2011海文考研付博翻译【完整批注版】
北京邮电大学2011 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
北京邮电大学2011 年博士研究生入学考试题考试科目：英语Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of which there are four answers marked A，B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the Machine-Scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneThe aroma of chocolate perfumes the air of the Rue d'Assas in Paris. Entering Christian Constant’s state-of -the-art boutique, you find yourself in the kingdom of Paris's king of chocolate, where the humble cocoa bean is turned into mouth-watering chocolate Easter eggs.Constant, who is a chef, admits that chocolate is his passion and main interest in life. He first developed a fascination with chocolate when he was working for Gaston Lenotre, a famous French pastry chef.Every year he has a theme for decorating Easter eggs: this year his decorations are inspired by “Art Nouveau”. Tonight he has a dinner for 130 to organize and he has to prepare a three foot--high Art Nouveau-style Easter egg by noon tomorrow. This, for Constant, is a normal schedule.Constant believes that his chocolate creations are as much of a work of art as other sculptures. It is, therefore, understandable that the restaurant, which he opened last month, is situated in the National Monuments Museum in Paris. During the day the restaurant is a tearoom and offers chocolate in every imaginable form. Customers can choose from a selection of sweet chocolate desserts or tries the more exotic spicy chocolates. Constant is also a professional “nose” working closely with the French Institute of Taste. He is capable of identifying 450 different tastes and flavors. Constant explains that the mouth, which can only taste four things --- salt, sweet, acid and bitter-, is “stupid” in comparison to the nose. He believes that the nose is everything.In his book The Taste of Chocolate, he explains how in 1502 Christopher Columbus came across an island and went ashore. He was greeted by an Indian chief bearing gifts, among which were huge sacks of beans which Columbus thought was local currency. To his surprise, they prepared a drink for him. But Columbus, who disliked the odd bitter taste, continued on his travels, ignorant of the fact that he had just tasted cocoa. Like Columbus, Constant travels those cocoa counties where he checks quality and works with local experts. Quality can vary depending on the region, year, and method of preparation. According to Constant, Venezuela and Trinidad have the best cocoa beans, which they export all over the world either as beans or as cocoa.Constant, who is a hard worker, only sleeps three hours a night. He talks long into the night with members of a club he has formed. The club is called “The Chocolate Munchers”. Their main official activity is to get together for monthly dinners where they eat a very tiny dinner and tons of chocolate desserts. “I am an addict,” Constant admits, “and I don't want to be cured!”1. Which of the following is the most inclusive title for the passage?A. Chocolate—The Passion of a lifetime.B. The Chocolate Munchers Club.C. Chocolate— A New Art Form.D. The Last Word in Good Taste.2. What does Constant do now?A. He works for a French pastry chef.B. He owns his own restaurant and tearoom.C. He is a sculptor for a museum in Paris.D. He is a chef in the Institute of Taste.3. Constant's newly-opened business______A. provides chocolates wit h various flavorsB. exhibits all of his chocolate sculpturesC. often needs to prepare a big Easter dinnerD. serves as a national monument in Paris4. The underlined part “Constant is also a …,nose'”，means ___A. he believes he has the best nose in the worldB. his nose can taste salt, sweet, acid and bitterC. his nose can identify various tastes and flavorsD. he is capable of smelling flavors from a long distance5. According to Constant_____A. ancient Indians used cocoa beans as local currencyB. Columbus checked the quality of cocoa beans in different placesC chocolate addition makes people sleep lessD. the quality of cocoa beans varies from region to regionPassage TwoFrench are elegant people. They are artists in everyday life, having a very good taste in everything. They don't like American tourists wearing jeans to go into their luxurious and exquisite five -star restaurants, so one of the restaurants put a notice outside its front door. It read “No trousers, please!”A gourmet coffee was sold in Tokyo as an antidote to stress. Its name supposedly meant to people that it would soothe the troubled breast. Yet when it was printed in n English, it turned out to be “Ease Your Bosoms”.Swedes started a promotion stunt to promote the sales of their vacuum cleaner named Electro. Their original ad slogan was translated as “Nothing sucks like Electro”. The General Motors' selling of Chevrolet was very bad in South America. And what is the reason? The translation of this brand sounds like “nova”- which means “It doesn't go” in Spanish.When Pepsi-cola invaded the huge Chinese and German markets, the efforts initially fizzled.The product's slogan, “Come alive with the Pepsi generation”, was rendered into German as “come out of the grave with Pepsi”. Coca-Cola also discovered something had gone wrong in Taiwan. The Chinese characters chosen for the world famous product s ound like “Bite the Wax - Tadpole.”A beer company’s slogan “Turn it loose” became, in Spanish, equivalent to “suffer from diarrhea.”A company translated its sticky tape slogan into Japanese and came up with a sticky problem. The slogan “Sticks like crazy” became literally “it sticks foolishly” in Japanese.A tonic product in China is made of royal jelly and is supposed to be very effective for some chronic diseases. Yet it was translated as “oral liquid”, which means “saliva” in English, In the brochure, it was described in this way:“it tastes like medicine”, when the language in the original meant to use it as a food therapy.Even the wrong nonverbal cue can bring havoc to a product. A baby food company initially packaged their African products just the same as in the U.S. —with a cute baby picture on the jar. They didn't realize that because so many Africans cannot read, nearly all packaged products sold in Africa carry pictures of what is inside. Pureed baby! How horrible! In an Asian city, where traffic is really very bad, to secure people's safety, the municipal government has built underground passageways. Pedestrians are asked to use them whenever they need to cross the main street. A sign was posted once on the roadside, pointing to the entrance to an underground passageway, intending to notify English-speaking passengers, “Go Underground”.We chuckled at such clumsy translations. Is there anything wrong in the language? We must be aware that few words and idioms can be literally translated. It's best to hire the best for translation. Don't take it for granted that as long as one speaks a little English, he is autonomously able to do the translation. It takes a while to learn to be a good translator.6. "No trousers, please!" sounds funny on the front door of a five-star restaurant, because could mean “”, in English,A. Take off your trousers, then come in please.B. We don't sell any trousers here.C. We don't have any pairs of trousers hereD. Anyone who does not wear trousers is not welcome.7. From the passage, you may guess that Chevrolet is most probably____A. shoes of some kinds that South American likeB. the brand name of a kind of vehicleC. a pet animal which runs fastD. a word in Spanish which has a very bad meaning8. Any product with a cute baby picture on the jar wills most probably ___ in Africa,A. sells wellB. receive favorable attentionC. cause great interestD. bring an end to the product9. The Chinese characters chosen for Coca-Cola____ in Taiwan first.A. were well receivedB. had a wrong nameC sounded terrible in the languageD. were all terrible words10. