(精选)西方文化概论课后题部分答案
西方文化概论-赵林-样卷答案整理
“西方文化概论”通识课二、论述题1、分析希腊文化、罗马文化与基督教文化之间的内在联系与本质差异。
8A、希腊文化的基本特点是和谐之美，它作为西方文化的摇篮，将一切矛盾的东西都融为一体，灵与肉、理想与现实等矛盾尚未发展到对立的程度，因此希腊文化具有一种原始的或童稚的美感（10分）。
B、罗马文化对希腊文化多有模仿，但是罗马文化却具有独特的文化精神，它把希腊文化的和谐之美片面地推向了物质主义、功利主义的极端，虽然罗马人建立了强大的国家和较为完善的法律体系，但是在精神方面却极为贫乏（10分）；C、基督教文化是以一种否定的方式从罗马文化中成长起来的，它的文化精神与罗马文化形成了鲜明的对照，即以一种唯灵主义和彼岸主义与罗马文化相对立。
但是在中世纪基督教文化中，这种唯灵主义的理想并未能真正落实到教会实践中，其结果导致了基督教理想与现实之间的二元分裂和普遍虚伪，最终引发了宗教改革运动（15分）；D、罗马文化和基督教文化可以看作是对希腊文化的两种截然相反的片面发展，到了近代，西方文化才走向了一个历史的合题，即试图在一个新的起点上将三种文化辩证地统一起来（5分）。
2、结合新教三大主流教派的具体情况来说明宗教改革运动对于西方文化变革的重大历史意义。
6A、新教的三大主流教派分别是德国的路德宗、英国的安立甘宗和瑞士的加尔文宗（5分）；B、路德率先发起宗教改革，打破了罗马天主教一统天下的格局。
路德通过“因信称义”思想倡导了一种精神上的自由，把信仰变成了个人的事情（10分）；C、安立甘宗的改革是由英国国王从上至下地进行的，它把国王的权力提升到罗马教会之上，促进了英国民族国家的崛起和立宪政治的发展，并且通过教产还俗推动了英国资本主义原始积累的发展（10分）；D、加尔文宗改革的最重要的意义在于，通过“天职”观念使得日常工作获得了一种宗教意义，从而为资本主义经济发展提供了一种合理主义根据（10分）；E、新教三大主流教派的上述改革在思想、政治和经济等各个方面改变了中世纪基督教文化的基本状态，客观上导致了西方社会的彻底更新和资本主义文化的产生（5分）。
尔雅《西方文化概论》部分课后题答案
尔雅《西方文化概论》部分课后题答案本页仅作为文档封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March1.根据考古发掘，西方文明起始于（……）左右以前。
4000年2.克里特文明从公元前（）以后就开始突然衰落了。
15世纪3西方文明最早的源头是克里克岛5以下几个希腊文明的阶段，由早到晚顺序正确的是（）。
克，迈，黑，希9最早编撰古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人是（）。
赫西俄德10希腊最主要的文明集中在（）的两个半岛。
南方14希腊神话的特点是认为（）有血缘关系。
英雄和神17公元前9世纪，（）字母传入希腊文明。
腓尼基18希腊城邦文明最鼎盛时期持续的时间是（）。
7,8前半叶19被誉为希腊哲学之父的是（）。
泰勒斯21下列关于斯巴达和雅典的说法中，正确的是（）。
它们都是希腊城邦文化的代表，斯巴达尚武，雅典崇文，斯巴达是寡头政治，雅典是民主制度。
全对22伯里克利当时著名的“丧葬演讲”是为悼念。
伯罗奔尼撒战争23斯巴达最初的法律包括哪三个方面（）不是政治，军事，经济25下列关于酒神精神和日神精神的说法中，不正确的是（）。
日神是狄奥尼索斯，酒神是阿波罗26古希腊戏剧的诞生与（）有关。
酒神29希腊城邦时代，古希腊人受教育的方式主要是（）。
观看戏剧30古希腊戏剧的主要内容是（）。
古代的神话传说33下列戏剧作品是由索福克勒斯创作的是（）。
《俄狄浦斯王》34古希腊戏剧“普罗米修斯三部曲”是（）。
《盗火的普罗米修斯》《被缚的普罗米修斯》《解放的普罗米修斯.36亚里士多德认为古希腊的悲剧能调动我们的（）情感。
怜悯和敬畏37被誉为古希腊喜剧之父的是（）。
阿里斯多芬39在古希腊，米利都学派的创始人，被誉为自然哲学之父的是（）苏格拉底40泰勒斯的哲学观点认为（）。
万物都是从水中产生，万物又复归于水42西方哲个大数学家也是一个神秘主义倾向的是（）。
毕达哥拉斯43恩培多克勒提出的“四根说”认为，任何事物都是（）按照不同比例排列组合而成的。
西方文化概论选修课实用考试答案
1.最早的克里特文明，经过现在的考古的发掘可以充分证明，它大概是在距今4500 年前左右。
2.根据考古发掘，西方文明起始于（ 4500）左右以前。
3.克里特文明从公元前（15 世纪）以后就开始突然衰落了。
4. 希腊文明被称为西方文明的摇篮。
对5. 最早的希腊文明又被称为爱琴文明。
对6.迈锡尼文明是由一支来自北方的印欧语系游牧民族：阿卡亚人而建。
对7.以下几个希腊文明的阶段，由早到晚顺序正确的是：克里特，迈锡尼，黑暗，希腊。
8. 迈锡尼文明时期，北方入侵的三支浪潮中：第一支浪潮是和平渗透。
9. 迈锡尼文明既有对克里特文明的借鉴，又有北方粗狂的特点。
