美国法律体系

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State government ，like the federal government, must be republican in form, with final authority resting in the people.
联邦最高法院宣布的决定证实并加 强了宪法至上原则。
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Final authority is vested in[赋予, 授予 ] the American people. 最终权力属于美国人民 …change the fundamental law[基本法]
除了提出一般性政治观念之外，宪法还规定 了政府体制的蓝图。它用三个主要的条款规 定了美国政府的三个部门：立法、行政和司 法，它们各自拥有相应的职权，承担相应的 责任。
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Three branches of the national government
宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。 美国总统 托马斯·杰弗逊
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Background
英美法系国家的法律分类有三种：
Common Law-Equity Law 普通法-衡平法
Substantive Law-Procedural Law
Public Law-Private Law 实体法-程序法
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History of the Constitution
Amendments (1-27 )
THE FIRST 10 AMENDMENTS TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
BILL OF RIGHTS 权利和自由修正案
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In addition to setting forth general political ideas, the Constitution provides the blueprint for the governmental system. The three major articles describe the three branches of the national government—legislative, executive and judicial—each with specific duties and responsibilities.
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Part One: The constitution as supreme law
"supreme law of the land." 宪法是美国最高法律。
When state constitutions or laws passed by state legislatures or the national Congress conflict with the federal Constitution, they have no force.
Legislative 立法机关
Executive 行政机关
Judicial 司法机关
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Part 2: The principles of government
Three main branches of government are separated and distinct from one another. 三个主要的政府机构相互独立和区别。 The powers given to each are delicately balanced by the powers of the other two. 给予一个机构的权力受到另两个机构的 微妙制约。
选举产生的官员要接受定期重新选举， 其政绩要受到公众全面监督。
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Appointed officials serve at the pleasure of the person or authority who appointed them, and may be removed when their performance is unsatisfactory.
Lesson Five
Constitution
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No society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law.
Thomas Jefferson, America president 没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的
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Ballot box 投票箱
The American people express their will through the ballot box.
美国人通过投票箱 表达他们的意愿。
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The process of impeachment 弹劾程序
Elected 选举
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Appointed 委任
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Public officials 公务员
Power is limited. 权力受限制。
Their public actions must conform to the Constitution and to the laws made in accord with the Constitution. 他们的公共行为必须符合宪法和依照宪 法制定的法律。
amending the Constitution 修改宪法
drafting a new one 起草新宪法
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The day-to-day business of government is delegated by the people to public officials . 人民将日常的管理事务委托给公务员。
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Equal
All men are equal before the law. 法律面前人人平等。 All men are equally entitled to law’s protection. 所有人都有权享有法律的保护。 All states are equal. 所有的州都平等。
removal of a public official from office 将一个政府官员撤职 In case of extreme misconduct or malfeasance ——严重失职或渎职
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宪法第２条第４款：
“ The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” 总统、副总统和合众国的所有文职官员，凡受叛国、贿赂或其 他重罪轻罪的弹劾并被定罪时，应被免职。
公法-Biblioteka Baidu法
Constitution
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公法包括： 宪法、行政法、刑法、税法等。
私法包括： 合同法、侵权法、财产法、公司法、 家庭法等。
公法中最重要的是宪法。
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History of the Constitution
Articles of Confederation and
Perpetual Union 联邦条例 (1777)
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History of the Constitution
THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION (1789)
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Elected officials must stand for reelection at periodic intervals, when their records are subject to intensive public scrutiny.
Treason 叛国罪
Bribery受贿罪 Other high crimes 其他重罪
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Impeachment
House of Representatives vote a bill of impeachment. 众议院投票通过弹劾议案
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宪法至上
The Constitution, law……, and treaties entered into by the President and approved by the Senate, stands above all other laws, executive acts and regulations. 宪法与根据宪法条款通过的法律以及由 总统签署并由参议院批准的条约的效力 高于所有其他法律和行政法规。。
Senate , with the Chief Justice of the United States presiding at the trial. 在参议院，由首席大法官主持审判
众议院是作为起诉人的角色，
而参议院充当弹劾法庭的角色
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Each branch serves as a check on potential excesses of the others.
每一个部门都作为对其他部门可能滥 用职权的制约。
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Impeachment
Drastic measure 严厉措施
Only 13 U.S. officials have been impeached
Nine Judges
An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
A Secretary of War
只有13名联邦官员 受到弹劾
国防部长 A Senator
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参议院的审理结果是：
９名法官中，４人被宣判有罪而被免 职，５人被宣布无罪； 以无管辖权为由驳回了众议院对参议 员的起诉； 以一票之差宣告约翰逊总统无罪； 宣告国防部长无罪。
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委任的官员应该让任命他们的人或机构满 意。如果他们的政绩令人不满意，他们就 会被撤职。
Exception
Justices of the Supreme Court and other federal judges
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Lifetime appointment
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Decisions handed down by the Supreme Court ……have confirmed and strengthened “Doctrine of constitutional supremacy”