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Clumsy translations can sometimes produce the desired effect.B. We should not take it for granted that anything can be translated.C. Few words and idioms can be literally translated.D. Clumsy translation could mean more than just a laughing matter.Passage Three“Vitamins are a group of substances found in food. The body needs them for life and health. So naturally, many people are concerned with the question: Am I getting enough vitamins, and am I getting the right kind?Even though very small amounts of each vitamin are enough for the needs of the body, the worry people have about vitamins has some bases. And this has something to do with their diet —the food they take in. A person eating a good variety of foods gets all the vitamins now known to be needed (with the possible exception of vitamin D).The problem is that there are many people who don't choose foods wisely, don't get enough variety, and don't eat the basic foods they need to get their vitamins. So the answer to this question is: No extra vitamins are needed, providing you eat proper foods: In fact, many of the vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so when extra vitamins are taken in, the body simply gets rid of them. It is even harmful to put too much of certain vitamins into the body.This has been found to be true of vitamin A and D, when large amounts are taken in.What foods supply what vitamins? Here is a quick general idea. Vitamin A, for the health of the eyes, skin, teeth, and bones, is found in green vegetables, fruits, eggs, liver and butter. Vitamin B1, which helps the nervous and digestive system and prevents certain diseases, is found in cereals; pork and liver. Vitamin B2 is found in milk; eggs, green vegetables and meats.Vitamin C, which helps bones and teeth, is found in tomatoes, certain fruits and vegetables. These are only a few of the most important vitamins the body needs.11. Vitamin A is needed by and can be found inA. bones / porkB. nervous system / milk.C. eyes / green vegetablesD. teeth / meats12. Vitamin C helps while vitamin B1 is very important toA. teeth/digestive systemB. skin/bonesC. bones/liverD. eyes/meats13. Vitamins are a group of substances found inA. bodyB. foodC. porkD. digestive system14. The body needs for life and health.A. extra vitaminsB. a good variety of vitaminsC. large amounts of certain vitaminsD. small amounts of each vitamin15. If you take in more vitamins than you actually need, _________A. they are harmful to your bodyB. you get all the vitamins now known to be neededC. they help our bodies more properlyD. your body simply gets rid of themPassage FourAs the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life and working from morning till night; it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday life. There is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first sight of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between “flight or fight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction is prolonged, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives it would be unwise to do so even if we could, we need to find ways to deal with it.16. People are finding less and less time to relax themselves because___________A. they do not know how to enjoy themselves:B. they do not believe that relaxation is important for healthC they are travelling fast all the timeD. they are becoming busier with their work17. According to the author, the most important character for a good manager is hisA. not fearing stressesB. knowing the art of relaxationC. high sense of responsibilityD. having control over performance18. Which of the following statements is TURE?A. We can find some ways to remove stress.B. Stress is always harmful to people.C. It is easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.D. Different people can withstand different amount of stress.19. In Paragraph 3, "such a reaction" refers back to_________________A. "making a choice between 'flight or fight'"B. "reaction to stress both chemically and physically"C. "responding to crises quickly"D. "losing heart at the signs of difficulties"20. In the last sentence of the article, "do so" refers to_____________A. "expose ourselves to stress"B. "find ways to deal with stress"C. "remove stress from our lives"D. "establish links between diseasesPart II Translation (40 points)Section A: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points)(21) Love is of three varieties: unselfish, mutual and ordinary or selfish. Unselfish love is of the highest kind. Here, the one who loves seeks only the welfare of the beloved does not care whether he suffers pains and hardships thereby. The second kind of love is mutual love in which the one who loves desires not only the happiness of his beloved, but has an eye to his own happiness also. Selfish love is the lowest. It makes a man care only for his own happiness without having any regard for the feeling of the beloved.(22) Optimism and pessimism are both powerful forces, and each of us must choose which we want to shape our outlook and our expectation& These is enough good and bad in everyone's life—ample sorrow and happiness, sufficient joy and pain—to find a rational basis for either optimism or pessimism. We can choose to laugh or cry, bless or curse. It's our decision. From which perspective do we want to view life? Will we look up in hope or down in despair? I believe in the upward look. I choose to highlight the positive arid slip right over the negative; I am an optimist by choice as much as by nature.(23) Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips arid supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite and adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin. But to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.(24) All man are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with inherent and unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, government are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that wherever any form of government become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government.Section B: Translate the following paragraphs into English (20 points)每个人一生中都该有个志向，否则他的经历便会浪费掉。
(免费)2011年考研复试英语翻译和写作(试题)
1．Whatever the explanation, the idea of a work-life balance is a staple of European discourse, studied in think tanks, mulled over by policymakers. In the US, the term, when it’s used at all, is said with the sort of sneer reserved for those who eat quiche. But it might still catch on. When Bill Keller was named executive editor of the New York Times last week, he encouraged the staff to do “a little more savoring” of life, spending time with their families or viewing art.不管如何解释，工作与生活的平衡总是欧洲人的主要谈资，同时也是智囊团和政策制定者研究和考虑的主题。
在美国，人们使用这个说法时总是带着几分针对那些吃蛋奶火腿馅饼的悠闲人士才会表现出来的冷嘲热讽的态度。
但是，它可能还是会流行起来的。
时任《纽约时报》执行主编的比尔・凯勒曾鼓励员工们要给生活增加一些色彩，多陪陪家人或去欣赏艺术。
2．P. L. Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, “You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for— if you are honest—you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins. It is all endless and all one.” There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling’s books, starting with their language. Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent.《欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟之极。
2011付博暑假班笔记(完形填空、翻译、句式比较)
2011完形填空补充笔记(2010-07-10 21:23:21)20 = 5（一目了然）+ 10（抽丝剥茧）+3（登峰造极）+2（听天由命）一、命题规律及做题原则1. 瞻前顾后2. 重视结构3. 留心搭配4. 简化思路【范例一】Exercise 1Many professions are associated with a particular stereotype. The 1 image of a writer, for instance, is in a slightly crazy-looking person, locked in an attic, writing 2 furiously for days 3 .1. [A] historic [B] antique [C] senior [D] classic2. [A] away [B] off [C] on [D]down3. [A] on finish [B] on final [C] on end [D] on stopExercise 2Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 25 as a rejection of middle-class values.21. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing22. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because23. [A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation24. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response25. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else【范例二】Exercise 1Growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition.23. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisureExercise 2This constant need to prove that one is as good as, 1 not better, one’s fellow-competitor creates constant 2 and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.1. [A] while [B] if [C] when [D] lest2. [A] casualty [B] fatality [C] concern [D] anxietyExercise 3… teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success …25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance【范例三】Exercise 1Manpower Inc, with 560 000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people ____ into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay.1. [A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slipExercise 2At the beginning of the century, medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are 1 not just of flesh and blood but also of time. They were able to 2 that we all have an internal “body clock” which 3 the rise and fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the other. These forces became known as biorhythms; they create the 4 in our everyday life.1. [A] built [B] shaped [C] molded [D] grown2. [A] demonstrate [B] illustrate [C] present [D] propose3. [A] designates [B] fluctuates [C] calculates [D] regulates4. [A] “ups” and “downs”[B] “goods” and “bads”[C] “pros” and “cons”[D] “highs” and “lows”【范例四】Exercise 1Concerns were raised 1 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.1. [A] what [B] when [C] which [D] thatExercise 2A variety of activities should be organized 1 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 2 .1. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if2. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] aloneExercise 3Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.26. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discardingExercise 4It would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.28. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense二、选项特征及考点总结1. 词义辨析形容词、副词、动词、名词（注重语境中的搭配关系、肯否定关系和感情色彩）2．介词vs小副词AcrossPrep. 碰到，遇到：I came across my ex-girlfriend in Europe.Adv. 以能被接受的方式进行：I got my idea across.AfterPrep. 探求、追求：Fu Rong seeks after fame and goes after big money.关于：He always asks after you.尽管：We are still husband and wife after all our disputes.仿照：I wrote a story after O. Henry.Adv.AgainstPrep. 