对 10. 迈锡尼文明最早是由希腊土居建立的。
错11.克里特是以迷宫而著称。
12.希腊神话有个显著的特点是神兽同形同性。
错13.“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”都属于克里特神话。
对 14. 奥运会最早是一种祭祀活动15.希腊最主要的文明集中在（）的两个半岛16.伊利亚特描写了特洛伊战争第十个年头所发生的事情。
对17. 在古希腊神话中，大地之神该亚未经交配就生下了18. 希腊神话的特点是认为（英雄和神）有血缘关系19.希腊悲剧的深刻性在于让人关注故事和英雄背后的命运。
对20.古希腊神话通过神系的生殖原则反映了朴素的宇宙起源观和自然演化观。
对21.希腊城邦文明第二阶段是前六世纪- 前 4 世纪，此阶段达到了希腊城邦文明的全盛时期对22.希腊城邦文明最鼎盛时期持续的时间是：公元前 6 世纪到公元前 4 世纪后半叶 23. 被誉为希腊哲学之父的是泰勒斯24.希腊城邦文明时期的“殖民地”和现在意义上的的“殖民地”性质不同对 25. 希腊城邦文明最鼎盛的时代也被称为“希腊化时代”错 26. 斯巴达的男性公民只有一种身份，那就是战士。
对27.下列关于斯巴达和雅典的说法中，正确的是 : 、它们都是希腊城邦文化的代表, 斯巴达尚武，雅典崇文, 斯巴达是寡头政治，雅典是民主制度 .28.伯里克利当时著名的“丧葬演讲”是为悼念（伯罗奔尼撒战争）所亡。
西方文化概论(Z01K02)
一、单项选择题1.最早出自罗马的是以下哪一项制度？（）A、封建制B、民主制C、共和制D、城邦制答案： C2.被称为“英雄时代”，是希腊文明中的（）。
A、克里特文明时代B、希腊文明时代C、迈锡尼文明时代D、黑暗时代答案： D3.atom在古希腊被认为是（）的意思。
A、本质B、物质C、不可分D、种子答案： C4.在古希腊，以下哪一位是米利都学派的创始人，被誉为自然哲学之父？（）A、苏格拉底B、柏拉图C、亚里士多德D、泰勒斯答案： D5.以下哪一项是罗马法的一般性的哲学基础和法理学基础？A、《万民法》B、《公民法》C、《外邦法》D、《自然法》答案： D6.古罗马在公元前450年制定的《十二铜表法》是（）。
A、成文法B、习惯法C、公民法D、交易法答案： A7.罗马人认为罗马起源的传说和以下哪一种动物有关？（）A、狼B、豹C、狗D、狮子答案： A8.凯撒最终遭到（）刺杀而身亡。
A、屋大维B、埃及艳后C、罗马元老D、高卢人答案： C二、判断题1.在罗马历中，将七月献给奥古斯都，将八月献给凯撒。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误2.爱琴文明不是最早的希腊文明。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误3.希腊在希波战争之前，是分离主义，战争之后，开始帝国主义。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确4.古希腊的悲剧往往产生于好人和坏人之间的冲突，体现的是善恶相争的结果。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误5.希腊土居最早建立了迈锡尼文明。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误6.三权分立的最初模型的形成是在伯里克利时期，雅典民主制度完成时。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确7.法国的启蒙运动传入德国后就变成了思想的大革命。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确8.迈锡尼文明有对克里特文明的借鉴，也有北方粗狂的特点。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确9.伊斯坦布尔的由来是土耳其入侵罗马帝国后，将君士坦丁堡改名而来的。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确10.罗马的政治中心是东罗马，官方语言是拉丁语。
A、正确B、错误答案：错误11.古希腊时期，立法者吕库古进行了彻底的政治改革，废除了债务奴隶。
西方文化概论答案
西⽅⽂化概论答案1、在克⾥特岛中央的克诺索斯地区因传说中的⽶诺斯（Minos)国王以及他的那座扑朔迷离⽽得名的⽶诺斯⽂明出现于：2、最初的希腊⼈是在公元前三千年从安纳托利亚的东部和叙利亚的北部迁徙⽽来的蛮族⼈T3、公元前12世纪末的民族⼤迁徙使得来⾃北⽅的印欧语系游牧⼊侵者多利亚⼈进⼊希腊半岛，使爱琴海地区进⼊长达三个多世纪的“⿊暗时代”，也称“英雄时代”。
T4、、“⿊暗时代”末期游吟诗⼈的作品中所反映的故事主要发⽣在：希腊神话主要是地中海神话与北⽅印欧语神话相融合的结果。
T赫西俄德的《神谱》蕴涵者⼀种以“命运”为“看不见的⼿”来实现神系更迭的⾃然进化思想。
