读后续写和概要写作讲义 概要写作专练

概要写作专练(一)
A
(2018·浙江省名校联盟第三次联考)
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Some years ago, writing in my diary used to be a usual activity.I would return from school and spend the expected half hour recording the day’s events, feelings, and impressions in my little blue diary. I did not really need to express my emotions by way of words, but I gained a certain satisfaction from seeing my experiences forever recorded on paper. After all, isn’t accumulating memories a way of preserving the past?
When I was thirteen years old, I went on a long journey on foot in a great valley, well­equipped with pens, a diary, and a camera. During the trip, I was busy recording every incident, name and place I came across. I felt proud to be spending my time productively, dutifully preserving for future generations a detailed description of my travels. On my last night there, I wandered out of my tent, diary in hand. The sky was clear and lit by the glare of the moon, and the walls of the valley looked threatening behind their screen of shadows. I automatically took out my pen ... At that point, I understood that nothing I wrote could ever match or replace the few seconds I allowed myself to experience the dramatic beauty of the valley. All I remembered of the previous few days were the dull characterizations I had set down in my diary.
Now, I only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling. I still love to record ideas and quotations that strike me in books, or observations that are particularly meaningful. I take pictures, but not very often — only of objects I find really beautiful. I’m no longer blindly satisfied with having something to remember when I grow old. I realize that life will simply pass me by if I stay behind the camera, busy preserving the present so as to live it in the future.
I don’t want to wake up one day and have nothing but a pile of pictures and notes. Maybe I won’t have as many exact representations of people and places; maybe I’ll forget certain facts, but at least the experiences will always remain inside me. I don’t live to make memories — I just live, and the memories form themselves.
一、试题详解
1．核心内容
本文是一篇记叙文，全文共四段。

第一段讲述作者小时候喜欢写日记，每天忙着把各种日常生活及感受记录在本子上，积累记忆，保存过去。

第二段讲述作者13岁时的一次旅游经历，山谷的美丽使她/他意识到，应该学会当时当地去欣赏和体验世间万物，而不是一味地记录。

第三段主要讲述了作者写日记的方式发生了改变，现在只把自己特殊的想法或情感有选择地写在日记中。

第四段是作者对生活的感悟：把握现在，感受今天；生活，重在感受而不是为了回忆而记忆。

2．写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。

该文第一段围绕着首句“Some years ago, writing in my diary used to be a usual activity.”讲述几年前，作者每天忙于记录日常生活感受，事无巨细等。

第二段讲述作者在写日记一事上的转变，全段没有主题句，因此可围绕change一词将本段大意概括为“The author’s attitude towards the diary changed after a trip to a valley.”。

第三段围绕首句“Now, I only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling.”详细讲述作者改变写日记方式后的相关情况，她/他开始有选择地在日记中记录自己的感想体会。

第四段是作者的感悟，即“I don’t live to make memories — I just live, and the memories form themselves.”。

(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。

要点1是对第一段内容的归纳，同时为使句意更加完整清晰，可适当补充细节，例如，写日记是为了储存记忆。

要点2是对第二段内容的概括，即作者写日记方式变化前后的对比。

要点3承接着要点2，是对作者改变写日记方式后的具体描述，可以使用thus衔接。

要点4是最后一段中作者的感悟。

二、参考范文
The author had made it a routine to keep a detailed diary of her/his everyday life to store memories.(要点1) That changed after a trip to a valley, where she/he realized breathtaking scenery was meant to be felt with heart rather than written down mechanically.(要点2) Thus, she/he has become selective about what to put in her/his diary, (要点3) focusing on the present instead of busying herself/himself with recording memories for the past or the future.(要点4)
三、范文解析
要点1中，“made it a routine”准确地表达了作者每日像例行公事般地记日记的状态，用目的状语“to store memories”补充信息，使要点信息更全面。

要点2中，非限制性定语从句“where ...”的使用明确了作者改变写日记方式的原因，同时用breathtaking 替换原文的dramatic，避免词汇的重复。

要点3由Thus一词引出作者现在写日记的方式，即“become selective about what to put in her/his diary”，同时通过非谓语结构“focusing on ... instead of busying ...”把要点4准确地表达出来，使得句与句之间衔接紧凑，语言精练。

