外文资料翻译
外文资料及翻译
A New Contact less Fault Diagnosis Approach forPantograph-Catenary Syst emRailway transport is one of the most important mass transportation media in the worldwide.With the development of trains speed, safety and comfort levels of railways is getting more importance day by day. Besides high level of security requirement, detection of anomaly for rail and road shall be early identified for decreasing operation and maintenance expenditures. The pantograph-catenary system has an important role for collecting the current in electrical railways. The problem occurred in this system will affect the current collection performance of electrified trains. In this paper, a new image processing based technique is proposed to detect the arcing faults occurred between catenary and pantograph contact. The proposed method takes one frame from the digital camera and then the edge detection algorithm extracts the edges of pantograph. The arcing between contact wire and pantograph is detected by examining the position of contact wire of pantograph’s edge. INTRODUCTIONWith the development of the high-speed electrified trains, the demands for safety of railway transport come into more important. A pantograph is the most utilized component for transmission electric power from overhead wire to locomotive. To ensure the power without any problem, pantographs should maintain good contact under different train speeds. In recent times, the speeds of electrified trains have reached rather high levels. Under these speeds, maintain good contact is challenging problem. Via railroad maintenance planning based on early rail and road anomaly detection technologies, derailment accidents are prevented. Pantograph and overhead line are two fundamental components for the collection of current signals in electrified trains. The wear between pantograph and overhead wire will result with catastrophic faults. The pantograph arcing faults occurs because of below reasons.In railway systems, the pantograph is manually inspected to detect damages. In this inspection, locomotive should be taken to a service. This method is undesirable because of loss of service time and cost . Pantograph arcing is one of the most seen fault in electrified railway systems. This arcing generally occurs at higher speed, increasing load, and in cold weather condition. In most case, there is a sliding contact between pantograph and catenary system. A pantograph laterally draws a zigzag on overhead line. However, overhead line applies more contact to some location of pantograph because of a faulty condition. In normal condition, there is a moisture layer between the contact surface and pantograph. In winter season, this moisture layer is frozen and it is more difficult the sliding between two components.Mechanical sensor based contact type rail and road measurement and inspection techniques has been used in the railway industry. The contact force between pantograph and catenary system was monitored by using a fiber strain sensors . Static and dynamic strains were detected by developed system. With the latest technological developments, contact less measurement techniques are now being used in railway measurement systems. Pantograph and overhead wire system was analyzed by using infrared camera. This analysis was used to detect overheating pantograph strip, bursts of arcing, and irregular positioning of contact line. For an efficient wear measurement of contact wire, a new multi-camera based optical inspection system was proposed. Different cameras were mounted at different positions of the roof of the vehicle and overhead contact was visually inspected from different angles. Abrasion on pantograph slide was detected by using edge detection algorithm. Discrete wavelet and Hough transform based method was applied to image of pantograp h slide and abrasion related features were extracted. The five kinds of edge detection algorithms were evaluated for the examination of the pantograph slipper images. The results show that Canny edge detection algorithm gives better results than other algorithms. The contact performance between pantograph and overhead line affects the current collecting performance. An image processing based method was proposed to monitor the contact performance. In recent years, there is more relevance about using contact less condition monitoring of railway systems. However, the developed system is suitable for laboratory applications.In this paper, a new method is proposed to monitor the contact between pantograph and catenary system. The proposed method takes one frame from a video in each step and then the Canny edge detection algorithm extracts edges from image frame. The position of overhead wire is determined in the edge image. This position is used to detect the contact force between pantograph and overhead wire. The obtained signal from position of contact wire is analyzed by two statistical parameters and anomaly in the position is detected.SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN PANTOGRAPH AND OVERHEAD WIREThe contact between pantograph and overhead wire, which is found on the roof of an electrified train, allows the collecting current from overhead feeding conductor. Contact wire takes the electric from feeder station that connected at regular space.The contact wire is connected to the messenger wire using dropper wires. The continuity of contact wire is important to ensure better electrical performance. One way to maintain contact is to increase the up-lifting force. However, it increases the resonance of overhead wire and this causes the loss of the contact and wear of contact wire. When the contact has been lost or a gap has been occurred, the power of train will be interrupted. The loss of the contact alsocauses the arcing between contact wire and pantograph. For high speed train, current collection is based on good contact performance. On a straight way, the contact wire moves slightly to the left and right corner of pantograph.The contact wire applies an impression to different points of the pantograph. Such a system extends the life time of a pantograph. The sliding contact between pantograph and overhead wire consists of three layers. These layers are copper wire, layer of oxide and carbon, and thin film of water.The conduction mechanism is realized by using thin film of water. The gap between two electrodes should be maintained. However, the thin film of water can get frozen in winter and the sliding contact may extend.The sliding contact is affected from weather condition. The harsh winter condition affects lifting force of pantograph and this leads to appearance of arcing. Thereafter, the contact wire and pantograph can cause damage.CONTACTLESS FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR PANTOGRAPH -CATENARY SYSTEMTo measure automatically the contact strip, the images taken from a camera are used. The main task is to monitor the sequential video frames and detect the anomaly conditions. The obtained images will be analyzed by using canny edge detection algorithm. Edges of pantograph system are extracted for all frames. Contact wire position of each frame is determined from the extracted edge images. The y-axis of this wire continuously changes. This change is saved for each frame. All positions of the contact wire in the video are saved as a signal and then the anomaly of this signal is detected by using statistical parameters. Therefore, the monitoring process will be automated.The first step is to extract the edge of each frame from video. Afterwards, the y-position of the contact wire is detected and added to the YS array. When all of frame is read, the algorithm will produce the position array of y-axis. The features extracted from contact wire signal (YS) are skewness and kurtosis. They can be computed as represent the mean and standard deviation of each window.The edges in an images are the pixels that their brightness’s change suddenly. Edges characterize the boundaries and therefore they have an important topic in image processing . An edge detection algorithm generally consists of three steps: filtering, derivation, and edge detection. In the filtering stage, the image is filtered in order to remove the noise. In the derivation stage, edge areas in the image are brightening up via density change in the edge area. In the last stage, edges of the image are determined.Canny algorithm is known as an optimal edge detection algorithm . Canny algorithm usesGaussian filter to smooth the image and eliminate the noise in the first step. In the next step, these regions are tracked and the algorithm suppresses any pixel that is not at the maximum. In the hysteresis step, the remaining pixels that have not been suppressed are tracked. In this step, two thresholds are used. If the magnitude is smaller than first threshold, it is taken as non-edge. If the second threshold is smaller than magnitude, this magnitude is taken as an edge.X and y shows the coordinates of the images and σis the standard deviation. G n and n show the first derivative of G and direction, respectively. The image is depicted as g. The first step of the algorithm is to apply the canny algorithm to each frame of pantograph’s video. After the edge image is obtained, the position of contact wire will be detected. For each frame, the obtained positions are added to an array. This array will be used to detect the disorder between contact wire and pantograph.The algorithm takes the edge image of the current frame and finds the y-axis position of contact wire. The algorithm starts the searching of contact wire from the first pixel of the current frame. If the algorithm detects a candidate pixel, contact wire method inspect whether the detected pixel is contact wire or not. When the position of contact wire is found, the algorithm will be terminated. For each frame in video, the positions of contact wire is detected and saved to an array.