T伯罗奔尼撒战争中获胜的是：公元前594年通过法律形式废除债务奴⾪制、设置四百⼈会议和公民陪审法庭的是：德尔菲之所以著名，是因为它有⼀个神庙，这个神庙是拜：城邦这种政治经济⽂化统⼀体最重要的特征是分离主义的政治态度和⾃由主义的⽣活信念。
T雅典的陪审法庭是由多少⼈组成的：6000伯⾥克利担任⼗将军委员会主席达30年之久。
T被称为希腊“悲剧之⽗”的是、“悲剧”（tragdy)⼀词即“⼭⽺歌”，⽽⼭⽺则是酒神狄奥尼索斯的象征和奉献给他的最常见的祭品。
T著名史诗《艾涅阿斯纪》将罗马的起源与荷马史诗中的英雄特洛伊联系在⼀起，它的作者是：罗马的扩张开始的年代是：罗马草创之初，聚集了⼀群奴⾪、逃犯和亡命之徒，李维因此⽽称罗马起源于⼀种“垃圾堆状态”。
T公元前287年通过的《⼗⼆铜表法》，规定特布⾥斯会议（平民会议）的决议⽆须通过元⽼院的批准具有法律效⼒。
F公元前60年，罗马第⼀次出现了由三个掌握军队的⼈缔结的“前三头同盟”，他们是：克拉苏、汉尼拔和凯撒。
F、⾰拉古兄弟改⾰的⼀个重要后果是使新兴的骑⼠阶层在政治上的地位提⾼。
公元前50年，⼀位名叫马克·布鲁图斯的青年与元⽼们共同密谋刺杀了凯撒。
F1、毁灭亚历⼭⼤帝国的最后⼀个孑遗托勒密王国，将埃及并⼊罗马版图的是：2、公元193年，罗马历史上喜爱⾓⽃但被他所豢养的⼀个⾓⽃⼠暗杀⽽死的皇帝是：1、⼩伽图为例捍卫共和国的原则，多次公开揭露了（）的野⼼，并为此进⾏了不屈不挠的⽃争：、罗马民族⽂化和民族精神的基本特点是功利主义。
西方文化概论 章节测试答案
西方文化概论章节测试答案爱琴文明与希腊神话传说（一）1下列说法错误的是（）。
A、希腊文明表现的是一种和谐之美B、罗马文化倾向于较功利，物质方面发展C、西方现代文明包罗万象D、西方现代文明只发展基督教文化正确答案： D2不属于欧洲伸进地中海的三个半岛的是（）。
A、巴尔干半岛B、亚平宁半岛C、克里特半岛D、伊比利亚半岛正确答案： C3埃及第一法老王朝大约出现在（）。
A、公元前1500年B、公元前2000年C、公元3100年D、约在公元前3100年正确答案： D4下列说法错误的是（）。
A、美索不达米亚文明是已知的最古老的文明B、克里特文明晚于埃及文明C、希腊文明的第一个阶段不是克里特-迈锡尼文明D、克里特文明晚于两河流域文明正确答案： C5十九世纪下下半叶，德国的（）考古发掘了克里特文明。
A、莱柯曼B、爱因斯坦C、黑格尔D、施里曼正确答案： D6哪一项不是西方文化的特点？（）A、跳跃性B、动荡性C、两极的大跳跃D、平稳、以不变应万变正确答案： D7中世纪出现的基督教文化的特点是（）。
A、物质主义B、为灵主义C、纵欲主义的D、关注人间、关注现世的快乐正确答案： B8西方文化发展的跳跃性和动荡性要大于中国。
（）正确答案：√9西方文化的源头是基督教文化。
（）正确答案：×10希腊文明的源头是克里特文明。
（）正确答案：√11克里特文明不受埃及文明影响。
（）正确答案：×12西方文明发展的跳跃性和动荡性远远大于东方文明。
（）正确答案：√13世界上最古老的文化是中国文化。
（）正确答案：×14古代希腊是大希腊，环爱琴海周边的地区的都叫希腊文化区，它不仅仅限于今天的希腊半岛的一个民族国家。
（）正确答案：√爱琴文明与希腊神话传说（二）1英国考古学家（）发掘了1600块刻有克里特铭文的泥板。
A、达尔文B、温特利森C、伊文思D、荷马正确答案： C2最早的希腊人是（）。
A、克里特本土人B、罗马人C、多利亚人D、阿卡亚人正确答案： D3对迈锡尼文明说法错误的是（）。
西方文化概论任务4附答案
单选题(1/10)、绚丽多姿的希腊神话是不同文化长期融合的结果，其中主要是（）世界神话与北方印欧语世界神话融合的结果。
(2分)A、地中海B、里海C、黑海D、红海(2/10)、（）或爱国心是中世纪后期出现的一种新的精神力量，这股力量在宗教改革中与不同的宗教信仰结合在一起，成为促进西方近代国家主义产生的重要因素。
(2分)A、民族意识B、民生意识C、民权意识D、民主意义(3/10)、首届奥林匹克竞技会于公元前（）年举行。
(2分)A、774B、777C、776D、775(4/10)、雅典的立法权属于“公民大众”，它由（）组成。
(2分)A、全体雅典公民B、上层与中层公民C、上层公民D、五百公民(5/10)、希腊哲学和科学思想的集大成者是（）。
(2分)A、柏拉图B、亚里士多德C、毕达哥拉斯D、苏格拉底(6/10)、从历史渊源来看，西方文明最初的发源地可追溯到位于爱琴海南端入口处的（）。
(2分)A、克里特岛B、迈锡尼C、基克拉迪群岛D、特洛伊(7/10)、17世纪中叶，宗教宽容精神和政治妥协原则，国内的资本主义经济因素及海外不断发展的商业贸易和殖民扩张，使（）逐渐成为欧洲最强盛的资本主义国家和全国殖民体系的“日不落帝国”。
(2分)A、德国B、意大利C、英国D、法国(8/10)、希腊城邦时邦时期最出的唯心主义哲学家是（），他的哲学体系通常被称作理念论。
