Business Law and the Regulation of Business Chapter 31
道路交通法规 英文版
道路交通法规的英文版可能因国家和地区而异，因为每个国家的交通法规都有自己的特定语言和规定。
以下是一个示例英文版的道路交通法规：Title: Road Traffic RegulationsSection 1: General Provisions1.1 These regulations shall apply to the organization, operation and safety of road traffic.1.2 Road traffic shall comply with the provisions of this Law and other laws and regulations on road traffic safety.Section 2: Road Traffic Signs and Signals2.1 Road traffic signs and signals shall be set up at the intersection, branch road and other necessary places to indicate the direction, warning and other information of road traffic.2.2 Road traffic signs and signals shall comply with the national standards and specifications.Section 3: Road Traffic Safety Equipment3.1 Road traffic safety equipment shall comply with the national standards and specifications.3.2 Vehicles used for road transportation shall be equipped with the necessary safety equipment, such as brakes, steering wheels, headlights, horns, etc.Section 4: Vehicle Operation and Control4.1 Drivers shall operate vehicles in accordance with the operating rules specified by the State, ensure road traffic safety, and comply with the speed limit and other relevant provisions.4.2 Drivers shall not use mobile phones or other devices that may distract their attention while driving.Section 5: Traffic Safety Supervision and Inspection5.1 The traffic management department shall strengthen the supervision and inspection of road traffic safety, and investigate andhandle violations of road traffic laws and regulations in accordance with the law.5.2 The traffic management department may inspect the road traffic equipment, facilities and documents of vehicles in accordance with the law.。
司机管理制度(英文)
THE WAY OF MANAGING FOR DRIVERS AND OPERATORS●Operators should undertake the daily maintaining of machine.Checking of oil, water, and performance of machine should be done before normal work. After cleaning surface of equipment and lubrication，fill the examine record of equipment rightly and then start work。
Chinese directors can bring forward punishment and dismissal shall follow on an operators who do not function well in execution of daily maintaining of equipment to the management CHICO。
.●Before starting regular work every day, operators should ask clearlyabout working content and relational requirement from Chinese Directors。
Meanwhile Chinese Directors should emphasize that all operators should pay more attention to the safety matters on site。
●It is prohibited or forbidden to steal and sell off diesel，fitting of notCHICCO’s property without the Supervisor’s authority. Once found stealing，penalty of dismissal will be followed without notice.●After off duty every day，operators should park the equipmentaccording to the directive from the Chinese Supervisor and take some measures to protect the safety of equipment. After it is done●Handover the key to the Chinese supervisor after works for safetystorage。
国家开放大学《商务英语4》Unit 4 Self-test试题及答案
一、选择填空题（每题10分，共5题）—Betty, we'll have a buffet party next Saturday. Will you join us?—_______ , Susan. Thank you!选择一项：A. I'd love toB. I'm afraid notC. By no means反馈你的回答正确解析：本题考核表达“回复邀请”的交际用语。
第一说话人邀请对方参加聚会，听者表示有兴趣参加，所以答案是A。
正确答案是：I'd love to—I had a really good weekend at the seaside.—____________.选择一项：A. Oh, that's very nice of youB. Oh, I'm glad to hear thatC. It's a pleasure解析：本题考核表达“赞赏”的交际用语。
第一说话人谈到在海边度过愉快的周末，选项A 表示感谢；选项Ｂ表示赞赏，选项C表示很乐意，所以答案是B。
正确答案是：Oh, I'm glad to hear thatTrademarks, proprietary service marks and regulations need _____ carefully.选择一项：A. to be observedB. be observedC. being observed译文：要认真遵守商标权、专属服务标志权和规章制度。
解析：句中need表示“需要，应该……”时，是实意动词，后面可以接动词不定式作宾语，但是动词不定式observe与主语之间是被动关系，所以答案是A。
正确答案是：to be observedWe didn't understand how difficult it was to ____ such a breakfast.选择一项：A. districtB. distributeC. distract译文：我们不明白配销这样一份早餐有多么困难。
2023年大学英语三级模拟真题
大学英语三级(B)真题2023年06月Part ⅠListening ComprehensionDirections.Thi.par.i.t.tes.you.listenin.ability.I.consist.o..sections.1.A.Let'.hav..break.. B.Thi.way.please..C.Don'.mentio.it. D.No.than.you.2.A.O.Monday... B.Joh.Smith... C.Tak.i.easy.....D.It'te.3.A.Ho.d.yo.do.... B.I.doesn'.matter. C.Yes.please... D.Min.you.step.4.A.I'.afrai.not......B.Neve.mind.. C.Hurr.up... D.Hav..goo.time.5.A.G.ahead.please... B.Yes..am. C.I'.lov.to..... D.He'.fro.China.6.A.Oh..see........B.Her.i.is. C.It'.ove.there....D.Yes.o.course.7.A.G.on.please....B.Tw.dollars... C.Sure..will.....D.Her.yo.are.Section B8.A.Abou.15.year.ago...........B.Abou.12.year.ago.. C.Abou.11.year.ago.......... D.Abou.10.year.ago.9.A.Boring................ B.Difficult.. C.Interesting...............D.Satisfactory.10.A.It.location.............. B.It.development...C.It.population.............D.It.history.11.A.I.i.modem............. B.I.i.crowded...C.I.i.small..............D.I.i.quiet.12.A.Sh.i.i.poo.health..........B.Sh.faile..test...C.Sh.hasn'.enoug.money........D.Sh.hasn'.go.an.offer.13.A.Sho.hi.I.card...........B.Fil.i..form...C.Writ..report............. D.Pa.som.money.14.A.Sh.ha.he.le.broken......... B.Sh.fel.fro..bicycle...C.Sh.feel..bac.pain..........D.Sh.ha.go..headache.Section C15.A.A.apartmen.wit..goo.view..... B.A.apartmen.o.two-bedrooms...C.A.apartmen.o.th.groun.floor.... D.A.apartmen.wit.centra.heating.16.A.Nea..subwa.station......... B.Nea..hotel...C.I.th.downtown............D.I.th.suburbs.17.A.T.hav.bette.opportunities.......B.T.improv.hi.skills...C.T.wor.fewe.hours..........D.T.ge..highe.salary.18.A.Fo.si.years..............B.Fo.fiv.years...C.Fo.thre.year.............D.Fo.tw.years.19.A..professor.............. B..manager...C.A.engineer..............D..designer.Section Dpany..woul.lik.t.sa."Than.yo.fo. 2..u.t.suc..wonderfu.p arty"..thin.th.musi.i. 2. .th.foo.an.win.ar.ver.nice.an.th.peopl.her.ar.al.ver.kind.Als.we'v.enjoye. meetin.an. fortabl.tim.together.W.hav.reall.enjoye.ourselves..hop.w.wil.b.a bl.t.maintai.th. 2..an.mak.nex.yea.anothe.grea.on.together.Than.yo.agai.fo.th.party.We'v.reall.h a. 2. .Part ⅡVocabulary and Structure25. It was not until yesterday ______ they decided to re-open the business talk...A.whe...... B.whic...... C.tha...... D.as26. We have to ______ the cost of setting up a new hospital in that area...A.wor.ou.....B.pu.o...... C.fil.u..... D.carr.on27、We need to ______ an eye on all the activities to make sure that people stay safe...A.catc...... B.kee.......C.tak...... D.bring28、The local government has always placed a strong emphasis ______ education and vocational training...A.wit.......B.fo........C.o.......D.to29、Don't take the wrong turn before you ______ the railway station...A.hav.......B.ru........C.kee...... D.reach30、The team doesn't mind ______ at weekends as long as they can finish the task...A.worke......B.workin......C.t.wor.....D.work31. We are a non-profit company ______ team members are from all over the country...A.whos......B.tha....... C.whic..... D.what32. The meeting room is so small that it can hold 20 people ______.s......B.a.firs...... C.a.mos.....D.a.once33. She gave us a detailed ______ of the local government's new health-care proposal...A.impressio.... B.explanatio.... catio.... munication34. Linda ______ her training in a joint company by the end of next month... A.finishe......B.ha.finishe.... C.ha.finishe... D.wil.hav.finished35. We were impressed by the (suggest) ______ you made at yesterday's meeting.36. The (long) ______ Charles has lived in this city, the more he likes it.37、If you want to learn some terms related to your field, you will find this book might be (help) ______.38、No one is allowed (smoke) ______ in public buildings according to the new regulation.39、The new president (ask) ______ some tough questions by the reporter in the interview yesterday.Part ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections.Thi.par.i.t.tes.you.readin.ability.Ther.ar..task.fo.yo.t.fulfill.Y o.shoul.rea.th.readin.material.carefull.an.d.th.task.a.yo.ar.instructed.Notice of Baggage Inspection (检查). T.protec.yo.an.you.fello.passengers.th.Transportatio.Securit.Administratio.(. t.inspec.al.checke.baggage.A.par.o.thi.process.som.bag.ar.opene.an.inspected.You.ba.wa.amon.t hos.selecte.fo.inspection.. Durin.th.inspection.you.ba.an.it.content.ma.hav.bee.searche.fo.prohibite.(违禁旳pleted.th.content.wer.returne.t.you.bag.. I.th.TS.securit.office.wa.unabl.t.ope.you.ba.fo.inspectio.becaus.i.wa.locked.th.office.ma.hav.b ee.force.t.brea.th.lock.o.you.bag.TS.sincerel.regret.havin.t.d.this.However.TS.i.no.responsibl.fo. damag.t.you.lock.resultin.fro.thi.necessar.securit.measures.For packing tips and suggestions on how to secure your baggage during your next trip, please visit: .gov.. ments.o.concerns.pleas.f ee.fre.t.contac.th.TS.Contac.Center.40、According to the passage, TSA is required to inspect your baggage ______...A.wit.you.writte.permissio... B.a.th.reques.o.police..C.b.airline.......... w41. According to the Notice, the purpose of the inspection is to ______...A.fin.al.overweigh.baggag...B.searc.fo.prohibite.items..C.charg.custom.dutie.....D.chec.damage.items42. After the inspection, the contents in your bag would ______...A.b.delivere.t.you.addres...B.b.give.t.yo.i.person..C.b.returne.t.you.ba.... D.b.kep.a.th.airport43. If your bag is locked, the TSA security officer may have to ______...A.brea.th.lock....... B.han.i.ove.t.police..C.giv.u.th.inspectio.... D.as.yo.t.ope.th.bag44. If the locks of your bag are damaged because of the inspection, TSA will ______... A.pa.fo.th.damag...... B.bu.yo..ne.lock.. C.no.b.responsibl.fo.i.... D.no.inspec.i.i.you.nex.tripTask 2Directions.Th.followin.i..poster.Afte.readin.it.yo.wil.fin..question.o.unfinishe.statements.number e.4.t.47.Fo.eac.questio.o.statement.ther.ar..choice.marke.A.B..an.D.Yo.shoul.mak.th.correc.choic .an.mar.th.correspondin.lette.o.th.Answe.Shee.wit..singl.lin.throug.th.center.Notes: docent (博物馆等场所旳)讲解员45. How long does the docent training program last?.. A.Fou.weeks...............B.Si.weeks... C.Eigh.weeks.............. D.Te.weeks.46. To apply for the program, you should ______... A.firs.downloa.a.applicatio.for.....B.b.goo.a.workin.wit.animals .. C.b.a.experience.publi.speake..... b47、To attend the program, you must be at least ______... A.1.year.ol....B.1.year.ol....C.1.year.ol...D.2.year.oldTask 3Directions.Th.followin.passag.i.abou..surve.conducte.b.Corvalli.Clinic.Afte.readin.it.yo.shoul.co rmatio.b.fillin.i.th.blank.marke.4.t.5.(i.n.mor.tha..words.i.th.tabl.below.Yo.shoul.wr it.you.answer.o.th.Answe.Shee.correspondingly.Than.yo.fo.selectin.th.Corvalli.Clini.(诊所.fo.you.recen.healthcar.needs.T.continu.deliverin.th.highes.possibl.leve.o.service.w.surve.ou.p ment.an.suggestion.yo.provid.abou.you.visi. wil.hel.u.evaluat.(评价.ou.service.an.improv.ou.care.. .an.t he.wil.b.kep.confidentia.(保密)..postage-pai.repl.envelop.i.enclose.fo.you.convenience.I.yo.hav.an.question.abou.thi.survey. pleas.cal.ou.Servic.Cente.a.541-754-1374.. Than.yo.fo.helpin.u.a.w.continuall.tr.ou.bes.t.improv.th.qualit.o.medica.care.Pleas.dro.you.co mplete.surve.i.th.mai.a.soo.a.possible.Patients' SurveySurvey conducted by: Corvallis ClinicAim of the survey: to deliver the highest possible level of serviceValues of patients comments and suggestions:1) helping to evaluate the clinic's 48 ;2) helping to improve the clinic's 49Promise by the clinic: comments and suggestions to be kept 50Enclosure: a 51 reply envelopeContact: to call Service Center at 52Task 4e.i.Safet.Management.Afte.readin.it.yo.ar.require.t.fin.th.it em.equivalen.t.thos.give.i.Chines.i.th.tabl.below.The.yo.shoul.mar.th.correspondin.letter.i.orde.o .th.numbere.blanks.5.throug.57.o.th.Answe.Sheet.A—Warning equipment B—Accident managementC—Protection measures D—Risk assessmentE—Administrative controls F—Detection techniqueG—Failure analysis H—Responsible personI—Harmful substances J—Protection devicesK—Accident statistics L—Safety standardsM—Accident prevention N—Monitoring systemO—Special operation P—Medical aidQ—Emergency rescue53. ______事故记录 ______检测技术54. ______报警设备 ______医疗救护55. ______有害物质 ______管理控制56. ______保护措施 ______负责人57、______特殊作业 ______失效分析Task 5plet.th.answer.tha.follo.th.q uestion.(No.5.t.No.62).Yo.shoul.writ.you.answer.(i.n.mor.tha..words.o.th.Answe.Shee.correspondingly.ITaP Instructional Lab Etiquette (守则). .i..stud.zone—municatio.device.shoul.b.turne.of.whil.insid b.. .Grou.studying—puters.* Log off from your computer—workstations left idle (空闲状态旳) for more than 10 minutes will be reset to the log-in screen.* Printouts are limited to 10-minute printing time—break large print jobs into smaller print jobs.* Customer's forms or paper are not permitted in ITaP printers—this can damage the printers,* Computers are available on a first-come-first-serve basis only during computer lab hours of operation and when no classes are scheduled in the room.58、What should you do with your cell phones while you are inside the lab?You should ______ your cell phones.59、When can you do your group studying in the lab?At ______ times.60、Why should you break large print jobs into smaller ones?Because printouts are limited to ______ printing time.61. Why are the customer's forms or paper not permitted in ITaP printers?They can ______.62. When can you use the computers in the lab?During the lab hours of ______ with no classes scheduled.Part ⅣTranslationDirections.Thi.part.numbere.6.t.67.i.t.tes.you.abilit.t.translat.Englis.int.Chinese.Eac.o.th.fou.sent ence.(No.6.t.No.66.i.followe.b.thre.choice.o.suggeste.translatio.marke.A.B.an.C.Mak.th.bes.choi c.an.writ.th.correspondin.lette.o.th.Answe.Shee.wit..singl.lin.throug.th.center.An.the.writ.you.tra nslatio.o.th.paragrap.(No.67.i.th.correspondin.spac.o.th.Translation/Compositio.Sheet.63. The healthcare and social assistant sector will account for almost a third of the job growth from 2023 to 2023.A.从2023年至2023年, 从事医疗保健工作旳员工将占社会救济业旳三分之一。
国内外汽车法规概况
国内外汽车法规概况国内外汽车法规概况1、联合国欧洲经济委员会汽车法规二次大战后，联合国为扶持欧洲经济恢复，进行欧洲经济的调查研究，向有关各国政府和联合国专门机构提出建议，于1947年3月正式成立了欧洲经济委员会（Economic Commission for Europe，简称ECE），作为联合国经济及社会理事会下设的五个地区性经济委员会之一。
五十年代，欧洲一些国家就对机动车排放、灯光、制动等方面制定了一些技术法规，但各国规定的检查方法、效果的评定及限值要求不尽相同。
法规的不统一妨碍了欧洲各国间的自由贸易和国际间的运输。
在国际贸易中道路车辆及其部件、装备的进出口贸易占有重要的地位。
因此，联合国欧洲经济委员会为了开辟市场、促进工业增长和国际贸易，于1958年签订了“关于采用统一条件批准机动车辆和部件互相承认批准的协定书”。
据此，缔约国之间开始制定一套统一的机动车法规（ECE法规），对需要认证的机动车及其部件，采用这套法规进行认证，并对各国的认证互相承认。
ECE法规由联合国欧洲经济委员会下辖的道路运输委员会车辆结构专家组（WP29）具体负责起草。
该专家组下设噪声、乘员保护装置、制动和底盘、污染和能源、车辆状况、灯光技术、客车及一般安全等小组。
任何一个缔约国都可以提出制（修）订草案，任何一个缔约国都可以宣布采用或停止采用某一ECE法规。
因此，ECE法规在缔约国内是自愿采用的，各国可根据本国的具体情况，可全部或部分采用，也可不采用，灵活性比较大。
尽管如此，由于ECE法规所具有的极大的国际性，各有关国家不论是缔约国还是非缔约国，只要条件具备，都尽可能采用，以促进国际间技术交流和自由贸易。
ECE汽车法规自从1958年制定以来，经不断修改和补充，至今已形成89项之多的完善体系，对机动车及其部件的安全和环境保护等方面提出了统一要求。
2、欧洲经济共同体汽车法规欧洲经济共同体（European Economic Community，简称EEC）是由西欧主要资本主义国家组成的一个政治和经济集团，又称“西欧共同市场”或“欧洲共同市场”。
商务英语导论商务英语教程英文版 期末考试术语整理