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe proposed algorithm is applied to a real pantograph’s video. All images of the pantograph are taken from the roof of the locomotive. The video of pantograph system is saved for a determined time. While the camera takes a frame, the algorithm will scan the current frame in order to find the position of contact wire.For our experiment, the size of the video is selected as 240x320 for healthy condition. The pantograph video, which has not any arcing and is taken as a healthy condition, is saved for duration of 23 seconds. The original frames of their edges are given in Fig. for a healthy condition.The pixel view of the edge images are given for three frames of the pantograph video. The contact wire zigzags over the pantograph system with an order for a healthy condition. The obtained signal is normalized with z-score normalization. This technique centers the original signal at zero mean and scales it to unit standard deviation.As shown in Fig, the contact wire zigzags a balanced motion over the pantograph. The camera's point of view, the image resolution or the contact wire position in frame are not affect the performance of the algorithm. This feature is provided by used the normalizationtechnique. The video size of faulty condition is selected as 270x480. The original frames and their edges are given in Fig for a faulty condition.In faulty condition, contact wire draws more zigzags in some parts of pantograph than others. The more contact occurred on some part of pantograph causes the arcing between contact wire and pantograph. The y-axis position of contact wire is given in Fig for a faulty condition.As shown in Fig, the motion of contact wire has a disorder. The contact wire draws more zigzags on the bottom of image than other pixels. This disorder is analyzed by using two statistical parameters. These parameters are given in TABLE for each motor condition. CONCLUSIONSThis paper presents a new approach for monitoring catenary-pantograph system. A simple image acquisition system is used and an image processing based technique is proposed to detect arcing faults. The canny edge detection is selected for image edge detection to deal with image edge of pantograph slipper. The experimental results of the proposed method showed that the position detection of the contact wire was efficient method to detect arcing faults and disorder in contact between pantograph and contact wire. In literature, image processing based condition monitoring of pantograph systems was only performed in laboratory environment. However, the proposed method can be applied in real-time. The realization of the proposed method is not only low cost but also it can be setup to a real system.The monitoring of contact wire and active pantograph control system brings following contributions:•Development of a railway measurement and inspection train for both conventional and high speed railway lines,•Real time fault diagnosis that has high accuracy and has immunity to environment condition,•Low cost measurement system,•Increasing safety and comfort levels of railways.接触网受电弓系统的一个新的非接触式故障诊断方法在全世界，铁路运输是最重要的公共交通运输工具之一。
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。
which combines tourism and the。
has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。
and as society advances。
it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。
This has XXX accelerates。
online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。
and merce。
It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。
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Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。
with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。
online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。
One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。
外文资料及翻译
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
如何翻译外文文献
如何翻译外文文献在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google 翻译google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
2、CNKI翻译CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。
毕业论文外文资料翻译【范本模板】
毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中）学院（全称，宋体三号，居中)专业(全称，宋体三号，居中）班级（宋体三号,居中）学生（宋体三号，居中）学号（宋体三号,居中)指导教师(宋体三号，居中)二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致）（英文原文装订在前)Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7）: 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处:即文章是何期刊上发表的,X年X卷X 期,格式如上例所示,四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。
)［点击输入译文题目—标题1,黑体小二][点击输入作者，宋体小四］[点击输入作者单位，宋体五号］摘要［点击输入，宋体五号]关键词［点击输入,宋体五号]1［点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号］［点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1。
25倍行距］1。
1［点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四］［点击输入正文,宋体小四，1。
25倍行距]1.1。
1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四］［点击输入正文,宋体小四，1。
25倍行距］说明：1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。
2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。
3.必须要有外文翻译的封面,使用学校统一的封面；封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目；封面上时间与开题时间一致。
4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后；5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献,翻译要条理清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应.6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体,标准字符间距。
7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。
8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。
例如:图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16—卟啉识别排列分析（b).为了得到 b的数据矩阵，样品用16—卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从b 中萃取的.。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
外文参考文献(带中文翻译)
外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the financesector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more i ts “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more.Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to l ending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing itinto EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs: •The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive,which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, whichstrengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating w ill also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to easetransparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】
南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。
外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。
CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。
0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。
在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。
ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。
在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。
这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。
CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。
COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。
Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。
ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。
OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。
它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。
它可以被编辑。
VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。
外文资料翻译
System Design an Compensation TechniquesControl systems are designed to perform specific tasks.The requirements imposed on the control system are usually referred as performance imposed on the control system are usually referred as performance specifications.They generally relate to accuracy,relative stability and speed of response.Generally,the performance specifications should not be more stringent than necessary to perform the given task.If the accurary at steady-state operation is of prime importance in a given control system,then we should not require unnecessarily rigid performance specifications on the transient response since such specifications will require expensive components.We should remember that the most important part of control system design is to state the performance specifications precisely so that they will yield an optimal control system for a given purpose.In this lesson,we are going to briefly introduce the design and compensation procedure of single-input-single-output-(SISO),linear time-invariant (LTI) control systems by the frequency response and root-locus approaches,Compensation is the modification of the modification of the system dynamics to satisfy the given specifications.Setting the gain is the first step in adjusting the system for satisfactory performance.In many cases,increasing the gain value will improve the steady-state behavior but will result in poor stability or even instability,Then it is necessary to redesign the system (by modifying the structure or by incorporating additional devices or components) to alter the overall behavior so that the system will behave as desired.Fig.8.1 shows the configuration where the compensator G(s) is placed in series with the plant.This scheme is called series compensation. Another kind or compensation is feedback compensation.Generally,series compensation may be simpler than feedback compensation,In discussing compensators,we frequently use terminology as lead network,and lag-lead network.If a sinusoidal input ei is applied to the input of a network and the steady-state output e0 (which is also sinusoidal) has a phase lead,then the network is called a lead network.Similarly, if the steady-state output e0 has a phase lag,then the network is called a lag network.In a lag-lead network,phase lag and phase lead both occur in the output but in different frequency regions;phase lag occurs in the low-frequency region and phase lead occurs in the high-frequency region.The root-locus method is a graphical method for determining the locations of all closed-loop poles from knowledge of the locations of the locations of the open-loop poles and zeros as some parameter(usually the gain) is varied from zero to infinity.The method yields a clear indication of effects of parameter adjustment.In practice,the root-locus plot of a system may indicate that the desired performance cannot be achieved just by the adjustment of gain.Then it is necessary to reshape the root loci to meet the performance specifications.In designing a control system,we may modify the original root loci by inserting a suitable compensator Gc(s) (as shown in Fig.8.1).Once the effects on the root locus of the addition of the poles and/or zeros are fully understood,we can readily determine the locations of the pole(s) and zero(s) of the compensator that will reshape the root locus as desired.In the design by the root-locus method,the root-loci of the system are reshaped through the use of a compensator so that a pair of dominant closed-loop poles can be placed at the desired locations.