(2分)A、柏拉图B、泰勒斯C、毕达哥拉斯D、苏格拉底(9/10)、希腊悲剧的命运主题典型地表现在（）杀父娶母的悲剧故事中。
(2分)A、狄奥尼索斯B、俄狄浦斯C、阿瑞斯D、宇斯(10/10)、希腊神话中的智慧女神是（），美神是阿佛洛狄忒，战争之神是阿瑞斯。
(2分)A、雅典娜B、阿波罗C、狄奥尼索斯D、缪斯多项选择(1/10)、1、意大利大学教育的内容主要包括“七艺”，即初级部分的文法、修辞、逻辑，高级部分的数学、几何、音乐、天文。
(2分)A、音乐B、历史C、数学D、几何(2/10)、希腊的三大悲剧作家是（）。
西方文化概论_课后习题参考答案
西方文化概论_课后习题参考答案(总9页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--P241、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化论。
希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观和自然观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
它蕴涵着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维系神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，神权的替代和神系的更迭揭示了一种深刻的命运观。
这种通过“命运”来实现的神系神系的更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
P602.希腊神话的“神人同形同性的特点”反映了什么样的文化精神？A、神人同形－－希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。
B、神人同性－－神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错误，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。
在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本特征。
《西方文化概论》选修课实用考试答案（范文模版）
《西方文化概论》选修课实用考试答案（范文模版）第一篇：《西方文化概论》选修课实用考试答案（范文模版）网络学习选修课考试答案1.最早的克里特文明，经过现在的考古的发掘可以充分证明，它大概是在距今4500年前左右。
2.根据考古发掘，西方文明起始于（4500）左右以前。
3.克里特文明从公元前（15世纪）以后就开始突然衰落了。
4.希腊文明被称为西方文明的摇篮。
对5.最早的希腊文明又被称为爱琴文明。
对6.迈锡尼文明是由一支来自北方的印欧语系游牧民族：阿卡亚人而建。
对7.以下几个希腊文明的阶段，由早到晚顺序正确的是：克里特，迈锡尼，黑暗，希腊。
8.迈锡尼文明时期，北方入侵的三支浪潮中：第一支浪潮是和平渗透。
9.迈锡尼文明既有对克里特文明的借鉴，又有北方粗狂的特点。
对10.迈锡尼文明最早是由希腊土居建立的。
错11.克里特是以迷宫而著称。
12.希腊神话有个显著的特点是神兽同形同性。
错13.“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”都属于克里特神话。
对14.奥运会最早是一种祭祀活动15.希腊最主要的文明集中在（）的两个半岛16.伊利亚特描写了特洛伊战争第十个年头所发生的事情。
对17.在古希腊神话中，大地之神该亚未经交配就生下了 18.希腊神话的特点是认为（英雄和神）有血缘关系 19.希腊悲剧的深刻性在于让人关注故事和英雄背后的命运。
对20.古希腊神话通过神系的生殖原则反映了朴素的宇宙起源观和自然演化观。
对21.希腊城邦文明第二阶段是前六世纪-前4世纪，此阶段达到了希腊城邦文明的全盛时期对 22.希腊城邦文明最鼎盛时期持续的时间是：公元前6世纪到公元前4世纪后半叶 23.被誉为希腊哲学之父的是泰勒斯24.希腊城邦文明时期的“殖民地”和现在意义上的的“殖民地”性质不同对 25.希腊城邦文明最鼎盛的时代也被称为“希腊化时代”错26.斯巴达的男性公民只有一种身份，那就是战士。
对27.下列关于斯巴达和雅典的说法中，正确的是:、它们都是希腊城邦文化的代表 ,斯巴达尚武，雅典崇文,斯巴达是寡头政治，雅典是民主制度.28.伯里克利当时著名的“丧葬演讲”是为悼念（伯罗奔尼撒战争）所亡。
西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章