一、International Business（一）New words and expressionsLicensing 发放执照Franchising 特许经营Ensemble 整体，集合体Geological 地质的Precipitation 降雨量humus 腐殖质interplay 相互作用ferment 发酵meander 曲径moderate 减轻，缓冲staggering 惊人的merger 兼并acquisition 收购manifold 多方面的retaliatory 报复的，复仇的procurement 采购embargo 禁运devaluation 贬值real estate房地产ad valorem 从价税specific duties 从量税alternative duties 选择税compound duties复合税import surtax 进口附加税countervailing duty反补贴税anti - dumping duty 反倾销税（二）Notes1.Without a clear knowledge of an enterprise’s location relative to its suppliers , toits market , and to its competitors , an executive operates like the captain of a fog -bound vessel that has lost all navigational instruments and is heading for dangerous shoals ，如果一名高官不能了解其供应商、市场和竞争对手的位置，其处境就像一位困在雾中轮船的船长，轮船导航已失灵，船正驶向危险的浅滩。
在本句中，“ knowledge ”是“认识”的意思。
2.The wines fermented from these grapes are shipped around the world toconsumers , who differentiate among various wines based not only on the grapes but also on the places where they were grown and the conditions during which they matured ．用这些葡萄酿制的葡萄酒被运往世界各地，消费者不仅可以根据葡萄，还可根据它的产地和成熟条件来区分这些葡萄酒。
经营者集中申报办法(英译版本)
经营者集中申报办法（英译版本）-Legal Translation [转贴2011-03-08 19:45:09]字号：大中小【发布单位】中华人民共和国商务部【发布日期】2009年11月21日【实施日期】2010年1月1日第一条为规范经营者集中申报和反垄断执法机构受理申报，根据《中华人民共和国反垄断法》（以下简称《反垄断法》）和《国务院关于经营者集中申报标准的规定》（以下简称《规定》），制定本办法。
第二条商务部是经营者集中反垄断审查执法机构，承担受理和审查经营者集中申报的具体执法工作。
第三条本办法所称经营者集中，系指《反垄断法》第二十条所规定的下列情形：（一）经营者合并；（二）经营者通过取得股权或者资产的方式取得对其他经营者的控制权；（三）经营者通过合同等方式取得对其他经营者的控制权或者能够对其他经营者施加决定性影响。
第四条营业额包括相关经营者上一会计年度内销售产品和提供服务所获得的收入，扣除相关税金及其附加。
《规定》第三条所称“在中国境内”是指经营者提供产品或服务的买方所在地在中国境内。
第五条参与集中的单个经营者的营业额应当为下述经营者的营业额总和：（一）该单个经营者；（二）第（一）项所指经营者直接或间接控制的其他经营者；（三）直接或间接控制第（一）项所指经营者的其他经营者；（四）第（三）项所指经营者直接或间接控制的其他经营者；（五）第（一）至（四）项所指经营者中两个或两个以上经营者共同控制的其他经营者。
参与集中的单个经营者的营业额不包括上述（一）至（五）项所列经营者之间发生的营业额。
如果参与集中的单个经营者之间或者参与集中的单个经营者和未参与集中的经营者之间有共同控制的其他经营者，参与集中的单个经营者的营业额应当包括被共同控制的经营者与第三方经营者之间的营业额，且此营业额只计算一次。
第六条如果参与集中的单个经营者之间有共同控制的其他经营者，则参与集中的所有经营者的合计营业额不应包括被共同控制的经营者与任何一个共同控制他的参与集中的经营者，或与后者有控制关系的经营者之间发生的营业额。
城市交通的英文表达
城市交通的英文表达elevated railway, overhead railway, aerial railway 高架铁路mine railway 矿区铁路funicular (railway) 缆索铁路，登山铁路light railway line 轻便铁道urban railway 市区铁路railway network 铁路网railway transport 铁路运输trial run 试车open to traffic 通车porter 搬运工人ticket inspector 查票员ticket 车票single ticket, oneway ticket 单程票return ticket, roundtrip ticket 来回票platform ticket 站台票railway station 车站station hall 车站大厅information desk 服务台waiting room 候车室passenger station 客车站time-table 时刻表arrival time-table 到站时刻表departure time-table 发车时刻表ticket-collector, gateman 收票员ticket office, booking office 售票处junction 枢纽站rail and water terminal 水陆联运站platform bridge 天桥luggage barrow 推行李车enquiry office, information desk 问讯处way station 小站label 行李标签luggage office 行李房left-luggage office 行李暂存处platform-ticket 验票口barrier 栅栏门platform 站台(electric) platform truck 站台车platform tunnel 站台地道platform roofing 站台顶棚station-master 站长terminal; terminus 终点站escalator 自动扶梯The train leaves the station at ..., The train is due out at ... 火车在（某时）离站to have one's ticket punched （给检票员）检票10 minutes behind schedule 晚点十分钟to change trains at ... 在（某地）换车The train is due at ... 在（某时）到达to break the journey 中途下车dining car, restaurant car, diner 餐车pantry 餐车食品室open wagon, (railway) wagon, (railway) truck 敞车carriage, coach, car 车厢roof 车顶concertina walls （车厢通道两侧的）伸缩篷step; foot board （车厢门口的）踏板gangway （车厢的）通道lidded ashtray 带盖烟灰盒tank wagon 罐车mixed train 混合列车freight train, goods train 货物列车engine, locomotive 机车window seat 靠窗座位coach; passenger train 客车express train; express 快车refrigerator wagon 冷藏车car attendant; train attendant 列车员guard, conductor 列车长slow train, way train 慢车covered wagon van, box car 棚车ordinary train 普通列车sleeping carriage with cushioned berths 软卧客车up train 上行车livestock wagon 牲畜车sleeping car, sleeper 卧车down train 下行车luggage van, baggage car 行李车rack, baggage rack 行李架sleeping carriage with semicushioned berths 硬卧客车ordinary seat 硬席carriage with semicushioned seats 硬座车mail car 邮政车mail and luggage van 邮政行李车through train 直达车special train 专车pointsman, switchman 道岔工人signal for blocking the track, block signal 闭塞信号semaphore signal, home signal 臂板信号warehouse 仓库siding, sidetrack 侧线，旁轨turnout 岔道weighing machine 秤重机derailing （火车）出轨single line (track) rail 单线points, switches 道岔switch lock, point lock 道岔锁wait sign, wait signal 等候标志（信号）marshalling yard, shunting yard 调车场dispatching 调度dispatcher 调度员crossover 渡线，转线轨道rail 钢轨track 轨道sleeper, railroad tie 轨枕rail chair 轨座buffer stop, bumping post 缓冲桩goods shed, freight depot 货棚goods station 货运站，货站container 集装箱locomotive (engine) shed 机车库station warning sign 进站预告标clearance 净空(signal) gantry （铁路上支持信号装置的）跨线桥barrier （道口）拦路木section 路段reduce speed sign (al) 慢行标志（信号）bell and whistle sign, whistle sign 鸣笛预告标platform car, flat car 平车grade crossing, level crossing （道路与铁路的）平面交叉track-laying machine, tracklayer 铺轨机double line (track) rail 双线volume of railway freight 铁路货运量railway connections 铁路交叉点，铁路联络线railway warning sign 铁路警告标志railway clearance 铁路净空railroad bed 铁路路基railway curve 铁路曲线（弯道）railway tunnel 铁路隧道railway line, railroad line 铁路线stop sign (al) 停车标志（信号）danger sign (al) 危险标志（信号）unprotected crossing 无防护设备的道口signal light (lamp) 信号灯signal box, signalman's cabin 信号房signalman 信号员wing rail (of frog) 翼轨distant signal, disk signal, target 圆盘信号机back-turning section 折返段frog 辙叉，岔心turn-table 车台，旋车盘point (box) , switch (box) 转辙器switch signal, point indicator 转辙信号交通规则(traffic regulation)词语解释路标guide post里程碑milestone停车标志mark car stop红绿灯traffic light自动红绿灯automatic traffic signal light红灯red light绿灯green light黄灯amber light交通岗traffic post岗亭police box交通警traffic police打手势pantomime单行线single line双白线double white lines双程线dual carriage-way斑马线zebra stripes划路线机traffic line marker交通干线artery traffic车行道carriage-way辅助车道lane auxiliary双车道two-way traffic自行车通行cyclists only单行道one way only窄路narrow road潮湿路滑slippery when wet陡坡steep hill不平整路rough road弯路curve road; bend road连续弯路winding road之字路double bend road之字公路switch back road下坡危险dangerous down grade道路交叉点road junction十字路cross road左转turn left右转turn right靠左keep left靠右keep right慢驶slow速度speed超速excessive speed速度限制speed limit恢复速度resume speed禁止通行no through traffic此路不通blocked不准驶入no entry不准超越keep in line; no overhead不准掉头no turns让车道passing bay回路loop安全岛safety island停车处parking place停私人车private car park只停公用车public car only不准停车restricted stop不准滞留restricted waiting临街停车parking on-street街外停车parking off-street街外卸车loading off-street当心行人caution pedestrian crossing当心牲畜caution animals前面狭桥narrow bridge ahead拱桥 hump bridge火车栅 level crossing修路 road works医院 hospital儿童 children学校 school寂静地带 silent zone非寂静地带 silent zone ends交通管理 traffic control人山人海 crowded conditions拥挤的人 jam-packed with people交通拥挤 traffic jam水泄不通 overwhelm顺挤 extrusion direct冲挤 extrusion impact推挤 shoved挨身轻推 nudging让路 give way粗心行人 careless pedestrian犯交通罪 committing traffic offences执照被记违章 endorsed on driving license 危险驾驶 dangerous driving粗心驾车 careless driving无教员而驾驶 driving without an instructor 无证驾驶 driving without license未经车主同意 without the owner's consent 无第三方保险 without third-party insurance 未挂学字牌 driving without a L plate安全第一safety first轻微碰撞slight impact迎面相撞head-on collision相撞collided连环撞 a chain collision撞车crash辗过run over肇事逃跑司机hit-run driver冲上人行道drive onto the pavementRoad and Traffic(公路和交通)Approaching end of motorway 即将驶出高速。
派车管理制度英文翻译
派车管理制度英文翻译1. PurposeThe purpose of this policy is to establish a system for the management of vehicles within the organization. The system aims to ensure the efficient and safe use of vehicles, as well as to minimize operational costs and maintain the overall security of the organization.2. ScopeThis policy applies to all vehicles owned, leased, or rented by the organization. It also covers all employees, contractors, and authorized users who operate these vehicles for business purposes.3. Policy3.1 Vehicle AcquisitionThe acquisition of vehicles for the organization shall be based on the operational needs and budget constraints. All vehicle acquisitions must be approved by the appropriate authority and must comply with the organization's procurement guidelines.3.2 Vehicle Maintenance and InspectionAll vehicles must undergo regular maintenance and inspection to ensure their safe and efficient operation. Maintenance schedules shall be established for all vehicles, and employees responsible for driving the vehicles shall be required to report any maintenance issues promptly.3.3 Vehicle UtilizationVehicles shall be assigned to employees based on their job responsibilities and operational needs. The use of organization vehicles for personal purposes is strictly prohibited, and employees are expected to adhere to the organization's policies and procedures for vehicle use.3.4 Vehicle Allocation and ReservationsA centralized system for the allocation and reservations of vehicles shall be established to ensure the efficient use of vehicles. Employees shall be required to make reservations for the vehicles they need in advance, and the allocation of vehicles shall be based on availability and operational needs.3.5 Driver Qualifications and TrainingEmployees who are assigned to drive organization vehicles must meet the required qualifications and undergo the necessary training. This may include possessing a valid driver's license, completing defensive driving courses, and attending vehicle safety training.3.6 Vehicle SecurityAll vehicles must be equipped with security features such as GPS tracking devices and alarm systems. Employees shall be responsible for ensuring the security of the vehicles and taking necessary precautions to prevent theft or unauthorized use.3.7 Accident Reporting and InvestigationIn the event of an accident involving an organization vehicle, employees must report the incident immediately to the appropriate authority. An investigation shall be conducted to determine the cause of the accident and to take necessary corrective actions to prevent similar incidents in the future.3.8 Vehicle DisposalWhen a vehicle is deemed no longer fit for use, it shall be disposed of in accordance with the organization's disposal policies and procedures. This may include selling, donating, or scrapping the vehicle based on its condition and value.4. Responsibilities4.1 ManagementManagement is responsible for establishing and implementing the vehicle management system, including creating policies and procedures, and ensuring compliance with applicable laws and regulations.4.2 EmployeesEmployees are responsible for adhering to the organization's vehicle management policies and procedures, including the safe and efficient operation of vehicles and reporting any maintenance issues or safety concerns.4.3 Fleet ManagerThe fleet manager is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the vehicle management system, including scheduling maintenance, coordinating vehicle reservations, and monitoring vehicle usage.4.4 Human ResourcesHuman resources is responsible for ensuring that employees who are assigned to drive organization vehicles meet the required qualifications and receive the necessary training.5. ComplianceNon-compliance with this policy may result in disciplinary action, including but not limited to reprimand, suspension, or termination of employment. Additionally, employees found tohave misused organization vehicles may be held liable for any resulting damages or expenses.6. Policy ReviewThis policy shall be reviewed on an annual basis to ensure its effectiveness and relevance to the organization's operations. Any necessary updates or modifications shall be made as needed to address any changing operational or regulatory requirements.7. ConclusionThe vehicle management system aims to ensure the efficient and safe use of vehicles within the organization, ultimately contributing to the overall effectiveness and productivity of the organization's operations. All employees are expected to comply with these policies and procedures to ensure the successful implementation of the system.。
外研版高二英语选修7_Module5_单选专项测试
外研版选修7Module5单选专项测试1. The government makes a law to protect ethnic__________.A. minorityB. majorityC. minoritiesD. majorities2. The tiger is native _______ India.A. fromB. toC. ofD. in3. On top of the books _______the photo album you’ re looking for?A. isB. areC. hasD. have4. At the age of thirty-four,he inherited the land ____ his grandfather.A. fromB. overC. withD. on5. The celebration of the Spring Festival is ________ in China.A. a scheduleB. a habitC. a customD. a fashion6.The purple building which has a long history is still _________.A. out of useB. in useC. come into useD. of use7. Little Edison sat on the eggs and wanted them ____.A. hatchB. to hatchC. hatchedD. hatching8. ______ into use in April 2000.the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.A. PutB. PuttingC. Having putD. Being put9. A passing car ____ mud ___ her skirt.A. splashed; onB. spread;onC. pumped;onD. bounced;on10. When I was doing shopping in the market the other day,I___ an old friend of mine,who I hadn’t met for ten years.A. came upB. came overC. came acrossD. came down11. They had often ___ elephants,but had never seen one.A. been heard ofB. heard ofC. been heard fromD. heard from12. She ____ her tent as soon as she got to the top of the mountain.A. put upB. get upC. come upD. hold up13. The scenery of the Mount Tai is so beautiful that I really _____ the place.A. fall forB. fell forC. fall offD. fell off14. I can’t answer this question now.please let me ______.A. think over itB. think it overC. think it ofD. think of it15. ----______ is the population of the world?---- The world has ______population of 6 billion.It has a ________population.A. How many ;the;large B .How much;a;many C. What;the;much D. What;a ;large16. The waterfall can be seen_____. Its sound may be heard at a distance of two miles.A.for a distanceB. from a distanceC. in the distanceD.in a distance17. He ____ for town in the early moring.A. set downB.set offC. set upD. set on18. He _____himself very quickly___ the new life of America.A. adjusted;inB. adjusted;forC.adjusted;withD. adjusted;to19. It cost us a lot of money to _____ our new flat.A. offerB. furnishC.supplyD. provide20. The _____ of doctors agree that smoking is harmful to health.A.minorityB. mostC.majorityD.minor21. The majority of children in our school _____ black eyes;only three have blue eyes.A.isB. areC. haveD. has22. The majority ______ against the plan.A. isB. areC. A and BD. /23. His family ____ going to move to another city.A. isB.areC.A and BD. will be24. I’m very happy that my family ____ very well.A. isB. areC. A and BD.will be25.Long long ago ,there _________.A. lived a kingB. a king livedC.did a king liveD.lives a king26.Now _______.A.your turn comeses your turnC. does the bus comeD.the bus does come27.South of the river________.A.lies a small factoryB.a small factory liesC.does a small factory lieD.a small factory does lie28. _________ the plane.A.Down flyingB. Down was flyingC.Down flewD.Flew down29.Away ran ______ and the police searched for him.A.heB.sheC. the prisonerD.they30.He has ______ of reading in bed.A.a conventionB.a habitC.a traditionD.a custom31.It is the ______ with the Japanese to bow when they meet their acquaintances.A.habitB.regulationC.customD.popularity32.His spare time has been made use of_____.A.to learn computersB.learning computersC.to be learnt computersD.to learning computers33. They had intented to ____ a plot up to murder the king but failed.eB.makeC.hatchD. fix34.Greatly ______, the students made up their minds to work at English even harder.A.inspiringB.inspiredC.having inspiredD. to inspire35._____ with the size of the whole earth,the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.pareB. When comparingparingD.When compared36. _____ time ,he’ll make a first-class tennis player.A.Having givenB.To giveC.GivingD.Given37.Generally speaking,________according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.A.when takingB.when takenC. when to takeD. when to be taken38.