B
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Group singing is a sound that begins inside you, shares it with a roomful of people and it comes back as something even more thrilling: harmony. So it’s not surprising that group singing is on the rise.
As the popularity of group singing grows, science has been hard at work trying to explain why it has such a calming yet energizing effect on people. What researchers are beginning to discover is that singing is like a filling of the perfect tranquilizer (镇静剂), the kind that both eases your nerves and lifts your spirits. The high spirits may come from endorphins, a hormone (荷尔蒙) released by singing, which is associated with feelings of pleasure. Or it might be from oxytocin, another hormone released during singing, which has been found to ease anxiety and stress.Oxytocin also strengthens feeling of trust and bonding, which may explain why still more studies have found that singing lessens feelings of depression and loneliness.
The benefits of singing regularly seem to be accumulative. In one study, singers were found to have lower levels of stress. Another investigation suggesting that our heart rates may keep pace with each other during group singing could also explain why singing together sometimes feels like a guided group meditation. Study after study has found that singing relieves anxiety and contributes to quality of life.
It turns out you don’t even have to be a good singer to gain the rewards.According to one study, group singing “can produce satisfying and therapeutic feelings even when the sound produced by the mouth is of average quality”．Singing groups which vary from casual affairs to serious, professional or a vocational ones will all work.
Group singing is cheaper than medical treatment, healthier than drinking, and certainly more fun than working out. It is the one thing in life where feeling better is pretty much guaranteed. Even if you walked into the group exhausted and depressed, by the end of the night you’ll walk out high as a kite on endorphins and good will.
一、试题详解
1．核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。

第一段讲合唱变得越来越流行；第二段从生理因素分析合唱变得流行的原因：它能使人镇静又激发活力；第三段介绍合唱时合唱者之间的相互影响；第四段介绍合唱者不必唱得很好也能起到功效；第五段介绍合唱比药物治疗更便宜、比喝酒更健康、比体育锻炼更有趣。

2．写作思路
理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。

考生可以使用寻找文章主题句的方法概括段落大意。

第一段的主题句是：So it’s not surprising that group singing is on the rise.
第二段没有明显的主题句，但是我们可以找到一些关键短语“explain why it has such a calming yet
energizing effect on people, eases your nerves and lifts your spirits”，这些短语说明了合唱的功效。

要关注两个关键句子：“The high spirits may come from endorphins, a hormone ... Or it might be from oxytocin, another hormone ...”，这解释了合唱有功效的生理原因。

第三段的主题句是：The benefits of singing regularly seem to be accumulative.
第四段的主题句是：It turns out you don’t even have to be a good singer to gain the rewards.
第五段的主题句是：Group singing is cheaper than medical treatment, healthier than drinking, and certainly more fun than working out.
概要写作就是要把这些主要的内容进行整合，并灵活处理相关要点。

二、参考范文
Group singing is becoming more popular (要点1) and scientists find out that singing will help make people calm and energetic, which results from some hormones released by group singing. (要点2) Also, singing together will have a good influence on each other.(要点3) Whether people can sing well or not, it benefits.(要点4) Besides, singing costs little, makes us healthy and has a lot of fun.(要点5)
三、范文解析
范文开门见山提到合唱正变得流行，用“become more popular”替代了原文中的“on the rise”；然后用and 连接自然过渡到了第2个要点：科学家研究发现合唱的好处，用“make people clam and energetic”代替了“has such a calming yet energizing effect on people”，并且用which引导的非限制性定语从句来解释合唱带来好处的原因。

要点3、4、5也是合唱的优点，它们都是并列关系，表示合唱简单易行，好处颇多。

第3个要点把主题句中的accumulative用“have a good influence on each other”表示；要点5用三个并列的谓语“costs little, makes us healthy”和“has a lot of fun”替换了原文中的三个比较结构“cheaper than, healthier than”和“more fun than”。