(Usually,the damping ratio and undamped natural frequency may be specified by the location of a pair of dominant closed-loop poles.)The addition of a pole to the open-loop transfer function has the effect of pulling the root locus to the right,tending to lower the system's relative stability and to slow down the settling of the response.The addition of a zero has the effect of pulling the root locus to the left,tending to make the system more stable and to speed up the settling of the response.The root-locus approach to design is very powerful when the specifications are given in termof time domain quantities,such as the damping ratio and undamped natural frequency,maximum overshoot,rise time and setting time.Let us consider a design problem.The original system either is unstable for all values of gain or is stable but has undesirable transient response characteristics.In this case,the reshaping of the root locus is necessary in order that the dominant closed-loop poles be at desired locations in the complex plane.Inserting an appropriate lead compensator in cascade with the feed-forward transfer function may solve this problem.It is important to note that in a control system design,transient-reponse performance is usually most important.In the frequency-response approach,we specify the transient-response in term of the phase and gain margin,resonant peak magnitude,the gain crossover frequency,resonant frequency response is indirect,the frequency domain specification can be met conveniently by means of Bode diagram.Design in the frequency domain is simple and straightforward.After the open loop has been designed by frequency response method,the closed loop poles and zeros can be determined.The transient response characters must be checked to see whether the designed system meets the requirements in the time domain.If it does not,the compensator has to be modified and the analysis must be repeated until a satisfactory result is obtained.Basically,there are two approaches in the frequency-domain design.One is the polar plot approach and the other is the Bode diagram approach.It is more convenient to work with Bode diagram.A Bode diagram of the compensator can be simply added to the original Bode diagram,and thus plotting the complete Bode diagram is a simple matter.Also,if the open loop gain is varied,the magnitude curve is shifted up or down without changing the slope of the curve,and the phase curve remains the same.A common approach to the Bode diagram is that we first adjust the open loop gain so that the requirement on the steady state accuracy is met.Then we plot the magnitude and phase curves of the uncompensated open loop.If the specification on the phase margin and gain margin are not satisfied,then a suitable compensator that will reshape the open loop transfer function is determined.In many practical cases,compensation is essentially a compromise between steady-state accuracy and relative stability.In order to have a high value of the velocity error constant and yet satisfactory relative stability,we find it necessary to reshape the open loop frequency response curve.The gain in the low-frequency region should be large enough to satisfy the steady-state accuracy requirements.For the medium-frequency region (near the gain crossover frequency wc from both directions),the slope of the log-magnitude curve in the Bode diagram should be -20dB per decade. This slope should extend over a sufficient wide frequency band to assure a proper phase margin.For the high-frequency region,the gain should be attenuated as rapidly as possible to minimize the effects of noise.The basic characteristics of lead,lag,and lag-lead compensation are as following.lead compensation essentially yields an appreciable improvement in transient response and a small change in steady-state accuracy.It may accentuate high-frequency noise effects.On the other hand ,lag compensation yields an appreciable improvement in steady-state accuracy at the expense of increasing the transient-response g compensation will suppress the effects of high-frequency noise g-lead compensation combines the characteristics of both lead compensation and lag compensation.Discrete-time Systems and the z-Transform Method Discrete-time systems,or sampled-data system,are dynamic systems in which one or more variables can change only at discrete instants of time.These intstants,which we shall denote by kt or tk(k=0,1,2,........),may specify the time at which some physical measurement is performed or the time at which the memory of a digital computer is read out,etc.The time interval between these discrete instants can be approximated by simple interpolation.Discrete-time systems differ from continuous-time ones in that the signals for a discrete-time system are in sample-data form.Discrete-time systems arise in practice whenever the measurements neccessary for control are obtained in an intermittent fashion,or a large scale controller or computer is time-shared by several plants so that a control signal is sent out to each plant only periodically or whenever a digital computer is used to perform computations necessary for control.Many modern industrial control systems are in time.Sometimes,however,sampling operation,or discretization may be entirely fictitious and introduced only to simplify the analysis of control system which actually contains only continuous elements.whose inputs and/or outputs are in time.Sometimes,however,sampling operation,or discretization,may be entirely fictitious and introduced only to simplify the analysis of control system which actually contain only continuous elements.In this lesson,we shall be concerned with discrete-time systems which the signal representing the control efforts is piecewise constant and changes only st discrete points in time.Since there are several different types of sampling operation of practical importance,we shall list them as follows:(1)Periodic(conventional) sampling:In this case,the sampling instants are equally spaced,or tk=kt(k=1,2,3....)Multiple-order sampling:The pattern of the tk is repeated periodically,or tk+r - tk=constant for all k.Multiple-order-rate sampling:In this case,two concurrent sampling operations occur at tk=pT1 and qT2,where T1,T2 are contants and p ,q are integers.Random sampling:In this case,the sampling instants are random,or tk is a random variable. Here we shall treat only the case which the samplng is periodic.Quantization.The inclusion of digital computer in an otherwise analog system produces in digital form(usually as binary numbers) in part of the system.The system then takes the form of a mixed digital-analog combination.The introduction of a digital computer in a control system requires the use of digital-to-digital converters.The conversion of an analog signal to the corresponding digital signal(binary number)is an approximation because the analog signal can take an infinite number of values,whereas the variety of different numbers which can be formed by a finite number of values,whereas the variety of different numbers which can be formed by a finite set of digits is limited.This approximation process is called quantization. The process of quantizing (converting a signal in analog form to digital form)may be fulfilled by means of some specific circuits.The range of input magnitudes is divided into a finite number of disjoint intervals hi which are not necessarily equal.All magnitudes fallinjg within each interval are equated to a single value within the interval.This single value is the digital approximation to the magnitudes of the analog input signal.Thus,if x si the analog input,the digital output is given by y=Q(x )Where Q is the quantizing function.The function x(t) is a discrete-time function.The operation of digital control systems involves quantization both in amplitude and in time.We s hall next present the definitions of several terms.Transducer.A transducer is a device which converts an input signal into an output signal of another form.(The output signal.in general,depends on the past history of the input).Analog transducer.An analog transducer is a device which converts an input signal into an ouput signals occur only at discrete instants of time (usually periodic),but the magnitudes of these signals may be any value within the physical limitations of the system.Sampled-data transducer.This is a transducer in which the input and output signals occur only at discrete instants of time(usually periodic),but the magnitudes of the signal,as in the case of the analog transducer,are unquantized.Digital transducer.A digital transducer is one in which the input signal is a continuous function of time and the output signal is a quantized signal which can assume only certain discrete levels.Analog-to-digital transducer.A digital-to-analog transducer is one in which the input signal is a quantized signal and the output signal is a smoothed continuous function of time.Analog controllers and digital controllers.In considering the types of controllers which are used in industrial control system,we may divide them into the following three categories: Analog controllers or computers:Analog controllers or computer represent the variables in the equations by continuous physical quantities.Analog controllers can be designed which will satisfactorily serve as nondecision making controllers.Digital controllers or computers:These operate only on numbers.Decision-making is an important function in digital controllers,and they are currently being used for the solution of problemsInvolving the optimal overall operation of industrial plants.Analog-digital controllers or computers:These are often called hybrid controllers.They are combinations of amalog controllers and digital controllers.Some of high performance controllers are of this type.Advantages of digital controllers over analog controller.Some of the advantages of digital controllers over amalog controllers may be summarized as follows:(1)Digital controllers are capable of performing complex computations with constant accuracy at high speed.Digital computers can have almost any desired accuracy in computations at relatively little increase in cost.On the other hand,the cost of analog computers increases rapidly as the complexity of the computations increase if constant accuracy is to be maintained.(2)Digital controllers are extremely versatile. By merely issuing a new program,one can completely change the operations being performed.This feature is particularly important if the control system is to receive operating information or instructions from some computing center,where economic analysis and optimization studies are being made.Because of the inability of conventional techniques to adequately handle complex control problems,it has been customary to subdivide a process into smaller units and handle each of these as a separate control problem. Human operators are normally used to coordinate the operation of units.Recent advances in computer control systems have caused changes in this use of industrial process controls.Recent developments in large-scale computers and mathematical methods provide a basis for use of all available information in the control system.In conventional control,this part of the control loop is being done directly by humans. Computer control of complex systems.Current trends in the control of large-scale systems are to consolidate the multiplicity of independently controlled units into single optimally controlled processes.In industrial process control system,it is,in general,not practical to operate for a very long time at steady state because certain changes in production requirements,raw materials,economic factors,and processing equipment and techniques,may occur.Thus,the transient behavior of industrial processes must be taken into consideration.Since there are interactions among process variable,using only one process variable for each control agent is not suitable for really complete control.By use of computer control,it is possible to take into account all process variables together with economic factors,production requirements,equipment performance,etc..,and to thereby accomplish optimal control of industrial processes.Note that a system capable of controlling a process as completely as possible will have to solve complex equations.The more complete the control of industrial processes.Note that a system capable capable of controlling a process as completely as possible will have to solve complex equations.The more complete the