________ hard ,you’ll succeed.A.WorkB. To workC. WorkedD.Working39.The research is so designed that once _________ nothing can be done to change it.A.beginsB.having begunC.begingingD.begun40.He _____ his face with cold water to try to calm himself.A.splashedB.absorbedC.dippedD.spread41.He jumped into the pool and made a big_______.A.spreadB.sprayC.splashD.spot42.I hope you can_____ a better plan than this.e up withe upe acrosse on43.The question ___yet.A.hasn’t come upB.hasn’t been come upC.came upD.was come up44.This song _____ to us from the 10th century.A.came downB.came acrossC.came byD.came up45. A man_______ him and asked for a light.A.came up toB.came up withC.came upD.came with46.I _____my brother yesterday.A.heard fromB.receivedC.heard forD.heard of47.Before the war broke out,many people ______in safe places possessions they could not take with them.A.threw awayB.put awayC.gave awayD.carried away48.please help me___ this notice on the wall,so that visitors could read it at the entrance.A.put up Bput away. C.gave away D.carried away49.A new school _______in my hometown.A.has been put upB. has put upC.has been put awayD.has put away50.If you have some questions to ask,please_____your hands.A.put upB.put downC.put awayD.put on51.That was the summer.I worked at the fairground,and met and____Lucy.A.fall forB.fell forC.fall inD.fell in52. We must not _______such nonsense.A.fall forB.fell forC.fall backD.fell back53. West African countries have _______population of one million.A.aB.anC.theD./54.The population of the world_____ _____ much _______and it’s necessary to control the increase.A.has become;largerB.have become;largerC.has become;moreD.has become;smaller55. one third of the population of this country____ farmers.A.isB.areC. hasD. have56.The tiger population in the area_____in the past six years.A.have increasedB.has increasedC.were increasedD.was increased57.----____is the population of Canada?-----I don’t know exactly,but I’m sure that it has ___population than China.A.How much ;much lessB.How many ;fewC.What;much lessD.What; a much smaller58. For all these years I have been working for others.I’m hoping I’ll___ my own business someday.A.turn upB.fix upC.set upD.make up59.They set off_______England after 10 o’clock.A.toB.towardC.forD.atst winter he _____writing the science fiction and now it is almost completed.A.set outB.set upC.set offD.set about61.My camera can be___ to taking pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.A.adaptedB.adjustedC.fitD.revised62. He ____ himself ____ a pencil and some paper, and began to draw.A.gave; withB.furnished;ofC.furnished;withD.offered;with63.It is a picture of ____and he wants to walk through it.A.a puzzleB.a mazeC.a confusionD.a riddle64.When first _______ to the market,these products enjoyed great success.A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.being introduced65.While watching television,_____.A.the doorbell rangB.the doorbell ringsC.we heard the doorbell ringD.we heard the doorbell rings66.Mary is _____herself for the party.A.clearing upB.holding upC.keeping upD.making up67.Before the meeting,I _____his name on the list which was made by our head.A.came acrossB.came aboutC.came intoD. came true68.I don’t know why he is looking at me____ he knew me. I’ve never seen him before in my life.A.althoughB.asC.even ifD.as if69.Great changes ____ in the mountain villages since the 1980s.A.take placeB.have been taken placeC.have taken placeD.are taken place70.The sunlight came in___ the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.A.throughB.acrossC.onD.over71.Courage consists ___overcoming one’s fears.A.ofB.inC.up ofD.from72.It is the ____of giving presents at Christmas in the Western countries.A.customB.habitC.hobbyD.tradition参考答案CBAAC BCAAC BAABD CBDBC CCABA BACCB CACBD DBDDA CAAAA ABAAA BAAAB BDCCD BCBBC DADCA BA。
德国有轨电车建设和运营条例BOStrab完整版20120823--中文
目录
德国有轨电车建设和运营条例-BOStrab ...................................................................................................... 1 第一章 总则............................................................................................................................ 4
德国有轨电车建设和运营条例bostrab目录德国有轨电车建设和运营条例bostrab1第一章总则41定义和使用范围42基本规定53基础设施建设和车辆的一般性规定54运营的一般性规定55技术监督66特殊情况6第二章运营单位67运营方68运营负责人79运营负责人的指定8第三章工作人员810对工作人员的一般性要求811对乘务人员的特殊要求912工作人员的培训和考核913工作制度914病假制度10第四章运营设备1015运营线路1016路基1017上层路基1118建筑限界1219安全室1220道口1321信号灯系统1322列车安全控制系统1423通信系统1424电源设备1525接触网1526回流线1627照明设备1628道线1729桥梁1730隧道1731车站1832电扶梯和升降梯19第五章车辆2033列车设计2034列车外型尺寸2135转向架2136制动系统2237列车牵引2338列车控制2339受电弓和滑板2340车辆信号灯2341排障器2442车钩2443车门2444驾驶室2545车厢照明暖气和通风系统2546线路标识及对讲播音设备2647车辆标识2648紧急设备27第六章27运营2749驾驶规则2750速度规定2851信号灯2852工作人员2953工作人员的分配2954列车运行3055其他社会车辆3056列车故障处理3057设备和车辆的保养3158设备和车辆的使用3259违规行为32第七章程序规定3260施工文件的审批3261设备制造质量监督3362验收33第八章处罚规定规定效力及现行规定3463处罚规定3464已删除3465规定效力与现行规定34附件1对应第2035附件2对应3636附件337附件4对应21405138信号机标识和指示381
高三英语政治常识单选题30题
高三英语政治常识单选题30题1.The United States is a country with a presidential system. In this system, the president is elected by _____.A.the people directlyB.the CongressC.the Electoral CollegeD.the Supreme Court答案：C。
美国是总统制国家，总统由选举人团（Electoral College）选举产生。
选项A，美国人民并不是直接选举总统；选项B，国会不选举总统；选项D，最高法院不选举总统。
2.In the United Kingdom, the head of state is _____.A.the prime ministerB.the presidentC.the queenD.the speaker of the House of Commons答案：C。
英国的国家元首是女王。
选项A，首相是政府首脑；选项B，英国没有总统；选项D，下议院议长不是国家元首。
3.China is a socialist country. The highest organ of state power in China is _____.A.the National People's CongressB.the State CouncilC.the Central Committee of the Communist Party of ChinaD.the Supreme People's Court答案：A。
中国是社会主义国家，全国人民代表大会是国家最高权力机关。
选项B，国务院是国家最高行政机关；选项C，中国共产党中央委员会是党的领导机构；选项D，最高人民法院是国家最高审判机关。
4.In a democratic country, people can express their opinions through _____.A.votingB.protestsC.strikesD.riots答案：A。
马丁·路德·金的故事(英汉对照)第三节
马丁·路德·金的故事(英汉对照)第三节Section 3：Striding toward Freedom"Do your work so well that no one could do it better.Do it so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will have to say: Here lived a man who did his job as if GodAlmighty called him at this particular time in history to do it.";;Martin Luther King,Jr.好好做你的事，做得比其他人更好；好好做你的事，天上和地上的万象都会说：这里曾有一个人，他尽心尽责，就像是全能的上帝在历史的此一时刻召唤他去做事。
;;马丁;路德;金"We can no longer lend our cooperation to an evil system."claimed Dr.King after Rosa's case in Montgomery. Rosa was a hard-working, dignified black woman who refused to lend seat to a white woman on the bus and was arrested by the police. Her behavior was recognized by Martin as one that "tracked down by the zeitgeist, the spirit of the times." Finally the group decided to organize a boycott. If the black people of Montgomery refused to ride the buses, the bus company would lose about 75 percent of its business.“我们再也不能向邪恶的制度妥协。
ece英文法规
ece英文法规以下为您生成 20 个关于 ECE（Economic Commission for Europe，欧洲经济委员会）相关的英语内容：---## 法规1. The ECE regulations on vehicle emissions aim to reduce pollution.（欧洲经济委员会关于车辆排放的法规旨在减少污染。
）- 英语释义：Rules and laws established by the Economic Commission for Europe.- 短语：comply with ECE regulations（遵守欧洲经济委员会法规） - 单词：regulation（法规；规定）- 用法：regulate sth. according to ECE regulations（根据欧洲经济委员会法规规范某事）2. ECE standards for safety equipment in automobiles are strict. （欧洲经济委员会对汽车安全设备的标准很严格。
）- 英语释义：Criteria and norms set by the Economic Commission for Europe for a specific area.- 短语：meet ECE standards（达到欧洲经济委员会标准）- 单词：standard（标准；规格）- 用法：set ECE standards for sth.（为某事设定欧洲经济委员会标准）3. The new ECE directive on product labeling requires clear information. （欧洲经济委员会关于产品标签的新指令要求有清晰的信息。
）- 英语释义：An official instruction issued by the Economic Commission for Europe.- 短语：follow an ECE directive（遵循欧洲经济委员会指令）- 单词：directive（指令；命令）- 用法：issue an ECE directive（发布欧洲经济委员会指令）## 英语释义1. "ECE" stands for "Economic Commission for Europe". （“ECE”代表“欧洲经济委员会”。
国际贸易法律术语
International Business Law TermsA Note on the Incoterms （国际贸易术语通则解释）Absolute Advantage( 亚当 .斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications （对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺 /受盘）Act of State Doctrine （国家行为主义）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management（经营管理）Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）Agent for International Settlements （国际结算代理人）Agreement of the Parties （协议选择原则）Agriculture （农业协定）Alternative Dispute Resolution（ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law（普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（内国劳工法律域外适用）Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitrage （套汇）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses（仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals （仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements （文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment （合同权利转让）Attorney-General （法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution（自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance （解除）Bank Deposits （银行储蓄）Bases of Income Taxation （所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms （形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading（提单）Branch Banking （银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air （航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance （海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities （承运人责任/义务的豁免）Cartels (企业联合 /卡特尔 )Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law （准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law ( 民法法系 )Clearance and Settlement Procedures（交换和转让程序）Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks（银行跟单托收）Commercial Arbitration（国际商事仲裁）Commodity Arrangements （初级产品 /农产品安排）Common Enterprise Liability （企业的一般责任）Common Law ( 普通法系 )Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange（汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock（股票）Company Taxpayers（公司 /法人企业纳税人）Comparative Advantage( 大卫 .李嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems( 内国法系的比较研究)Compensation for Winding up（清算补偿）Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）Compulsory Licenses （强制许可）Computation of Income （收入计算）Conformity of Goods （与合同约定相符合的货物）Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State （给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意）Consideration in Common Law （英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law （当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods （国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent（代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal（委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG （排除在 CISG 适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权 /版权）Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与知识产权有关的理事会）Coverage of Tax Treaties （税收条约的覆盖范围）Creation of Agency（代理创立）Creditors of Partners （合伙人的债权人）Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy （金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位）Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States （国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务）Currency Exchange（外汇交易）Currency Support （资金 /财政援助）Custom（习惯）Customs Valuation （海关估价协定）Debt Securities （债券）Decision Making within the WTO（WTO内部决定作出机制）Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process （关税及贸易总协定 1947 争端解决程序的不足）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features （定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading （提单迟延）Denial of Justice （司法不公）Development Banks（发展银行）Direct Effect （直接效力）Direct Exporting( 直接出口 )Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation （董事和经理 / 首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement （争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order（依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership（散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments（收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders（红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities （文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision （双重征税的规定）Double Taxation （双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal（代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal（委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent（代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business （对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith（忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer （邀约 /发盘的效力）Employment Laws in the European Union （欧洲联盟雇佣/ 劳工法）Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development （经济合作与发展组织雇佣 /劳工标准）Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States （国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment（外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally（国际证券规则的执行）Environmental Regulation （环境规则）Escape Clause（免责条款）Euro-currency Deposits （欧洲货币储蓄）European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas （欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理）European Union Law on Trade in Services （欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law（大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions （例外）Exclusive Licenses （独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance（不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance （不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations （国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除）Export Restrictions ( 出口限制 )Exporting( 出口 )Expropriation （征收）Extraterritorial Application of U. S. Securities Laws（美国证券法域外的适用问题）Failure to Exhaust remedies （没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance Ministry （财政部）Finance of International Trade( 国际贸易的结算/ 支付 )Financing Foreign Trade （对外贸易的价金支付）FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment) （ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes （外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process （正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract （合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction ( 信用证交易的欺诈例外)Frauds on Bills of Lading （提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation （受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区 /自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments （服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺）General Agreement on Trade in Services ( 服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course （票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations （地区限制）Government Controls over Trade ( 政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest （政府利益原则）Governmental Sources of Capital （官方资金）Grant Back Provisions （回授的规定）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises （本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises （东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency （行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities （国际货币基金组织的机制）IMF Operations （国际货币基金组织的运作）IMF Quotas （国际货币基金的份额）Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts （国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权）Import-Licensing Procedures （进口许可证程序协定）Income Categories（收入分类）Income Tax Rates（所得税税率）Income Taxes（所得税）Independence Principles and Rule of Strict Compliance （信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则）Indirect Exporting( 间接出口 )Industrial Property Agreements（保护工业产权的协定）Innocent Misrepresentation （因无知的误解）Inquiry （调查）Insider Trading Regulations （内幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险范围）Intellectual Property Right Law（知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes（解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement（国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice（海牙联合国国际法院）International Factoring（国际保理）International Franchising( 国际特许经营权)International Labor Standards （国际劳工标准）International Licensing Agreement( 国际许可证协议)International Licensing Agreements（国际许可证协定）International Model Law( 国际示范法 )International Organizations( 国际组织 )International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则) International Trade Customs and Usages( 国际贸易惯例和习惯)International Treaties and Conventions( 国际条约和公约)International Tribunals（国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释)Invitation Offer（要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution（非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue（管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases （民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases （刑事案件的管辖权）Lack of Genuine Link （缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality （无国籍）Lack of Standing （身份不明）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit（调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China（中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises （中华人民共和国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO（世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business( 国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C) （信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations （许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity （外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Billor Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation（清算）Maintaining Monetary Value （维护币值稳定）精选文库Major Principles of GATT 1994（关税及贸易总协定1947 的主要原则）Marine Insurance Policies and Certificates（海运保险单和证书）Maritime Insurance （海运保险）Maritime Liens（留置权）Means of Delivery （根据交付方式）Mediation （调停 /调解）Membership （成员）Memorandums of Understanding （谅解备忘录）Methods of Investment Contribution （出资方式）Mini-trial（模拟审判方式）Miscellaneous Taxes （混杂的，各种各样的税）Misrepresentation （误解）Mixed Sales （混合销售）Modification of Foreign In vestment Agreements（外国投资协议的修改）Money and Banking( 货币与金融 )Monopoly Control Authority (反垄断机构)Most Significant Relationship （最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment（最惠国待遇原则）Movement of Workers （劳工流动）Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs （多边投资担保计划／安排）Multilateral Trade Agreements （多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations（多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise （跨国企业）Municipal Legal Systems （内国法系）National Foreign Investment Policies （内国的外国投资政策）National Investment Guarantee Programs （内国／国家投资担保计划／安排）National Law( 国内法 )National Monetary Systems （国内金融 / 货币体系）National Treatment（国民待遇原则）Nationality Principle （国籍原则）Negligent (innocent) Misrepresentation （因疏忽的误解）Negotiability of Bills and Negotiability of Notes（可流通的汇票和可流通的本票）Negotiation ( 谈判，议付 )Noncompetition Clauses （限制竞争条款）Nondiscrimination （非歧视原则）Nonimputable Acts （免责行为）Nontariff Barriers to Trade( 非关税贸易壁垒)Nonwrongful Dissolution（非不法原因散伙）Objections （异议）Obligations of the Parties（当事人各方的义务）Obligations of the Seller and the Buyer（买卖双方的合同义务）Offer（要约／发盘）Operation of Law（法律的原因而终止）Operational Reviews （营业审查）Opting In and Out （加入和退出）Organization of the IMF （国际货币基金组织的机构）Overseas Private Investment Corporation （海外私人投资公司的案件）Parent Company（母公司）Passing of Property （产权的转移）Passing of Risk （风险的转移）Patents （专利权）Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time （付款要求或者在指定的付款时间）Payment of the Price（支付价款）Penalties for Noncompliance （对于不遵守法规的处罚）Perils and Losses（保险危险和损失）Persons Immune from Taxation （个人所得税的免除）Piercing the Corporate Veil （普通法上揭开公司的面纱/ 大陆法上公司人格否认原则）Place for Delivery （交付的地点）Post -Termination Relationship （代理终止后的有关问题）Powers during Winding up（合伙人在清算过程中的权力/权利）Practices and Usages（交易习惯和商业惯例）Preemption（先买权 /优先权）Preshipment Inspection （装运前检验协定）Price-Fixing （定价）Private Insurers（私人／商业保险）Private Sources of Capital （私人资金）Products Liability Laws （产品质量法）Promissory Notes （本票）Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation （国际金融合作的促进者）Protection of Natural Resources （自然资源的保护）Protection of Subsidiaries （分支机构的保护制度）Protection of Workers' Rights by the Council of Europe（欧洲理事会关于劳工权利的保护）Protection through Tariffs （关税保护）Proving Foreign Law （外国法的查明）Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement （北美自由贸易区协定中关于服务贸易的规定）Quality Controls （质量控制）Quantity and Field-of-Use Restrictions （对数量和使用领域的限制）Recognition and Enforcement of Awards（仲裁裁决的承认和执行）Recognition of Foreign Judgments （外国裁决的承认）Refusal to Exercise Jurisdiction （拒绝执行管辖权）Regional and International Development Agencies （区域性和国际性发展机构）Regional Integration （区域联合）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Labor （区域性政府间关于劳工的规定）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Trade in Services （关于服务贸易的区域性政府间管理规则）Regional Monetary Systems （区域性金融体系）Regulation of Foreign Workers （外籍员工的的管理规定）Regulation of Pollution （防止污染规则）Relief （救济、赔偿）Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers （买卖双方都可以采取的救济措施）Remedies for Breach of Contract （违反合同的救济）Requests for Specific Performance （要求继续 /特定履行）Residency Principle （居住地原则）Restrictions on Research and Development （对技术研究和发展的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights （知识产权保护期满后应用的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement （知识产权使用许可合同期满后应用的限制）Right to Compensation（主张赔偿的权利）Rights and Duties （权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries （收款人 /收益人的权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party （付款人 /信用证帐户申请人的权利与义务）Rules of Origin （原产地规则）Rules of Private International Law （国际私法规则）Safeguards（保障措施协定）Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures （卫生与植物卫生措施协定）Scope and Coverage of GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 （关税及贸易总协定1947 和 1994文本的调整范围）Screening Foreign Investment Applications （对外国投资申请的筛选/ 审查）Sectoral Limitations （行业 /部门限制）Securities and Exchange Commission （证券交易委员会）Securities Exchanges （证券交易所）Securities Regulations （证券规章）Seller's Obligations （卖方的义务）Seller's Remedies（卖方可以采取的救济措施）Settlement of Disputes between ILO Member States （国际劳工组织成员国之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes between Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Employees （政府间国际组织与它的雇员之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals （在国际法庭解决争端）Settlement of Disputes in Municipal Courts（内国法院的争端解决途径）Settlement of Disputes through Diplomacy （通过外交途径解决争端）Settlement of Disputes through Municipal Courts（通过内国法院解决国际商事争端）Shareholders' Inspection and Information Rights （股东的监督和知情权）Shareholders' Lawsuits （股东的诉权）Shareholders' Meetings（股东会议 /大会）Shareholders' Rights and Liabilities（股东的权利和责任）Sharp Practices （欺诈行为）Signed by the Maker or Drawer （票据制作人或者出票人签名）Source Principle （税收发生来源原则）Sources of Corporate Financing （公司资本的来源）Sources of Foreign Investment Law of China（中国外国投资法的渊源）Sources of International Business Law( 国际商法的渊源)Sources of International Law （国际法的渊源）Sources of Investment （投资范围）Sovereign or State Immunity （国家主权豁免）Specialization( 国际分工专门化)Standard of Care(给予外国人的待遇/关照标准 )Start-Up Standards（设立标准）State Responsibility （国家责任）Statements and Conduct of the Parties（当事人的陈述和行为）Statutory Choice-of-Law Provisions（强制选择条款）Structure of the WTO （ WTO 的组织结构）Subordinate Business Structures（商业分支机构）Subsidies and Countervailing Measures （补贴与反补贴措施协定）Supervision of Foreign Investment （外国投资的监管）Supreme Court Decision （最高法院的裁决）Systems for Relief from Double Taxation（避免双重征税的救济体制）Takeover Regulations （接管 /收购规则）Taking Delivery （接受交付）Tariff-based Import Restriction（约束进口关税）Tariffs( 关税 )Tax Avoidance （避税）Tax Evasion （逃税）Tax Incentives ( 税收激励 )Tax Sparing （节税）Tax Treaties （税收条约）Taxation （税收）Taxpayers（纳税人）Technical Barriers to Trade （贸易的技术壁垒）Technology Transfer( 技术转让 )Termination of an Agency（代理的终止）Termination of Corporations（公司的终止）Territorial Restrictions （地区限制）The Acceptance（承诺／受盘）The Administrative Discretion of Screening Authorities（筛选/监管机构的管理权）The Anglo-American Common Law System(普通法系或者英美法系)The Applicable Procedure Law（应用的程序法）The Applicable Substantive Law （应用的实体法）The Bank for International Settlements （巴塞尔国际清算银行）The Bill of Exchange （汇票）The Board of Directors（董事会）The Bretton Woods System （布雷敦森林体系）The Business Form（商业组织形式）The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract （买方解除合同的权利）The Central Bank （中央银行）The Choice of Money （货币的选择）The Convention on Insider Trading （内幕交易的公约）The Drafting of the CISG(CISG的起草)the Economic Globalization（经济全球化）The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of MultilateralTrade Negotiations （乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的最后文本）The Foreign Exchange Market （外汇交易市场）The Founding of GATT （关税及贸易总协定的成立）The Framework Agreement （协定的框架）The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade （关税及贸易总协定）The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities （跨国企业作为拥有独立法律地位的实体之重要性）The International Labor Organization （国际劳工组织）The International Monetary Fund （国际货币基金组织）The International Standard( 国际待遇 /标准 )The International Transfer of Intellectual Property（工业产权的国际转让）The Islamic Law System （伊斯兰法系）The Law Governing Bills of Exchange（调整汇票的法律制度）The Law of Agency（国际商事代理法）The Making of International Law（国际法的构成）The National Standard( 国民待遇 /标准 )The Negotiation and Transfer of Bills and Notes （票据权利的转让和背书转让）The Obligations of Banks （银行的义务/责任）The Principal Characteristics （基本特征）The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments （银行在可流通票据的托收和付款中的角色）The Roman-Germanic Civil Law System( 大陆法系或者罗马日耳曼法系)The Scope of International Law in Actual Practice（实践中国际法的范围）The Subordinate Structure （分支结构）The Transfer of Money （货币转移）The Turning Over of Documents （交付与货物有关的单证）The Uruguay Round （乌拉圭回合）The Value of Money （币值）The World Trade Organization (WTO)（世界贸易组织）The WTO Agreement（WTO协定）Third Party Relations of the Principal and the Agent（与委托人和代理人有关的第三人）Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries （第三方的权利和人身伤害）Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause) （第三方的权利---- 喜玛拉亚条款）Time Charterparties（定期租船合同）Time for Delivery（交付的时间）Time Limitations （时效）Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒）Trade in Goods( 货物贸易 )Trade Liberalization Through Cooperation（通过合作实现贸易自由化）Trade Policy Review （贸易政策评审机制）Trade Terms（贸易术语）Trademarks（商标权）Trade-Related Investment Measures （与贸易有关的投资措施协定）Trading in Securities（证券交易）Transactions Covered in CISG （ CISG 适用的交易范围）Transnational Organized Labor （有组织的跨境服务的劳工）Transparency(透明度 )Treaties and Conventions （条约和公约）Trial Court Decision （初等法院的裁决）Turnover Taxes （流转 /交易税）Tying Clauses （搭售条款）Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay （无条件的付款承诺和要求）Unfair Competition Laws （不正当竞争法）UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)( 国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则 ,简称 PICC)精选文库United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)( 联合国国际货物销售合同公约 ,简称 CISG)Validity and Formation of International Sale of Contracts（国际货物销售合同的成立和效力）Visas（签证）Voyage Charterparties （航次租船合同）Waivers （让渡、放弃）Winding Up（合伙清算）World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures （世界贸易组织争端解决机制）Wrongful Dissolution（不法原因散伙）WTO Antidumping Agreement（世界贸易组织反倾销协议）WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures （世界贸易组织的争端解决程序）--21。
国际商法英文版：chapter11 Transportation
Chapter 11 TransportationContents Summary (2)Outline (3)Questions (17)Vocabulary (21)Part 1 SummaryThis chapter is divided into eight parts:A.Trade termsB.TransportationC.Inland carriageD.Carriage of goods by seaE. Charter partiesMaritime liensMaritime insuranceCarriage of goods by air(1) Trade terms: trade terms define the time and place where the buyer is to take delivery, the times and place of payment, the price, the time when the risk of loss shifts from the seller to the buyer, the costs of freight and insurance, for instance, FOB.(2) Transportation: goods are picked up at seller's place of business by an inland carrier and transported to a seaport for carrying abroad.(3) Inland carriage: the first stage of transporting goods overseas involves an inland carrier, either a trucking or rail company, which moves the seller's goods from the seller's place of business to a seaport or airport. Carriers are liable for loss, damage, or delay up to the liability limit set by the convention, so long as the consignment note states that carriage is governed by the CMR.(4) Carriage of goods by sea: In the carriage of goods by sea, goods may be lost, damaged or deteriorated. The bill of lading is a contract of carriage between the consignor, the carrier and consignee that acts as a receipt of transfer of goods and as a negotiable instrument. The bill of lading also determines rights and liabilities agreed between parties to an international sale contract. The consignor retains ownership of the goods until the bill of lading is transferred to the consignee. Most bills of lading today are governed by international conventions such as the Hague Rules, Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules.(5) Charter parties: it is a contract for the hire of an entire ship for a particular voyage or a set period of time.(6) Maritime lien: it is a claim laid against maritime property, most often a vessel, but may also be brought against other personal property involved in maritime transactions such as cargo. A maritime lien arises from services rendered to or injuries caused by maritime property. Generally a maritime lien attaches to the property and is valid whether or not recorded. It travels with the vessel or personal property from port to port and owner to owner until it is extinguished or discharged.(7)Maritime insurance: Insurance against perils is an important aspect of international commercial transactions. In the event of loss or damage to cargo due tohazards during voyage, an insured party will be able to recover losses from the insurer. The type of insurance required depends on the mode of transport agreed between parties to transport the cargo.