法律英语 第十课 侵权法
(完整版)美国侵权法(中英文)
美国侵权法（中英文）Restatement of the Law，Third，Torts by The American Law Institute美国法学会《侵权法第三次重述》Part One: Intoduction of Torts 侵权法概述Part Two： Apportionment of Liability（Rule Sections）第一部分：责任分担Part Three: Products Liability 产品责任Part One: Intoduction of Torts 侵权法概述在美国，侵权法主要属于各州的法律范畴，而且主要由判例法组成。
侵权行为可分为故意侵权行为（intentional tort)、过失侵权行为（negligence or negligent tort)和严格责任侵权行为 (strict liability tort). 对侵权行为的一般救济方法是对侵权行为所造成的损害予以一定的金钱补偿，在涉及交通事故等领域的侵权赔偿已广范采用了保险赔偿的方式。
Part One: Introduction 基本概念1. The law of tort is still the source of most civil suits in the United States, with damage claims for automobile accidents taking first place. Many circumstances contribute to this: (a) the plaintiff in an American civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will often--and understandably--rely more on human than on legal considerations, for instance when a child has been injured in an automobile accident or through a defective product of a large enterprise;(b) Compensation and damages include not only the actual loss but also the intangible damage. A plaintiff can therefore often play on the human reaction of the jury: for instance, what is appropriate compensation for a permanent disability such as the loss of a limb? (c) American law permits the participation of the attorney in the plaintiff’s recovery (contingent fee) which not uncommonly amounts to 25 to 33 percent of the verdict. As a result of all of these factors, a tort action may be a lengthy proceeding, result in large expenses, for instance through honoraria for experts (which may deter the "small "plaintiff from suing at all), and may end in the award of a very large verdict. It is no linger uncommon that a jury will aware a verdict in excess of ＄100,000. These conditions have been the touchstone for several reform endeavors which will be discussed inmore detail below.在美国，侵权行为法产生的诉讼仍是大多民事诉讼案件的主要来源，其中基于交通事故产生的损害赔偿案件居于首位。
何家弘法律英语第四版译文(1-10) (1)
第一课美国法律制度介绍第一部分特征与特点美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。
同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。
但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。
它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。
它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。
美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。
因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。
而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。
不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。
因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。
但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。
当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。
第二部分普通法和衡平法同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。
许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。
因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。
从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。
采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。
法律英语第十课侵权法省公开课金奖全国赛课一等奖微课获奖PPT课件
but not the state unless express statutory provision has abolished state immunity .
– 但国家不在此列，除非法律明文要求取消了
国家豁免权。 2024/2/18
法律英语
13
13/49
Federal Tort claims Act（ FTCA ）
in limited form also children （however, parents only when they acted as the child’s agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）,
– 在有限情况下儿童亦然（不过，父母仅当其 作为该儿童代理人或未能按照其监护义务行 事时才负此责），
– /
2024/2/18
法律英语
5
5/49
Tort
Intentional tort Negligence or negligent tort Strict liability tort
Personal tort Property tort
Remedy -damages
There is no duty of care to the public at large.
不是对广大公众负有照看义务
2024/2/18
（某人）对侵犯财产者
照看义务比对被邀请客
人照看义法律务英语 小
22
22/49
Guest statutes 宾客法规
Some states exclude a duty of care by the driver of a motor vehicle –toward passengers whom he transports gratuitously. 汽车司机对于他无偿搭载乘客不负照看 责任。
Tort Law侵权法英文版
侵权责任法Tort Liability Law第一章一般规定General Provisions第一条为保护民事主体的合法权益，明确侵权责任，预防并制裁侵权行为，促进社会和谐稳定，制定本法。
In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of civil subjects, clarify the tort lability, prevent and punishtortious conduct, and promote the social harmony and stability, this Law is formulated.第二条侵害民事权益，应当依照本法承担侵权责任。
本法所称民事权益，包括生命权、健康权、姓名权、名誉权、荣誉权、肖像权、隐私权、婚姻自主权、监护权、所有权、用益物权、担保物权、著作权、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、股权、继承权等人身、财产权益。
Those who infringe upon civil rights and interests shall be subject to the tort liability according to this Law.“Civil rights and interests” in this Law include the right to life, right to health, right to name, right to reputation, right to honor, right to portrait, right of privacy, marital autonomy, guardianship, ownership, usufruct, security interest, copyright, patent right, exclusive right to use a trademark, right to discover, equities, right of succession, and other personal and property rights and interests.第三条被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。
法律英语——Law of Torts
一.介绍侵权法概念侵权法是一个很难表述的概念，这个词语在平日交流中不常使用。
虽然它描述了一项法律中的重要分类，这个概念也已经否定了很多试图阐明出有用定义的尝试。
令人困惑的是任何一种广泛到能包含所有侵权行为的定义都太过于笼统而几乎没有意义。
所有侵权法中有一项常见的元素是一方会由于另一方实施的行为或不作为所产生的后果而受到损失或伤害。
除此以外，加速普遍化变成了不可能的任务。
事实上所有无限的多样的人类活动——比如说骑车，从事生意，谈话，写作，拥有并且使用真的或者个人财产，性行为——都有可能成为一种侵权行为的赔偿责任来源。
这种行为的多样性抵抗住了大面积的普遍性，这也是侵权行为的赔偿责任所赖以存在的基础。
如果对侵权的定义是必要的，它就会具有以下的性质：民事违法行为，一方的行为会对另一方造成人身财产伤害，或者是认识到另一方的利益想违背法律强制规定的责任。
明显地，侵权法是一块认识到并赔偿对受害人从身体，尊严和隐私的伤害到所拥有的财产和生意上的利益损失的法律领域。
侵权是一种民事违法行为——是遭受损失方（或者是共同起诉的多方）控告罪犯（侵权行为人）来使损害得到补偿或者是寻求一种禁令阻止伤害和民事违法行为的继续。
受害方必须证明侵权行为人犯罪。
侵权中的义务被强制当作法律遵行。
侵权法发作用，目的与正当理由侵权法有三个主要作用和目标：（1）补偿受害方因为另一方的行为而蒙受的损失与伤害。
（2）置入应赔偿人的所应补偿的金额。
（3）防止未来的损失和伤害。
1．补偿侵权行为中受害的一方所遭受的伤害和损失我们应该称之为“损害”。
侵权法是基于所有损失，无论是有形的还是无形的都能够用金钱衡量的基础上的。
最基本的侵权赔偿是要求侵权行为人来支付受害者一笔“有补偿的破坏”。
2．公正（1）公平从根本上，公正是当今对公平的社会标准的应用的结果。
（2）现实原因因果关系，众所周知，是必要条件。
侵权责任仅仅是指行为人的行为是一个为被害人带来损失和伤害的实质的事实。
法律英语侵权法案例对话(3篇)