以备（后用），预防：food stored against winter / protection against the coldAlongPrep. 根据Adv. 一起bring your friend along / publish the paper along with the reportAmongPrep. 多者之间，群体内AroundPrep. 遍及：around the country.临近：I live around New York City.Adj. 存活：My puppy is no longer around.在场：ask if the witness is aroundBehindPrep. 潜在的原因：Behind your every effort is your ambition.BeyondByConcerningForFor all the problems, the experience is valuable.FromPrep. 离开、脱离：keep … from… / prevent … from …InOfadj. = of n.OffAdj.OnAdj.OutPrep.Adv.OverPrep.Adv.ThroughPrep.Adv.TowardPrep.Adv.UnderPrep.Adv.UpPrep.Adv.WithPrep.Adv.3. 语篇逻辑转折however（2002年第29题、1998年第47题、2007年第9题、2008年第14题）, yet, but, anyhow, anyway, nevertheless, while(2005年第1题), whereas (1997年第48题,2005年第9题)，instead, instead of( 2000年第41题)；递进besides, further, moreover, most important, in addition, furthermore, too, also(2005年第16题), and then, again, indeed(2006年第1题)；条件、让步if, only if（2000年第42题）,in spite of, despite, though, although（2002年第31题,2006年第7题）, even so, even though (1997年第44题), rather, after all, regardless, while(2006年第14题)；原因、结果because(2004年第22题,2003年第24题), since, as (1997年第42题), for, due to, so, therefore, thus, hence, in that , accordingly, consequently, as a result, as a consequence, so that (2003年第35题), to this end；比较、对比likewise, at the same time, in the same way, in comparison, in contrast, like, as, just as, conversely, on the contrary (2003年第38题)，while(2007年第12题)；列举、举例first, second, in the first place, in the second place, next, another, finally, still, namely, that is, for instance（2009年第14题）, for example（2003年第28题）, as an example, specifically, in particular；时间关系before（2001年第36题）,after, until, till，meanwhile，subsequently。
考研英语短语总结——海文付博老师的
Aabove all 首要；尤其account for 说明（原因等）accuse of 控告，谴责acquaint sb with 使认识，使了解act on 起作用adapt to 适应，适合add up to 合计，总计adhere to 粘附；坚持adjacent to 邻近，毗连agree to/with 同意，赞成ahead of 在…前面，先于aim at 目的在于，旨在answer for 对…负责answer to 符合，适合after all 终于，毕竟；虽然这样all but 几乎，差一点；除…以外其余都all out 全力以赴，竭尽全力all over 遍及，到处at all 完全，根本allow for 考虑到ally with 与…联盟along with 与…一起amount to 总计，共达，等于appeal to sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事apply for 申请，请求apply to 适用，应用approve of 赞成，同意；满意arise from 由…引起，由…产生arrive at 到达；达成，得出（结论）as if / though 好像，仿佛aside from 除…以外ask after 询问，问候associate … with …使…有联系，使…联合attached to 附属于，隶属于an attempt at … …方面的企图，努力attend to 照顾，护理attitude to/ towards 对…的态度，看法attribute to 把…归于，认为是…所为avail (oneself) of 利用at (the) best 充其量，至多at all costs 不惜一切代价，无论如何at the cost of 以…为代价a great/good deal of 大量的，许多的at all events 无论如何at any event 无论如何as/so far as 远至，到…程度at intervals 时时的，不时地at large 一般，大体上at least 至少，最低限度at leisure 从容的，有空at length 终于，最后；详细的at a loss 困惑，不知所措a great/good many 许多，大量at (the) most 至多，最多，不超过at odds (with) 与…不一致，差异；争执all at once 突然，同时，一起at once 立刻，马上as regards 关于，至于all round 周围，处处as a rule 通常，照例all the same 仍然，照样的a series of 一系列，一连串all of a sudden 突然at a time 每次，一次at no time 从不，决不at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾at the same time 但是，然而at times 有时at full tilt 全速的，全力的ahead of time 提前a variety of 种种，各种Bback and forth 来回，往返，来来往往的back down/off 放弃，让步，退却back up 支持，援助；倒退，后退ban sb from sth /doing 禁止某人做某事be accustomed to 习惯于be alien from 与…相异be alien to 和…不相容bear/keep in mind 记住be anxious about 对…担心，忧虑，渴望be apparent to sb 对…来说是显而易见的be applicable to 适用的，能应用的be appropriate to 对…来说是适当的，恰如其分的be ashamed of 为…感到羞耻base on 基于，以…为根据be aware of 知道，意识到because of 以为，由于begin with 从…开始believe in 信任，信仰belong to 属于，隶属be beneficial to 对…有益的，有益于benefit from/ by 得利于，得益于both … and … 既…又…be bound to do 必定，一定会boast of /about 自夸，夸耀break away (from) 脱离，逃跑break down 损坏，分解，瓦解break in 强行进入，闯入；打断，插嘴break into 闯入break off 断绝，结束break out 突然发生，爆发；(of)逃出break through 突破break up 中止，结束；打碎；拆散bring about 带来，造成bring down 打倒，挫伤；降低bring forth 产生，提出bring forward 提出bring out 使出现，使显明；公布；出版bring to 使恢复知觉bring up 教育，培养，使成长build up 积累，堵塞；树立，逐步建立；增进，锻炼bump against/into 碰、撞burn out 烧掉burn up 烧起来，旺起来；烧完，烧尽be about to do 即将be absent from 缺席，不在场be abundant in 丰富的；充分的；充裕的be capable of 可以…的，能…的be cautious of 小心的，谨慎的be certain of 一定的，确定的，可靠的be common to sb/sth 由…共享的be comparable with/to 可与…比较的，比得上…的be concerned with 关心，挂念，从事于…be confident of/in 确信的，自信的be conscious of 意识到的，自觉地be consistent with 与…一致的，与…相符的be content with 满足的，愿意的be contrary to 与…相反的，与…矛盾的be convenient to 便利的，方便的be crazy about 对…狂热，热衷于…be distinct from 和…截然不同的be diverse from 和…不同的be doubtful of/about 对…怀疑be equal to 和…相等的；能…胜任的be equivalent to 和…等值，等价，相等be familiar with 对…熟悉be familiar to 对…来说是熟悉的be flush with 与…平齐的，与…同高的be fond of 喜爱…，喜好…be foreign to 和…无关，和…不相干be free from/of 免去…的be friends with 对…友好，与…交上朋友be full of 充满…的be guilty of 犯了…的罪，有…的过失be dear to 珍贵的be eager for 热切渴望…be essential to 对…必要的，必不可少的be fed up (with) 感到厌烦be fit for/to 适合，恰当be grateful to… for … 因为…而对…心怀感激be harmful to 对…有害的be helpful to 对…有益的，对…有帮助的be identical to/with 与…同样的，与…同一的be impartial in/to 对…公正的，无偏见的be implicit in 固有的be inaccessible to 达不到的be inadequate for/to 不充足的，不适当的be incapable of对…无能力的，不会…做的be inclusive of 包含…，包括…be independent of 独立的，自主的be indicative of 指示…，暗示…be indispensable for/to 对…来说是必不可少的，必须的be inferior to 和…相比是下等级的，比…差的be innocent of 关于…是清白的，无罪的be insufficient of/for 不足，不够be irrespective of 不顾…，不考虑…be jealous of 妒忌…的，猜疑…的be keen on 对…热心，渴望be known as 被认为是…，被称为…be made up of 由…构成，由…组成be married to 和…结婚的be opposite to 和…对立的，和…相反的be parallel to 与…平行，与…并联；与…相同的，类似的be parallel with 与…平行，与…并联be preferable to 更可取的，更好的be proud of 因为…而骄傲，自豪be ready for 准备好做某事be relative to 相对于…的，和…比较的，与…相关的be relevant to 与…有关的，与…相应的be representative of 代表…的，是…的代表be resistant to 抵抗…的be responsible for/to 应负责的，有责任的be rich in 充足的，丰富的be ripe for 对…而言时机成熟be shy of 对…怕羞，腼腆be sick of 厌烦…的be similar to 和…类似的，相似的be skilled in 在…方面熟练，有技巧be skillful in/at 在…方面灵巧的，娴熟的be strict with sb in sth 就某事对某人严格be subject to 易遭…的，受…支配的be subordinate to 隶属于…的，对…而言是次要的be sufficient for 对…而言足够的，充分的be suitable for 适合…的be superior to 比…优越的，较…多的be sure of 对…肯定的be suspicious of对…怀疑的，认为…可疑的be thirsty for 对…渴望的，热望的be typical of 典型的，有代表性的be unable to do 不能做，不会做be uncertain of 对…不定的，不确知的be unfit for 对…不适宜的，不适当的be unsuitable for 对于…是不合适的，不适宜的be worthy of 值得…的，配得上…的by analogy 用类推的方法by hand 用手by heart 牢记，凭记忆by nature 天生，就其本性而言by reason of 由于by turns 轮流，交替的by the way 顺便提一下，另外by way of 经由，通过方式by far …得多，最by chance 偶然，碰巧by accident 偶然Ccall at/on 拜访call for 邀请；要求，需要call forth 唤起，引起；振作起，鼓起call off 放弃，取消call on/upon 访问，拜访；号召，呼吁call up 召集，动员；打电话；使人想起carbon dioxide 二氧化碳credit card 信用卡care about 关心，介意，计较care for 照管，关心；喜欢，意欲take care 小心，当心take care of照顾，照料；承担，处理，负责carry off 夺去carry on 继续下去，坚持下去；从事，经营carry out 贯彻，执行，实现in any case 无论如何，总之in case 假如，以防万一，免得in case of 假使，万一in no case 决不catch on 理解，明白catch up with 追上，赶上per cent 百分之take a chance 冒险一试be characteristic of 是…的特征，特点in charge (of) 负责，主管take charge of 担任，负责check in 办理登记手续check out 结账后离开；检验，核查check up/(up) on 校对，检查，检验cheer up 使高兴，振奋；高兴起来，振奋起来in chorus 一齐，一致，共同clear away 扫除，收拾clear up 整理，收拾；清除，解除；解释，澄清；（天气）变晴cling to 粘住，依附，坚持(a)round the clock 昼夜不停的be close to 和…近/接近；和…关系紧密collide with 与…抵触combine with 使联合come off 实现，成功，奏效come on 请，来吧，跟着来，快点；开始；进展；出场，上演come out 出版；出现，显露；长出；结果是；被解出come (a)round 出访，前来；苏醒，复员come through 经历，脱险come to 总计，达到；苏醒，复员come true 实现，达到come up 走近，上来；发生，被提出come up to 达到，符合come up with 提出，提供comment on 注释，评论in common 共用，共有，共同keep company with 与…交往，与…结伴compare with/to 比较，相比；比作，比喻compare … to 把…比作，比喻by comparison 比较起来compensate for 赔偿，补偿complain about/of 抱怨，申诉comply with 照做，遵照，应允compose of 由…组成conceive of 设想，构思，想象concentrate on 集中，专心in conclusion 最后，总之on condition that 在…条件下confidence in 对…的信任confine to/with 限制，局限于conflict with 抵触，与…冲突conform to 遵守，依照；符合；顺应congratulate on 祝贺，向…致贺词congratulation on 祝贺，祝贺词in connection with/to 关于consent to 同意，赞同，答应consequence in consequence 因此，结果in consequence of 由于…的缘故consist in 在于，存在于consist of 由…组成，由…构成consult with 商量，商议on the contrary 反之，正相反contrast with 与…形成对比，对照in contrast with/to 与…成反比contribute to 贡献，捐献control over 在…方面的控制，支配out of control 失去控制under control 被控制住convince of 使信服，使确信cooperate with 与…合作，协作，与…相配合cope with 竞争，对抗；对付，应付，妥善处理correspond(ence) with 与…符合，一致correspond(ence) to 相当于，对应于count on 依靠，期待，指望count up 把…相加in the course of 在…过程中，在…期间of course 自然，当然，无疑by courtesy of 蒙…的好意/准许，蒙…提供/赠送；由于…的作用cover up 掩饰，掩盖cross out 删去，取消on cue 恰好在这时候take one’s cue from 学…的样，听…的忠告cure of 治愈，医治cut across 走捷径，抄近路cut back 削减，降低cut down 削减，减少cut in （汽车）抢挡；插嘴，打断cut off 切断，使隔绝；剪去，删去；打断，停止cut out 删除cut short 突然停止Din danger 在危险中，垂危out of danger 脱离危险out of date 过期to date 到目前为止up to date 时新的，跟得上时代的be dear to 珍贵的in debt 欠债，欠情deduce from 演绎，推断take delight in 以…为乐derive from 导出，由…来despair of 对…绝望in detail 详细地deviate from 偏离，背离devote to 奉献，致力于die down 渐渐消失，平息die off 相继死去die out 消失，灭绝differ with 与…意见不同discriminate against 歧视，由差别的对待dispose of 处理，处置dispose for 布置，安排be distinct from 和…截然不同的distinguish from 区别，分辨distribute over 散布be diverse from 和…不同的do away with 废除，去掉double up 弯腰；把…折起来no doubt 无疑，必定be doubtful of/about 对…怀疑draw to/towards 挨近draw in （火车，汽车）到站draw on 动用，利用；吸，抽（烟）draw up 写出，画出；草拟；停住dress up 盛装打扮drop by/in 顺便来访drop off 减弱，减少drop out 退出，离队be due to 应…支付的due to 由于，因为off duty 下班on duty 值班，上班dwell on 凝思；详述E F他母亲的，一照镜子眼圈黑黑，今晚打算早点睡，哈哈，要不明天麻烦了！