1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing the nature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of reality of the “things in themselves” remains forever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivism, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. metaphysical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)。
西方文化概论试卷及答案（二）
西方文化概论试卷及答案（二）西方文化概论试卷及答案（二）试卷一、名词解释爱琴文化文艺复兴笛卡尔二、论述题1、如何评价希腊化时期的文化精神？2、基督教与犹太教的主要区别表现在哪些方面？答案一、名词解释:爱琴文化：爱琴文化是指爱琴海区域公元前3000后半期——公元前12世纪的出现青铜文化。
克里特和迈锡尼是爱琴文化的两大中心，这一时期，原始氏族制度逐步解体，奴隶制国家随之产生，并创造了灿烂辉煌的文化，成为目前已知的欧洲古文明的渊源。
文艺复兴：发端于１４世纪的意大利，意思为“再生”“复兴”，表面是希腊罗马古典文化的复兴，实际上是资产阶级新文化的兴起，是欧洲从封建社会向资本主义社会过渡的过程中，新兴资产阶级在意识形态领域向封建主义和基督教神学发动的一场伟大的革命。
笛卡尔：著名的法国哲学家、科学家和数学家。
对现代数学的发展做出了重要的贡献，因将几何坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。
他还是西方现代哲学思想的奠基人，是近代唯物论的开拓者提出了“普遍怀疑”的主张。
他的哲学思想深深影响了之后的几代欧洲人，开拓了所谓理性主义哲学。
二、论述题1、如何评价希腊化时期的文化精神？希腊化时期的文化随着亚历山大帝国的崩溃，进入了一个萎靡不正的时代，他们开始以一种消极颓废的姿态来对待生存的问题，以一种玩世不恭的行为方式和冷嘲冷风的口吻来揶揄生活中一切神圣的东西，希腊化时代的种“后现代”的文化氛围是与希腊城邦时代崇高典雅的悲剧精神背道而驰的。
从表面上看，希腊化时代是希腊文化在地狱上的推广和扩展，但从实质上看，希腊化时代却是希腊文化精神的颓废和没落。
希腊文化的辉雄壮丽、动人魂魄的悲剧时代结束了，接踵而来的是一个低吟浅唱、醉生梦死的平庸时代。
在政治方面，希腊的政治向着东方的专制主义、官僚主义的腐化堕落的方向发展，亚力山大帝国分裂成的三个帝国——希腊的马其顿王国、埃及的托勒密帝国、西亚的塞琉西帝国——陷入了无休无止和徒劳无功的冲突中；希腊的文化则向着繁缛华丽和虚浮无聊的方向发展，越来越多的融入了东方文化骄奢的成分。
西方文化导论课后习题答案_1
西方文化导论课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths andsocial life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greekculture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and stylesin painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity insteadof divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
西方文化概论任务2附答案
西方文化概论任务2附答案单选题(1/10)、在公元1世纪初，一个犹太教的支派把加利利的拿撒勒人耶稣认作弥赛亚，即基督，他们在与正统派的斗争中逐渐脱离犹太教，形成了（）的雏形。
(2分)A、犹太教B、基督教C、天主教D、新教(2/10)、中世纪欧洲经济生活的基本单元是“小而全”的（）。
(2分)A、农场B、庄园C、山寨D、公社(3/10)、现代的西方人通常把希腊罗马文化称为古典文化，而把自己所处的文化称为（）。
(2分)A、现代文化B、基督教文化C、中世纪文化(4/10)、受基督教唯灵主义理想和灵肉二元论观念的影响，中世纪人们在现实生活中越是苦难深重，在精神就越发把虚无缥缈的天国景象想象得美妙无比。
这种强烈的反差表现在中世纪一切文化作品中，尤其是骑士文学和（）建筑中。
(2分)A、哥特式B、巴洛克式C、廊柱式D、券柱式(5/10)、从弥赛亚运动的“末世论”到“（）”的发展，是基督教最终摆脱犹太教而成为一种世界性宗教的重要标志。
(2分)A、复活说B、救赎说C、有神论(6/10)、犹太教的核心是律法和祭祀，基督教的核心则是（）。
(2分)A、理想和道德B、信仰和道德C、道德和宗教D、宗教和理想(7/10)、在中世纪全盛时期（12、13世纪），意大利、法国和英国的几乎每一座较大的城市里都建立了大学，其中法国的巴黎大学和英国的（）成为全欧洲最著名的大学。