(8)Carriage of goods by air: Warsaw Convention emulates it. Four amendments to the convention have been adopted and are now in force.Part 2Chapter 11 - TransportationA. TRADE TERMS1. Use of Trade Terms: Sales contracts involving transportation customarilycontain abbreviated terms to describe —a. Time when the buyer is to take delivery.b. Place where the buyer is to take delivery.c. Additionally:1) Place of payment.2) The price.3) The time when the risk of loss shifts from the seller to the buyer.4) The costs of freight and insurance.2. Trade Terms are not Consistently Useda. Many domestic laws define trade terms for both domestic and export sales.b. Almost all domestic laws allow the parties to define the terms themselves.1) The United Nations’ Convention on Contracts for the InternationalSale of Goods similarly allows parties to incorporate trade terms oftheir choosing.2) This may be done by incorporating definitions from:a) Foreign legislation.b) Private rules.1] the most widely used private trade terms are those published bythe International Chamber of Commerce.a] Called Incoterms.b] Trade councils, courts, and international lawyers encouragetheir use in international sales.c] First published in 1936.d] The current version was published in 2000.e] This outline focuses on the Incoterms.Case 11-1. St. Paul Guaranty Insurance Co. v. Neuromed Medical Systems & Support, GmbH3. “Free” Termsa. Several of the common trade terms begin with the word “free” (e.g., freeon board, free alongside, free carrier).b. “Free” means: The seller has an obligation to deliver the goods to a namedplace for transfer to a carrier.4. FOB - Free On Board Contractsa. Free on board is a maritime trade term.1) In most of the world its use remains limited to seaborne commerce.a) Incoterms only uses it in connection with the carriage of goods bysea.b) In common law countries it is also used for inland carriage aboardany “vessel, car, or other vehicle.”b. FOB (port of shipment) contract: Requires a seller to deliver goods onboard a vessel that is to be designated by the buyer in a manner customaryat the particular port.1) “On board” means that the goods:a) Have been appropriated to the contracts.b) Have crossed a ships’ rail.5. FAS - Free Alongside Contractsa. Free Alongside or Free Alongside Ship: Requires the seller to delivergoods to a named port alongside a vessel to be designated by the buyer and in a manner customary to the particular port.1) “Alongside” has traditio nally meant that the goods be within reach of aship’s lifting tackle.6. CIF - Cost, Insurance, and Freight Contractsa. Cost, Insurance, and Freight (port of destination): Requires the seller toarrange for the carriage of goods by sea to a port of destination and to turnover to the buyer the documents necessary to obtain the goods from thecarrier or to assert a claim against an insurer if the goods are lost ordamaged.1) The three documents that the seller (as a minimum) has to provide are:a) The invoice.b) The insurance policy.c) The bill of lading.2) These documents represent the three elements of the contract: cost,insurance, and freight.3) The seller’s obligations are complete when the documents are tenderedto the buyer.a) At that time, the buyer is obliged to pay the agreed price.7. CFR - Cost and Freight Contractsa. The Cost and Freight (port of destination) term is the same as the CIF term,except that the seller does not have to procure marine insurance against the risk of loss or damage to the goods during transit.Case 11-2. Phillips Puerto Rico Core, Inc. v. Tradax Petroleum, Ltd.8. DES - Delivered Ex-Ship Contractsa. The delivered ex-ship or arrival contract requires the seller to delivergoods to a buyer at an agreed port of arrival.1) The seller remains responsible for the goods until they are delivered.a) The seller is not therefore obliged to obtain insurance for thebuyer’s benefit.9. FCA - Free Carriera. The F.C.A. term requires the seller to deliver goods to a particular carrierat a named terminal, depot, airport, or other place where the carrieroperates.1) The costs of transportation and the risks for loss shift to the buyer atthat time.10. EXW - Ex-Worksa. An “ex-works” contract requires a seller only to delive r the goods at hisown place of business.1) All the costs connected with transportation are the responsibility of thebuyer.B. INLAND CARRIAGE1. It is Common Practice for the Seller to Arrange for Inland Carriage, withthe inland carrier transferring the goods to a freight forwarder at a seaport orairport for the latter to arrange and oversee the shipment of the goods abroad2. There are no Universal Conventionsa. In Europe:1) Road transport is regulated by: Convention for the InternationalCarriage of Goods by Road (the CMR Convention).2) Rail transport is governed by: Convention Concerning InternationalCarriage by Rail (the COTIF Convention).b. Similar agreements exist in other parts of the world.1) Exception: North America.3. The Convention for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (theCMR Convention)a. Representative of the conventions governing road transport.b. Applies whenever goods are shipped between two countries, at least one ofwhich is a signatory of the convention.c. The con vention requires a carrier to issue a “consignment note.”1) Not a negotiable instrument.2) It is prima facie evidence of:a) The making of a transport contract.b) The receipt of goods.c) The condition of the goods.d. The Convention grants the consignee the right to:1) Demand delivery of the goods in exchange for a receipt.2) Sue the carrier in the carrier’s own name for any loss, damage, or delayfor which the carrier is responsible.e. Until the time that the goods are turned over to the consignee, the shipper(consignor) has the right to order the carrier to stop them in transit, tochange the place for delivery, or to order them delivered to a differentconsignee.f. If a road carriage contract involves multiple carriers.1) Each carrier is treated as a party to the contract.2) Each carrier is responsible for the entire transaction.3) Suits can be brought against:a) The first carrier,b) The last carrier, orc) The carrier in possession at the time of the loss.g. Carriers are liable for loss, damage, or delay up to the liability limit set bythe Convention, so long as the consignment note states that carriage is governed by the CMR.1) The liability limit is 8.33 Special Drawing Rights per kilogram, unlessthe consignor declares a higher value and pays a surcharge.2) If the consignment note fails to include a reference to the CMR, thecarrier will be liable for any resulting injury.h. Carriers are excused from liability if they can prove that the loss, damageor delay was caused by:1) The consignor, or2) The consignee.i. A consignee has to notify the carrier:1) Within 7 days of delivery to assert a claim for loss or damages.2) Within 21 days of delivery to make a claim for losses resulting fromdelay.4. The Convention Concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIFConvention)a. Most provisions are the same as the CMR.b. The carrier’s liability for losses is 17 Special Drawing Rights perkilogram.C. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA1. Common Carriagea. Defined: The owner or operator of a vessel carries goods for more thanone person.1) The vessel is known as a general ship, or common carrier.b. Common carriers are the subject of extensive municipal legislation andinternational conventions.c. Three types of common carriers:1) A conference line is an association of sea-going carriers who havejoined together to offer common freight rates over scheduled routes.2) An independent line is a carrier with its own rate schedule overscheduled routes.3) A tramp vessel has its own rate schedule, but it does not operate onestablished routes.d. In most countries the tariffs of ocean carriers are not regulated, and bothconference and independent lines will commonly offer regular shipperssubstantial rebates.1) In the United States:a) Ocean carriers have to file their tariffs with the Federal MaritimeCommission.b) Rebates are forbidden by American law.2. The Bill of Ladinga. Governing law:1) International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of LawRelating to Bills of Lading.a) Originally adopted in 1924 and commonly known as the HagueRules.b) Extensively amended in 1968: The amended 1968 version isknown as the Hague-Visby Rules.c) Most countries are parties to the 1924 Rules.2) The domestic legislation implementing these conventions is typicallycalled Carriage of Goods by Sea Acts (COGSAs).a) Many states have supplementary legislation that also governs billsof lading in both municipal and international settings.b. Bill of Lading Defined: An instrument issued by an ocean carrier to ashipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriageof goods.1) A bill of lading serves three purposes:a) It is a carrier’s receipt for goods.b) It is evidence of a contract of carriage.c) It is a document of title.1] The person rightfully in possession of the bill is entitled topossess, use, and dispose of the goods that the bill represents.c. Receipt for goods.1) A bill of lading:a) Describes the goods.b) States their quantity.c) States their condition.2) The form itself is normally filled out in advance by the shipper andcompleted by the carrier.a) Bills certifying that the goods have been properly loaded on boardare known as “on board bills of lading.”b) If there is a discrepancy, the statement on the bill is consideredprima facie evidence that the goods were received in the conditionshown in any dispute between the shipper and the carrier.1] As long as the bill has not been negotiated to a third party the carrier can introduce proof to rebut this evidence.a] The carrier is barred from introducing evidence to contradict the bill of lading once it has been negotiated.3) If a discrepancy is noted on the face of the bill, it is called a “claused”bill of lading.a) Claused bills are normally unacceptable to third parties.b) Note: a notation as to a discrepancy may only be made on the billat the time the goods are loaded.1] Later notations have no effect, the bill will be treated as if it were “clean.”Case 11-3. M. Golodetz & Co., Inc. v. Czarnikow-Rionda Co., Inc. (The Galitia)d. Contract of Carriage.1) A bill of lading is evidence of the contract of carriage between theshipper and the carrier.a) As long as the bill has not been negotiated to a third party either theshipper or the carrier can introduce proof to rebut this evidence.e. Document of Title.1) Straight bill of lading: Issued to a named consignee andnon-negotiable.a) The transfer of a straight bill gives the transferee no greater rightsthan those of his transferor.2) Order bill of lading: Issued to a named consignee and negotiable.a) The holder has a claim to title.1] The holder must have received the bill in good faith through due negotiation.2] By surrendering the bill the holder is entitled to delivery of thegoods.b) Form of order bills - may be made out:1] “To bearer.”a] Bearer instruments are transferred by delivery.b] Seldom used.2] “To the order” of a named party.a] Order instruments are transferred by negotiation, that is, byendorsement and delivery.c) Significance of negotiability: The person named on the bill is ableto transfer the goods while a ship is in transit.d) Distinguish order bills of lading from bills of exchange and drafts.1] No holder in due course status.2] Endorsers transfer all contractual rights to endorsees.3. The Carrier’s Duties under a Bill of Ladinga. A carrier transporting goods under a bill of lading is required to exercise“due diligence” in:1) Making the ship seaworthy.2) Properly manning, equipping, and supplying the ship.3) Making the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other partsof the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception,carriage, and preservation.4) Properly and carefully loading, handling, stowing, carrying, keeping,caring for, and discharging the goods carried.b. This obligation is strictly enforced by most courts.4. The Carrier’s Immunitiesa. Carriers who issue a proper bill of lading are exempt from liability fromdamages that arise from any:1) Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servantsof the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship;2) Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;3) Perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable water;4) Act of God;5) Act of war;6) Act of public enemies;7) Arrest or restraint of princes, rulers, or people, or seizure under legalprocess;8) Quarantine restrictions;9) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, or his agent orrepresentative;10) Strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labor from whatevercause, whether partial or general: Provided, that nothing hereincontained shall be construed to relieve a carrier from responsibilityfor the carrier’s own acts;11) Riots and civil commotions;12) Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea;13) Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising frominherent defect, quality, or vice of the goods;14) Insufficiency of packing;15) Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks;16) Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence; and17) Any other cause arising without the actual fault and privity of thecarrier and without the fault or negligence of the agents or servants ofthe carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claimingthe benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault orprivity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servantsof the carrier contributed to the loss or damage.b. These immunities are strictly construed.1) A carrier will be responsible in any event if it failed to exercise duediligence in carrying out its fundamental duties.Case 11-4. Great China Metal Industries Co. Ltd. v. MalaysianInternational Shipping Corp.5. Liability Limitsa. The limits.1) Limits set by the Hague Rules of 1924 are:a) $500 per package, orb) $500 per unit when shipped in “customary freight units.”Case 11-5. Croft & Scully Co. v. M/V Skulptor Vuchetich et al.2) Limits set by the Hague-Visby Rules are the higher of:a) 10,000 gold francs per package or unit,b) 30 gold francs per kilo of the gross weight of the goods lost ordamaged, whichever is the higher.b. The limits do not apply:1) If the parties agree to higher amounts.2) If the carrier acted either:a) With intent to cause damage, orb) Recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.6. Time Limitations: a claim for loss or damages must be instituted within oneyear after the goods were or should have been delivered7. Third Party Rights (Himalaya Clauses)a. The Hague and Hague-Visby Rules (and the liability limits they establish)only apply to the carrier and the party or parties shipping goods under