be eager for 热切渴望…on earth 究竟，到底；effect of A on B A对B的作用，影响bring into effect 使…生效；使…起作用put into effect 实行，生效come/go into effect 生效，实施in effect 有效；实际上take effect 生效；起作用or else 否则，要不然embark on/upon 从事，着手，开始工作in the end 最后，终于engage in 从事于，忙于be equal to 和…相等的；能…胜任的equip with 用…装备，配备…be equivalent to 和…等值，等价，相等in essence 大体上，本质上be essential to 对…必要的，必不可少的even then 即使那样；连…都at all events 无论如何in the event of 万一，如果…发生except for 除…之外with the exception of 除…之外in excess of 超过exchange for 交换，调换experiment on 进行试验expose to 使暴露，受到exposure to 受到catch one’s eye 引人注目keep an eye on 留意，照看face to face 面对面的face up to 大胆面对fall behind 落后fall back on 求助于，转而依靠fall in with 符合，与…一致；碰见fall out 争吵，结果是fall through 落空，失败be familiar with 对…熟悉be familiar to 对…来说是熟悉的by far …得多，最far from 远非，远离so far 迄今为止find fault 埋怨，挑剔in favor of 有利于，便于；赞成，支持feed on 饲养，喂养feed with 饲养，喂养；向…供给feed in 输入be fed up (with) 感到厌烦feel like 意欲，想要quite a few 还不少，有相当数目的figure out 计算出，估计，推测fill … with … 用…填充…，填满…fill in/out 填充，填写find out 查明catch fire 着火set fire to 点燃，放火on fire 烧着at first 最初，起先be fit for/to 适合，恰当flare up 突然燃起来，突然发怒be flush with 与…平齐的，与…同高的focus on 关注于，聚焦于，集中于be fond of 喜爱…，喜好…make a fool of 玩弄，愚弄on foot 步行in force 有效，实施中come/go into force 生效，实施be foreign to 和…无关，和…不相干and so forth 等等be free from/of 免去…的free from/of 使…免去，使…免除set free 释放to and fro 来来回回in front of 在…前面be full of 充满…的make fun of 取笑，嘲弄make a fuss of 娇养（某人），过分关爱（某人）Ggear to 调整，使适合in general 通常，大体上get across 解释清楚，使人了解get along/on with 进展；相处融洽；生活，过活get around/round （消息）传开get around/round to 找时间做，开始考虑get at 得到，接近；意思是get away 脱离，离开get by 通过，经过get down 从…下来；写下get down to 开始，着手get off 从…下来，离开，动身，开始get out of 逃避，改掉get over 克服，（从病中）恢复过来get the better of 占上风，胜过get through 结束，完成；接通电话get together 集合，聚集get up 起床；增加，增强give away 泄漏；分送give back 送还，恢复give in 交上；投降，屈服give off 放出，释放give oneself away 泄漏，露马脚give oneself up 自首，投降，投案give out 分发，放出give up 停止，放弃give way to 给…让路，对…让步；被…代替glance at/over 扫视go after 追求go ahead 开始，前进，领先go along with 陪同前往，随行go around/round 足够分配go back on 违背go by 过去go down 下降，降低，被载入，传下去go for 竭力取得，喜爱，支持，拥护go in for 从事，致力于，追求，沉迷于go into 进入；研究，调查go off 爆炸，发射；动身，离开go on 继续，发生go out 外出，熄灭go over 检查，审查；复习，重温go through 经历，经受；详细检查go under 下沉，沉没；失败，破产go up 上升，增加；建起go with 伴随，与…协调go without 没有…也行for good 永久的grab at 抓住，夺得take … for granted 想当然，认为…是理所当然的be grateful to… for … 因为…而对…心怀感激on guard 警惕，防范be guilty of 犯了…的罪，有…的过失H Iat hand 在手边，在附近，即将到来in hand 在控制中，在进行中on hand 在手边，临近hand down 流传下来，传给，往下传hand on 传下来，依次传递hand out 分发，散发，发给hand over 交出，移交，让与hang about 闲荡，徘徊，逗留hang back 犹豫，踌躇，畏缩hang on 抓紧不放；继续下去，等一下hang on to 紧握住，坚持下去hang up 挂断（电话）happen to do 碰巧，偶然hardly any 几乎没有，几乎什么也不in haste 匆忙的，草率的have back 要回，收回have to do with 与…有关head for 驶向，走向head on 迎头，迎面keep one’s head保持镇静lose one’s head不知所措heap up 堆起heart and soul 全心全意lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心hinder from 阻止，妨碍get hold of 抓住，掌握hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制hold on 继续，握住不放hold on to 紧紧抓住，坚持hold out 维持，支持；坚持，不屈服hold up 举起，承载；阻挡，使停止；抢劫，拦截at home 在国内；自在，自如home and abroad 国内外in honor of 为纪念…，向…表示敬意on one’s honor以名誉担保how about...? （建议）…如何，…怎样hunger after/for 渴望hunt for 搜索，寻找be identical to/with 与…同样的，与…同一的identify … with … 把…和…看成一样的if only 要是…多好；要是，只要be impartial in/to 对…公正的，无偏见的be implicit in 固有的impose on 把…强加给…impress on 印，盖印improve on 改进on (the) impulse (of) 凭（的）冲动be inaccessible to 达不到的be inadequate for/to 不充足的，不适当的be incapable of 对…无能力的，不会…做的be inclusive of 包含…，包括…be independent of 独立的，自主的be indicative of 指示…，暗示…be indispensable for/to 对…来说是必不可少的，必须的be inferior to 和…相比是下等级的，比…差的influence on 在方面的影响inform of/about 通知，告诉，报告be innocent of 关于…是清白的，无罪的inquire/enquire of/about 询问，打听insist on 坚决要求/主张，坚持be insufficient of/for 不足，不够integrate into/with 使成为一体，使结合，使合并interfere(nce) in 干涉，干预interfere(nce) with 妨碍，打扰at intervals 时时的，不时地intervene in 干涉，干预be irrespective of 不顾…，不考虑…J K Lbe jealous of 妒忌…的，猜疑…的be keen on 对…热心，渴望keep back 阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留keep down 控制，压制，镇压；压低，放低（声音）keep from 防止做某事，使不做某事keep off 不接近，避开keep on 继续不断，保持keep out of 躲开，置身…之外keep to 坚持，保持keep up 保持，维持；继续进行，坚持keep up with 向…看齐，跟上…key to 对于…的解答，答案knock down 撞倒，击倒knock out 击倒，击昏at large 一般，大体上/ 逍遥自在的lay aside 把…搁置一边；储蓄lay down 放下；制定，拟定；铺设lay off （临时）解雇；休息lay out 安排，布置；陈列，展示；设计，制定lead to 通向，道指，引起learn of/about 听到，获悉at least 至少，最低限度in the least 一点，丝毫leave behind 留下，忘记带leave out 遗漏，略去at leisure 从容的，有空lend itself to 适宜于，对有用at length 终于，最后；详细的no less than 决不少于，不亚于，不次于；（和…）一样let alone 不干涉，更不用说let down 放下，降低，使失望let go 放开，松手let in 让…进入，放…进来let loose 放松，放开，释放let off 放（炮，焰火），开（枪）；宽恕，从宽处理；免除let out 放掉，放出，发出；放大(衣服)；放松(绳子) be liable for 对…有责任的，有义务的be liable to do 有…倾向的，易于…的lie in 在于cast/shed/throw light on/upon 使明白，阐明in (the) light of 按照，根据limit to 限制，限定in line 成一直线，排成一行in line with 和…成直线，和…一致，按照line up 排队，使排成一行listen to 听，听从little by little 逐渐的live on/by 靠…生活，以…为食live through 度过，经受过live up to 做到，不辜负long for 渴望，极想as long as/so long as 只要，如果before long 不久以后for long 长久的no longer 不再，已不longing for 对…的渴望look after 照管，照料look back 回顾，回头看look down on 看不起，轻视look for 寻找，寻求look forward to 期待，盼望look in 顺便看望look into 调查，观察，过问，窥视look on 旁观，观看；看待，视作look out 留神，注意，堤防，警惕look over 检查，察看，调查look through 仔细查看，浏览，温习look up 查阅，查寻look up to 尊敬，敬仰at a loss 困惑，不知所措be loyal to 对…忠诚的，忠贞的M N Omake for 走向，驶向；有助于，有利于make out 辨认，区分；理解，了解；开列，书写make up 构成，组成，拼凑；弥补，赔偿；化妆，编造；和解make up for 补偿，弥补many a 许多的mark time 原地踏步，停止不前，拖延时间a matter of （关于…的）问题；大约as a matter of fact 其实，事实上no matter how(what,when,etc) 无论怎样（什么，何时等）by all means 无论如何，必定by means of 借助于，用…方式by no means 决不meet with 遇见，碰到，会见in memory of 纪念at the mercy of 在…的支配下bear/keep in mind 记住have in mind 记住，考虑到，想到make up one’s mind (to do) 下决心（做某事）minor in 兼修（学科等）miss out 漏掉，省去mistake … for … 把…误认为是…by mistake 错误的mix up 混合，混淆，搞糊涂model on/after 模仿at the moment 现在，此刻for a moment 片刻，一会儿for the moment 现在，暂时in a moment 立刻，马上the moment (that) 一…就…more or less 或多或少；几乎no more 不再no more than 不过，仅仅，和…一样不at (the) most 至多，最多，不超过make the most of 充分利用multiply by 乘，使相乘name after 以…命名，取名by nature 天生，就其本性而言in nature 本质上neither … nor … 既不…也不…nothing but 只有，仅仅every now and then 有时，时时，偶尔now that 既然，由于object(ion) to 反对on occasion 有时，不时occur to 被想到，被想起at odds (with) 与…不一致，差异；争执off and on 断断续续的，不时地and so on 等等all at once 突然，同时，一起at once 立刻，马上once (and) for all 一劳永逸，限此一次once more 再一次，又一次by oneself 独自的，单独的operate on 对…施行手术come/go into operation 开始运转，开工put/bring into operation 使投入生产，使运转be opposite to 和…对立的，和…相反的in order 秩序井然，整齐in order to/that 以便，为了out of order 发生故障，失调put in order 整理，检修originate in/from 起源，发生every other 每隔一个的other than 不同于ought to do 应当，本应做某事out of 丧失，失去；缺乏，没有over and over (again) 一再，再三owe … to … 把…归功于…owing to 由于on one’s own 独自的，独立的Pkeep/hold pace with 跟上，与…同步take pains 尽力，煞费苦心的be parallel to 与…平行，与…并联；与…相同的，类似的be parallel with 与…平行，与…并联play a part (in) 起作用take part in 参加participate in 参与，参加in particular 特别的，尤其；详细的pass away 去世，逝世pass off 中止，停止pass out 失去知觉，昏倒pay back 偿还，回报pay off 还清（债），给清工资后遣散；使…得益，有报偿pay up 全部付清persist in 坚持，持续in person 亲自persuade … of … 说服，使…相信…pick out 挑选出，拣出；辨认出pick up拾到，拣起；增加，改进；（偶然）得到；（车船）中途（搭人，带货）；获得，学会piece together 拼合，拼凑pile up 堆叠，堆积pin up 钉住，别住in place 在适当的位置上in place of 代替in the first place 起初，首先in the last place 最后out of place 不得其所的，不适当的take place 发生，进行take the place of 代替fair play 公平竞争，公平对待，光明磊落play with 以…为消遣，玩弄plunge into （使）投入，插进，陷入point at/to 指，指向come to the point 说到要点，扼要的说on the point of 即将…的时候point out 指出to the point 切中要害，切题post office 邮局bring/put … into practice 实施，实行in practice 在实践中，实际上out of practice 久不练习，荒疏be predominant over 占优势的，主要的，突出的prefer to 更喜欢，宁愿be preferable to 更可取的，更好的preference to/for 对于…的偏爱，喜爱at present 目前，现在for the present 目前，暂时preside at/over 主持prevail over/against 取胜，占优势prevent from 预防，防止be previous to 在…之前prey on 捕食，杀害；折磨，损害(be) prior to 在…之前proficiency in 在…方面精通，熟练profit by/from 得利，收获make progress 进步，进展in proportion (to) （与）成比例的protect from 保护，保卫be proud of 因为…而骄傲，自豪provide … with/for… 为…提供…in public 公开的，当众pull down 拆毁，拉倒；拉下，降低pull in （车）停下，进站，（船）到岸pull off 脱（帽，衣等）pull on 穿戴pull out 拔出，抽出，取出；（车，船等）驶出；（车辆）减速pull up （使）停下for (the) purpose of 为了on purpose 故意，有意with the purpose of 为了put across 解释清楚，说明put aside 储存，保留put away 放好，收好；储存put down 记下，放下；镇压，平定put forward 提出put in 驶进put in for 申请put off 推迟，推延put on 穿上，戴上；上演；增加（体重）put out 熄灭，消灭；关灯；出版，发布；生产put up提出；举起，升起；提价；为…提供食宿，投宿；建造；搭起，支起；张贴put up with 容忍，忍受Q Rquarrel about/over 为了…争吵，争论in question 正在考虑queue up 排队，排队等候at random 随机的，任意的at any rate 无论如何，至少had/would rather … than 宁愿…而不愿rather than 而不，不顾reach out 伸手够到，触到react against 反对，起反作用be ready for 准备好做某事by reason of 由于reconcile with/to 使一致recover from 恢复，痊愈refer to参考，查阅；涉及，提到；把…提交refer to … as 把…称作，把…当作regard as 把…看作是…，把…认为是…as regards 关于，至于with/in regard to 对于，就…而论regardless of 不管，不顾reign over 统治，支配in/with relation to 关系到be relative to 相对于…的，和…比较的，与…相关的be relevant to 与…有关的，与…相应的relieve of 减轻，解除，减少rely on 依赖，依靠remark on 评论，谈论remember … to … 向…转达问候，代…向…问好remind … of … 提醒，使想起reply to 回复，回答be representative of 代表…的，是…的代表require of 要求，命令requirement for … 对…的需要research into/on 研究，调查be resistant to 抵抗…的resort to 求助于，诉诸于，凭借with respect to 关于respond to 响应be responsible for/to 应负责的，有责任的restrain from 抑制，制止result in 导致…的结果，结果是…result from 起因于…，因…而造成的as a result 结果，因此as a result of 由于…的结果in return 作为回报，作为报答reward for 因…而酬劳，奖赏be rich in 充足的，丰富的get rid of 摆脱，除去ring up 打电话ring off 挂断电话be ripe for 对…而言时机成熟give rise to 引起，使发生；造成on the road 在旅途中rob of 抢劫，盗取roll up 卷起，卷拢rest room 带厕所的休息室all round 周围，处处rub out 擦掉，拭去as a rule 通常，照例run down 撞倒，停掉，撞沉；追捕，追获，追查出run for 竞选run into 撞上，偶然碰见run off 复印，打印run out of 