第1篇Characters:1. John Doe (attorney for XYZ Co.)2. Jane Smith (attorney for ABC Inc.)3. Judge Johnson---John Doe: Good morning, Your Honor. My name is John Doe, and I represent XYZ Co. in this case of copyright infringement. We believe that ABC Inc. has willfully and intentionally infringed upon XYZ Co.'s copyright in their latest product, the SmartGadget.Jane Smith: Good morning, Your Honor. I am Jane Smith, representing ABC Inc. We respectfully disagree with the allegations of copyright infringement. We believe that our product, the SmartGadget, is not substantially similar to XYZ Co.'s product and does not infringe upon their copyright.Judge Johnson: Thank you both for your presence here today. Let's begin with the facts of the case. Mr. Doe, please summarize the allegations against ABC Inc.John Doe: Absolutely, Your Honor. XYZ Co. is the owner of a copyrightfor the SmartGadget, which was created and developed by our engineers. The SmartGadget is a portable electronic device that provides users with various features, including GPS navigation, mobile payments, and health monitoring. In June 2020, XYZ Co. released the SmartGadget to the public, and it has since gained significant popularity and commercial success.ABC Inc., on the other hand, released a product called the SmartDevicein August 2020, which we believe is substantially similar to the SmartGadget. The SmartDevice offers many of the same features as the SmartGadget, including GPS navigation, mobile payments, and health monitoring. However, ABC Inc. did not obtain a license to use the copyrighted elements of the SmartGadget.Jane Smith: Your Honor, we respectfully disagree with the assertion that the SmartDevice is substantially similar to the SmartGadget. While both products share some features, the overall design, functionality, and user interface of the SmartDevice are distinct and unique. We have conducted a thorough investigation, and we can provide evidence to support our position.Judge Johnson: I appreciate your input, Ms. Smith. Mr. Doe, how does XYZ Co. establish that the SmartDevice infringes upon their copyright?John Doe: Your Honor, we have presented evidence that demonstrates the substantial similarity between the SmartGadget and the SmartDevice. This evidence includes a side-by-side comparison of the two products, which shows that they share a strikingly similar design, functionality, and user interface. Additionally, we have gathered testimonies from experts in the field who confirm that the SmartDevice is a direct copy of the SmartGadget.Jane Smith: Your Honor, while we understand the concerns of XYZ Co., we believe that the similarity between the two products is merely coincidental. Our company has always been committed to innovation and creating unique products. We have also conducted a thoroughinvestigation and have evidence to show that our engineers developed the SmartDevice independently, without any knowledge of the SmartGadget.Judge Johnson: Thank you, both counsel. Let's delve deeper into the similarities between the two products. Mr. Doe, please provide adetailed comparison of the SmartGadget and the SmartDevice.John Doe: Of course, Your Honor. We have identified several key similarities between the SmartGadget and the SmartDevice:1. Design: Both products have a sleek, modern design with a similar color scheme and button placement. The overall look and feel of the SmartDevice is almost identical to the SmartGadget.2. Functionality: Both devices offer GPS navigation, mobile payments, and health monitoring features. The layout and user interface for these features are nearly identical in both products.3. User Interface: The SmartDevice's user interface is almost a direct copy of the SmartGadget's user interface. The icons, menu options, and navigation paths are all very similar.4. Branding: The SmartDevice bears a striking resemblance to the SmartGadget's branding, including the logo, typography, and color scheme.Jane Smith: Your Honor, while we acknowledge some similarities, we believe that these are not enough to establish copyright infringement. We have evidence to show that our engineers developed the SmartDevice independently, without any knowledge of the SmartGadget. Furthermore, we have presented expert testimonies to support our position.Judge Johnson: I appreciate your arguments, Ms. Smith. However, the substantial similarity between the two products is a matter of concern. In order to determine whether copyright infringement has occurred, we must consider the following factors:1. Originality: Does the SmartGadget have originality?2. Access: Did ABC Inc. have access to the SmartGadget's copyrighted elements?3. Substantial Similarity: Is the SmartDevice substantially similar to the SmartGadget?4. Intent: Did ABC Inc. intend to infringe upon XYZ Co.'s copyright?John Doe: Your Honor, based on the evidence we have presented, we believe that the SmartGadget meets the criteria for originality. It is a unique product with distinct features and design elements. Additionally, ABC Inc. had access to the SmartGadget's copyrighted elements as it was publicly available when the SmartDevice was developed. The substantial similarity between the two products is evident from our comparison, and we believe that ABC Inc. intended to infringe upon our client's copyright.Jane Smith: Your Honor, we respectfully disagree with the claim of intent. We have evidence to show that our engineers developed the SmartDevice independently, without any knowledge of the SmartGadget.Furthermore, we have presented expert testimonies to support our position.Judge Johnson: After carefully considering the arguments and evidence presented by both parties, I find that XYZ Co. has established a prima facie case of copyright infringement against ABC Inc. While I acknowledge that some similarities exist between the SmartGadget and the SmartDevice, I believe that the substantial similarity between the two products is enough to support a finding of infringement.Therefore, I order ABC Inc. to cease and desist from manufacturing, distributing, or selling the SmartDevice. Additionally, XYZ Co. is entitled to damages for the infringement, which will be determined at a later hearing.John Doe: Thank you, Your Honor. We appreciate your decision.Jane Smith: We respectfully disagree with the decision, but we will comply with the court's orders.Judge Johnson: This concludes the hearing. Good day to both of you.---The above dialogue provides a simplified representation of a legal English copyright infringement case. In reality, the process would involve more detailed evidence, expert testimonies, and legal arguments.第2篇Court: United States District Court for the Southern District of New YorkDate: March 15, 2023Attorneys:- For the Plaintiff (Smith): Robert Thompson, Esq.- For the Defendant (Johnson): Emily Davis, Esq.