在要点2和要点3、要点4和要点5之间分别用also和besides进行有效连接，使文章浑然一体。

同时在要点4中使用了“whether ... or not”，使句子表达意思充分，结构紧凑。

C
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

It is early in the morning and I’ve hardly caught any shut­eye. My breakfast of eggs, bread and strong coffee will keep me awake and alert before lunch. After lunch, I will face an afternoon of yawning in the office. Sometimes I feel uneasy about this situation but I am sure that I am not alone, for it is not too much to say that we all seem to be yawning more often. Are we turning into a generation of insomniacs (患失眠症的人)？How is modern life influencing our sleep patterns?
We can start by blaming the light bulb and other forms of man­made light. Experts say that on average people go to bed and wake up two hours later than the previous generation. Then, there are the computers. Research led by Professor Charles Czeisler of Harvard Medical School has shown that people who read electronic books before
going to bed take longer time to fall asleep.They have lower levels of melatonin, a chemical which controls our body clock. And they’re less active in the morning. Professor Czeisler said, “In the past 50 years, there has been a decrease in average sleep length and quality.Since more people are choosing electronic devices for reading, communication and entertainment, especially teenagers who already experience serious sleep loss, research on the long­term influence of these devices on health and safety is urgently needed.”
So the first thing to do if you want to have a restful night is leave computers out of the bedroom. The earlier you get your fingers off the keyboard, the sooner you tend to fall asleep. Avoid alcohol, as it might reduce our cycles of the “rapid eye movement” sleep, when our brains process the information we have received during the day.It prevents our brain activity going well. And do not eat nuts or cheese in the evening.
After that, if you still cannot sleep, start counting sheep. Maybe that is the best way to avoid another afternoon of yawning in the office.
一、试题详解
1．核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。

第一段用形象的语言描述了现代人失眠这一普遍现象。

第二段提出了造成这一现象的两大原因，即人造灯光和电脑的使用。

第三段针对如何克服失眠的现象，建议远离电脑、酒和坚果及奶酪等。

第四段用幽默的口吻，建议我们数羊来帮助解决失眠这一现象。

2．写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。

第一段描述现象，没有明显的主题句，需要根据内容进行概括。

第二段主旨需要整合第一句和后面的“there are the computers”这一句。

第三段主旨也是需要整合三条并列的具体建议，即“leave computers out of the bedroom, Avoid alcohol”和“do not eat nuts or cheese”。

第四段的建议，内容是和上一段的三条建议并列的，但是因为转化了口吻，所以在概要写作中单独作为一个要点。

(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。

本文要点较为明显，提炼难度不大。

第一段的现象描述可以整合为要点1，且用“sleeplessness”和“a state of tiredness”来概括和表达。

第二段将两条并列的建议整合为要点2。

第三段也是将并列的三条建议整合为要点3。

第四段的内容为要点4。

二、参考范文
Modern people suffer from sleeplessness and consequently get into a state of tiredness easily. (要点1) This phenomenon results from the negative effects of artificial light and computers.(要点2) So in order to solve the
problem, people are advised to reject computers, resist alcohol as well as refuse nuts or cheese before bedtime.(要点3)Even counting sheep may help solve the problem in some way.(要点4)
三、范文解析
范文将原文的“hardly caught any shut­eye, yawning, insomniacs, sleep patterns”概括为“sleeplessness”和“a state of tiredness”，实现语言的转化和灵活表达。

为保证表达的流畅，分别用phenomenon 联系要点1和要点2，用“in order to solve the problem”过渡到要点3。

要点3里面的三条建议分别用reject, resist和refuse 三个近义词来表达，体现语言的一致性。

用语气词Even来引出要点4，以突显语气的转变。

概要写作专练(二)
A
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people.However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.
Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.
Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to ￡240 (3,360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of ￡233 (3,262 yuan) for men.
In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever­increasing numbers of online shoppers.
One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only ￡197.70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online. Christmas trading can represent up to 60% of the business for some stores. Many companies are concerned that not enough shoppers are coming through their doors in the run­up to Christmas. As a result there are lots of special offers in the shops. Most shops traditionally have sales after Christmas but this year the bargains have come early in an attempt to attract consumers to spend.
一、试题详解
1．核心内容
本文是一篇说明文，共分五段。

第一段主要讲随着圣诞购物季的到来，今年许多人选择在家网购。

第二段讲了网上购物变得流行的原因。

第三段主要讲无论男女都热衷网购，
不过网购对女士更有吸引力。

第四段主要讲对网购安全的担忧并未降低网购人数。

第五段主要讲面对网购的冲击，传统商场在圣诞购物季到来时的应对措施——提前打折。

2．写作思路
(1)抓住关键信息，理解段落大意。

准确理解文章内容，在此基础上理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写概要的关键。

第一段的主要信息是However后的这句话，其他则是次要信息。

第二段的关键词是popular和reasons。

第三段信息重点是but后面的“women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men”。

第四段的关键信息是security和“ever­increasing numbers of online shoppers”，关键信息之间的逻辑关系是转折。

第五段的主要信息是“the bargains have come early”及其原因，该段大意需要在理解的基础上进行概括。

(2)确定表达要点，简要提炼概括。

将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不遗漏要点。

第一段的表达要点是“not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping”也可以是“lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet”，结合背景圣诞购物，概括起来就是“people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leaving their homes”。