(2分)A、牛津大学B、加州大学C、麻省理工大学D、里斯本大学(8/10)、根据犹太教的传述，早在公元前13世纪末叶犹太人被埃及征服者掠到埃及去做苦役时，在犹太人中间就出现了一位先知摩西。
摩西在西乃山上与上帝立约，即（），定下了十条诫命，即摩西十诫。
(2分)A、新约B、旧约C、圣经(9/10)、最先将基督教的福音传播到罗马城的是耶稣的门徒（）。
(2分)A、犹大B、彼得C、安德烈D、雅各(10/10)、11世纪在意大利的博洛尼亚产生了西欧第一个由专业性学校合并而成的多学科性质的学校，这种学校被称为“（）”。
西方文化概论任务1附答案
西方文化概论任务1附答案单选题(1/20)、斯巴达社会分为三个阶层，居统治地位的是（），其次是（），即边民或邻人，最下层是（），即在斯巴达人的征服活动中沦为奴隶的土著民族。
这三个阶层依次为（）。
(2分)A、斯巴达人柏里赛人希洛人B、柏里赛人斯巴达人希洛人C、希洛人柏里赛人斯巴达人D、希洛人斯巴达人柏里赛人(2/20)、雅典的立法权属于“公民大众”，它由（）组成。
(2分)A、全体雅典公民B、五百公民C、上层与中层公民D、上层公民(3/20)、毕达哥拉斯把万物的本原说成是一种超自然形态的东西，即（）。
(2分)A、形体B、道理C、数D、艺术(4/20)、公元前336年，于希腊北部的马其顿王国由（）继承腓力二世的王位，将松散的希腊联盟“科林斯同盟”整合为一个的马其顿帝国。
1章/3节 (2分)A、亚历山大B、托勒密C、塞琉谷(5/20)、绚丽多姿的希腊神话是不同文化长期融合的结果，其中主要是（）世界神话与北方印欧语世界神话融合的结果。
(2分)A、地中海B、红海C、里海D、黑海(6/20)、首届奥林匹克竞技会于公元前（）年举行。
(2分)A、774B、775C、777D、776(7/20)、罗马著名医生（）提出了血液循环和“动物元气”的理论，第一次将人体看作一个有机的整体。
(2分)A、盖伦B、华佗C、达?芬达(8/20)、希腊哲学和科学思想的集大成者是（）。
(2分)A、柏拉图B、苏格拉底C、亚里士多德D、毕达哥拉斯(9/20)、在希波战争中，为了共同御敌的需要，雅典人联合爱琴海地区的一些希腊城邦组建了（）。
战后，“同盟”逐渐变成了一个“帝国”，雅典人从自由主和分离主义的楷模走向了帝国主义。
另一方面，希腊另一大城邦斯巴达则在希腊半岛南部建立了伯罗奔尼撒同盟，与提洛同盟争夺希腊霸权。
(2分)A、提洛同盟B、伯罗奔尼撒同盟C、北约组织(10/20)、希腊的哲学之父是（）。
(2分)A、泰勒斯B、毕达哥拉斯C、苏格拉底D、柏拉图(11/20)、在约元前15世纪左右，一场突如其来的灾难使得米诺斯王国迅速衰亡，克里特文明奇迹般地消失了。
《西方文化概论》复习提纲以及答案
西方文化概论第一章爱琴文化和希腊神话传说一、米诺斯文明Crete 克里特岛是米诺斯文明的发源地；是西方文化的源头、摇篮、起源之所在。
克诺索斯王宫————————迷宫克里特人使用的文字————线形文字A米诺斯文明史上古文明由西亚、北非向欧洲大陆传播的一个重要阶段，也是古代希腊文化的第一个繁荣时期。
二、迈锡尼文明（1）迈锡尼文明的缔造者为阿卡亚人。
（2）爱琴文明包括米诺斯文明和迈锡尼文明，是古代爱琴海地区青铜文化的统称。
（3）迈锡尼人的文字————线形文字B（4）阿卡亚人对爱琴海地区的血与火的征服活动构成了希腊英雄传说的历史愿望。
《荷马史诗》征服true。
（5）迈锡尼走向衰落的关键因素：迈锡尼攻陷特洛伊。
——————衰落。
三、荷马时代（黑暗时代）N（1）特洛伊战争之后，繁荣的爱琴文明彻底衰落了，希腊由此进入了荷马时代。
所谓的荷马时代是指公元前1100年——前800年这一段时间，正是荷马史诗反应的时代，故被称为荷马时代。
（2）荷马史诗由《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部分构成。
两既彼此独立又相互联系大的部分。
（3）《荷马史诗》并非出自于一人之手，是古希腊全民共同智慧的结晶。
（4）《伊利亚特》的线索：阿卡琉斯的愤怒。
（5）出自于特洛伊战争的成语典故：木马计传说古代希腊人攻打特洛伊城九年不下，后来用一计策，把一批勇士藏在一只特制的木马中，佯装撤退，扔下木马。
特洛伊人把木马当作战利品运进城内。
夜里木马中的勇士出来打开城门，与攻城军队里应外合，占领了特洛伊城。
后称潜入敌方内部进行破坏和颠覆活动的办法为“木马计”。
，阿卡琉斯之踵阿喀琉斯，是凡人泊琉斯和美貌仙女忒提斯的宝贝儿子。
忒提斯为了让儿子炼成“金钟罩”，在他刚出生时就将其倒提着浸进冥河，遗憾的是，乖儿被母亲捏住的脚后跟却不慎露在水外，全身留下了惟一一处“死穴”。
后来，阿喀琉斯被赫克托尔弟弟帕里斯一箭射中了脚踝而死去。
后人常以“阿喀琉斯之踵”譬喻这样一个道理：即使是再强大的英雄，他也有致命的死穴或软肋。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案(新)
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案.