用完，用尽，耗尽run over 溢出；略读；辗过；浏览，匆匆复习in the long run 最终，从长远观点来看Ssacrifice for 为…而牺牲sacrifice to 为…献祭，祭祀…for the sake of 为了…起见，看在…份上on sale 出售，贱卖all the same 仍然，照样的the same as 与…一致的，与…相同的on a large scale 大规模的on a small scale 小规模的ahead of schedule 提前behind schedule 晚点on schedule 按预定时间scrape through 擦过，勉强通过start from scratch 从头做起，从零开始search for 寻找，搜寻in secret 秘密的，私下的be secure from/against 稳妥安全的，不会被…的see off 给…送行see through 看穿，使破；干完，干到底see to 注意，负责，照料，修理seek after/for 寻找，探索send for 派人去请，召唤，索取send in 呈报，递交，送来in a sense 从某种意义上说make sense 讲得通，有意义，言之有理be sensitive to 对…敏感的be separate from 和…分离的，分开的in sequence 依次，逐一a series of 一系列，一连串serve as 作为，用作serve sb right 活该，给某人应得的待遇set about 开始，着手set aside 挑出，拨出，留出；拒绝set back 推迟，延缓，阻碍set down 卸下，放下；记下，记入set forth 阐明，陈述set off 出发，动身，引起，使发生set out 陈列，现实；动身，启程；制定set out to 打算，着手set up 创立，建立，树立；资助，扶持settle down 定居，过安定的生活in shape 处于良好状态take shape 成形share with 与…分享be short of 缺乏，不足cut short 中断，简化run short 用完，耗尽for short 简称，缩写in short 简言之，总之show in 领入show off 炫耀，卖弄show up 使呈现，使醒目；出席，到场shut out 排除be shy of 对…怕羞，腼腆be sick of 厌烦…的side with 同意，站在…的一边on the side 作为兼职，额外side by side 肩并肩，一个挨一个at first sight 乍一看，初看起来catch sight of 发现，突然看见out of sight 看不见，在视野之外be similar to 和…类似的，相似的ever since 从那时起，自那时以来sit up 迟睡，熬夜sit for 参加sit in 列席，旁听be skilled in 在…方面熟练，有技巧be skillful in/at 在…方面灵巧的，娴熟的slow down （使）放慢，减速on the sly 偷偷的，冷不防的smooth over 掩饰，调停，平息and so on/forth 等等ever so 非常，极其or else 大约，左右so … as to 结果是；如此…以至于so far 迄今为止so that 以便，为的是so … that 如此…以至于as soon as 一…就…no sooner … than 一…就…sooner or later 迟早，早晚be sorry for/about 为…感到遗憾the Soviet Union 苏联specialize/specialise in 专攻，专门研究speculate about/on 推测，推断speed up 使加速in spite of 不管，不顾，尽管，虽然on the spot 当场，在现场(go) on the stage 当演员at stake 在危险中，利害攸关stand by 支持，帮助，站在一边；袖手旁观stand for 代替，代表，意味着stand out 突出，显眼stand up 站起来；耐用stand up for 为…辩护，维护stand up to 勇敢面对，坚持抵抗，经得起stare at 盯着，凝视Tin step 同步，合拍step by step 逐步step up 提高，加快，加紧out of step 步调不一致，不协调step in 插入，介入stick out 伸出，突出；坚持到底；继续stick to 坚持；忠于；信守in stock 现有，备有be strict with sb in sth 就某事对某人严格be subject to 易遭…的，受…支配的subject to 使遭受，使服从submit to 对…屈从，屈服；呈送，提交be subordinate to 隶属于…的，对…而言是次要的substitute for 代替，替换succeed in 在…方面成功in succession 连续地such as 像…那样的，诸如，例如such … that 那样的…以至于all of a sudden 突然suffer from 遭受…的痛苦，患病be sufficient for 对…而言足够的，充分的be suitable for 适合…的in sum 总而言之sum up 总结，概括summon up 鼓起（勇气），奋起；唤起be superior to 比…优越的，较…多的supply with/to 供给，供应be sure of 对…肯定的make sure of/that 查明；确信，确定，务必be suspicious of对…怀疑的，认为…可疑的swear at 诅咒，骂switch off 关断switch on 接通sympathize with 同情，怜悯take … as 把…作为take after 与…相像take apart 拆卸take away 消除，消耗take down 记下，写下take … for 把…认为是，把…看成是。
付博考研英语
付博考研英语（实用版）目录1.付博考研英语的背景和意义2.付博考研英语的主要内容和特点3.付博考研英语的适用对象和效果4.付博考研英语的评价和未来发展正文付博考研英语作为一种针对考研英语的培训课程，旨在帮助学生提高考研英语成绩，提高英语能力。
随着考研英语难度的不断增加，越来越多的学生选择付博考研英语作为备考英语的辅导课程。
本文将从付博考研英语的背景和意义、主要内容和特点、适用对象和效果以及评价和未来发展等方面进行详细介绍。
一、付博考研英语的背景和意义随着我国教育体制的改革，考研成为越来越多大学生的追求。
然而，考研英语作为许多学生的“拦路虎”，让他们望而生畏。
付博考研英语应运而生，为广大学子提供专业、高效的考研英语培训。
二、付博考研英语的主要内容和特点付博考研英语主要针对考研英语的听、说、读、写、译五项能力进行培训。
课程特点如下：1.针对性强：付博考研英语根据考研英语大纲和历年真题进行教学，使学生能够更好地掌握考试要点。
2.专业性高：付博考研英语拥有一支经验丰富的教师团队，他们对考研英语有着深入的研究和理解。
3.实用性好：课程注重培养学生的实际应用能力，让学生在提高考研英语成绩的同时，也能提高英语水平。
三、付博考研英语的适用对象和效果付博考研英语适用于各类考研学生，尤其是那些希望在考研英语中取得高分的学生。
通过系统的学习和训练，学生在考研英语中取得显著的提高。
四、付博考研英语的评价和未来发展付博考研英语凭借其专业性、针对性和实用性，受到了广大学子的认可和好评。
然而，面对考研英语的不断变革，付博考研英语还需不断完善和创新，以满足更多学生的需求。
总之，付博考研英语作为一种针对考研英语的培训课程，有着显著的效果和良好的口碑。
[整理版]各校考博英语翻译
![[整理版]各校考博英语翻译](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a8bad76f30b765ce0508763231126edb6f1a7690.png)
北理工05翻译A. Translate the following two short paragraphs into Chinese.(10 points)1. We do not make mistakes on the basis of race or color. We don not make them because we are male or female, young or old. We do no make mistakes of choice or judgments because we want to make mistakes. We make them because we are human. Mistakes, bad judgments, the stupid things we do are all a part of being human. We cannot hide from who we are. We should not hide from what we do. When we acknowledge our mistakes or errors and face up to our human shortcomings, no one can use them against us.2. We are first and foremost responsible to and for ourselves. We can help other people. We can assist other people. What we cannot do is make what we do for others or others do for us more important than what we do for ourselves. When we find something or someone creating in our lives something we don not want, we must muster the courage and strength to tell them to stop it. When we do, we preserve our sense of self.B. Translate the following two paragraphs into English.(20 points)几年前我认识一个非常聪明但任性的中国青年，他急切地想去美国读大学，但又没有被他申请的长春藤合会名牌大学录取。
付博2011暑期强化——翻译
2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语辅导翻译一．翻译标准翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地表达出来的一种活动。
翻译在某中程度上讲也是一个思维再创造的过程。
在翻译的过程中，译者必须遵守一定的标准与原则。
对于考研翻译而言，―忠实‖和―通顺‖是两项最基本的要求。
忠实：由于翻译是在理解了别人用一种语言所表达的意思后，把同样的意思用另一种语言表达出来，因此译者首先要忠实于原作的内容，也就是说翻译的过程主要是传达别人的意思，而不是自己进行创作，不得篡改、歪曲、遗漏原文所表达的思想。
可见准确地理解原文是翻译好一篇文章的关键。
通顺：这条原则指的是将一种语言翻译成另一种语言后，译文要流畅、明了、易懂。
具体到英译汉来说，就是将英语翻译成汉语后，语言必须符合汉语的习惯和规范，用词要准确，文字不晦涩、不生硬、不洋化。
二．翻译步骤1．______________________________________________________________________________2．______________________________________________________________________________3．______________________________________________________________________________4．______________________________________________________________________________5．______________________________________________________________________________三．考试热点1、被动语态的翻译The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.汽车损坏严重，已无法修理，而驾车者却安然无恙。
付博考研英语笔记
Abstract1. 文章主题概括；文章主题+文章结构2. 各段梗概描述；3. 该篇文章评价。
This essay provi des us with an overview of the problem of homelessness in America! It not only cast light on amount of homeless people but al so probes into possible countermeasures.In the first paragraph, the author endeavors to reveal the actual amount of thi s homeless populati on but in vain, merely concludi ng that the number is ever-increasing. Then he discusses corresponding solutions to thi s problem, but finding it difficult.This essay is really thought-provoking. It leaves us to conduct further research on thi s social problem and have a better reflection on this matter.常见的摘要句式有：1) This paper deals with...2) This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...3) This essay presents knowledge that...4) This thesi s di scusses...5) This thesi s analyzes...6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ...8) This article gi ves an overview of...9) This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10) This paper incl udes di scussions concerning...11) This paper presents up-to-date information on...12) This article covers the role of chemicals in...13) This paper addresses important topics including...14) This paper touches upon...15) This paper strongly emphasizes...16) This essay represents the proceedings of ...17) This article not onl y describes...but also suggests...18) This paper considers...19) This paper provides a method of ...20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This article explores...24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reflects the state of the art in...26) This paper explains the procedures for...27) This paper develops the theory of ...28) This article reviews the techniques used in...29) This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...30) This article is about...31) This essay is related to ...32) This paper concerns...33) This paper gives an account of ...34) This article tells of...35) This paper tries to describe...36) This paper provides an anal ysis of ...37) This paper reports the latest information on ...38) The author of this article reviews...39) The writer of thi s paper discusses...40) The writer of thi s essay tries to explore...41) The aim of this paper is to determine...42) The purpose of thi s article is to review...43) The objective of this paper is to explore...44) The author suggests (recommends, concludes)that…….45) This article shows that…….46) It is suggested that…….47) The author’s suggestion (conclusion )is that ……48) The author finds it necessary to …….完型中常考的介词及词组1. 介词vs小副词AcrossPrep. 碰到，遇到：I came across my ex-girlfriend in Europe.Adv. 以能被接受的方式进行：I got my idea across.AfterPrep. 探求、追求：Fu Rong seeks after fame and goes after big money.关于：He always asks after you.尽管：We are still husband and wife after all our disputes.仿照：I wrote a story after O. Henry.Adv.AgainstPrep. 以备（后用），预防：food stored agai nst winter / protection against the col d AlongPrep. 根据Adv. 一起bring your friend along / publish the paper along with the reportAmongPrep. 多者之间，群体内AroundPrep. 遍及：around the country.临近：I live around New York City.Adj. 存活：My puppy is no longer around.在场：ask if the witness i s aroundBehindPrep. 潜在的原因：Behind your every effort is your ambition. BeyondByConcerningForFor all the problems, the experience is valuable.FromPrep. 离开、脱离：keep … from… / prevent … from …InOfadj. = of n.OffAdj.OnAdj.OutPrep.Adv.OverPrep.Adv.ThroughPrep.Adv.TowardPrep.Adv.UnderPrep.Adv.UpPrep.Adv.WithPrep.Adv.2. 语篇逻辑中常见词汇转折however, yet, but, anyhow, anyway, nevertheless, while, whereas，instead, instead of；递进besi des, further, moreover, most important, in addition, furthermore, too, also, and then, agai n, indeed；条件、让步if, only if,in spite of, despite, though, although, even so, even though, rather, after all, regardless, while；原因、结果because, si nce, as, for, due to, so, therefore, thus, hence, in that , accordingly, consequently, as a result, as a consequence, so that , to thi s end；比较、对比likewise, at the same time, in the same way, in comparison, in contrast, like, as, just as, conversely, on the contrary ，while；列举、举例first, second, in the first place, in the second place, next, another, finally, still, namely, that is, for instance, for example, as an example, specifically, in particular；时间关系before ,after, until, till，meanwhile，subsequently。