---Judge: Thank you, Counsel. Let's proceed with the opening statements.Robert Thompson (Plaintiff's Attorney): Good morning, Your Honor. My client, Mr. Smith, is here today to seek redress for copyright infringement. On May 1, 2022, Mr. Johnson released a novel titled "Echoes of Time," which Mr. Smith believes infringes upon his own copyrighted work, "Chronicles of the Future," which was published in 2019.Emily Davis (Defendant's Attorney): Good morning, Your Honor. We respectfully disagree with the plaintiff's claim. "Echoes of Time" is an original work with no substantial similarity to "Chronicles of the Future." The alleged infringement is merely a coincidence, and the defendant did not copy any part of the plaintiff's work.Judge: Thank you, Counsel. Let's move on to the pre-trial motions. Have either party filed any motions that the court should consider?Robert Thompson: Yes, Your Honor. We have filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the defendant's work is a verbatim copy of our client's copyrighted material.Emily Davis: We have also filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the plaintiff's work is not copyrightable due to lack of originality, and that even if it were, there is no substantialsimilarity between the two works.Judge: Thank you, Counsel. The court will consider both motions and rule on them before the trial. Now, let's move on to the discovery phase. Have either party identified any relevant documents or witnesses?Robert Thompson: Yes, Your Honor. We have identified several witnesses, including the plaintiff himself, who can testify about the similarities between the two works. Additionally, we have discovered several internal documents from the defendant's publisher that suggest he was aware of our client's work prior to publication.Emily Davis: We have also identified relevant documents, including the defendant's own notes and research materials. However, we dispute the relevance of these documents and argue that they do not support the plaintiff's claim.Judge: The court will review the relevance and admissibility of these documents. Moving on to the trial, Counsel, please present your opening statements.Robert Thompson: Thank you, Your Honor. As I mentioned earlier, Mr. Smith's novel, "Chronicles of the Future," is a copyrighted work that tells the story of a futuristic civilization and its struggles with time travel. The novel is filled with unique characters, complex plotlines, and original ideas.Emily Davis: That is true, Your Honor. However, "Echoes of Time" is a standalone novel that explores a different genre entirely. It is a science fiction thriller about a group of scientists who discover a way to manipulate time and use it to their advantage. The works are fundamentally different in their themes and execution.Robert Thompson: Yet, the similarities are striking. The protagonist of "Echoes of Time," Dr. Michael Carter, shares a striking resemblance to Mr. Smith's protagonist, Dr. Ethan Winters. The premise of time manipulation is central to both novels, and the characters' personal struggles and motivations are eerily similar.Emily Davis: That is a matter of opinion, Mr. Thompson. The characters are developed independently, and the premise of time manipulation is a common theme in science fiction literature. The defendant's work is not a verbatim copy of "Chronicles of the Future."Robert Thompson: But the evidence shows otherwise. Our expert witness, Dr. Helen Taylor, a professor of literature, has compared the two works and concluded that they share a substantial amount of protectable expression. She has identified numerous direct and indirect quotations from "Chronicles of the Future" that appear in "Echoes of Time."Emily Davis: Dr. Taylor's conclusions are flawed. She has failed to consider the transformative nature of the defendant's work. "Echoes of Time" builds upon the plaintiff's novel but adds new elements and perspectives. It is not a derivative work, as the plaintiff claims.Robert Thompson: The defendant's claim of originality is a red herring. The similarities in plot, character, and setting are too great to be mere coincidence. The defendant must have had access to "Chronicles of the Future" and copied its protected elements.Emily Davis: Access is not a requirement for copyright infringement. Moreover, the plaintiff's work is not original. The concept of timetravel is not protected by copyright, and the plaintiff has not demonstrated that his work contains any original elements.Robert Thompson: We have. The unique narrative structure of "Chronicles of the Future," the depth of the characters' development, and the originality of the thematic elements are all protected by copyright law.Emily Davis: The court must consider the totality of the circumstances. The defendant's work, while inspired by the plaintiff's novel, is a new and distinct creation. The similarities are superficial and do not rise to the level of copyright infringement.---Judge: Thank you, Counsel. The court has heard your arguments. The trial will proceed with the presentation of evidence and witness testimony. Both parties are reminded to adhere to the rules of evidence and tofocus on the relevant issues in this case.---[The trial continues with the presentation of evidence, expert testimony, and witness statements. After several days of testimony, the court will issue a decision.]Judge: After careful consideration of the evidence and arguments presented, the court finds that there is substantial similarity between the plaintiff's copyrighted work, "Chronicles of the Future," and thedefendant's novel, "Echoes of Time." The defendant's work is not transformative and does not provide a new interpretation of theplaintiff's original ideas. Therefore, the court holds that the defendant's work constitutes copyright infringement.Emily Davis (Defendant's Attorney): We respectfully disagree with the court's decision and will file an appeal.Robert Thompson (Plaintiff's Attorney): We are satisfied with thecourt's decision and will seek appropriate remedies, including damages and an injunction to prevent further infringement.Judge: The court will issue its final judgment within the next few weeks. Thank you, Counsel, for your attention to this matter.---End of Case Dialogue第3篇Court: Superior Court of New York, County of ManhattanDate: January 15, 2023Jurisdiction: New YorkPlaintiff: John Smith, Esq. (on behalf of himself and as an agent forthe copyright holders)Defendant: Jane JohnsonCounsel for Plaintiff: Robert Brown, Esq.Counsel for Defendant: Lisa White, Esq.---The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Good morning, Counsel. Please call the case to order.Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Thank you, Your Honor. May it please the Court, I call this case Smith v. Johnson. My client, John Smith, is the plaintiff and represents himself as an agent for the copyright holders. We are here today to bring forth a claim of copyright infringement against the defendant, Jane Johnson.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Yes, Your Honor. I represent Jane Johnson, the defendant. I acknowledge the plaintiff's claim of copyright infringement and look forward to presenting our defense.