control,the more important it is thatthe correct relations between operating variables be known and be used.The system must be capable of accepting instructions from such varied sources as computer and human operators and must also be capable of changing its control subsystem completely in a short time.Introductions to PID controllersPID controllers can be stand-alone controllers (also called songle loop controllers), controllers in PLCs, embedded controllers, or software in Visual Basic or C# computer programs.PID controllers are process controllers with the following characteristics:·Continuous process control·Analog output(also known as “measurement” or “Process Variable” or “PV”)·Analop output (referred to simply as “output”)·Setpoint(SP)·Proportional(P), Integral(I), and/or Derivative(D) constantsExamples of “continuous process control” are temperature, pressure, flow, and level control. For example, controlling the heating of a tank. For simple control, you have temperature limit sensors(one low and one high) and then switch the heater on when the low temperature limit sensor turns on and then turn the heater off when the temperature rises to the high temperature limit sensor. This is similar to most home air conditioning & heating thermostats.In contrast, the PID controller would receive input as actual temperature and control a valve that regulates the flow of gas to the heater, The PID controller automatically finds the correct (constant) flow of gas to the heater that kepps the temperature steady at the setpoint. Instead of the temperature bouncing back and forth between two points, the temperature is held steady. If the setpoint is lowered, then the PID controller automatically reduces the amount of gas flowing to the heater. If the setpoint is raised, then the PID controller automatically increases the amount of gas flowing to the heater. Likewise the PID controller would automatically for hot, sunny days (when it is hotter outside the heater) and for cold, cloudy days.The analog input (measurement) is called the “process variable” or “PV”. You want the PV to be a highly accurate indication of the process parameter you are trying to control. For example, if you want to maintain a temperature of + or – one degree then we typically strive for at least ten times that or one-tenth of a degree. If the analog input is a 12 bit analog input and the temperature range for the sensor is 0 to 400 degrees then our “theoretical”accuracy is calculated to be 400 degrees divided by 4,096 (12bit) =0.09765625 degrees. We say “theoretical” because it would assume there was no noise and error in our temperature sensor, wiring, and analog converter. There are other assumptions such as linearity, etc .. The point being-with 1/10 of a degree “theoretical” accuracy should easily be attainable.The analog output is often simply referred to as “output”. Often this is given as 0～100 percent. In this heating example, it would mean the valve is totally closed (0%) or totally open (100%).The setpoint (SP) is simply-what process value do you want. In this example-what temperature do you want the process at?The PID controller’s jod is to maintain the output at a level so that there is no difference (error) between the process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP)In Fif.1, the valve could be controlling the gas going to a heater, the chilling of a cooler, the pressure in a pipe, the flow through a pipe, the level in a tank, or any other process control system.What the PID controller is looking at is the difference (or “error”) between the PV and the SP. It looks at the absolute error and the rate of change of error. Absolute error means- is there a big difference in the PV and SP or a little difference? Rate of change of error means- si the difference between the PV or SP getting smaller or larger as time goes on.When there is a “process upset”, meaning, when the process variable or the setpoint quickly changes- the PID controller has to quickly change the output to get the process variable back equal to the setpoint. If you have a walk-in cooler with a PID controller and someone opens the door and walk in, the temperature (process variable) could rise very quickly. Therefore the PID controller has to increase the cooling (output) to compensate for this rise in temperature.Once the PID controller has the process variable equal to the setpoint, a good PID controller wlii not vary the output. You want the output to be very steady (not changing). If the valve (motor, or other control element) is constantly changing, instead of maintaing a constant value, this could cause more wear on the control element.So there are these two contradictory goals. Fast response (fast change in output) when there is a “process” upset, but slow response (steady output) when the PV is close to the setpoint.系统设计和补偿技术控制系统被设计用来执行特定任务。
环境生态学(外文资料及翻译)
环境生态学（外文资料及翻译）"Environmental ecology, mainly in humanities and social and environmental ecology international wide public concern" the concept of sustainable development ", "environmental protection and sustainable development strategy problem", "harmonious society and circular economy", "human survival way and environmental ecological crisis", "China at the beginning of 21 century on the path of sustainable development", "environmental culture and living safety", "global warming the earth's environment and the ecological security", "ozone depletion of earth environment the ecological influence", "acid rain on the earth's environment the ecological influence", "urbanization on city environment and regional climate effect", "desert-oasis ecosystem water heat transfer and the interaction numerical simulation", "western China development of water resources and the sustainable development problems".In the 21 st century, the human face of worsening ecological environment and the lack of human resources, clearly recognized that must walk the path of sustainable development. From a long-term perspective, the development environment ecological education is to solve the environmental problems and the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development at all. Higher school education is to improve theecological environment of the new century, the environment of the builders ecological awareness, to the transportation environment of specialized personnel the ecological protection of important way. As a contemporary college students, must have the living environment and the sense of urgency and have the time should be the new century demand quality talent environmental knowledge.Green peace in China and international stage play an active role. In China, the green peace was China's most influential media as "China's best public organization"; On the international stage, green peace at the UN conference on climate change, and in the light of the international society should how to deal with climate change challenge from China put forward the folk organization views.Because of "traditional environmental technology can not to" contemporary environmental biological technology, the development of high level technology mainly in the hot, namely to molecular biology technology as the main body, by genetic engineering as the leading pollution diagnosis, pollution monitoring, pollution control and ecological remediation technologies. Among them, the environmental biological new technology, new methods of development and utilization, such as pollution of the environment molecular diagnosis technology ispollution control and repair the premise and basis. Because the current environmental biological technology researchers, still can't very well in biological chip, genetically modified, stem cell, protein group, metabolic group, biological technology, such as the development of light pollution detection and monitoring of the effective method.People and the environment is inseparable relationship. In the past, present and future, human beings are always in constant change the environment, create not only use, and beautiful environment space. City imply, is more than just building, streets, shops and construct the accumulation of artificial things and contain in many functional facilities and hard landscape of social culture, accompanied by economic, political and urban residents colorful life. From external visual image of the city is to see, by its plane structure, the sky outline, various building, facilities, regional market, open space, landmark plant gardens and indefinite traffic tools through a city, but these are people in choice and the selected behavior formed under the physical form, which contain deep natural law, social psychology, human emotions and historical vicissitudes of life.Urbanization in bring about many benefits for people at the same time, also caused a series of serious ecological environment problems, to natural ecosystem and the people's health effects. These problems isreflected in three aspects: one is the urban climate change (such as heat island effect) and environmental pollution, including water, air and noise and solid waste pollution, etc.; 2 it is natural resource depletion and shortages, especially fresh water, fossil fuel, cultivated land excessive utilization and biodiversity of the reduced; Three is the city the increase of population, resulting in a large number of social issues, such as housing nervous, heavy traffic, reduce, education and health and green lag and so on. Ecological city is to point to in ecological system, within the scope of carrying capacity of the ecological economy principle and system engineering construction method of the city. And Ecological city construction, change the traditional way of production and consumption, decision-making and management methods, fully mining district inside and outside the resources can be exploited to all potential, has developed economy, ecology and efficient industry, the system is reasonable, the harmony of the society culture and ecological health, landscape suitable environment, to achieve the conditions of the socialist market economy, economic growth and environmental protection, material civilization and the spiritual civilization, natural ecological and human ecological high unification.Ecological city practice methods should be coordinated economic and social development, at the same time ensure long-term ecological healthand future generations, the resources needed for survival and development. China's ecological city planning with other plan to have two different. Its planning time more than 20 years of general (general layout planning of fixed number of year), for long-term development direction. In addition, ecological city planning than any other plan covers the content more widely. China's ecological city method can reflect the most need to solve two aspects of the--the economic and ecological, the purpose is to seek for the economic and social benefits, long-term ecological health and resource management and coordination. Social issue would be in the discussions of the ecological city becomes more and more