北外2011翻译基础英汉互译真题
北外2011翻译基础英汉互译真题北外2011翻译基础英汉互译真题1 UNESCO联合国教科文组织2 NASA美国宇航局3 Diet of Japan 日本国会4 FDI外国直接投资5 CCTV闭路电视6 FBI 美国联邦调查局Federal Bureau of Investigation7 GM crop转基因作物Genetically modified crop8 IAEA 国际原子能机构International Atomic Energy Agency9 opportunity cost机会成本是指为了得到某种东西而所要放弃另一些东西的最大价值10 Keynesians 凯恩斯主义11 the Tories 保守党12 the State Department in Washington美国国务院13 the Treasury Department of the U.S. 美国财政部14.protectionism 保护贸易主义15.Balance of Payments （国际）收支平衡汉译英1 中国特色的社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics2 科学发展观scientific outlook on development3 全面建设小康社会build a well-off society in an all-round way4 以人为本people oriented5 宏观经济调控macroeconomic regulation and control6 自主创新能力The ability of independent innovation ；the capacity for independent innovation7.完善人民币汇率形成机制Improve the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism8.中西医并重lay equal stress on traditional Chinese andWestern Medicine9.突发事件应急管理机制The mechanism of emergency management10.港人治港Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong11.构建两岸关系和平发展框架to construct a framework for peaceful development of Cross-straits (十二五规划原句）12.知足常乐Enough is as good as a feast.Happy is he who is content。
考博英语翻译笔记
考博英语翻译笔记倒装和分割结构为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。
大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。
主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。
在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。
非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。
翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。
正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。
在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。
译文：例如，它们（指测试）并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom”generation reached its child-bearing years.分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。
用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。
译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。
付博老师博客精选
阅读中，我们不是陈冠希“你以为自己是陈冠希啊？你能在有限的时间内搞定这么多吗？”——付力菘课堂语录弱水三千，只取一瓢饮！——贾宝玉，《红楼梦》第九十一回上面关于陈冠希的话是在阅读课堂上开的玩笑。
这句话是针对的是一些“贪婪”的考生，他们舍不得放过文章中的每一个字，但是他们忽略了一个基本原理：人的短时记忆的容量为5~9个模块，再多的内容是容不下的——贪多必然嚼不烂！甚至，还有些同学声称“自己完全看懂文章了，但是阅读理解的题目一个比一个阴险，致使自己错了一半！”试题真的这么“阴险”吗？试题里面当然有强烈干扰项存在，但是这些干扰成分我们在《易筋经》中已经做了详细的总结。
但是我今天要质疑的是：这些同学真的“完全看懂”了吗？我请这些同学记住：“完全”不等于“一字不漏”；“一字不漏”是一种自欺欺人的做法，而“完全理解”则是对文章精髓的把握、对文章核心的把握、对命题敏感点的把握，这是一个去粗取精、去伪存真的过程，是在通览中甄选有效信息的过程！勤于思，敏于行。
——《论语》究竟什么是文章的精髓、核心、命题敏感点？究竟什么是粗而什么是精，什么是伪而什么是真？我先给大家看一篇文章，这是《纽约时报》 2008年8月15日发表的一篇社论。
可能有人看完后会一头雾水，或者陷入生词的泥沼无法自拔。
先自我打击一下，看完后我给大家再总结“价值特征原则”，以便大家甄选文章中的句子，使其精髓自然而然的凸现。
文章如下：Samsung has announced the latest model in its lineup of “eco-phones” — one of the dozens of new electronics products from manufacturers striving to be green. Samsung says the new phone is made in ways that cut down on the use of environmentally harmful materials and is packaged in recycled materials. But what really makes this model different is that its case is made of bioplastic — with materials extracted from corn.The electronics industry has been a major polluter, from the manufacturing end to the landfill. The dizzying pace at which consumer electronics become obsolete (What, you’re still using that old phone?)compounds the problem. And increasingly rich countries are offloading the disposing, and often the incinerating, of phones and computers to poorer countries.Unfortunately Samsung’s new cell-phone relies on a flawed equation: corn equals green. It is really time to throw out this formula for good. Bioplastic derived from corn requires special handling in recycling, and the difficulty of those processes makes them energy inefficient.Bioplastic also creates another market for corn — a much smaller market than the ethanol market, but growing nonetheless. New industrial demands for corn are driving up world food prices and are increasing the pressure to convert more nonagricultural land to corn production.The truly green solution for electronics makers is to close the loop between manufacturing and recycling: reusing the plastics we so quickly and happily toss away to make new cell-phones.看的很过瘾吧？什么叫做lineup？什么叫eco-phone？什么叫bioplastic？……停！如果和这些词纠缠下去，这个阅读过程会永远停留在低级阶段！勤于行，敏于思。
2011年MBA英语真题翻译
2011年MBA英语真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has swept across the Web.互联网为用户提供匿名权，私人祝福和言论自由。
但是过度的匿名的还导致了席卷整个网络的网络犯罪的爆发Can privacy be preserved while bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly lawless ?隐私是否应该被保护当它为世界带来似乎越来越多的不合法的安全性？Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a proposal to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled into one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential linked to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.上个月，霍华德.施密特，国家的网络-专家，为联邦政府提供了一个使网络成为一个安全场所的提议，这个提议就是建立一个叫做“自识别”的高科技系统，它等价于一个实体钥匙，一个指纹和一个带照片的身份证结合起来。
付博英语考研英语课上讲的熟词生意共12页word资料
allow 承认admitWe must allow that he is right on this matter.2 addressaddress vt 处理To deal with:addressed the issue of absenteeism. 处理旷工事宜3 advantagetake advantage of 欺骗(deceive) 对……加以利用took advantage of the customer. 欺骗消费者4 appreciateappreciate v.意识到(realize) 抬高…价格、涨价I appreciate that I may be wrong.This land has appreciated in value.这块土地增值了。
5 apprehensionapprehension 忧虑、担心；逮捕、理解The student looked around the examination room with apprehension. 那名学生恐惧地观看检查室的四周。
6 apprehensiveapprehensive 理解的不安的,忧虑的(意思和用法等同于afraid) apprehensive for sb.'s safety担心某人的安全approach 着手To begin to deal with or work on:approached the task with dread.惶恐地开始着手这项任务8 archarch adj 调皮的，顽皮的n.弓形an arch smile 调皮的微笑He tapped the side of his nose in an uncharacteristically arch gesture.9 argumentargument 论点，论据10 asnot so much...as"表示"与其说是……倒不如说"。
2011年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。
作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种方法做了评述。
二、试题解析1.【答案】A【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。
鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑，并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。
A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A为正确答案。
B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”；C 项walk 意为“走，步行”；D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。
2.【答案】C【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关系。
空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety andsecurity to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。
A 项for 表示因果关系；B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。
2005—2011考研英语一真题翻译解析及复习思路
第四部分阅读理解C部分历年试题解析1．(2011年)意识创造了我们内在性格和外部环境一．文章结构分析本文节选自TomButler-Bowdon所着励志读物《自助经典50篇》(FiftySelf-helpClassics)中的第一章：詹姆斯·爱伦(JamesAllen)。
作者对爱伦的《思考的人》一书予以评论，对书中的观点进行解释和提炼。
本文哲理丰富，具有一定的警示和启迪作用，但语言较为抽象。
主要考查的知识点包括：各类从句，并列结构、被动语态、以及根据上下文选择词义。
第一段：提出爱伦《思考的人》一书的主旨观点：意识创造了我们内在性格和外部环境。
第二、三段介绍爱伦关于“意识和行为”的观点。
从人们普遍认同的观点“意识独立于物质存在，。
(他)拿定语；较长的同位语从句可以采用拆译法，单独成句，也可以放在中心词前面，用复指代词“这个，这一”来连接。
3．词义确定(1)take一词词义繁多，且都易于和名词搭配为动宾结构，如：“拿出(接受，形成)一个……假设”的表达都成立。
因此应根据后文对此假设性质的说明“大家普遍接受；爱伦证实为伪”排除“形成，接受”，确定译为“拿出”。
(2)erroneous一词考生可能感觉有些生疏，但只要能知道它和error同源，就不难推断出其含义为“错误的”。
爱伦的贡献在于，他拿出“我们并不是机器人，所以能控制自己思想”这一公认的假设，并揭示了其谬误所在。
[考生实例]例1我们都认同这样的假说：因为我们不是机器人，所以能控制自己的思想。
爱伦的贡献在于他提出这一假设并揭示其错误本质。
(2分)例2爱伦的贡献在于他拿出“我们不是机器人，所以能够控制自己思想”这一我们都分享的假说，分)(0wearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion...时需要增译“但是，还是，依然”等，构成呼应，使行文更流畅。
3．词义确定(1)根据所考句所在段的中心观点“行为是思想的体现，我们无法思此行彼”可知，achieve强调的是“行动”而非“结果”，所以，将其译为“完成”比“获得、实现”更准确。
考研英语翻译真题及译文1986-2011_
考研英语翻译真题及译文2011(46) Allen‟s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-thatbecause we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.参考翻译：艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想(47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”参考翻译：我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.参考翻译：这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin aconscious effort to escape from our situation参考翻译：环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境(50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.参考翻译：正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们对着一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威201046. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. 参考翻译：科学家急忙介入,但提出的证据显然站不住脚，其大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。
付博考研核心词汇.doc
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中科院博士研究生英语精读教材翻译及原文整理解读