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Thank you, Counsel. Mr. Brown, please proceed with your opening statement.Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Thank you, Your Honor. In this case, the plaintiff, John Smith, is a renowned author of historical fiction. He has written a novel titled "The Legacy of Time," which was published in 2018. The novel is protected by United States copyright law.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: And how does the defendant come into this case?Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Your Honor, the defendant, Jane Johnson, is a self-published author. In 2020, she released her novel, "Echoes of the Past," which is substantially similar to Mr. Smith's work, "The Legacy of Time." This similarity is not due to any legitimate research or independent creation on her part.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Is there evidence of direct copying or similarity between the two works?Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Yes, Your Honor. We have presented several exhibits to the Court that show the similarity between the plot, characters, and significant portions of the text from both novels. Our expert witness, Dr. Emily Green, a literary scholar, has also analyzed the works and confirmed the substantial similarity.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Your Honor, I object to the introduction of this expert testimony. The plaintiff has not provided sufficient foundation for Dr. Green's qualifications as an expert in literary analysis. Additionally, the methodology she used is flawed and subjective.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Sustained. Counsel, we will allow the expert testimony, but it will be subject to rigorous cross-examination. Please proceed with your opening statement, Mr. Brown.Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Thank you, Your Honor. Dr. Green's analysis is based on the literary analysis of the works and the principles of copyright law. She has compared various elements of the two novels, including the plot, character development, and thematic elements.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: What is the nature of the infringement, Mr. Brown?Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: The infringement is clear, Your Honor. The defendant's novel, "Echoes of the Past," has been copied from my client's work, "The Legacy of Time," without permission. This constitutes a violation of the plaintiff's exclusive rights under the Copyright Act of 1976.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Your Honor, my client did not copy the work. She claims that her novel was inspired by the themes of time travel and historicalevents, which are not original to the plaintiff's work. Furthermore, the defendant's novel contains significant differences in style andnarrative structure.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: And how does the defendant respond to the claim ofsubstantial similarity?Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: We argue that the themes of time travel and historical events are common in the genre of historical fiction and cannot be protected by copyright. Additionally, our expert, Dr. Michael Thompson, a literary critic, will testify that the defendant's novel is not substantially similar to the plaintiff's work.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Thank you, Counsel. We will hear from Dr. Thompson next. Mr. Brown, do you wish to call your expert witness, Dr. Green, to the stand?Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Yes, Your Honor. We will call Dr. Emily Green to the stand.---Dr. Emily Green (Expert Witness for the Plaintiff):Dr. Green: Thank you, Counsel. I am Dr. Emily Green, a professor of English literature with a focus on copyright law and literary analysis.I have reviewed the works of the plaintiff and the defendant and can confirm that there is a substantial similarity between the two novels.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Dr. Green, are you qualified to offer an opinion on the issue of substantial similarity?Dr. Green: Yes, I am qualified. I have extensive experience in analyzing literary works for copyright purposes.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Dr. Green, how do you define "substantial similarity"?Dr. Green: Substantial similarity refers to the extent to which two works share common elements, such as plot, characters, dialogue, and setting. If a substantial number of these elements are similar, the works are substantially similar.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Dr. Green, how did you arrive at your conclusion that the works are substantially similar?Dr. Green: I compared the two novels in detail, looking at various elements. For example, the main characters in both novels are time travelers who are involved in historical events. The narrative structure and some of the dialogue are also similar.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Dr. Green, are you aware that the themes of time travel and historical events are common in the genre of historical fiction?Dr. Green: Yes, I am aware of that. However, the specific way in which these themes are presented in the plaintiff's novel is original and unique. The defendant's novel shares many of these elements, indicating that there was copying.---The hearing continues with the examination of other witnesses, the presentation of additional evidence, and the cross-examination of both experts. The case is set for trial, and the Court will make a decision based on the evidence presented.。
法律英语 TORT
殴打与威吓 Battery&Assault
Battery:日常英语中为“电池”之意，但在法律英语中意为“殴 打”。事实上这个翻译并不准确，因为“Battery”的外延比中 文“殴打”更大，包括任何故意对他人人身进行伤害性 （harmful）和冒犯性（offensive）接触的行为。 Battery involves an unexcused harmful or offensive physical contact with another person. People may be held liable for battery if they intend to bring about such a contact, or if such a contact directly or indirectly results from their actions. If there is an attempted battery, but no actual contact, that may constitute a tort of assault. 10
法律渊源
source of law
判例为主，各州侵权法之间略有差异，判例的汇编、解释可参考 《侵权法重述》（Restatement of the Law of Torts）
各州和联邦也有为解决特别侵权问题而制定的成文法，比如1946 年的《联邦侵权索赔法》（Federal Tort Claims Act）
侵权法
Tort Law
概 念
concept
英文中的“侵权法”(Tort Law)一词有可译为“民事 损害赔偿法”。它主要涉及侵犯他人的人身、财产、 名誉、商业等方面权益的民事过错行为。虽然这种过 错行为可能具有犯罪行为的性质，但是侵权诉讼与刑 事诉讼的目的截然不同。前者的主要目的是赔偿受害 人的损失，后者的主要目的是惩罚罪犯。
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)资料讲解
Actual fear on the plaintiff’s part is not required.