important. First, pay attention to the exploration of the urban ecology theory, especially the different scale of urban construction and function of; Second, expanding the scope of the city scientific research, that is, from the city by a single objective of the study, change is compound ecological system in rural and urban studies, including half of urbanized area research and rural industrialization and urban agglomeration research; Third, the development of ecological city construction applicable technology system, and promote the existing technology the ecological; Fourth, for ecological city construction ecological landscape planning and provide the ecological culture methodological guidance; Fifth, establish the corresponding policies and decrees and rewards and punishment system, promote the development ofecological city; Sixth, strengthen education, training and ecological city construction, enhance the ability of ecological consciousness; Seventh, to strengthen international between cities and communities, cooperation and communication between the.."We have a responsibility, which is not only consider the meaning, and open our own to experience the beauty and follows the lead. The urban environment art, a kind of choice and the progress of relief.The current both large and medium cities or towns and villages, the ecological construction practice in our country on booming has. People are more and more aware of ecological city development and construction of ecological city the importance and the urgency ofEcological city is put forward based on the awakening of the human ecological civilization and to the traditional industrialization and industrial cities, ecological city has not reflect pure natural ecology, but the natural, social and economic compound the symbiosis between the urban ecological, it and sanitation city, garden city, urban landscape, garden city, forest city, different qu co-workers, have distinction to have connection again already, have increase public cultural quality and life quality effect, note that the Chinese ecological environment conditionsdiffer in thousands ways, may not single development type and development model, need to adjust measures to local conditions of ecological city planning create all sorts of type and various development model.Facing the new century, the human orientation and inevitable choice is ecology. Urban ecological development path, construction go ecological city is the inevitable trend of the development of history. The construction of ecological city cannot leave the creative planning and design, creative planning and design need forward-looking theoretical guidance. In the research of ecological city became a city plan the forefront of research topic. Change the traditional urban planning values, it is necessary in new ecological values of the current under the guidance of the urban planning theory to a fundamental reform system, ecological city planning and design theory principle and method, the method, a series of problems, such as technology to meet the need of the time.Ecological city idea contains the sustainable development idea and city and nature coexist aims, the domestic future urban planning work have important significance. In today's science and technology is developed, to transform nature (namely human intervention natural ability of past situation, far beyond human must be aware that any living environment(including city) is a global ecological system, part of the human activities within the limit in the ecological necessary, and fully embodied in the planning, this is true in the premise of sustainable development of establishing ecological city, is also the fundamental guarantee.Ecological civilization of moral evaluation standard, in general, that is beneficial to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is good, what things are harmful to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is evil. Of course, consciously abide by the environmental law shall ecological civilization is the base line of ethics standards, specific provision people in dealing with the relationship between man and nature, what should do and what should not do. And active practice ecological ethics behavior may allow have DuoZhong realm. The highest state is "ecological self-supervision", that is, no matter when and where, regardless of whether supervision, always to ecological moral standard, in the interests of both consciously and ecological benefits, the determination to promote the harmony between human being and nature and prosperity, and the relationship between man and nature to solve the crisis with all my heart. In short, ecology theory in China construction of ecological civilization society has the important, not the role of the body, and provide scientific theory.Hope that nature can peace and common forever!!!!!《环境生态学》主要以人文社会和环境生态学方面国际社会广泛关注的“可持续发展的理念”、“环境保护与可持续发展战略问题”、“和谐社会和循环型经济”、“人类生存方式与环境生态危机”、“中国21世纪初可持续发展之路”、“环境文化与生存安全”、“全球变暖与地球环境生态安全”、“臭氧层破坏对地球环境生态的影响”、“酸雨对地球环境生态的影响”、“城市化对城市环境及区域气候的影响”、“沙漠－绿洲生态系统水热输送及相互作用数值模拟”、“中国西部水资源开发与可持续发展问题”。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(崔涛)
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：机械工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：崔涛学号： 090501614外文出处： Robotics and Computer-IntegratedManufacturing 25 (2009) 73-80 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文科学指南机器人和计算机集成制造25（2009）73–80一个外旋轮线专用的固定循环数控铣床Sotiris L. Omirou a, , Andreas C. Nearchou b——弗雷德里克大学机械工程系，尼科西亚，塞浦路斯，塞浦路斯——希腊帕特雷大学工商管理系发表于2006年9月20日，修改更新从2007年7月23日到2007年9月10日。
摘要提出了一个加工外旋轮线边界的特定的铣床组策略，该方法适用于被集成到一个控制器的数控铣床，对于旋转式内燃发动机（汪克尔），旋转活塞泵和一般外旋轮线形外壳的加工设计特别有用。
方案可以提供较高的精度，其中铣机是通过利用数控插补算法实现的，表面质量控制，是通过粗加工和精加工来实现，整个加工任务可以被编程在一块。
最后，该方法的有效性通过仿真试验验证所产生的刀具路径来实现。
关键词：数控；程序加工；刀具路径生成；偏移曲线；外旋轮线1介绍智能周期提供了一种数控机床来完成重复使用的G / M代码语言的新的加工操作的编程方法。
从本质上讲，智能周期是一个指令被预先设定并永久存储的集机控制器。
它们的使用，消除了许多编程的繁琐需要，减少了编程时间，并简化了整个编程过程。
所有数控加工控制是智能的，这些固定循环可以执行一定的代码，输入任何所需的变量信息。
钻，反钻，深孔钻或槽的加工是标准智能循环应用的例子。
然而，标准智能循环在数量和能力有限，无法容纳复杂的几何形状的日益增加的应用需求。
在加工一个外旋轮线构造特征的情况下，不能用标准智能循环处理。
尽管有其重要的加工应用，现代数控系统仍缺乏类似的专用智能周期。
外文翻译资料及译文
附录C：外文翻译资料Article Source：Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analogtechnicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the aircraft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airframes, avionics and their associated components."As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times," said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind.With all the advances in computer hardware and software technologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians.The solution for many operators and OEMs is to take advantage of today's technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data."The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians' demand," said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviation's West Palm Beach, Fla., facility.A growing concern is the cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufacturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating information. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to theowners or downloaded from the manufacturer's Web site.So why haven't more flight departments converted their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency."We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper," said Fredrickson.A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals.In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare technician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those using the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time.The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper took 15 percent longer than the experts.)It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic media.Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. "Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for today's IETM implementation," said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. "IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22, JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation."In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenance Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings.The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction in training requirements and reduced system downtime.The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases.This resulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application.Choosing a LevelWith all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is appropriate for your operation.John J. Miller, BAE Systems' manager of electronic publications, told B/CAthat "When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system."Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publications for Boeing in Philadelphia.Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic "page turner" that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one continuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.)Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offered on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow.ETM/IETM ProvidersCompanies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electronic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples ofETM/IETMs that are available on the market.Dassault Falcon Jet offers operatorsof the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 IETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, service bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual.The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and specific preferences for each user.BAE's Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called "Technical Notes." If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technician's comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use "personal notes" similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access.Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive,Pentium II 200 MHz computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher.Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-ROM.Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone "page-turner" electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat.Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account.Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IETM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeing's military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment.The CFRS system determines re-portable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Force's Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS).When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation procedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolation. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis.Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advantext, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms.The difference between the PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor, 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMsfor the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80; andBeech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25 MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration."Clearly IETMs have moved from research to reality," said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise.The Future of Tech PubsThe use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a technician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: -- Adaptability to the environment.-- Ease of use.-- Improved presentation of complex system relationship.-- Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data.-- Intelligent data access.With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition.Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a head- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually compatible software.When systems such as Sogitech's View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SA's Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated.The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such as CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information.This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augmented reality display is a concept where visual cues are presented to users on a head-mounted, see-through display system.The cues are presented to the technician based on the identification of components on a 3D model and correlation with the observed screen. The cues are then presented as stereoscopic images projected onto the object in the observed scene.In addition a "Private Eye" system could provide a miniature display of the maintenance procedure that is provided from a palm- size computer. Limited success hascurrently been seen in similar systems for the disabled. The user of a Private Eye system can look at the object selected and navigate without ever having to touch the computer. Drawbacks from this type of system are mental and eye fatigue, and spatial disorientation.Out of all the technologies, speech recognition has developed into an almost usable and effective system. The progression through maintenance procedures is driven by speaker-independent recognition. A state engine controls navigation, and launches audio responses and visual cues to the user. Voice recognition software is available, although set up and use has not been extremely successful.Looking at other industries, industrial manufacturing has already started using "Palm Pilot" personal digital assistants (PDAs) to aid technicians in troubleshooting. These devices allow the technician to have the complete publication beside them when they are in tight spaces. "It would be nice to take the electronic publications into the aircraft, so we are not constantly going back to the work station to print out additional information," said Jet Aviation's Berchtold.With all the advantages that a ETM/ IETM offers it should be noted that electronic publications are not the right solution all of the time, just as CBT is not the right solution for training in every situation. Only you can determine if electronic publications meet your needs, and most technical publication providers offer demo copies for your review. B/CA IllustrationPhoto: Photograph: BAE Systems' Christine Gill prepares a maintenance manual for SGML conversion BAE Systems; Photograph: Galaxy Scientific provides the FAA's human factors group with online IETM support.; Photograph: Raytheon's Class 4 IETM "REPS" allows a user to see text and diagrams simultaneously with hotlinks to illustrated parts catalogs.外文翻译资料译文部分文章出处:民航商业杂志，2000-11-20,5-87-88交互式电子技术手册的电子出版物可以提高数字飞机和模拟技术的效率。
外文资料翻译
外文资料翻译Steel bearing plates appeared to have failed during service due to wear damage. The subsequent failure analysis revealed that the observed surface damage was the result of widespread plastic deformation and smearing associated with a network of surface crazing, rather than wear. Additionally, the majority of the bearing plates examined met microstructural specifications, although both the carbon and manganese contents were below the specified limits. The deficiencies in carbon and manganese lower ed the hardenability of the alloy and may have contributed to the need for an overly severe quench during the heat treatment processing employed during manufacture.The microstructures and resulting properties of carbon steel—perhaps one of the most versat ile materials in today’s world—can be manipulated to suit any number of service applications. The most common means of structure/property manipulation employ the use of heat treatment and/or surface treatment during the manufacturing process. These process es often involve numerous variables that must be controlled precisely in order to achieve the desired microstructural and mechanical properties, and even a small deviation in alloy chemistry and/ or processing technique can result in the compo-nent becoming unfit for the intended service. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on the fail-ure analysis of a component that was quenched, tempered, and austenitic nitrocarburized in prep-aration for service. Although it appeared that all of the parameters specified for the component had been achieved as a result of the applied processing steps, components experienced a significant number of failures during service. One of the primary find-ings of the following failure analysis is that a component does not n ecessarily meet specifications simply because a specific set of processing require-ments have been fulfilled; oftentimes one must take a step back and examine not onlywhether specified requirements are achieved, but the possible implica-tions of the manner by which they are achieved.Each bearing plate was part of a larger assembly that included a cylindrical compression block. Several bearing plates had failed during service, with an average prefailure service period of approx-imately 15 to 20 h. The client specified that the bearing plates were to be manufactured from AISI 1010 steel. The component was to be austenitic nitrocarburized and clamp tempered to create a white-etching compound layer. The depth of this near-surface layer was to be within the ran ge of 0.0203 to 0.0635 mm (0.0008-0.0025 in.), with a minimum visual heat-affected zone (HAZ) of 0.1016 mm (0.004 in.). The hardness of the HAZ was to be a minimum of 50 Rockwell C (HRC) at a depth of 0.0762 to 0.1270 mm (0.003-0.005 in.). In addition to the failed bearing plates, a series of intact bearing plates were also examined to provide a baseline for further characterization of the problem.Visual inspection of each failed bearing plate revealed significant surface damage that appeared to have been caused as a result of cyclic adhesive wear during service.[1] The damage was widespread within the central regions of the bearing plates and appeared macroscopically as concentric wear or abrasions on the contact surface. Inspection at low magnifications revealed that the surface damage was the result of plastic deformation and smearing of the bearing plate material along the contact surface. Crack propagation was also observed in the most severely deformed areas. Additionally, an intricate network of surfa ce cracking was observed to be widespread among the bearing plates (Fig. 4). Both the surface cracking and the deeper penetrating cracks propagated perpendicular to the direction of deformation, extending radially from the center of the bearing plate. All four of the failed bearing plates examined had similar characteristics. Three of the ten “non-failed” bearing platesalso contained similar surface cracking; the remaining nonfailed bearing plates were covered with an oxide scale that severely in-hibited macroscopic examination.Signs of wear were also present on the mating surface of a cylinder block from an assembly that had contained a failed bearing plate. Wear patterns on the contact surface of the block were consistent with concentric wear patterns noted on the failed bearing plates, although macroscopic examination did not reveal any surface cracking on the cylinder block.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the damaged areas on the bearing plates confirmed the visual examination, indicating that th e observed damage was the result of localized plastic defor-mation within the bearing plate material. In addition to the plastic deformation, widespread surface cracking was also observed by SEM. The increased magnification available via SEM revealed that much of the surface cracking was due to checking or crazing, conditions characterized by fine cracks in the surface or coating of a metal part that do not penetrate to the substrate. This type of cracking is most often associated with heat treat-ment and/or thermal cycling, but can also be caused by nonuniform cooling following heat treatment. Scanning electron microscopy of the nonfailed bearing plates showed that several of these bearing plates also contained cracks, including cracks that had not been obs erved macroscopically. With the exception of a retempered bearing plate, all of the observed surface cracking on the nonfailed plates appeared similar in nature to that observed on the failed bearing plates. The cracking on the re-tempered bearing plate appeared as a series of smaller, more discontinuous cracks, rather than an intertwined network (Fig. 8). This was likely a result of the retempering process, which could close portionsof the preexisting surface cracks and produce a disjointed cracking pattern.翻译钢支承板出现因磨损损坏服务时都失败了。
外文翻译
附件一：外文资料翻译译文流体力学混合在单螺杆挤出机Ravlndran Chella 和Julio M. Ottlno*Massachusetts 州Amherst ，Massachusetts 大学，化学工程系 01003卷矩形空腔流图5为一个序列的一个接口，已进行二维矩形腔流拉伸步骤，在长度增长的界面，L(t ）伴随着条纹厚度减少而减少，它被定义为相邻的接口之间的平均垂直距离，因此L(t)•s(t)≈常数，Biggs 和Middleman(1974b)使用一个简化的标记和细胞（MAC ）技术(Harlow 和Amsden ，1970)来追踪该接口的位置。
然而，他们只考虑水平接口以及他们认为小拉伸比率的情况。
图5对两个相邻的垂直拉伸的流体层之间的接口在二维矩形腔流的步骤顺序示意图在一个典型的数值模拟中，变形及连续线拉伸（或表面）是使用有限数量的粒子模拟。
对于幅度的一个或两个数量级的相对伸展的线变形，包含所述线路分离的单个颗粒，定义并不清晰，对每一个粒子的初始浓度（每单位长度的粒子数量）会有一段时间在这几乎不可能重建。
（如果粒子流混乱，这个问题会急剧变得严重。
）当进行线路中的示踪粒子模拟时，相同的问题会出现在实验工作中，另一方面，该线路不能过于集中，因为它不是被动接口，如果线路是可溶性示踪剂模拟，问题将会扩散。
一般来说，这似乎很难遵循传统的跟踪方法或实验的210或相对较高的拉伸比拉伸，数值误差可能会使它不可能实现可逆性预期规则运动(Khakhar 等人,1984),界面的长度变化的关系可以用有限的材料进行拉伸计算1/2(0)ˆˆ(t)(:)|L L C MM dx =⎰ (11)该组包含该接口的差分线元件的初始取向的需要被指定，对于垂直界面（垂直于移动板块）ˆM =(0,l)和水平界面（平行移动板块）ˆM = (l,0)，以及所有的行元素，由于它是在初始配置，所以用公式11计算是相对简单的。
这里使用的方法可以进行计算任意大的拉伸比，为了能够运用公式11，一种光腔流场的数学描述是有必要的，在这种情况下，参与关于瞬态问题利用稳态速度分布的误差比较小，例如稳态操作条件下迅速达到正常操作条件（Bigg 和 Middleman,1974b Erwin 和 Moktharian ，1981），由公式1可以得出这一流程最简单的说明。
外文资料原文和翻译