第二段的表达要点是reasons，可以考虑整合到第一段。

第三段的要点是“women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men”，利用简化原则，概括起来就是“women spend more than men”。

第四段概括起来核心内容是“security worries haven’t slowed down the ever­increasing numbers of online shoppers”。

第五段的要点是“One victim of the online shopping boom”和“the bargains have come early”，概括起来就是“Because of the popularity of online shopping, the bargains have come early.”。

二、参考范文
This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leaving their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要点1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要点2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online, still more and more people choose to shop online.(要点3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要点4)
三、范文解析
范文把第一、二段合并为一个要点，用“rather than”表达“在家网购而不是外出购物”，然后用for引导
的介词短语表达原因，用名词短语“cheaper goods”替换“prices are often lower online”，“more convenience”替换“don’t have to queue up”和“you can buy almost any product ...”，使表达简洁明了。

要点2表达时，用with短语衔接上下句，然后简洁地表达“women spend more than men”。

要点3用safety替换security，concern替换worry，整个要点用Although引导的让步状语从句来表达，使语意表达充分。

要点4用pressure替换victim，用“sales promotion”替换bargains，用with介词短语表达原因，然后交代实体店的应对措施，使表达简洁清楚。

B
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Many seniors feel pressured to go straight from high school to college — but Camden Olson, who graduated from Latin School of Chicago in the US last year, didn’t give in. She decided to spend a gap year raising a guide dog for Guiding Eyes for the Blind in Maine.
The non­profit provides trained guide dogs to blind and visually impaired people.
“I can say I’m living the dream，” Olson said.“This is something I’ve always wanted to do.”
Taking a year off before college, commonly known as a gap year, is becoming more and more popular among American teenagers. According to a survey by the American Gap Association, enrollment in these programs grew 27 percent between 2012 and 2013. Some students use the year off to figure out what they want to do, travel around the world, or save money for college.
Olson is using her time to pursue a passion she’s had since 7th grade. For years, she kept an eye on guide dog services until she came across the opportunity at Guiding Eyes. With support from her friends, family and teachers, Olson went for it.
Olson’s volunteer work centers around Derby, a 1­year­old black dog.“My job is to raise him to be well­mannered and socialized，” she said.“Guide dogs have to ignore any distractions. They go everywhere with their visually impaired handler. They give a blind person a lot of independence and emotional support, too.”
Of course, there’s an end in sight for Derby and Olson’s close bond. When Derby celebrates his own graduation, Olson will have to say goodbye to him.
While some look at gap years in a negative light, Olson said she’s seen major success. In fact, she’ll be attending Princeton University this fall and is thinking about majoring in ecology and biology.
“I think I’m already much more mature than I was and aware of what really matters，” she said.“So many kids do come back from gap years a lot more focused and prepared.”
一、试题详解
1．核心内容
本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述Olson决定利用gap year来训练导盲犬，这是她自七年级以来的梦想。

Olson选择把这一年的时间用来训练Derby，使它能够胜任导盲犬的工作，给视力障碍人士提供帮助，而这次经历也有助于她的成长。

2．写作思路
(1)记叙文是以记叙人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。

这篇文章以人物为中心叙述事情。

所以我们要交代清楚人物(Camden Olson)、时间(last year after graduating senior school)、事由(raise a guide dog called Derby)，这样文章的脉络就一目了然，有助于概括大意。

(2)确定要点，使其结构紧凑，过渡自然。

本文要点1是全文的中心，即Olson高中毕业后打算用gap year 来培训导盲犬，这也是她长久的愿望。

要点2说明训练的结果，要点3则是Olson从中的收获。

在确定要点后就要有效地组织语言。

二、参考范文
Unlike many other high school graduates, Olson was determined to take advantage of her gap year to train a guide dog, which was what she longed to do for a long time.(要点1)Not only did Olson accomplish the task of training Derby to be capable of its work — to help people with visual disabilities, (要点2) but also she herself benefited much from this experience.(要点3)
三、范文解析
以时间、人物、事由作为概要的第一句，直截了当。