第1课知识的悖论The Paradox of KnowledgeThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call "civilization," including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption.In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects.Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago:While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice .... The future truths of Physical Science ate to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement of measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today. However, many still cling to the notion that such a state of knowledge remains a possibility to be attained sooner or later. Stephen Hawking, thegreat English scientist, in his immensely popular book A Brief History of Time (1988), concludes with the speculation that we may "discover a complete theory" that "would be the ultimate triumph of human reason--for then we would know the mind of God." Paul Davies, an Australian physicist, echoes that view by suggesting that the human mind may be able to grasp some of the secrets encompassed by the title of his book The Mind of God (1992). Other contemporary scientists write of "theories of everything," meaning theories that explain all observable physical phenomena, and Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg, one of the founders of the current standard model of physical theory, writes of his Dreams of a Final Theory (1992).Despite the eminence and obvious yearning of these and many other contemporary scientists, there is nothing in the history of science to suggest that any addition of data or theories to the body of scientific knowledge will ever provide answers to all questions in any field. On the contrary, the history of science indicates that increasing knowledge brings awareness of new areas of ignorance and of new questions to be answered.Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences, and its development is a model of other fields of knowledge. People have been observing the stars and other celestial bodies since the dawn of recorded history. As early as 3000 B.C. the Babylonians recognized a number of the constellations. In the sixth century B.C., Pythagoras proposed the notion of a spherical Earth and of a universe with objects in it chat moved in accordance with natural laws. Later Greek philosophers taught that the sky was a hollow globe surrounding the Earth, that it was supported on an axis running through the Earth, and chat stars were inlaid on its inner surface, which rotated westward daily. In the second century A.D., Ptolemy propounded a theory of a geocentric (Earth-centered) universe in which the sun, planets, and stars moved in circular orbits of cycles and epicycles around the Earth, although the Earth was not at the precise center of these orbits. While somewhat awkward, the Ptolemaic system could produce reasonably reliable predictions of planetary positions, which were, however, good for only a few years and which developed substantial discrepancies from actual observations over a long period of time. Nevertheless, since there was no evidence then apparent to astronomers that the Earth itself moves, the Ptolemaic system remained unchallenged for more than 13 centuries.In the sixteenth century Nocolaus Copernicus, who is said to have mastered all the knowledge of his day in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and theology, became dissatisfied with the Ptolemaic system. He found that a heliocentric system was both mathematically possible and aesthetically more pleasing, and wrote a full exposition of his hypothesis, which was not published until 1543, shortly after his death. Early inthe seventeenth century, Johannes Kepler became imperial mathematician of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of Tycho Brahe, and he acquired a collection of meticulous naked-eye observations of the positions of celestial bodies chat had been made by Brahe. On the basis of these data, Kepler calculated that both Ptolemy and Copernicus were in error in assuming chat planets traveled in circular orbits, and in 1609 he published a book demonstrating mathematically chat the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are still regarded as basically valid.In the first decade of the seventeenth century Galileo Galilei learned of the invention of the telescope and began to build such instruments, becoming the first person to use a telescope for astronomical observations, and thus discovering craters on the moon, phases of Venus, and the satellites of Jupiter. His observations convinced him of the validity of the Copernican system and resulted in the well-known conflict between Galileo and church authorities. In January 1642 Galileo died, and in December of chat year Isaac Newton was born. Modern science derives largely from the work of these two men.Newton's contributions to science are numerous. He laid the foundations for modem physical optics, formulated the basic laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, and devised the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's laws of motion and gravitation are still used for calculations of such matters as trajectories of spacecraft and satellites and orbits of planets. In 1846, relying on such calculations as a guide to observation, astronomers discovered the planet Neptune.While calculations based on Newton's laws are accurate, they are dismayingly complex when three or more bodies are involved. In 1915, Einstein announced his theory of general relativity, which led to a set of differential equations for planetary orbits identical to those based on Newtonian calculations, except for those relating to the planet Mercury. The elliptical orbit of Mercury rotates through the years, but so slowly that the change of position is less than one minute of arc each century. The equations of general relativity precisely accounted for this precession; Newtonian equations did not.Einstein's equations also explained the red shift in the light from distant stars and the deflection of starlight as it passed near the sun. However, Einstein assumed chat the universe was static, and, in order to permit a meaningful solution to the equations of relativity, in 1917 he added another term, called a "cosmological constant," to the equations. Although the existence and significance of a cosmological constant is still being debated, Einstein later declared chat this was a major mistake, as Edwin Hubble established in the 1920s chat the universe is expanding and galaxies are receding fromone another at a speed proportionate to their distance.Another important development in astronomy grew out of Newton's experimentation in optics, beginning with his demonstration chat sunlight could be broken up by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, which led to the science of spectroscopy. In the twentieth century, spectroscopy was applied to astronomy to gun information about the chemical and physical condition of celestial bodies chat was not disclosed by visual observation. In the 1920s, precise photographic photometry was introduced to astronomy and quantitative spectrochemical analysis became common. Also during the 1920s, scientists like Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schrodinger, and Dirac developed quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with subatomic particles of matter and quanta of energy. Astronomers began to recognize that the properties of celestial bodies, including planets, could be well understood only in terms of physics, and the field began to be referred to as "astrophysics."These developments created an explosive expansion in our knowledge of astronomy. During the first five thousand years or more of observing the heavens, observation was confined to the narrow band of visible light. In the last half of this century astronomical observations have been made across the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, and from satellites beyond the atmosphere. It is no exaggeration to say chat since the end of World War II more astronomical data have been gathered than during all of the thousands of years of preceding human history.However, despite all improvements in instrumentation, increasing sophistication of analysis and calculation augmented by the massive power of computers, and the huge aggregation of data, or knowledge, we still cannot predict future movements of planets and other elements of even the solar system with a high degree of certainty. Ivars Peterson, a highly trained science writer and an editor of Science News, writes in his book Newton's Clock (1993) that a surprisingly subtle chaos pervades the solar system. He states:In one way or another the problem of the solar system's stability has fascinated and tormented asrtonomers and mathematicians for more than 200 years. Somewhat to the embarrassment of contemporary experts, it remains one of the most perplexing, unsolved issues in celestial mechanics. Each step toward resolving this and related questions has only exposed additional uncertainties and even deeper mysteries.Similar problems pervade astronomy. The two major theories of cosmology, general relativity and quantum mechanics, cannot be stated in the same mathematical language, and thus are inconsistent with one another, as the Ptolemaic and Copernicantheories were in the sixteenth century, although both contemporary theories continue to be used, but for different calculations. Oxford mathematician Roger Penrose, in The Emperors New Mind (1989), contends that this inconsistency requires a change in quantum theory to provide a new theory he calls "correct quantum gravity."Furthermore, the observations astronomers make with new technologies disclose a