Examples
Assault
swinging a baseball bat at someone holding a rock and threatening to throw
Subcategories
torts against the person
assault battery false imprisonment intentional infliction of emotional distress
General
property torts
trespass to land trespass to chattels (personal property) conversion
dignitary torts
defamation invasion of privacy
Torts Against the Person
Assault
Definition
an intentional act that causes an apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)
General
to deter others from committing the same act
US tort law
Tort law in the U. S. is largely common law.
法律英语侵权法法律术语
superseding cause替代原因
intervening event/force介入事件/因素
a foreseeable risk可预知危险
an unreasonable hazard不合理危险
jury（n.）/juror（n.）陪审团/陪审团成员
jury instruction陪审团指示
false imprisonment非法监禁
false arrest非法拘留
reasonable grounds/probable cause合理的理由（充分的证据）
the appellate court上诉法院
infliction of mental distress故意施加精神痛苦
defame（v.）/defamatory（adj.）/defamation（n.）诽谤
nominal damages名义赔偿
substantial damages实质损害
indirect invasion间接侵害
judicial proceedings/legislative proceedings司法程序/立法程序
（invasion of）the right to privacy（侵犯）隐私权
agency/agent of principal代理关系/代理中的当事人
partnership/proprietorship合伙/独资
but for test检验法（若无法则）
confirmed banker’s letter银行保兑信用证
a bill of lading提单
policy of insurance保单
insurance premium保险费
法律英语案例分析题侵权(3篇)
第1篇Factual Background:In the fashion industry, the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) is crucial to ensure that designers, manufacturers, and retailers can profit from their creative works without the risk of unauthorized copying. This case study revolves around a dispute between two renowned fashion brands, A Fashion House (AFH) and B Fashion Company (BFC), concerning the alleged infringement of copyright and trademark rights.AFH is a well-established luxury brand known for its high-end fashion designs, particularly its iconic handbags. BFC is a relatively new, yet rapidly growing, fashion company that has gained attention for its affordable yet stylish products.The dispute arises when AFH discovers that BFC has launched a new line of handbags that bear a striking resemblance to AFH's signature designs. The similarity is not only in the overall shape and silhouette but also in the use of certain colors, patterns, and materials. AFH alleges that BFC's handbags are a direct copy of its copyrighted designs, thereby infringing upon AFH's copyright and trademark rights.Legal Issues:1. Copyright Infringement:- Under the Copyright Act, copyright protection is granted tooriginal works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression. This includes artistic works, such as fashion designs.- AFH must establish that its handbag designs are original and fixed in a tangible medium. If this is proven, AFH must then show that BFC has copied the copyrighted designs.- The elements of copyright infringement are:- Ownership of the copyright in the original work.- Copying of the copyrighted work.- Substantial similarity between the copyrighted work and the accused work.- Access to the copyrighted work by the accused party.2. Trademark Infringement:- Trademarks are distinctive signs used to identify and distinguish the goods or services of one party from those of others.- AFH may have trademarked certain aspects of its handbag designs, such as the shape, color, or logo.- BFC's use of similar designs and colors may be considered trademark infringement if it causes confusion among consumers regarding the source of the products.- The elements of trademark infringement are:- Ownership of the trademark.- Likelihood of confusion.- Actual confusion.- Trademark dilution.Analysis:1. Copyright Infringement:- AFH must provide evidence that its handbag designs are original and fixed in a tangible medium. This may include design sketches, photographs, or digital files.- AFH must also prove that BFC copied the copyrighted designs. This can be established through expert testimony, evidence of BFC's access to AFH's products, or admissions by BFC's employees.- If the court finds substantial similarity between the copyrighted work and the accused work, and if AFH can prove that BFC had access tothe copyrighted work, it is likely that the court will find copyright infringement.2. Trademark Infringement:- AFH must establish ownership of the trademark and prove that BFC's use of similar designs and colors is likely to cause confusion among consumers.- If the court finds that BFC's use of similar designs and colors is likely to confuse consumers, it may find trademark infringement.- The court may also consider whether BFC's use of similar designs and colors dilutes the distinctive quality of AFH's trademarks.Conclusion:Based on the facts presented, it is likely that AFH will succeed in its claim of copyright infringement. The striking similarity between the handbag designs, coupled with evidence of copying, will likely satisfy the elements of copyright infringement. However, the outcome of the trademark infringement claim is less clear, as it will depend on the court's determination of likelihood of confusion and trademark dilution.This case study highlights the importance of protecting intellectual property rights in the fashion industry. Fashion brands must take proactive measures to protect their designs and trademarks, such as registering their designs and trademarks, implementing anti-piracy policies, and monitoring the market for potential infringement.Additional Considerations:- AFH may seek damages for the infringement, including lost profits and the costs of litigation.- BFC may argue that its handbags are not substantially similar to AFH's designs, or that its use of similar designs is protected under the doctrine of fair use.- The case may also involve the application of internationalintellectual property laws, particularly if AFH's designs are protected in other countries.Note:This case study is a hypothetical example and is not based on any real legal case. The analysis provided is for illustrative purposes only and does not constitute legal advice.第2篇Case Name: Doe v. SmithFacts:In the small town of河谷市，John Doe，一位知名的插画师，创作了一系列独特的儿童插画。
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort-law)
Tort Law
General
Tort
a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm
★It does not include breach of contract or trust. (A civil wrong can be a tort, breach of contract or breach of trust.)