abill of lading.1) Third parties who help in the transport of the goods, but who are notparties to the carriage of goods contract contained in the bill of lading,have no contractual right to claim the liability limits established by theconventions. Examples:a) Officers and crew members.b) Agents and brokers who work for a carrier.c) Stevedores who commonly work for a unit of a shipping line.b. Carriers add Himalaya Clauses to their bills of lading to extend theprotection of the Hague or the Hague-Visby Rules to third parties.1) The clauses are valid in the United States.2) The clauses are generally unenforceable in the United Kingdom andmost other countries.a) Rationale: Privity of contract.Reading 11-1. Cargo Theft and Terrorism.D. CHARTER PARTIES1. Defined: A contract for the hire of an entire ship for a particular voyage or aset period of time2. Governing laws: No international conventions apply.a. The Hague and Hague-Visby Rules only apply if a bill of lading issued bythe ship owner comes into the hands of a third party.b. The charterer and the owner are free to set the terms of their contract.1) Standardized contracts drafted at various conferences are commonlyused. Examples:a) The Baltime.b) The Gencon.2) Forum selection clauses and choice-of-law clauses are commonprovisions.3. Voyage Charterpartiesa. Defined: The charterer employs a ship and its crew for the carriage ofgoods from one place to another.1) Common terms:a) The owner agrees to provide the ship at a named port at a specifiedtime and to carry the goods to the contract destination.b) The charterer agrees to provide a full cargo and to arrange for itsloading at an agreed upon time.4. Time Charterpartiesa. Defined: The charterer engages the use of a vessel for a stated period oftime.1) Common terms:a) The charterer is to pay “hire” monthly.b) The charterer has the right to direct the ship to proceed to whereverit is needed.1] Limitations on this right is the charter’s promise to:a] Engage only in lawful trades.b] To carry only lawful goods.c] To only direct the vessel to safe ports.5. Charterparties and Bills of Ladinga. Between the ship owner and the charterer a bill of lading is only a receiptfor goods and a document of title.b. Bills of lading held by third party:1) The Hague or Hague-Visby Rules will apply.2) Exception: If the bill of lading incorporates the terms of thecharterparty, the endorsee will be governed by its terms.E. MARITIME LIENS1. Definitions:a. Lien: A charge or claim against property that exists to satisfy some debt orobligation.b. Maritime lien: A charge or claim against a vessel or its cargo.1) Main purpose: To insure that a vessel can adequately obtain credit toproperly outfit itself for a voyage.2) Other purposes: To provide compensation to injured parties for:a) The shipowner’s breach of contract.b) The crew’s negligence.c) Damages caused without the shipowner’s or crew’s fault (e.g., as isthe case where port regulations require the ship to use a pilot andthe pilot causes the injury.2. Enforcement of Liensa. In common law countries: A vessel is regarded as a juridical personseparate and apart from its owner.1) Effect: The ship itself may be liable.b. In civil law countries a maritime lien (or “privilege”) is a right in property,but the property is not independent of the owner.1) Effect: The lien exists against the owner as a debtor.3. Nature of Maritime Liensa. A maritime lien attaches to the res (i.e., the vessel or cargo) and travelswith it.b. A maritime lien is secret: If a vessel is sold, the lien “goes with the ship,”even if the new owner is unaware of its existence.4. Foreclosing on a Maritime Liena. In common law countries:1) The res is seized (if it is a vessel, it is “arrested”) without prior noticeto the owner.2) An admiralty court takes custody, and a suit proceeds against the res.3) If the lien-holder’s claim succeeds, the res is sold, the proceeds aredistributed among the various lien-holders, and the title to the propertyis transferred to the purchaser of the res free of all claims.b. In civil law countries:1) A foreclosure suit is initiated against the owner.2) The res is seized only as a way to compel the owner to appear andfurnish security before the res can be released.5. Effect of Multiple Lien-holders: The various claims must be rankeda. Ranking provided by the 1926 International Convention for theUnification of Certain Rules Relating to Maritime Liens and Mortgages(known as the Brussels Convention):1) Judicial costs and other expenses.2) Seaman’s wages.3) Salvage and general average.4) Tort claims.5) Repairs, supplies, and necessaries.6) Ship mortgages.b. Although the Convention has not been widely adopted, its ranking of liensis representative of most municipal schemes.Case 11-6. The Chinese Seaman’s Foreign Technical Services Co. v. SotoGrande Shipping Corp., SAF. MARITIME INSURANCE1. Kinds of Policiesa. Special cargo policy: Provides coverage for a single sale.b. Open cargo policy: Is an open-ended contract that insures all the cargo ofan exporter during a particular time period.2. Perils: The perils covered by special and open cargo policies commonlyinclude the following -a. Loss or damage from the sea (e.g., weather, collision, stranding, sinking).b. Fire.c. Jettison (i.e., the dumping of cargo in order to protect other property).d. Forcible taking of the ship.e. Barratry (i.e., the fraudulent, criminal, or wrongful conduct of the captainor crew).f. Explosion.g. Fumigation damage.h. Damage from loading, discharging, or transhipping cargo.Case 11-7. Western Assurance Co. of Toronto v. Shaw3. Coverage for Total and Partial Loss.a. Total losses: Governed by “constructive loss clauses.”1) This usually includes either:a) Losses exceeding one-half the value of the cargo.b) Losses where the cost of recovery exceeds the cargo’s value.b. Partial losses: Known in the marine insurance industry as a “particularaverage.”1) “Free from Particular Average” (FPA) policies provide the mostlimited recovery for partial losses — they usually only covers lossesfrom:a) Fire.b) Stranding.c) Sinking.d) Collision of the vessel.2) “With Average” (WA) policies provide more protection.c. General Average.1) Situation to which it applies: In order to avoid some threat to the wholeventure, some expense has to be incurred, or some loss or damage isdeliberately inflicted, in order to save the ship and its cargo.2) Rule: Because everyone having an interest in the ship and its variouscargoes will have benefited, each must then contribute, in proportion tothe value of their interest, to restoring the party who suffered the lossor damage or who incurred the expense.a) Marine insurance will cover each shipper’s contribution.b) If insurance is not purchased, or should a policy not cover generalaverage, then the shipper or the shipper’s consignee must p ay thecontribution before the ship’s crew will release the goods.1] The carrier will have a lien claim against the goods and, if thecontribution is not paid, it may foreclose on the goods, sellthem, and retain that portion of the sale price it receives tocover the cost of the contribution.3) A person seeking to claim a general average contribution from otherparties must show:a) That the loss was incurred to benefit everyone.b) That the person making the claim was not responsible for causingthe danger.G. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR1. Governing Law: The 1929 Convention for the Unification of Certain RulesRelating to International Carriage by Aira. Commonly called the Warsaw Convention.b. Two amendments to the Convention have been adopted and are in force:1) The Hague Protocol of 1955.2) Montreal Protocol No. 4 of 1975.2. Documents Used in Air Carriage are not documents of titlea. Consignment notes.b. Air waybills.1) As defined by the Warsaw Convention and the 1955 Protocol, an airwaybill must describe:a) The nature of the goods being shipped.b) The method of packing and any marks or numbers.c) The weight, quantity, volume, or dimensions of the goods.d) The apparent condition of the goods and their packaging.e) A statement that the carriag e is subject to the Convention’s rules.2) As defined by Montreal Protocol No. 4 (which encourages carriers touse electronic records), an air waybill must describe:a) The places of departure and destination.b) Any intermediate stopping point in a different state (if the places ofdeparture and destination are in the same state).c) The weight of the consignment.3) Liability of carriers using Warsaw Convention air waybills is limited to17 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) per kilogram.4) The shipper does not have to prove that the carrier caused the injury toany lost, damaged, or delayed goods.a) A claim has to be made:1] Within 7 days when the bills are governed by the WarsawConvention.2] With 14 days if they are covered by the Amended Convention.b) The burden is then on the carrier to prove that it took “all necessarymeasures” to avoid the loss, damage, or delay.3. The Warsaw Convention and its Amendments also Regulate the Carriageof Passengersa. The carrier liability is limited so long as the airline ticket contains a noticeof the applicability of one of the Conventions.Part 3 Questions1) What kind of matters do trade terms define ?The time and place where the buyer is to take delivery, the times and place of payment ,the price, the time when the risk of loss shifts from the seller to the buyer ,the costs of freight and insurance .2) What are the four groups of the Incoterms which published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) ?The Incoterms are classified into four groups arranged according to the parties' obligations:Group E: Departure Term. Where the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.Group F: Shipment Terms - Main carriage unpaid. Where the seller is called on to deliver the goods to a carrier named by the buyer. These are shipment contracts with the shipment point named, and carriage is unpaid by the seller.Group C: Shipment Terms - Main carriage paid. Where the seller has to contract for carriage, but does not assume the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch. These are shipment。
研究生英语阅读教程(第二版基础级)英语课后习题答案
Section A Guessing about Different OccupationsExercise 11. air hostess2. teacher3. dentists4.shop assistant5. tour guide6. salesman7. disc jockey8. traffic warden9. waiter 10. taxi driverExercise 21. airways, flight2. homework3. open up wide, filling, chipped4. larger size, fit, stock5. building, designed6. buys, products7. record, radio 8. yellow line, no-parking, traffic9. menu, chef 10. road, parkSection B Taking MessagesExercise 11. Meet Stacey at school at 4:30 .Stacey has told others.Bring volleyball and Stacey's money.2. Dinner with Tim on Thursday.Will meet at 7:00 instead of 6: 3 0.Will pick you up at your place.3. Dr White.Dental check-up.Thursday, 2 pm.Call if not convenient.4. Diane called.Ruth Lee needs a ride tomorrow.Can you take her?Call her 547-68925. Car ready next Tuesday.Car needed a lot of work.Replaced battery but still working on starter.Will cost around $ 350.You need new snow tires.Section C Leaving a MessageExercise 11. Petty.2. Jenny.3.4.Exercise 21. a hair-dryer2. ring3. the end of May4. shoeExercise 3 4.48 5 3 7 2 4 6 9 1Section D What's HappeningExercise 1A. 6B. 5C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 1Picture A: Yes, delicious, like to have some more.Picture B: Yes, good teacher.Picture C: Yes, great game. What a Play!Picture D: No, the service is so slow, expensive.Picture E: No, boring, terrible, bad.Picture F: No, awful, too crowded, too loud, terrible music.'Part III Listening Comprehension Test1. D2. C3. A4. B5. D6. C7. B8. A9. C 10. CUnit TwoPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about the Situation and SpeakerExercise 11. football match2. law court3. church4. quiz show5. airport6. weather forecast7. car showroom8. driving lesson9. school 10. tour (of London) Exercise 21. football commentator2. judge3. priest4. TV presenter5. announcer6. weather forecaster7. car salesman8. driving instructor9. school principal 10. tour guide Section B Looking for a FlatExercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 21. 34 New Street in Kanden2. $ 75 including gas and electricity3. one bedroom flat, central heating, small kitchen, bathroom, washing machine4. Mrs Green5. 4 o'clock this afternoonSection C Finding out the House RulesExercise 11. Landlord and tenant.2. The man is talking about house rules.3. She has agreed.Exercise 21. Don't allow the cat to go upstairs.2. No smoking in bedrooms.3. Don't stick pictures with sellotape on the wall.4. Close the window when you go out.5. Don't put the kettle on the chest of drawers.Section D Apartments for RentExercise 1Thomas Street University Avenue Taft Road Metcalf StreetExercise 21. Metcalf Street2. Thomas Street3. University Avenue4. Taft RoadPart Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. C4. B5. B6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. DPart I Listening PracticeSection A Listening for Specific. Information Exercise 11. Weight; 13 pounds2. A car; 6503. A cash-card; 89764. A fax; 593381; Code--4408655. A bank account; 609177186. A foreign exchange counter; 410 000 pesos; Exchange rate; 4 100 to 17. Weather; 83°F8. Waterloo; 1815Exercise 21. On a diet and doing a keep-fit class.2. Rusty, expensive.3. Yes.4. He'll contact him and talk about the new contract.5. Probably in a bank.6. For a holiday.7. Because Dave and Jane are there. 