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy － the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culturecreated d their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made and others’ culture; they createbrilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture; Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.。
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西方文化概论1. 、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间跨度?（24页）地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2. 赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？（24页）第一,它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观.从这方面看,希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史,同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生城观和自然观,神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进.第二,它蕴含着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想.这方面看,以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的锲机是神话的有一个特征.3. 希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？（60页）第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视,这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神,希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神.第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征.自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜,感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱.第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉。
4. 希腊悲剧“命运”的主题具有什么深刻寓意？（60页）首先，希腊悲剧不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志，而是自由意志与潜藏在它背后的决定论；不是一个人对另一个人的否定，而是自己对自己的否定。
其次，“命运”作为感性的现象世界背后的一种抽象的本质或规律，作为一种普遍性的东西，是建立在形象思维基础之上的希腊神话和悲剧所无法真正把握的，因而对于希腊人来说是一种不可理解也无法改变的宿命。
其次，希腊悲剧表现了一种庄严而神圣的“命运”主题，他的基调是悲壮的、崇高的，因而“命运”是不可亵渎的神圣的。
但这种对“命运”的敬畏被日益兴起的怀疑主义思想所冲淡。
怀疑主义渐渐使悲剧的根源被归结为人性的弱点，而不再是神秘而不可知的“命运”。
5. 希腊的自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？（60页）产生：希腊最初的自然哲学是从广为流传的的奥林匹斯多神教中发展出来的，而形而上学的思想渊源则可以上溯到奥尔弗斯神秘祭。
希腊自然哲学关于万物“本原”问题哲学思考源于希腊神普所反映的自然演化观，而形而上学关于世界本质（或“形式”）问题的思考则源于希腊神话中诡异的“命运”意象。
发展：（1），希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯第一次以哲学的方式表述本源的思想，他认为万物都是从水中产生（ 2），米利都学派第一次用哲学语言代替神话语言来说明万物的本原，并用本原自身的内在矛盾代替神系的生殖原则来解释事物的生灭变化。
这样，神话所形成的超自然的鬼神就真的被消灭了。
（ 3），希腊第一个具有形而上学倾向的哲学家毕达哥拉斯用“数”来解释世界本原，万事万物都必须遵从“数”的规律、法则和必然。
（ 4），巴门尼德提出的“存在“和赫拉克利特的”逻各斯“一脉相承，二者都是抽象思维的产物，巴门尼德被称为形而上学的真正奠基人。
（5），苏格拉底和柏拉图是希腊最重要的思想家，其哲学思想中已经明显地表现出一种与希腊的感性直观宗教截然相反的形而上学特点，并且把奥尔夫斯宗教中的唯灵主义倾向和灵肉对立思想推向了极端，从而成为希腊多神教向基督教转化的重要理论中介。
6. 如何理解希腊化时期东西方之间的文化交流？（78页）（1）从表面上看，希腊化时代是希腊文化在地域上的推广与扩展，但从实际上看，希腊化时代却是希腊文化精神的衰颓和没落。
希腊文化的雄浑壮丽、动人魂魄的悲剧时代结束了，接踵而至的是一个低吟浅唱、醉生梦死的平庸时代。
（2）思想上，希腊化时代产生了犬儒主义、怀疑主义、伊壁鸠鲁主义和斯多噶主义等各种哲学派别，各自主张不同甚至对立，但却有一个共同点，就是对现实世界漠不关心。
（3）希腊化时期的一个闲着特点在于，希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕，精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破了，从而产生了明显的自我分裂和二元对立。
其结果，一方面是疯狂放纵的物欲，另一方面悲观弃世的神秘，肉体与精神双方都陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中，于是不得不转向东方文化的巨大阴影中去寻求解脱。