total mass in the universe that is less than about 10 percent of the total mass that mathematical calculations require the universe to contain on the basis of its observed rate of expansion. If the universe contains no more mass than we have been able to observe directly, then according to all current theories it should have expanded in the past, and be expanding now, much more rapidly than the rate actually observed. It is therefore believed that 90 percent or more of the mass in the universe is some sort of "dark matter" that has not yet been observed and the nature of which is unknown. Current theories favor either WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) or MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). Other similar mysteries abound and increase in number as our ability to observe improves.The progress of biological and life sciences has been similar to that of the physical sciences, except that it has occurred several centuries later. The theory of biological evolution first came to the attention of scientists with the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. But Darwin lacked any explanation of the causes of variation and inheritance of characteristics. These were provided by Gregor Mendel, who laid the mathematical foundation of genetics with the publication of papers in 1865 and 1866.Medicine, according to Lewis Thomas, is the youngest science, having become truly scientific only in the 1930s. Recent and ongoing research has created uncertainty about even such basic concepts as when and how life begins and when death occurs, and we are spending billions in an attempt to learn how much it may be possible to know about human genetics. Modern medicine has demonstrably improved both our life expectancies and our health, and further improvements continue to be made as research progresses. But new questions arise even more rapidly than our research resources grow, as the host of problems related to the Human Genome Project illustrates.From even such an abbreviated and incomplete survey of science as this, it appears that increasing knowledge does not result in a commensurate decrease in ignorance, but, on the contrary, exposes new lacunae in our comprehension and confronts us with unforeseen questions disclosing areas of ignorance of which we were not previously aware.Thus the concept of science as an expanding body of knowledge that will eventually encompass or dispel all significant areas of ignorance is an illusion. Scientists and philosophers are now observing that it is naive to regard science as a process that begins with observations that are organized into theories and are then subsequently tested by experiments. The late Karl Popper, a leading philosopher of science, wrote in The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1960) chat science starts from problems, not from observations, and chat every worthwhile new theory raises new problems. Thus there is no danger that science will come to an end because it has completed its task, clanks to the "infinity of our ignorance."At least since Thomas Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), it has been generally recognized that observations are the result of theories (called paradigms by Kuhn and other philosophers), for without theories of relevance and irrelevance there would be no basis for determining what observations to make. Since no one can know everything, to be fully informed on any subject (a claim sometimes made by those in authority) is simply to reach a judgment that additional data are not important enough to be worth the trouble of securing or considering.To carry the analysis another step, it must be recognized that theories are the result of questions and questions are the product of perceived ignorance. Thus it is chat ignorance gives rise to inquiry chat produces knowledge, which, in turn, discloses new areas of ignorance. This is the paradox of knowledge: As knowledge increases so does ignorance, and ignorance may increase more than its related knowledge.My own metaphor to illustrate the relationship of knowledge and ignorance is based on a line from Matthew Arnold: "For we are here as on a darkling plain...." The dark chat surrounds us, chat, indeed, envelops our world, is ignorance. Knowledge is the illumination shed by whatever candles (or more technologically advanced light sources) we can provide. As we light more and more figurative candles, the area of illumination enlarges; but the area beyond illumination increases geometrically. We know chat there is much we don't know; but we cannot know how much there is chat we don't know. Thus knowledge is finite, but ignorance is infinite, and the finite cannot ever encompass the infinite.This is a revised version of an article originally published in COSMOS 1994. Copyright 1995 by Lee Loevinger.Lee Loevinger is a Washington lawyer and former assistant attorney general of the United States who writes frequently for scientific c publications. He has participated for many years as a member, co-chair, or liaison with the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists, and he is a founder and former chair of the Science andTechnology Section of the American Bar Association. Office address: Hogan and Hartson, 555 Thirteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20004.人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。
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考研十训[引]一训曰：汝不可因惰而随心所睡；二训曰：汝不可移志而半途而废；三训曰：汝不可随性而泡哥追妹；四训曰：汝不可因苦而哭天抹泪；五训曰：汝不可因闷而夜夜买醉；六训曰：汝不可求闲而叫嚣疲惫；七训曰：汝不可进步而自我陶醉；八训曰：汝不可没座而迟到早退；九训曰：汝不可因惧而错过机会；十训曰：汝不可考上便吹嘘不累！The fire is the test of gold,adversity of strong man.2011海文考研英语暑期大讲堂主讲：付博翻译一．翻译标准及评分原则1．翻译标准：文质说：“弃文存质”vs “辞旨文雅”【东汉·三支】信达雅：“…信、达而外，求其尔雅…”【清朝·严复】信顺说：“以信为主，以顺为辅”【现代·鲁迅】创作论：“好的翻译等于创作”【现代·郭沫若】美学论：“翻译是一种艺术”【现代·林语堂】艺术论：“言、意不可分”【现代·朱光潜】意境论：“艺术创作性翻译”【现代·茅盾】神似说：“重神似而不重形似”【现代·傅雷】化境说：“引…诱‟、避…讹‟、求…化‟”【现当代·钱钟书】“既须求真，又须喻俗”——【唐·玄奘】a wonderful thing: it is so full of anguish and of magic and he never comes to2．评分原则：分段计分如何评分拆分标准：1.，；- ：2.that, which, whatever, now that ….3.X is | more A | than BMy interest in English has arisen, less through …… and more from ……will be in front of A of B of C in D about E for F to do G done by H在进化中自然选择所起的作用仅在一百多年前才得到阐述，而环境在形成和保持个体行为过程中所起到的选择作用则刚刚开始得到承认和研究（为人们所认可和研究）。
总结：分段释义、合理调整、言辞贯通、书写工整1．词义“明确化”2．结构“清晰化”3．语序“通顺化”4．书写“工整化”1.断句子，合短语2.查词义，译局部3.调结构，求连贯4.工整书写二．英汉差异及考试热点英语：印欧 结构抽象紧凑形合汉语：汉藏 结构具体松散意合1．替换 重复HSK【汉】此物生南国。
【英】It grows in the south.【汉】很多人从未出过国门。
【英】Many people never go abroad.【汉】美国是当今唯一的超级大国。
【英】The USA is the only superpowers at present.【汉】葡萄牙是一个比西班牙小的国家。
【英】Portugal is a smaller country than Spain.【汉】国将不国，何以为家。
【英】When our fatherland is in great danger, there is no use to talk about sweet home.【练习】The monkey‟s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, it had learned to solo on the vehicle.【练习】We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” W illiam Wordsworth said in the 19th century.【练习】Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. [2003, Translation]【练习】So it is a bit confusing when V os Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What‟s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?【练习】There will be television shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.2．抽象→具体【英】Nature is the true law.【汉】天行有常，不为尧存，不为桀亡。
【英】This novel was the beginning of his fame.【汉】这部小说是他的成名之作。
【英】Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.【汉】我发泄一阵之后，既没感到难过，也没感到遗憾。
【英】Most regions in China are mysterious and attractive, with Tibet in the lead.【汉】中国很多地区神秘莫测，引人入胜，其中西藏位居榜首。
【练习】Even an elementary knowledge of statistics is sufficient to enable the journalist to avoid misleading his readers.【练习】There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.3. 被动→主动Mary was kissed by John.If playing truant can be viewed as normal behavior, being punctual may be treated as students‟virtue.【练习】What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?1.若by后为动作发出者，以其为主语，将句子主动化。
【练习】The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.The Apollo XII crew reported that their spaceship was being followed by two UFOs.2.将“被”转化为“得到、受到或遭到”【练习】The area has been marked out for building more hotels.3.以虚无主语“人们、我们”或根据语境推断出的主语开头，讲句子主动化。
【练习】My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.to ….4.灵活处理为判断句或祈使句【练习】It should be realized that …It may be said without fear of exaggeration that ….5.参见教材P3【练习】并且，许多人认为，普通人的思维活动无法和科学家的思维活动相比，并且这些思维活动必须通过某种专门的训练才能掌握。
4.糅合 分解1.从句2.比较结构3.并列A, B, and C.【英】Every stranger is struck by the patient and orderly way in which Britons queue for a bus. 【汉】英国人排队等车井然有序，不紧不慢，这给初来乍到的人留下很深的印象。
cool, it struck me how different the lotus pool I pass every day must look under a full moon.【汉】这几天心里颇不宁静。
今晚在院子里坐着乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。
【练习】定语从句1.若定语从句较短，翻译为“……的”；若较长，将关系代词还原为先行词，翻译成补充结构。
特殊情况一：若主句过于空洞，无论从句长短，都翻译为“……的”。
Television is one of the meansby which these feelings are created and conveyed.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并且给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
特殊情况二：若主从句之间蕴含某种逻辑关系，要将逻辑关系表达在译文中。
In such an which for us is just darkness.在这样的实验中，能够训练昆虫飞向紫外线，而紫外线对我们来说只是一片黑暗。
特殊情况三若关系代词指代不明，通过语义逻辑和形式逻辑两层标准来判断。
World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，而第二次世界大战却比第一次复杂。