Many judges utilize the Restatement of Torts (2nd) as an influential guide.
The Restatement is an influential treatise issued by the American Law Institute, which summarizes the general principles of common law United States tort law.
With the tort of assault, a perceived threat by the victim is paramount.
Assault
＊A defendant who throws a rock at a sleeping victim and misses can only be guilty of the attempted battery assault, since the victim would not be aware of the possible harm.
法律英语第十课译文
法律英语第十课译文第十课介绍第一部分基本问题1.在美国，侵权法仍是美国民事诉讼的最大组成部分，其中因机动车事故的要求赔偿金案件量居首位。
这里面是有很多原因的：a，美国民事诉讼中的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔的主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律上的考虑。
例如当一个小孩子在一起机动车事件中撞伤或者被有瑕疵的商品弄伤时。
b，补偿费和损害赔偿金不仅包括了实际损失还包括了无形的伤害，原告因此会常常利用陪审团的人性反应。
例如，造成一个人永久的残疾，比如让他失去一条腿，多少才是合理的补偿金呢？c，美国法律允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金）。
这种酬金达到法院判付金额的25%--33%的情况并不罕见。
基于所有这些因素，一起侵权诉讼可能会经历漫长的诉讼程序，产生巨大的花费。
例如通过给一些专家证人酬金，可以使一些原告彻底的放弃控诉，也可能使陪审团做出一个高额赔付的裁决。
一起伤害案件获得超过100,000美元的赔偿是很正常的。
这些情况成为了若干改革努力的试金石，接下来我们会做更详细的分析。
2.侵权法和合同法经常重叠。
受害方通常有两种选择：侵权诉讼（如非法占有、使用他人财产和人身伤害）和合同诉讼。
例如，违反默示合同中的担保承诺或造成人身伤害。
由于侵权法允许恢复无形损害（根据合同法通常不可用），第件允许的情况下受到人身伤害的原告通常都会选择侵权之诉。
3.每一个人都应该为自己的侵权行为负责，在有限的形式下儿童亦然。
（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童之代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责任），但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。
4.每个人都有免受侵犯的权利，包括胎儿。
继承人或者近亲属因故意或者过失侵权行为致使其已故亲属死亡或者立遗嘱人死亡（非正常死亡的情况下），可以请求赔偿。
在一些国家的法律中，所谓的《小酒店法》规定了第三方酒后侵权的保护和侵权诉讼请求。
因侵权人醉酒而受损害的一方有权像导致侵权人醉酒的人一样提出索赔。
英美侵权法
五、医疗失当
第五讲 严格责任（上）
一、严格责任的历史、分类和理论
二、侵扰
三、火责
四、动物致害
五、替代责任
第六讲 严格责任下
一、Rylands v. Fletcher 规则
二、危险财产（结构/房屋）责任
三、危险物责任
四、缺陷产品责任
第七讲 补遗
一、名誉损害
二、欺诈和不实陈述
三、经济侵权行为
英美侵权法课程详细信息
课程号
02939991
学分
2
英文名称
Anglo-American Tort Law
中文简介
侵权行为法在英国和美国法中是一个基础性的、传统性的和独立的法律部门，它有着独具特色的法律规则体系和法律原则，以及多样性的法律学说。从侵权行为法的目的上讲，对原告来说，侵权行为法可以为其受到的损害提供一种补偿；从被告的角度说，侵权行为法可以保护他的一种行动的自由；从社会的角度说，侵权行为法可以防止一般的损害行为。侵权行为法提供一种法律的私法救济，与保险法、社会法、刑事伤害补偿法，以及各种健康服务性质的国家福利法一起，为受到损害的当事人提供法律上的赔偿。本课程涉及如下具体的侵权诉讼形式以及相应的各自的法律规则、法律原则和公共政策：对土地的不法侵害，对动产的不法侵害，对人身的不法侵害，侵扰，名誉损害，过失法，成文法的侵权责任，危险房屋的侵权责任，瑕疵产品责任，严格责任，动物致害的责任，家庭侵权责任，经济侵权责任，欺诈和有害的谎言，滥用法律诉讼等等。在此基础上，本课程还会进行法律理论上的探讨，其中包含有侵权法的道德理论、侵权法的政治学理论、侵权法的经济学理论，以及侵权法的女性主义理论意)
1，殴打(battery)
2，威胁(assault)
法律英语汉译英(专业词汇部分)
法律英语汉译英（专业词汇部分）Unit One第一课美国联邦下的法律1.成文法statutory law★2.普通法common law3.判例法case law4.立法机构legislature5.法院court6.宪法Constitution7.立法权law-making power8.私法private law9.合同法contract law10.侵权法tort law11.商法business law12.公司法corporate governance law13.专利和版权patent and copyright14.合同/契约争议contractual disputes15.刑事案件criminal case16.民事案件civil case17.民事侵权诉讼civil tort actions18.家庭法family law19.法律选择choice of law20.多个司法管辖区multi-jurisdiction21.诉讼litigation/lawsui t/suit/action★22.实体权substantive right23.准据法/适用法applicable/governing/proper law★24.签订conclude25.证券欺诈案件 a case include claims of securities fraud26.履行perform27.履行地performance28.受理/处理案件to hear the case★29.原告plaintiff★30.被告defendant★31.与合同最密切联系most involved with the contract32.选择法庭choice of forum第二课双重法院体系1.司法的judicial2.初审法庭trial court3.终审法院court of last resort★4.上诉法院court of appeals5.上诉，申诉appeal…to6.证人witness7.证据evidence8.陪审团jury9.查明事实的人，事实发现者fact-finder10.上诉的，有权受理上诉的appellate11.遗嘱probate12.小额诉讼法院small claims court13.律师attorney14.程序procedure15.提出（申请）file★16.申请小额索赔file claims for small sums of money17.定罪conviction★18.仲裁人，公断人，裁决人arbiter19.最高法院the Supreme Court20.先例procedureUnit Two第一课抗辩制1.上诉人appellant2.被上诉人appellee3.诉由,案由cause of action★4.向某人提起诉讼，到法院告某人to bring an action/lawsuit against sb.5.第三那人被告third-party defendant6.庭审程序trial procedure★7.英美法系国家的司法程序Anglo-American judicial procedure8.认定事实find the fact9.证据submission10.抗辩制adversary system11.提起诉讼begin suit12.界定争议shape the issues13.出示证据produce evidence14.争议当事人parties to the controversy15.纠问的inquisitorial16.庭前调查pre-trial investigation17.大陆法传统civil law tradition18.庭辩风格style of presentation and argument19.有利害关系的当事人interested parties第二课开启一个诉讼1.起诉sue2.诉讼当事人litigant3.司法救济，救济；减轻，缓解relief4.提供法律救助to furnish a relief5.纠正，补偿redress6.诉诸法院bring to court★7.和解settlement★8.仲裁arbitration9.自力救济self-help10.搁置纠纷let matters rest11.损害赔偿damages★12.实际履行specific performance13.对事管辖权jurisdiction over the subject matter14.对人管辖权jurisdiction over the parties15.管辖权jurisdiction16.违约之诉damages for breach of contract17.法庭forum18.最低限度联系minimum contacts19.实体公正substantial justice20.审判地venue21.规定（援引法条）provide/read第三课诉状和对抗诉状的动议1.诉状pleading2.起诉状complaint3.向法院提交诉讼状或答辩状/办理立案to file a pleading/lawsuit with the court4.陈述，阐明to set forth5.书记员clerk6.传票summons7.出具传票to issue a summons8.向某人送达传票、起诉书、法律文书to serve a summons, complaint, legal document on sb.9.通知notify10.同意出庭an entry of appearance11.指控，声称allegation12.成为争议问题put in issue13.积极抗辩affirmative defense14.反诉counterclaim15.(用辩解)减轻extenuate16.未到庭，未履行义务to be in default17.驳回dismiss18.传票送达service of process/service of summons19.法律上的充分性legal sufficiency20. 提出异议，反对challenge第四课调查取证1.庭前取证，调查pre-trial discovery2.录取证词，宣誓证明depose3.证词笔录,书证deposition4.宣誓under oath5.书面质询written interrogatories6.人身伤害案件personal injury case7.保持中立take no part8.意外因素surprise element9.争议controversy。