8. Quiz.Section B Describing Different People1. Sex: female Age: about 35 Height: about averageHair: long black Others: glasses, yellow flower2. Sex: male Age: an older man about seventyHeight: rather short, about five feet or five feet twoHair: grey, mustache Others: white flower in jacket3. Sex: female Age: quite young, about thirty.Height: really tall Hair: blond Others: carrying red flowers4. Sex: male Age: about forty-five Height: very tallHair: very long, dark Others: no flower; wearing a T-shirt saying "Bruce Springs Is the Boss!" Section C Taking a PhotoExercise 1A. 4B. 5C. 2D. 6E. 3F. 1Exercise 26 4 2 3 1 5 photos, coin, stool, dial, background, flashSection D Express Company1. Prepaid express bag servicemajor cities $ 10Buy a bag in advance.Call for a quick pick-up2. Same day serviceWithin the city $ 8They will go to you.3. Express road serviceAny townDepends on distance and weightFor larger packagesFor further details call: Tel: 33445656Ask: for the sales departmentPart III Listening Comprehension Test1.B2.D3.B4. B.5.B6. A7. B8. D9. C 10. CUnit FourPart I Listening PracticeSection A Telephoning about Jobs tonExercise 1Exercise 21. part-time, Saturday and Sunday, eight hours a day2. full-time, Tuesday through Sunday, from 5 to about 12. Pay is $3.35 an hour3. working nights; five or six days a week4. a weekend job; three evenings a week, hours are five to midnightSection B Talking about JobsExercise 1Diane--waitress Tracy—typist Gred--car salesman Joe--businessman Exercise 21. F2. T3. F4. F5. F6. F7. FSection C A Same Job or a New Job1. Liza new job2. Tom same job3. Brian new job4. Kay new job5. Janice new job Section D Interview about a JobAl Employment Agency1. Full Name: Jessica Richards2. Address: 33 Landseer Road, Newtown3. Tel: _______4. Date of Birth: March 19th, 19805. Education: Secondary6. Examinations passed: English, Chemistry, Maths, French, Physics, and Biology7. Interests (hobbies & sports): playing the piano, in a jazz band, water-skiing8. Experience? Previous posts: lab assistant9. Post or position required: lab assistant10. Any special requests: noPart Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. B4. C5. D6. C7. A8. C9. A 10. BUnit FivePart I Listening PracticeSection A Gussing the MeaningExercise 11. a pair of trousers2. a return ticket3. a newspaper and mints/sweets4. ballet or theatre tickets5. drinks6. tickets for a coach trip7. haircut8. soup and fish9. a game of squash10. medicine for the throatExercise 21. in a clothes shop2. at the station3. at a newsagent's4. at a box-office5. at a pub6. in a travel agency7. at a barber's8. in a restaurant9. at a sports club 10. at a chemist'sSection B ShoppingExercise 1gold pen $ 135 bracelet $ 545 ring $ 1,259 watch $ 23.75 calculator $ 7.85 Exercise 21. watch2. ring3. pen4. bracelet5. They are too expensive for her. Section C Paying for the Things1. personal check2. credit card3. personal check4. cash5. traveler's check Section D Andrew's ComplaintEquipment: electric fanNo. : BE 42703-02 Size: medium Color: blue Made in/date: 1985Fault: It doesn't work.Purchaser: Andrew Emmett Address: 5 Rainbow Terrace West Old-Field SurreyPhone No.: 77480Part Listening Comprehension Test1. B2. C3. B4. D5. D6. D7. C8. C9. C 10. CUnit SixPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about TopicsExercise 11. garden2. vending-machine3. microwave oven4. computer/word-processor/video game5. clothes6. hifi /music system7. art8. concert9. tennis10. holidaysExercise 21. lawn, flower beds, fence2. button, cold water, hot chocolate3. food, be cooked in no time, electricity4. switch, disc, programme5. fit, tight, shrink, suit6. compact, speaker, cassette player7. modern, abstract, colors and forms 8. singer, guitars, drums, records9. player, backhand, score 10. tan, beach, hotel, campingSection B Plans for Weekend1. Pat2. Jill3. Mary4. Sam5. Ted6. JaneSection C Discussing Plans for the Weekend1. B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. BSection D Making ArrangementsExercise 1A. 2B.4C. 3D. 1Exercise 21. bring: records meet: bus stop2. bring: sandwiches, fishing rod and drinks meet: at the river3. bring: white wine meet: at Pat's house4. bring: dessert--chocolate cake and soda meet: in front of his housePart III Listening Comprehension Test1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C6. B7. D8. B9. D 10. BUnit SevenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Owning a CarExercise 1Reason for owning a car:1. allows a person to move around freely2. a comfortable way to travel3. safe at nightReasons against owning a car:1. very expensive2. cause worry and stressExercise 21. check a bus schedule, a train2. warm, dry, cold, wet3. walk down, a stop, dark corner4. maintain, repair5. urban, park .A6. on the street, get stolen, something elseSection B The Self Drive Car Hire CenterExercise 1July 7th, after 4 o'clock on the FridayBy 10 o'clock on the Monday￡29.25First 300 milesExercise 21. F2. F3. T4. F5. FSection C Car PoolExercise 11. In a car near New York.2. The main part of New York is Manhattan which is an island.3. At tunnels or bridges.4. In a car with only one person.5. Park their cars outside the city and pick up public transport.Exercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. F8. TSection D Drunk DrivingExercise 11. A. 44 000 peopleB. drunk driversC. stricter laws2. a 30-year-old, CaliforniaA. 4 bottles of beerB. speedingC. ran through, crashed into3. A. justifiedB. too harshly, he had not planned the accidentC. not the first time he had been arrested for drunk drivingD. he had his driver's license suspended for 6 months his license has been revoked for life Exercise 21. Stricter laws have been passed.2. You will be considered a murderer.3. At the intersection.4. Five people.5. He was sentenced to 77 years in prison.Part Listening Comprehension Test1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. AUnit EightPart I Listening PracticeSection A Safari ParkExercise 1Exercise 21. They can pet the rabbits, sheep, and other animals.2. There are items from many parts of the world.3. They believe in taking care of the environment.4. It is both educational and interesting.5. Bats, owls and other animals.Section B Safari TourExercise 11. You mustn't get off the land-rover without permission.2. You must all stay close to the guide.3. You all have to sign these insurance declarations.4. You mustn't disturb the animals.Exercise 21. land-rover, could be attacked2. company regulation, sign3. disturb, wild, tame, zoos4. 50 miles, 805. insect repellent, drinking water, rolls of 35mm film, packed lunchSection C The Afternoon TourExercise 1The cathedral was built in 1241. It was designed by Hugo De-rash, a French, so it's in Norman style. You can see part of the wall, a small statue beside a fountain. It's in the market place and a regular Tuesday market is held. There is a flower market every two weeks on Saturdays in Summer. The worn statue represents Venus, and the water comes from the springs in the hills and is very clear.Exercise 21. 12412. Hugo Derash, France, brother3. Norman4. wall5. modern6. Venus, Goddess of Love7. flower, two8. Tuesday9. clear 10. springs in the hills Section D Julie's VacationExercise 11. urban holiday, camping2. Stanley park, aquarium, Grouse Mountain, museums, galleries3. ride over, deck, sat inside, read magazinesExercise 21. It's cold and miserable.2. It's much an elegant city with a lot of British influence.3. A pin with a tiny totem pole on it.Part III Listening Comprehension Test1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6. B7. C8. A9. D 10. AListening Test One1. C2. A3. D4. C5. B6. B7. C8. D9. A 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B16. Three stages: marriage by capture; marriage by contract or purchase; marriage based on mutual love.17. It symbolizes the period when the bridegroom hid his captured bride until her kinsmen grew tired of searching for her.18. The "wed" was the money, horses, or cattle which the groom gave as security and as a pledge to prove his purchase of the bride from her father.19. Blue was the color of purity, love and fidelity.20. Bridesmaids remind us of the days when there had to be ten witnesses at the solemn marriage ceremony.Listening Test Two1. B2. B3. D4. C5. A6. D7. C8. B9. A 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. B16. Primitive.17. Measure progress of students, show what they are lacking.18. Selection and promotion.19. Test results lack validity and reliability; Teacher and students work for high marks instead of learning.20. Some Asian students with very high TOEFL marks turn out to be poor in their communication skills in the US.Unit NinePart I Listening PracticeSection A Stress and Your HealthExercise 1Person 1: I can't sleep.Person 2: I eat mostly snack foods.Person 3: I can't stop smoking, drink more beer.Person 4: I can't eat.Exercise 21. fatigue2. listlessness3. sleeping problems4. loss of appetite or stomach disorder5. heart palpitationsSection B Student StressExercise 11. pressure, parents, myself, academically, exactly, track record2. quarter system, beginning, end, middle, screw up, messed up, well ordered, perfect3. eleventh week, ten-week, half-week, exams4. cumulative, incorporate, different problemsExercise 21. quiet, nervous, distracted, around, music, C’s2. library3. desk, room, straight, awake, comfortable4. night, quietSection C Techniques for Managing Stress (1)Exercise 11. What we can do with stress?2. Four points:a. Recognition of stress and welcome it.b. Be thankful, an attitude of gratitude to life for life. 0c. To set my body in position to take whatever comes along and to utilize it properly.d. To maintain the hormonal system in a proper state of balance.3. Because a thankful attitude maintains the hormonal system in a proper state of balance so that we are able to take whatever action necessary in a constructive way.Exercise 21. to become aware of potentially stressful situations and avoid them2. to reduce our workload and organize the work in a better way3. to get the proper rest and exercise4. to find a balance between work and playSection D Techniques for Managing Stress (2)Exercise 11. She can't lower her workload right now.2. Visualization or meditation, more positive outlook, mentally planning your day's activities in a less stressful way.3. How to deal with the stress.4. A sport called crew to achieve physical and mental balance.5. Do the emotions have a great deal to do with the disease and healing process?6. Dr Norman Cousins laughed himself back to health.Exercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5.F6. TPart III Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. D4. A5. B 6B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. CUnit TenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Personal HeroesExercise 1Dr Martin Luther Kingwon the Nobel Peace Prizeagainst racismwas peacefulMother Teresa of Calcuttahelped poor peoplewon the Nobel Peace Prizehelped sick peoplewas peacefulNavajo Code-Talkerssoldiersare well-known by native American peopleExercise 21. racism, discrimination, peaceful, guts2. send, receive messages, language, figured out3. poorest, Calcutta, India, feed, take care of,Section B Akio Morita (Mr Sony)Exercise 11. In Nagoya, Japan.2. A rice drink called sake.3. A very small radio.4. Walkman.5. Because of the high quality.6. In 1963.7. Mr Sony.Exercise 21. 1 22. 1 23. 2 14. 2 1Section C Discovery of Sigmund Freud (1)Exercise 11. hypnosis T2. long talks with patients3. study of dreams in order to learn the cause of mental and emotional problemsExercise 2young Greek man, sat by pool, looked down and saw his face in water, so pleased by his beautiful face, sat long, grew roots, became flower narcissusExercise 31. a. at birth, first, themselvesb. emotions, pass, there are other people around them2. a. warmth, security, loveb. attention, love, warmthSection D Discovery of Sigmund Freud (2)Exercise 1as a child, separated from parents; as an adult, killed his father, married his own mother without knowing, put out his eyes to punish himselfExercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. T7. TPart III Listening Comprehension Test1. B2. D3. A4. A5. A6. C7. D8. B9. B 10. DUnit ElevenPart I Listening PracticeExercise 2Section A Premonitions of the Sinking of the TitanicExercise 11. take the form of dreams or visions strong feelings, ideas, or guesses that come into people's minds for no apparent reason2. in the early morning of April 15, 1912 Titanic struck an iceberg and sank 150220 cases of premonitions3. FutilityFiction: Titan1898sank after hitting an iceberg unsinkable linerlifeboatsFact: TitanicApril 15, 1912sank after hitting an iceberg unsinkable linerlifeboatsExercise 21. a passenger on the doomed ship, over 20 years earlier2. nine people, in which a ship like the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank3. Two clairvoyants4. Several other people, something would go wrong5. would-be passengers, they canceled their tickets at the last minuteSection B The Titanic and the Andrea DoriaExercise 1Similarities:1. Both ships were transatlantic ocean liners.2. They were both luxury liners.3. As each ship was sinking, there were acts of heroism and acts of villainy.4. Both of these ships were considered "unsinkableDifferences:Titanic1. on her maiden voyage across the Atlantic2. struck an iceberg and sank3. not equipped with radar, only a lookout4. more than 1 500 people died, over 700 survivedAndrea Doria1. on her 101st transatlantic crossing2. collided with another ship and sank3. had radar to warn of the approach of another ship4. 60 people died, about 1 650 were savedExercise 21. I can infer it.2. I heard it.3. I can infer it.4. I cannot infer it.5. I heard it.6. I cannot infer it.Section C Senator Smith Questions a Survivor (1)Exercise 1Reason 1: We had far better save what few we had in my boat. ReasonReason 2: Our boat would be swamped by the crowds that were there..Reason 3: The whole crowd in my boat discouraged me to do that.Reason 4: They said it was rather a mad idea.Exercise 21 100 people, 700 people, 1 000 people, freezing, a few hundred yards, refused to return and try to save, in charge of, tied his lifeboat to another lifeboat, 60 more peopleSection D Senator Smith Questions a Survivor (2)Exercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 21. Smith is a senator and Pitman is a survivor of the Titanic disaster, who is in charge of a lifeboat.2. Not clearly told, but we know there was room for 60 more people in the two boats.3. The whole crowd in Pitman's lifeboat.Part III Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. B4. A5. C6. B7. C8. A9. D 10. AUnit TwelvePart I Listening PracticeSection A Telephone NumbersExercise 11. 3423-6070 3052. 911-1144 2163. 623-4030 3134. 505-6653 5045.610-1214 6176. 632-1010 2027. 211-4579 2128. 397-4231 6029. 974-0012 21510. 864-3079 206Exercise 21. 3132. 2023. 305-342-60704. student's numberSection B Telephone Quiz Exercise 110, 9, 1, 4, 6,2, 7, 8, 5, 3Exercise 21. The number you have dialed has been temporarily disconnected and is no longer in service.2. You can dial that direct.3. Please have her call me back at 654-9234.4. I have a collect call from Sue. Will you accept the charges?5. She isn't here right now. Can I take a message?6. What number did you dial?7. This number is unlisted.8. I'll connect your call. Please hold.9. This is a recording.10. There is no one here by that name.Section C Making ArrangementsSection D Telephone Use in BusinessExercise 11. True2. True3. False4. False5. FalseExercise 21. facial expressions2. gestures3. appearances4. what5. how6. manners7. the third ring8. pick up9. identify 10. put a customer on hold 11.45 seconds 12. personality 13. warmth 14. eagerness 15. voice16. mumble 17. tone of voice 18. minimum 19. hearing 20. commandPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. So that their customers may call them long distance free of charge.2. Dial 0, and ask the operator for the 800-number operator who can help you.3. sell products and services.4. charging very high rates, encouraging unauthorized callers to call.5. Ask your local phone company to block access to 900 numbers from your phone.Talk 21. Cell phone etiquette.2. Inappropriate use of the cell phone is widespread.3. Ten feet.4. Because the cell phone can be distracting or disruptive to others.5. it may interfere with the signals or other sensitive equipment.Unit ThirteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Personal ComputingExercise 1Interview 1 Interview 2Name John Steele Enrique VargasOccupation computer consultant studentType of PC used IBM PC Apple MacintoshReasons for choice1) knows them well 1) easier to use2) exchanges information with other users 2) GUI--lick on icons /no typing in commands3) a lot of software available 3) windows easier to set upExercise 2choose clone easiermouse standard iconscommands set upused toSection B Portable ComputersExercise 11. palmtop2. notebook3. clipboard4. laptop5. desktopSection C Computers in EducationExercise 11. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. FExercise 21. √2. X (you should check that there is good applications software available)3. X (not two factors but three factors, the third being the size of your budget)4. √5. X (the ideal is one computer per student and all computers linked by a local area network)6. X (free access = unlimited access)Section D Computer Security1. The network system isn't very secure.2. A modem.3. What people do with them, e. g. put passwords on scraps of paper on their computer terminals, use their own names or a partner's name, which makes life easy for a hacker.4. It shows a constantly changing number. It is safe as long as you don't leave the card lying around. j5. Steve seems to know a lot.Part IQ Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. Because his company changed the way the world perceived the computer and its role in society.2. 557 million.3. technology.4. technology could be made available to everyone.5. technology could be used to better people's lives and as a tool for creativity.Talk 21. It refers to the idea of marketing a product over the Internet.2. A website.3. it can save time and money.4. a broader market and lower overheads.5. Cybershoppers.Unit FourteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Radio AnnouncementsExercise 11. Event: Midweek Lecture on American HistoryDays: WednesdayTime: 7:00 p.m.Price: FreePlace: Johnson Hall2. Event: Modern Jazz Concert'sDays: Friday & Saturday.Time: 9:00 p.m.Price: $10Place: the New World Night Club3. Event: Houston International Film FestivalDays: Monday to SundayTime: 11:00 a. m.--10 p.m.Price: $ 2.50 eachPlace: the Academy of Arts4. Event: Independence Day FireworksDays: Saturday, July 4Time: 8:30 p. m.Price: FreePlace: City ParkSee the above.Section B Weather ReportExercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 2The following statements are true: 5, 7, 8, 10.Section C Family QuizExercise 11. D2.B3.A4.BExercise 2 (omitted) the way ;oddSection D Taking Time OffExercise 1Sentences 3 and 6 are not on the tape.Exercise 2thirteen, took time off, on several continentsdevelop his body and strength, learn interesting thingsby himself, encourage others to make a similar tripPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. conversational skills.2. Language in Focus.3. fluency.4. The most useful expressions, structures and word combinations used in the workplace today.5. eltradio@bbc. co. uk.Talk 21. To collect and preserve television and radio programs and to make them available to the public.2. 1976.3. artistic, cultural, and historical significance.4. By interpreting and analyzing radio and television programs.5. New York/ Manhattan, Los Angeles.Unit FifteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A AdvertisementsExercise 11. train service / British Rail2. washing powder / Blanco3. credit card / Spendcard4. shampoo / Shine5. car / Puma6. chocolate, sweets / Frolic bar7. whisky / Glengunnich Malt8. newspaper / Daily Herald9. face cream / Petal10. bank / Midwestern1. traffic jams, driving conditions, speed limits, parking, faster, delays, destination2. stains, whiter than white, housewives3. card, services and discounts4. hair, conditioner5. engine, aerodynamic lines, boot, test drive6. nuts, raisins, coconut, biscuity, toffee, delicious, scrumptious7. spring water, Scottish barley, flavour, wooden barrels, taste, tonic, soda8. objective reporting, current issues, news, colour supplement 9. looks, soft and gentle, skin, creamy and smooth, complexion10. invest, interest rates, bank charges, accounts, insurance, mortgages, pensionsSection B Job AdsAdvertisement 11.A2.C3.A4. A5.BAdvertisement 26. B7. A8. A9. C 10. CSection C Cellular Phone AdExercise 1Sentences 4 and 8 are not on the tape.Exercise 21. X2.√3. √4. X5. √6. X7. √Section D Northwest AirlinesExercise 1Sentences 4 and 7 are not on the tape.Exercise 21. √2. X3. √4. X5. √6. X7. XSemiticPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. commercials.2. Happiness, youth, success, status, luxury, fashion, and beauty.3. You can solve all human problems by buying things; modern things are good and traditional things are bad.4. Because it sometimes gives us useful information about different products.5. shopping cheers them up.Talk 21. vanity.2. Shoddy antiques.3. demonstrate her expertise.4. reproduction furniture and paintings.5. had an extensive knowledge of the antique business.Unit SixteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Popular TV Shows (1)。
新高考英语二轮复习 ：专题10 阅读理解“写作意图”题(含高考真题) 原卷版
专题10阅读理解“写作意图”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）原卷版养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
【近年高考考情】1.（2023▪新高考I卷▪B篇）26题2.（2023▪浙江1月卷▪D篇）34题3.（2022▪新高考I卷▪C篇）28题4.（2020▪新高考卷▪C篇）31题【实用解题妙招】一、设问方式1.What’s the writer’s purpose in this text?2.The purpose of the writer to write the passage is __________.3.By telling the story of ..., the author intends to ________.二、实用妙招每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。
而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。
因此，这类问题要求考生在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。
1. 主旨推断法。
写作意图与文章主旨密切相关，因此，解答这类题跟解答主旨大意题和选择文章标题一样，用略读法，即重点关注文章首尾段和各段的首尾句，找到主题句，抓住文章主旨，然后由主旨来推断作者的写作目的。
议论文、新闻报道、说明文等，其主题句多在文首。
2. 文体推断法。
①应用文广告的目的是吸引更多顾客、游客、读者、订户、观众等订阅或前往（to attract readers）。
②记叙文的目的是分享有趣的经历、告诉一个有趣的故事（to entertain readers）、或给读者某种启示。
③说明文的目的是使读者获得某种知识（to inform readers），提出建议、劝告或呼吁有关部门给予重视。
道路交通法规 英文版
道路交通法规英文版Road Traffic RegulationsDriving on the road is a common activity for many people around the world. However, in order to ensure the safety of all road users, it is essential to have a set of regulations in place. These regulations, also known as road traffic laws, are designed to govern the behavior of drivers, pedestrians, and other road users in order to prevent accidents and maintain order on the roads.In the United States, road traffic regulations are established at both the federal and state levels. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sets standards for road design, construction, and maintenance, while individual states are responsible for enforcing traffic laws and regulations within their borders. These laws cover a wide range of topics, including speed limits, traffic signals, parking regulations, and rules of the road.One of the most important aspects of road traffic regulations is the concept of right-of-way. This refers to the legal right of a driver, pedestrian, or cyclist to proceed first in a given situation. For example, at a four-way stop, the driver who arrives first has the right-of-way, followed by the driver to the right if two vehicles arrive at the same time. Understanding and respecting right-of-way rules is essential for preventing accidents and ensuring the smooth flow of traffic.Speed limits are another key component of road traffic regulations. These limits are set by law and are designed to ensure the safety of all road users. Exceeding the speed limit not only puts the driver at risk but also endangers the lives of other people on the road. In the United States, speed limits vary depending on the type of road, the presence of pedestrians, and other factors. It is important for drivers to pay attention to speed limit signs and adjust their speed accordingly.Traffic signals and signs are also crucial for maintaining order on the roads. Traffic signals, such as stop lights and yield signs, communicate important information to drivers and pedestrians about when to stop, go, or yield the right-of-way. Ignoring these signalscan lead to accidents and traffic congestion. It is essential for all road users to obey traffic signals and signs in order to ensure the safety of everyone on the road.In addition to speed limits, right-of-way rules, and traffic signals, road traffic regulations also cover a variety of other topics, such as parking regulations, drunk driving laws, and rules for using mobile devices while driving. These regulations are designed to promote safety, prevent accidents, and ensure the efficient flow of traffic on the roads.Overall, road traffic regulations are essential for maintaining order and safety on the roads. By understanding and following these regulations, drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists can help prevent accidents and ensure the safety of everyone on the road. It is important for all road users to be aware of the rules of the road and to obey them at all times. By working together to follow road traffic regulations, we can create a safer and more efficient transportation system for everyone.。
国际货运代理相关行业协会及规章规范文件
英文回答：The international freight forwarding industry is subject to regulation by various industry associations and governing bodies, which are responsible for ensuring uniformity in operations, adherence to international trade regulations, and the highest standards of service delivery. An essential player in this regulatory framework is the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA), which represents the interests of more than 40,000 forwarding and logistics firms globally. FIATA is entrusted with the task of establishing and maintaining global standards for the freight forwarding industry, while also working to facilitate trade and advocate for the interests of freight forwarders at an international level. In addition, there exist regional and national freight forwarding associations, each with its own set of regulations and guidelines governing the operations of their members, thereby ensuringpliance with local laws and regulations.国际货运代理行业受各种行业协会和理事机构的监管，这些机构负责确保业务的统一，遵守国际贸易条例，并达到服务提供最高标准。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
7.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have signed this partnership agreement on the day and year first written above. ________________________________ PARTNER ________________________________ PARTNER ________________________________ PARTNER
A division of profits and losses shall be made at such time as may be agreed upon by the partners and at the close of each fiscal year. The profits and losses of the partnership shall be divided between the partners according to the above schedule of “Distribution of Profits and Losses.” 6. CONTROL-The partners shall have the exclusive control over the business of the partnership and each partner shall have equal rights in the management and conduct of the partnership business. Any differences arising as to the ordinary matters connected with the partnership business shall be decided by a numerical majority of the partners. Any act beyond the scope of this partnership agreement or any contract which may subject this partnership to liability in excess of ___________________ DOLLARS shall be subject to the prior written consent of all the partners. DISSOLUTION-In the event of retirement, expulsion, bankruptcy, death, or insanity of a general partner, the remaining partners have the right to continue the business of the partnership under the same name by themselves, or in conjunction with any other persons they select.
Types of Partnerships
Term Partnership – partnership for a specific term or particular undertaking. Partnership At Will – partnership in which the partners have not agreed to remain partners until the expiration of a definite term or the completion of a particular undertaking.
ion
Partnership Agreement – it is preferable, although not usually required, that the partners enter into a written partnership agreement. Tests of Partnership Existence – the formation of a partnership requires all of the following:
– Association two or more persons with legal capacity who agree to become partners – Business for Profit – Co-ownership includes sharing of profits and Cocontrol of the business
Name of Partner
Capital Contribution Agreed Upon Cash Valuation Specific of Contribution Contribution
Percentage Distribution of Profit and Loss
Sample Partnership Agreement (cont.)
No Yes
Partnership
Partnership Property Compared with Partner’s Interest
Partnership Property Definition Possession Assignability Tenant in partnership For partnership purposes, not individual purposes NO: unless all other partners assign their rights in the property YES: but only for a claim against the partnership NO: goes to surviving partner(s)
Sample Partnership Agreement
THIS PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT is entered into this _______ day of ________________ 19_____, between the following persons whose names and addresses are set forth below: The above partners hereby agree that upon the commencement date of this partnership they shall be deemed to have become partners in business. The purposes, terms and conditions of this partnership are as follows: 1. NAME-The firm name of the partnership shall be 2. PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS - The principal place of the partnership shall be 3. PURPOSE-The business of the partnership is set forth below and includes any other business related thereto. 4. TERM-The partnership shall commence on ____________, 19______, and shall continue for an indefinite time. 5. CAPITAL CONTRIBUTION: DISTRIBUTION OF PROFITS AND LOSSES
III. Dissolution of General Partnerships
A. Dissolution B. Winding Up C. Continuation After Dissolution
Definition of Partnership
An association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners a business cofor profit.
Business Law and the Regulation of Business
Chapter 31: Formation and Dissolution of General Partnerships
By Richard A. Mann & Barry S. Roberts
Topics Covered in this Chapter
Tests for Existence of a Partnership
Two or more persons with capacity?
Yes No
Business for profit?
Yes
No
No Partnership
Co-ownership: profit sharing, loss sharing, control?
Entity Theory
Partnership as Legal Entity – an organization having a legal existence separate from that of its members; the RUPA considers a partnership a legal entity for nearly all purposes. Partnership as Legal Aggregate – a group of individuals not having a legal existence separate from that of its members; the RUPA considers a partnership a legal aggregate for few purposes.