外文资料原文Study on design and simulation analysis of the double horse-head pumping unit based on the compound balancestructure.Hailong Fu, Longqing Zou, Yue Wang, Zhipeng Feng and ZhenhuaSong.AbstractDouble horse-head pumping unit, being one of the most classical mechanical equipment, has high efficiency and good balance ability during the oil extraction owing to its horse-head structure connecting with the rod by the steel wire rope. But its characteristic of energy consumption reduction is limited because of the motor torque fluctuation and negative torque appearing while the pumping unit is working in the upstroke and downstroke. The compound balance design is applied to the double horse-head pumping unit by the crank balance and walking beam balance, which is completed by the equal energy principle during the up and down circulation of the oil suction unit. The finite element model of the whole equipment is built, and the simulation analysis is completed by the software ADAMS, under the conditions of the compound balance and that of the crank balance. The output torque of the crank, the forces from the back horse-head rope, and the connection pin are calculated. From the viewpoint of system design to compare with the traditional crank balance pumping unit, the compound balance design can reduce the torque fluctuation greatly, decrease the forces of steel wire rope connecting with the back horse-head, and get rid of the structure problems from the traditional pumping unit. The stress test of the double horse-head pumping unit designed by the compound balance method is completed in the oilfields. It has proved the correctness and reasonability of the compound balance design. The methodology of the compound balance design is helpful in improving the work efficiency and reliability and bringing about better abilities of energy consumption reduction for the pumping unit during its work circulation. KeywordsDouble horse-head pumping unit, compound balance, system simulation, finite element, energy consumption reduction.IntroductionIn recent years, it is more and more important for the pumping unit to have the characteristics of high effi- ciency, energy consumption reduction, and good reliability in the course of oil extraction. More researchers focus on the aspects about electric motor performance improvement, crank balance efficient optimization, and newpumping unit development, especially in United Staes, Russia, France, Canada, and China. By API rules, Chinese researchers have designed many kinds of new-type pumping units, such as double horse-head pumping unit, bending beam pumping unit, and long-stroke pumping unit without beam, which are adapted to Chinese oilfields situations.The double horse-head pumping unit is one kind of classical petroleum machinery used in oil extraction at the onshore oilfields. Its structure comprises a fourbar mechanism whose parameters are dynamic while it is working,which can avoid the dead angelproblem and give a long stroke during running. It can bring about better counterbalance efficiency and has better energy consumption reduction ability compared to other types of pumping units.So it is widely used in Chinese onshore oilfields nowadays.As is known, the negative torques from the motor of the pumping unit cannot be eliminated completely during the upstroke and downstroke. Its net torque of the crank has a little wave and the polished rod loads are complex, which are the key problems and have brought a more serious effect on the oil extraction. During the work circulations of the double horsehead pumping unit, the polished rod loads aredifferent in the upstroke and downstroke. The loads in upstroke are consisted of the sucker rods self-weight and oil liquid weight in the rods, but the oil liquid weight in the rods only during the downstroke. The load difference makes the torque–time curve irregular in sine diagram from the crank shaft. So it is important as to how to reduce the torque fluctuation, which can improve the technology level of energy consumption reduction for the double horse-head pumping unit.The compound balance design is an effective method to solve this problem. The energy method is used in the double horse-head pumping unit design. Finite element method is applied to build the model of the compound-balanced pumping unit. Under the same working conditions, the structure simulations of different design are done. After comparing the calculated torque–time curves, the optimized design is chosen. Then the analysis and test of stress for the compound-balanced pumping unit are completed to give an evaluation about design scientificity and rationality. Compound balance design methodology.A double horse-head pumping unit has many elements such as horse heads, beam, crank, gear reducer, etc. (shown in Figure 1).Figure 1. Double horse-head pumping unitLike all kinds of the beam pumping unit, a great deal of energy consumption occurs while working. The reason being the existence of the load difference for pumping between the upstroke and the downstroke. So the mo tor’s work and output torques are changing during the whole work circulation. However, the motor is always working with the same speed and in the same rotating direction after it is started. Under this condition, the electric current impact and fluctuation will occur because of the difference in loads, which will bring about a bad effect on the electric network, increase electric energy consumption, and shorten motor’s work life. The badeffect will be reflected in the torque curve fluctuations. The bigger the torque fluctuation, the higher the motor impact and greater the energy consumption. How to decrease the fluctuation? It depends on the counterweights, energy consumption difference from the pumping cycles, and making the motor work equally in the upstroke and downstroke as much as possible.Beam balance and crank balance are the two basic types of unit.The value of balance weight is constant and its position can be adjusted for the crank balance way. Generally, the beam pumping unit has the traditional balance way with the crank counterweight, which can reduce the peak value fluctuation of the torque from the motor in some ways. But it is limited because the crank counterweight adjustment is diffi- cult and inaccurate, also important is the fact that the crank balance weight cannot be changed after designing. The beam balance weight value can be changed and installed easily when its position is fixed for the beam balance way.So, the compound balance method has absorbed the merits of the two ways above. The compound balance pumping unit has two balance weights. The beam weight and crank weight move downwards in the upstroke. The released potential energy, including the work of electric motor, equals to the work of the polished rod loads during this course. In the downstroke, all the weights move upwards but the polished rod goes downwards. The work of motor, including that of the polished rodloads, equals to the potential energy to lift up the two weights. If the compound balance design is perfect, the superposition curve of the torques from the polished rod loads and the balance weights will be an approximate regular sine curve with less fluctuation. The peak value of the superposition curve is less than the power of prime motor, which is the ultimate aim to design the pumping unit by the compound balance method.The compound balance design is the process of the compound balance calculation, which can obtain the main parameters of the beam balance weight and the balance radius of the crank.Compound balance calculationIn order to obtain a good balance design on the double horse-head pumping unit, the balance calculation is a key step, depending on the design aim i.e. the two peak values of output torques from the reducer gearbox are equal as much as possible during the upstroke and downstroke.The structure and forces sketch of the pumping unit is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. Structure and forces sketch of the pumping unit.It shows that point o is the beam fulcrum and point o0 is the gyration center of the crank. The beam, connecting rod, and crank constitute the link mechanism. With the start of the electric motor, the mechanism isdriven, and the rotating movement of the prime motoris transformed into the up and down reciprocating movement of the polished rod. During the work cycle, the structure must bear the forces from the self-weights, the balance weights, and the polished rod loads.The compound balance structure is designed by energy theory. The lifted vertical distances of the beam balance weight, beam self-weight, crank balance weight, and crank self-weight are defined separately as h1, h2, h3, and h4, and their stored energy are W1, W2, W3, and W4, respectivelybeam 1h δC K = （1）beam beam 1δC K Q W = （2）beam beam 2h δL = （3）beam beam beam 2q δL W = （4）()'crank 3cos -cos h δδR = （5）()'crank crank 3cos -cos δδR Q W = （6） ()'crank 4cos -cos h δδL = （7）()'crank 4cos -cos q δδL W = （8）where KC represents the distance oa, shown in Figure 2. beam represents the swing angle of beam. and 0 separately represent the crank rotating angle at the starting and stopping of upstroke. Qbeam and Qcrank separately represent the beam balance weight and the crank balance weight. Lbeam and Lcrank separately represent the distance of and o0 g, as shown in Figure 2. qbeam and qcrank are the self-weights of beam system and crank. The sum of the energy is4321W W W W W +++= (9) where it is defined as 'beam beam beam q Q K L C= （10） 'crank crankcream crank q R Q L = （11） Equations (10) and (11) can be used to calculate the Q0 beam and R0 crank, which are the part of the beam selfweight as a portion of beam balance weight, and the balance radius for part of the crank self-weight as a portion of crank balance weight. So, the beam balance weight Qbeam and the balance radius of crank Rcrank of the compound balance design are defined as follows()()'beam bean ''crank crank beam -cos -cos beam Q K R R Q W Q C δδδ+-= （12） ()()c r a n k c r a n k b e a n b e a n -c o s -c o s 'b e a n c r a n k R Q Q Q K W R C ’δδδ--=（13） The stored potential energy of all the weights raised by the static energy indicator diagram isbean oil 'rod 2δA P P W ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=’ （14） where P0 rod and P0 oil are defined respectively as the selfweight of sucker rods in oil-well liquid, and the weight of oil liquid in the oil-well pipelines and above its working fluid level.According to the geometrical relation as followsRC =beam 'cos -cos δδδ （15） The beam balance weight and the crank balance radius are calculated on the basis of the compound balance design idea.where A and C are defined separately as the front part length and the back part length of the beam. R is the turning radius of the crank expressed in meters. Virtual simulation designThe software ADAMS is used in the compound balance design of the double horse-head pumping unit. The best optimized design is got by the dynamic virtual simulation.Design schemeAccording to the methodology of compound balance design, the Qbeam and Qcrank are achieved. At the same time, the beam ratio of A to C is optimized to give a satisfied energy consumption reduction. Because the ratio is within a scope, which is greater than 3, there are three reasonable design schemes, shown in Table 1. Model buildingThe model of the double horse-head pumping unit is built and shown in Figure 3, which is designed by thecompound balance design methodology. It is helpful for the virtual simulation to simplify the model