Tort Law侵权法英文版
侵权责任法Tort Liability Law第一章一般规定General Provisions第一条为保护民事主体的合法权益，明确侵权责任，预防并制裁侵权行为，促进社会和谐稳定，制定本法。
In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of civil subjects, clarify the tort lability, prevent and punishtortious conduct, and promote the social harmony and stability, this Law is formulated.第二条侵害民事权益，应当依照本法承担侵权责任。
本法所称民事权益，包括生命权、健康权、姓名权、名誉权、荣誉权、肖像权、隐私权、婚姻自主权、监护权、所有权、用益物权、担保物权、著作权、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、股权、继承权等人身、财产权益。
Those who infringe upon civil rights and interests shall be subject to the tort liability according to this Law.“Civil rights and interests” in this Law include the right to life, right to health, right to name, right to reputation, right to honor, right to portrait, right of privacy, marital autonomy, guardianship, ownership, usufruct, security interest, copyright, patent right, exclusive right to use a trademark, right to discover, equities, right of succession, and other personal and property rights and interests.第三条被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。
法律英语必背单词期末考试法学
法律英语必背单词第一章法律制度Civil Law：民法Economic Law：经济法Legal system：法律制度；法律体系；法系American’s youth：美国建国初期Fifty States：50个州（美国是个联邦制国家，每个州都是一个相对独立的实体，有着自己的宪法和政府组织，因此把state理解成邦国更为准确）The reports of the United States Supreme Court：联邦最高法院判例汇编Stout volumes：巨册Overarching：贯穿始终的National characteristics：民族特性Binding interpretation：有约束力的法律解释Common law：普通法（它是统一适用于整个国家，效力优先于地方习惯法的法律，因此理解成共同法更为准确）Itinerant judges of the English royal court：英国皇家法院的巡回法官Writ：令状Provisions of Oxford：牛津条例（从贵族会议中推选出的24人委员会为限制亨利三世的权力而在1258年制定的一部带有宪法性质的法律）Writ upon the case：本案令状Ex aequo et bono：公平且善良Court of Chancery：衡平法院Maxims：法则Compensatory damage：金钱赔偿Judicial acceptance：司法接纳（即，通过判例法的方式接受）第二章法律职业Legal profession：法律职业The bar：法律职业Multistate Bar Exam：律师资格考试Substantial fraction：大多数Lawyer：律师Attorney：律师Attorney-at-law：律师Counsellor：律师Counsellor-at-law：律师Retain：雇用Practice law：从事律师业务Harlan Fiske Stone：哈兰·菲斯克·斯通，1941年担任最高法院首席大法官Chief Justice：首席大法官Barristers and solicitors：诉讼律师和非诉律师。
法律英语参考译文 完整版Lesson1-16
没有法律，社会就会处于无政府状态。法律是社会赖以生存的手段，它提供 个人保障，它建立制度和维持社会秩序、保持社会秩序、保证社会健康和安全， 它提供一个和平解决争端的方式，它维持人与人之间在经济关系中的稳定性和灵 活性，以及它禁止对社会有破坏性的行为。规章制度反映其所实施的社会和时代。 法律的发展是符合实际的，它在其日常运作中随着社会对合理性和灵活性 参考译文 免费共享 ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆
泛地被表述着，但这不过只是用普通法的填充着法律的具体条款罢了。其他的法 律部门，特别是商事法，就几乎完全是制定法的结果。如公司法和反托拉斯法就 完全是由立法机关制定的，而非法院判决。
制定法的形式之一就是由法令（条例）组成的，这些法令是由市政府的立法 机关制定的法规。法令是具有普遍性和永久性的国内法，这包括消防规范、停车 规章、以及城市选举章程。
这个词（common law）的第二层含义是将普通法的管辖范围与大陆法或法典 的管辖范围区分开来。普通法的管辖范围大部分来自英国的法律制度，它极其重
不要生气，要争气！
1
☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ 参考译文 免费共享 ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆
前言（必看）
1、此翻译并非权威翻译，而是技术含量不高的译文。其中肯定有 很多不恰当甚至错误的地方，故仅供参考，欢迎各位同学指正。（新 浪微博我是空白白。声明：任何人不得以营利为目的而上传此文档。）
2、制作本译文动力源于兴趣，目的在于互相交流学习。 3、如果你只是想以此译文来应付老师上课的抽问，那么你大可不 必下载或复制此文档，因为这样你对不起你自己。 4、本译文=老师的长难句注解（即划线部分。我无意间在网上找 到了部分老师传到网上的注解文档。O(∩_∩)O ）+1 位往届同学的翻译+1 位同届同学的翻译+课堂笔记+本人拙译（虽然本人英语不怎么好，但 我会尽最大努力与大家分享所学到的知识）。 5、此参考译文并不能作为你懒惰的资本，课下你必须亲自逐字逐 句去翻译。其实很少有人课下认认真真地去翻译，也许他们瞧不起这 一科。只要你课下亲自去认真翻译了，无论你英语有多差劲，必定会 有所收获的，期末考试也会较轻松的。 6、当年，第 3、6、15、16 课老师没有讲，所以这几课是根据自 己理解而作的翻译，但我找到了老师上传的第 3、16 课的长难句翻译。 7、《元照英美法词典》 pdf 版下载地址：（按住 Ctrl 键并单击鼠标左键） /file/id_28862953323236512.htm 。
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Architect
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Construction worker
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Duty of care
Restrictive interpretation : The duty must be owed toward the particular plaintiff .
必须对特定的原告负有照看义务
Lesson Ten
Tort Law
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Punishment is justice for the unjust. Augustine British writer 惩罚是对正义 的伸张。 英国作家 奥古斯丁
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Tort
Background
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Part 3: Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任
Negligent act
Causality
Injury
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A person is negligent
if he has not complied with his ―duty of care‖ and ,has not acted as ―a reasonable and prudent man‖.
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“dram- shop acts” 小酒店法令