陈述事由的起因灵活运用了非限制性定语从句和表语从句，范文中用train代替raise，用“what she longed to do”替代“a passion she’s had since 7th grade”。

事由的经过和结果其实在原文中占了一半的篇幅，怎样使其简洁是此概要的难点。

毫无疑问，导盲犬的主要作用在于能够为盲人导路，给予陪伴和支持，这也是Olson训练导盲犬的主要指导方向，所以用“accomplish the task of training Derby to be capable of its work”简要叙述其过程，范文中用“people with visual disabilities”
代替“visually impaired people”，而Olson的收获用了benefited一词，两者的结合用了“not only ... but also ...”使其巧妙衔接。

C
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Living in a foreign country probably sounds exciting and romantic to you. Just imagine the noises from the local market or the smell of strange flowers when you leave the house in the morning. But this doesn’t mean that life abroad is easy. When people set foot in a foreign land, they tend to keep to what is familiar. Becoming a part of the local culture can be the hardest part of life abroad.
However, in order to get the most of their life abroad, people need to break out of their comfortable routines and explore. The moment you let go of false ideas and stereotypes, you are ready to take your first major step. And more often than not, living in a foreign country can be a truly life­changing experience.
Even for experienced travellers, it is not as easy as it seems to get used to life abroad. Making the transition from living like a visiting holidaymaker to living like a local takes time. Culture shock is part of living abroad and hits everyone eventually. The key is not to let it get the better of you. You have to accept that things are not the same as they are at home and, until you get to that point, try to be respectful, patient and humble.
Another problem is that the charm of a foreign life could wear off as time passes by. For most people, a foreign culture appears strange and exciting at first. After all, the main reason for moving abroad is often the wish to explore foreign cultures. However, after living in a foreign country for a while, little things that you once thought were charming begin to annoy you. You remember how everything ran on schedule back home, how beautiful your hometown was and how much more relaxed and friendly everyone seemed to be.
So, you’d better understand issues with the local food, or problems with adjusting to the pace of life as you live abroad someday in the future.
一、试题详解
1．核心内容
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。

第一段主要讲国外生活听起来既浪漫又令人激动，但事实上由于许多差异，融入当地文化非常困难。

第二段进一步说明旅居海外要想获得最大的收获需要抛弃成见、积极探索新环境。

第三段和第四段指出融入当地文化很困难，原因有两点：一是文化冲击，我们要做到尊重、耐心和谦逊，并且适应新环境需要时间；二是随着时间推移，我们对新事物的热情消退，开始思念家乡。

第五段作者告诉读者当你旅居海外时，你要学会理解与适应。

2．写作思路
(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。

考生可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。

第一段是一组“虽然”“但是”的前后转折结构。

第二段针对第一段中“但是”后的具体内容——“life abroad is not easy”进一步说明，首句是主题句。

第三、四两段围绕“it is not as easy as it seems to get used to life abroad”分两点解释原因。

第五段为作者对适应新环境的建议。

(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。

第一段要包括两个要点，要点1是全文的逻辑起点，要点2是该段的主题句。

“Becoming a part of the local culture”“living like a local”和下文的“adjusting to the pace of life”表达同样的意思，我们可以用总结性的语句统一进行表述，这样就可以整合表达要点1和要点2。

要点3和要点4根据第三段的主题句和三、四两段的原因解释进行因果关系整合，可以用“for the reason that”来连接，具体原因包含“culture shock”和“homesickness”。

要点5可以将第二段和第五段内容进行整合。

第二段和第五段的主旨大意均表达了适应当地文化的重要性，可以综合起来进行概括，做到简洁、条理清晰。

二、参考范文
Different from people’s assumption that life abroad is full of romance, (要点1) accepting the new culture and adapting to the new environment is difficult, (要点2) for the reason that it is time­consuming to overcome culture conflict that one experiences in an unfamiliar environment, (要点3) and that one is likely to suffer from homesickness.(要点4) However, in order to make full use of the new culture, it is significant to be open to it and experience it.(要点5)
三、范文解析
范文中把要点1和要点2表达为一句，主要是为了用“different from”替换原文的but，并用assumption 代替原文中的动词sound，为避免重复用“full of romance”代替“romantic”。

要点3和要点4把融入当地文化困难的原因进行灵活的概括和整合，避免重复原文中琐碎的细节，并用“culture conflict”代替原文中的“culture shock”。

要点5与上文是转折关系，因此用however进行连接。