7. 如何评价希腊化时期的文化精神？（78页）（1）希腊化时期的一个重着特点在于，希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕，精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破了，从而产生了明显的自我分裂和二元对立。
其结果，一方面是疯狂放纵的物欲，另一方面悲观弃世的神秘，肉体与精神双方都陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中，于是不得不转向东方文化的巨大阴影中去寻求解脱。
（2）随着希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕，精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破，希腊人的灵魂世界空虚无聊，慵怠乏力，已经丧失了任何自我振兴和自我更新的潜能。
8. “前三头同盟”与“后三头同盟”对于罗马政治制度有什么影响？（95页）此题答案尚缺待补9. 罗马文化与希腊文化的联系与差异？（121页）联系：罗马文化与希腊文化有着一脉相承的沿袭关系，罗马文化延续了希腊文化的成分融入其中。
区别：二者的根本差异并没有因为罗马人极力模仿罗马文化而有所改变。
希腊文化是绚丽多彩的、感性的和精美的；罗马文化则始终单调乏味的片面性，充满了功利的和粗鄙的特点。
希腊文化表现了一种灵肉和谐的优雅特点；罗马文化则充满了物质主义的浊重气息。
10. 罗马帝国衰落的原因？（121页）<百度来源>菲里普?李?拉尔夫在《世界文明史》中认为，西罗马帝国的衰亡主要是由于内部问题。
第一，政治上，元首制下缺乏明确的继承法，结果元首一去世，接着就是内战，帝国后期政治上最大的缺陷是没有使足够的人参与政府活动，帝国的居民大多数是不参与政治的臣民，沉重的税收常常使他们对帝国心怀仇恨。
第二，经济上，罗马最严重的经济问题是由奴隶制度和劳动力短缺所引起的。
罗马城市主要依靠奴隶生产的剩余产品，但是奴隶承担的劳动过于繁重，以致无法通过繁衍后代来补充奴隶队伍，随着对外政府战争的结束，战俘奴隶的来源断绝了，结果乡村生产的剩余产品越来越少；奴隶制度使罗马的奴隶主不关心发展生产技术。
第三，缺乏公民理想。
公元3世纪，罗马帝国不能依靠共和国时期的公民理想，这主要是由于连年的战争和沉重的赋税负担造成的。
地区之间的分歧、公共教育的缺乏以及社会的分层进一步阻碍了任何统一的公益精神的形成。
西罗马帝国是伴随着人们的普遍冷漠而走向历史的尽头的。
11. 基督教和犹太教的主要差别表现在那些方面？(168页)<第一段”联系”只做参考>联系:基督教作为一种普世主义的宗教，最初是从民主主义的犹太教中发展起来的，因为它在许多方面继承和保留了犹太教的特点，例如在圣教历史、罪孽意识和救世福音等方面，深受犹太教的影响。
但是另一方面，基督教也从根本上超越了犹太教，逐渐发展演变成为一种新宗教。
差别：首先，基督教接受了律法，但却不拘泥于外在的律法，而是更侧重于内在的信仰。
其次，在道德观上，基督教加入了许多新的并往往是与犹太教的道德观念相反的因素，特别是在保罗派那里，提出了一种与犹太教的效果论针锋相对的运动论道德观。
再次,犹太教的核心是律法和祭祀,基督教的核心是信仰和道德.最后,也是最重要的，基督教已经具有了一套形而上学的神学理论（这一点得益于希腊唯心主义哲学）,它克服了犹太教的此岸性和直观性,成为一种传彼岸福音的唯灵主义宗教.总的来说,基督教比犹太教更侧重于个人的内在信仰和灵魂得救,这些差别使得基督教虽然出自犹太教,后来却演变成为一个敌视犹太教的宗教.12. 如何理解基督教与日耳曼蛮族之间的关系？<168页>（1）日耳曼人侵入罗马帝国时，其中大部分人对基督教不报敌意，为基督教的广泛传播提供了可能。
（2）查理曼大帝时期，日耳曼人所经营的世俗权利绝大部分时间都处于一种分散和缺乏效率的状态中，这种封闭而简陋的状况不利于经济和政治生活的发展，却为基督教会在精神上的全面控制提供了最合适的土壤。
（3）法兰克王国的缔造者克洛维在所有蛮族入侵中率先带领他的部族皈依了西方正统的基督教，从而使得他和她的继承人的同时对于信奉基督教的罗马——高卢人民来说具有毋庸置疑的合法性。
（4）511年，克洛维下令奥尔良宗教会议，会议将宗教法规提高到与国家法律具有同样的权威性，用基督教堂取代了法兰克人传统神庙的神圣地位。
因此到了7世纪中叶以后，正统的基督教信仰在意大利、高卢、西班牙和不列颠等地都已经一劳永逸地得到了确立。
13. 基督教对于促进中世纪文艺复习具有什么重要作用？(220页)（1）到“加洛林王朝的文艺复兴”时期，查理曼大帝才开始鼓励教会扩大教育内容的范围，从此以后，修道院、主教教堂和教区教会所设立的学校才开始承担起一般知识的教育职责。
（2）11世纪在意大利的博洛尼亚产生了西欧第一个由专业性学校合并而成的许多学科性质的学校，这种学校被称为“大学”。
（3）由于大学推行“有教无类”的原则，加上罗马教廷对大学教育的重视，直接推动了13世纪欧洲文明的复兴事业。
尽管欧洲的大学最初是从教会的母体中产生的，但是他后来却成为孕育、传播新思想的温床。
14. 如何从中世纪骑士文学和哥特式建筑中理解基督教文化的基本精神？(220页)（1）在用基督教的唯灵主义圣水浇灌的蛮族文化园圃里，生长出来一支绚丽多彩夺目的花朵，这就是在中世纪骑士文学中所表现的那种忠诚、勇敢、高尚、纯洁的骑士精神。
（2）骑士的前身是蛮族统治者的军事仆从——武士，这些武士最初是非常粗野的，在他们的身上打上了北方蛮族骄横暴虐的深深烙印，加洛林王朝建立后，武士阶层发展演变为骑士阶层，受基督教的教化作用变得日益文雅化。
（3）由于基督教信仰的濡染，骑士被优美典雅的礼仪逐渐掩饰了他们豪放不羁的举止，对理想女性的赞美和爱恋成为对君王的忠诚和对上帝的虔敬之外的第三个主题。
武士的忠诚勇敢、基督教的谦恭虔敬，以及对理想中的女性的纯洁爱情，是基督教培育的骑士精神。
15. 文艺复兴的原因和主要特点是什么？(285页)原因: 经济因素：资本主义萌芽的发展政治因素：形成中的资产阶级要求维护自身经济政治利益，打破旧观念文化因素：意大利较多的保留了希腊罗马文化外来因素：大批学者逃亡意大利，带去大量古籍.中国的造纸术和印刷术传到欧洲，为文艺复兴创造了客观条件主要特点:文艺复兴时代的特点就是感性的解放,即以感性意义上的人性来反对抽象的神性,以生机盎然的现实生活来反对枯燥冷漠的天国理性,以人的正常情欲和感官享乐来反对中世纪的禁欲主义和变态虚伪.16. 马丁路德“因信称义”思想的实质是什么？(285页)思想的实质:”因信称义”要求真诚的信仰来代替各种虚假的形式,以福音书的权威来代替教皇和神职人员的权威.路德坚持认为,一个人心中如果没有对上帝的坚定信仰,那么任何善功，如朝拜圣地、参加十字军、购买圣徒遗物或赎罪券等等，都是没有用的；反之，如果他心中已经有了信仰，那么也就不再需要任何善功了。