A party injured as a result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim against him who contributed to the tortfeasor’s intoxication. 作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的 当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人 提出索赔请求。
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Tort
Intentional tort Negligence or negligent tort Strict liability tort Personal tort Property tort Remedy -damages
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Part 1: Introduction
如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”， 没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样 行事。 过失
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要考虑到
The special professional qualification for the tortfeasor – 侵权者的特别专业资质
Different criteria
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Contributory negligence 共同过失
a doctrine of common law that if a person was injured in part due to his/her own negligence (his/her negligence "contributed" to the accident), the injured party would not be entitled to collect any damages (money) from another party who supposedly caused the accident. – /
Recovery of intangible damage
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3.Everyone is liable for his tort act , – 每个人都要对其侵权行为负责， in limited form also children （however, parents only when they acted as the child’s agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）, – 在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当 其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义 务行事时才负此责）， but not the state unless express statutory provision has abolished state immunity . – 但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了 2013-7-11 13 国家的豁免权。 法律英语
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2.Tort law and the law of contracts overlap
An injury party has the choice between a tort claim and a suit in contracts.
Conversion 非法占有财产 Personal injury 人身伤害 Implied contract默示合同 Personal injury人身伤害 Breach of warranty 违背保证诺言
1. Automobile accidents damages claims 要求赔偿 most civil suits 大多数民事诉讼
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tort law 侵权法
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Many circumstances
The plaintiff in a civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will often rely more on human than on legal considerations…… 民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出 索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑 而不是法律的考虑。
drunken driving
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Part 2: Intentional Torts故意侵权行为
Battery 殴打 Assault 侵犯他人身体 Conversion of property 非法侵占财产 False imprisonment 非法拘禁 Trespass to personal and real property 侵占动产、 不动产 Defamation 诽谤 Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权 Products liability 产品质量责任
儿童受伤
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Compensation and damages 补偿费和损害赔偿金
Actual loss 实际损害 Intangible damage 无形损害 A plaintiff can play on the human reaction of the jury 原告利用陪审团的人性反应 A permanent disability of loss of a limb
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4. Everyone is protected against tortious act, including the embryo. 每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为 的伤害。 The heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of their relative or testator (wrongful death action ) 继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱 人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常 死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。
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American law permits
the participation of the attorney in the plaintiff’s recovery (contingent fee) 美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿 金（胜诉酬金） Amount to 25 to 33% of the verdict 酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。
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No claim for compensation不能要求赔偿
The injured party has been guilty of contributory negligence – 共同过失 has assumed the risk – 预计到有危险
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“dram- shop acts”
Dram Shop acts, enacted in the 19th century, usually impose liability for negligence on the sellers of alcoholic beverages for sales to: – persons under the legal drinking age, or – those who are obviously intoxicated. People who serve alcoholic beverages may be liable under state laws for damages resulting from the consumption of those beverages.
The breach of a duty that results in an injury for which there is a remedy at law.
– /
Torts include all negligence cases as well as intentional wrongs which result in harm.
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