不一致性”。
比如政府想要降低通胀率并提前宣布，当人们形成低通胀预期后，相机抉择的政府为了避免引起失业增加，会不履行降低通胀的承诺从而产生“时间不一致性”。
卢卡斯批判认为计量模型没有充分考虑政策变动对人们预期的影响，市场行为对政府政策的反应函数并不能通过计量模型预测政策效应。
古典主义反对政府干预，认为通过市场的作用可以达到充分就业的自然均衡。
21.假设一个经济当期收入为Y，生产函数具有规模报酬不变性，劳动所得占总收入份额为0.7，资本所得占总收入份额为0.3。
如果劳动力增加速度为4%，资本增长率为3%。