电子专业外文翻译---电子学的发展

附录二：中英文翻译：The develop of Electronics（computer）Electronics is a part of the larger field of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics. Modern advances in the fields of computer, control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics.The field of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit and so onElectronics began in 1883, when Thomas Edison discovered the vacuum diode as part of his research on materials for a practical electric light. This first electronic device exhibited a nonlinear, unilateral characteristic but was not capable of producing amplification of a signal. In 1905 Fleming produced the first diode in England and in 1906 DeForest made the first triode in the United States. The widespread applications of vacuum tubes during that time period were in the communications industry, first in radio and later in television. The use of vacuum tubes declined rapidly when a semiconductor device was invented that could perform many of the functions previously associated with vacuum tubes.The first large digital electronic system was a special-purpose vacuum tube circuit called the electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC). The ENIAC was the forerunner of the computer industry. the early transistor was invented in 1984 and made a significant contribution to electronics. The early transistors were made from germanium. The most visible application of these devices was in small, portable AM broadcast receivers. Silicon transistors began to replace germanium transistors in the late 1950s, which made possible the next revolutionary step in electronics.The commercial success of the integrated circuit industry was based on standard products representing digital logic families. The integrated circuit industry was moving from the era of small-scale circuits to large-scale integration (LSI). As the decade of the 1970s came to a close, a new era in integrated circuits was beginning. This era is characterized by the inclusion of larger and larger and larger numbers of components in a single circuit, and it is called very large-scale integration (VLSI).Electronic technology is developing rapidly in the world. And electronics industry is equipped it make yet another giant step forward.A computer is a machine that accepts and processes data into information under the control of a stored program. Data are facts or observations, while information is the meaning we attribute them.A computer is a data processing machine. Data flow into the machine as input. Information flows from the machine as output. The computer processes the data. These three basic concepts of input, processing and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play.What do we mean when we say that a computer processes data? Process implies that a change takes place. For example, in clothing manufacturing, input is the pieces of cut cloth. The processing is the sewing together of these pieces. And the output is the finished garment. Often, data processing involves filtering and summarizing data so that underlying and output.What makes a computer different from a calculator?We know that when adding two numbers on a calculator to find the sum, it requires direct human intervention at each step. A computer can process data automatically without human intervention. However a computer is not intelligent. It doesn’t know when to add, or subtract, or compare, or request input. If it is to function without direct human control, it must be given a set of instructions to guide it, step, through a process. The set of instructions is called a program. The program is stored physically inside the machine, making it a stored program. It is the stored program that distinguishes a computer from a calculator.Modern computers vary in physical size from those that fill rooms to those that with CPUs the size of a dime. Generally, the larger the system, the greater its processing speed, storage capacity.Systems on the low end of the size scale are called microcomputers, whose central processor is built as a single semiconductor device, called the microprocessor. Continuing up the size scale, mainframe computers are systems that may offer faster processing speeds and greater storage capacity than a typical microcomputer. Finally come the supersystems, designed to process complex scientific applications. These systems are the largest, fastest.Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. In the past, a complex computation would take years of human remarkable power. In the past, a complex computation would take years of human work. But now it can be done in a few seconds. A number of various complicated problems could not be solved in thepast, however, they have been solved with the help of computers today.A computer is a fast and accurate symbol manipulating system that is organized to accept, store, and process data and produce output result under the direction of a store program of instruction.A computer is controlled by a stored program, thus, the first step in using the machine is copying the program from diskette or trap into memory. Now , the processor can begin executing instructions. Input data from keyboard、diskette of tape are stored in memory. The processor manipulates the data, storing the result back into memory, finally the result are output.Memory’s contents are easy to change, thus when one set of data has been processed, the program can be repeated, reading and processing new data, and generating new output. If the data can be changed, why not the program? When a program is finished, a new one can take its in memory, allowing the computer to process completely different data. One minute it can prepare bills from invoices under control of a billing program. Later, this same collection of components, controlled yet by another program, can read statistical data and produce a chart, or sense the movements of a joystick and manipulate the position of an imaginary spaceship on a display screen.Digital computer are made for both special uses. A special-purpose computer is one that’s designed to perform only one specific task. The program of instructions is wired into, or permanently stored in such a machine. Although it lacks versatility, it does its single task quickly and efficiently, A general-purpose computer is one that can store different programs and can thus be used a machine can process a payroll one minute and a billing application the next .New programs can be written, and old programs can be changed or dropped. The versatility of a general-purpose system is limited only by human imagination.The physical components of a computer –-the processor, memory, input devices, and output devices, and output devices—are its hardware. You can see them, touch them, and feel them. Programs and data are different, existing only as electronic pulses stored in memory. Software is a general term for programs.Hardware and configurationThe key elements in the computer system’s hardware include input/output devices, central processing unit and memory.Input device is used to get data into the computer. In a real system, input is commonly entered on a keyboard.Information processing is complete when the results of processing are communicated, what a computer program produces is a stream of coded symbols. In most cases, it is the job of the output device to decode these coded symbols into a form of information that is easy for people to use or understand, such as text, pictures, graphics, or sound,The data are stored in memory-----another category of computer hardware, which is used to store data, and also holds the programs. Processing unit does the actual computer once the data has been read in, or input, under control of program, then stores the results back into the memory.The processor is often called the central processing unit(CPU)or main processor, a processor is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions. An instruction is made up of operations and operations and operands. the processor’s job is to retrieve and operands from memory and to perform each operation. having done that, it signals memory to send it the next instruction. A processor is composed of two functional units (a control unit and an arithmetic-logic unit)and a set of special workspaces called registers.The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. The control unit fetches instructions form memory and determines their type or decodes them. it then breaks each instructions into a series of simple small steps or actions. By doing this, it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system..The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction. Arithmetic operations include adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. Logic operations make a comparison and take action based on the results.A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running, control unit registers store information such as the current instruction, the location of the next instruction to be executed, and the operands of the instruction.电子学的发展(计算机)电子学是电子中的一部分。