scientifically. The model is built with the parts of front and back horse heads, beam, crank and steel support, etc. Some attachments are omitted, such as the bolts and the ladder.10–12 The steel wire rope is simulated by defining various other micro elements with the Bushing set in ADAMS software.Table 1. Schemes of the compound balance design for the double horse-head pumping unit.Calculation and analysisThe calculation is carried out with the parameters of the oil well, which include the following: the depth of the hanged pump is 2000 m, the depth of the oil liquid working level in pipes is 1800 m, the diameter of the plunger is 56 mm, the density of the oil liquid is 980 kg/m3 , the density of the oil tube is 7850 kg/m3 , the diameters of the sucker rod and oil tube are 22 and 62 mm respectively, andthe length of thestroke is 5 m.The designed schemes are simulated by the software UG and ADAMS. In the course of the numerical simulation, the steel wire rope connecting the horse head, is separated into much more micro line segments by the element type of Bushing.13–15 When the dynamic simulation of the compound balance pumping unit is completed for the working cycles, the Mises stress nephogram from the computational simulation is obtained and shown in Figure 4. The output torque curve of the reduction gearbox is shown in Figure 5. The first cycle period is from 30 to 42.5 s, and the next period is from 42.5 to 55 s. It is concluded that the change period of the gearbox torque is 12.5 s, and this pumping unit has 4.8 times work cycles per minute (60 s).The simulation results are shown in Table 2. The output torque T of the reduction gearbox, the tension Frope of the steel wire rope at the back horse head, andthe force Fpin of the connection pin are listed. Comparing the results of the traditional crank balance design with the compound balance design, it can concluded that the scheme of compound balance design has a better capacity on energy consumption reduction, especially the No. 2 scheme is the best design because its peak-to-peak value of T is least among these schemes.Figure 3. Model of the double horse-head pumping unitFigure 4. Calculation nephogram of the double horse-head pumping unit with thecompound balance weights.Figure 5. Simulation curve of the output torque from the reduction gearbox.Table 2. Simulation results of the two kinds of balance designs for the doublehorse-head pumping unit.Figure 6. Stress testing system of pumping unit.Figure 7. Stress test points on the horse head and beam: (a) test points at pin A;(b) test points at pin B; (c) test points on beamFigure 8. Stress test points on the steel support: (a) test points at the bottom of steel support; (b) test points on the upper side of steel support.Stress testStress test is an efficient way to find whether the pumping unit is a reasonable design.16 The stress test is completed for the double horse-head pumping unit based on the No. 2 compound balance design in Table 2. The stress testing system of the compound balance pumping unit is built in Figure 6. The main electric apparatuses of the system include the TS3828 type of the resistance strain indicator, the BJ115-10AA type of the resistance strain gage, and the UT3232S type of the data acquisition instrument.Test points settingTwelve test points (1#–12#) are installed on the back horse head which are close to pin A andpin B, shown in Figure 7(a) and (b). Two test points, 13# and 14# are set on the beam of the double horse-head pumping unit, as shown in Figure 7(c).The steel support and base, the key parts to bear the large loads, are tested by seven test points 15–21#, which are set on the angle steel columns and elements, as shown in Figure 8.Curves of stress testAccording to the strain test principle of the resistance strain gage, the displacement deformation of the structure can be converted in to the resistance change, which can be collected as the voltage signals. The test curves of the voltage and time waveform at pin A, B, the beam, and the steel support are shown separately in Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12.Stress resultsIn the plane stress state, the value and direction of the principal stress should be known. The strain values in three directions of 90, 45, and 0 are defined as "90, "45, and "0, which can be tested by the strain rosettes, as shown in Figure 13. According to the strain Fresults, the principal stress of the test points can be got.Figure 9. Test curve of time waveform of the test points at pin A. (a) upper left pointsof pin A; (b) upper right points of pin A.where _x0005_is defined as the included angle of the principal stress direction and the resistance strain gage of 0setting (zero line). The results of stress test and strain calculation for the test points are shown in Tables 3 and 4. The equivalent stresses at pin A and pin B are calculated by the fourth strength theory based on the results of 1 and 2.Figure 10. Test curve of time waveform of the test points at pin B. (a) upper left points of pin B; (b) upper right points of pin B.where 1, 2, and 3 represent the principal stresses, they conform to 1 42 43. In the plane stress statstate, so equation (21) can be simplified as following.According to equation (22), the equivalent stresses of the test points at pin A and pin B are calculated, which are shown in Table 3. The equivalent stress, eq4, can be used in the strength checking for the structure of the pumping unit, especially the parts of the horse head near pin A and pin B. The curves of the equivalent stress are shown in Figure 14.Their variation rules are similar with time during the 360 degree work circulation.Figure 11. Test curve of time waveform of the test points on the beam.Figure 12. Test curve of time waveform of the test points at the steel support. (a) test points at the bottom of steel support; (b) test points on the upper side of steelsupport.From the data in Tables 3 and 4, it can be concluded that the strain and stress are produced by the alternating loads from the horse head circle working. When the maximum of the polished rod load is changing between 21.11 kN and 68.23 kN, the stresses of the connection pins remain stable and the stress maximum is 28.08 MPa, and the stress amplitudes of all the test points are not high. Under the alternating loads, the pumping unit structure is safe with enough strength though the stresses of the test points are different.Figure 13. Strain rosette setting.ConclusionA new design method of compound balance is found for the double horse-head pumping unit in this study. The compound balance method has absorbed the merits of the two ways, the crank balance and the beam balance. The key step is to determine the values of the beam balance weight and the balance radius of the crank balance weight.Table 3. Equivalent stress results of horse head at the test points of pin A and pin B.Table 4. Strain and stress results of beam and steel support.Figure 14. Curves of equivalent stresses of horse head and beam in one workcirculation.There is a general description on the compound balance design. In the initial stage of design, the beam balance weight and the balance radius of the crank balance weight are calculated according to equations (16) and (17), and by combining the design aim of better energy consumption reduction capacity and the ratio of A to C in the scope a few reasonable schemes are got. Using the software ADAMS, the dynamic virtual simulation for these schemes are done, and the best optimized design scheme is picked up from the balanced designs. In order to verify the correctness and reasonability of this best balance design, the stress test for the compound balance pumping unit is necessary. If the result is satisfied, the compound balance design is completed.In the paper, the design for the double horse-head pumping unit is completed by the compound balance methodology. The design course strictly complies with the general rules as mentioned above based on the design aim of better energy consumption reduction. The stress test on the key parts, horse head, beam, and steel support shows that the stress amplitudes of all the test points are much less than the safe allowable stress of the steel material, and the compoundbalance pumping unit structure has enough strength under the alternating loads during its working cycle.For the compound balance design, the negative torque from the motor of the pumping unit can be decreased in the cycle strokes, and the forces of the steel wire rope and the connection pins can be cut down. So it can be concluded that the compound balance method is scientific and effective in improving the capacity of energy consumption reduction for the beam pumping unit.References1.Wang SM, Chen WH and Zhang WE. Comparison and analysis of beam pumping unit made in China. J Electromech Eng 2001; 18: 80–84.2.Zheng GR. Current situation and development of energy-saving pumping unit. J Appl Energy Technol 2000; 3: 1–3.3.Guo D, Zhang ZZ, Bai XM, et al. Comprehensive economic analysis of energy-saving pumping unit. J Petrol Mach 2007; 35: 60–63.4.Wu YJ, Liu ZJ, Zhao GX, et al. Pumping unit. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1994, pp.8–58.5.Liu HZ and Guo D. Special beam pumping unit. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1997, pp.12–49.6.Yang DP, Gao XS and Dai Y. Dynamic simulation system of variable parameter flexible linkage mechanism of dual horse head pump unit. J Mech Eng 2010; 46: 59–65.7.Firu LS, Chelu T and Militaru-Peter C. A modern approach to the optimum design of sucker-rod pumping system. In: Proceedings-SPE annual technology conference and exhibition, Denver, Colorado, 2003, pp.825–833.8.Rowlan OL, Mccoy JN and Podio AL. Best method to balance torque loadings on pumping unit gearbox. J Petrol Technol 2005; 44: 27–32.9.Wan BL. Design and calculation of oil extraction equipment. Beijing: Press of Petroleum Industry, 1986, pp.26–37.10.Dong SM and Feng NN. Computer simulation model of the system efficiency of rod pumping wells. J Syst Simul 2007; 19: 1853–1856.11.Song J, Zhang HW and Cheng GJ. Research on energy saving of beam pumping unit by virtual prototype technology. J Inform Manuf 2007; 36: 17–18.Yao CD. Optimized design and dynamic simulation of a new pumping unit. J Mech Des 2004; 21: 49–51.12.Zhang HZ and Sheng XY. Finite element analysis on strength of lifting ropes of double horse head beam pumping unit. Petrol Eng Construct 2008; 10: 24–26.13.Chen DM, Huai CF, Zhang KT, et al. Mast ADAMS virtual prototype technology. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2010, pp.22–36.14.Tjahjowidodo T, Al-Bender F, van Brussel VH, et al. Friction characterization and compensation in electromechanical systems. J Sound Vib 2007; 308: 632–646.15.Leng JC, Zou LQ, Cui XH, et al. Failure analysis of walking beam of dual horse head pumping unit based on stress measurement. J Oil Field Equip 2007; 36: 67–69.中文译文在研究基础上，复合平衡结构双驴头抽油机的设计和仿真分析福海龙邹龙青王月冯志萍宋振华摘要双驴头抽油机，是最经典的抽油设备，由于其驴头结构由钢丝绳杆连接，使得抽油过程中的高效率和良好的平衡能力。
外文资料翻译
毕业论文外文资料翻译题目某燃煤采暖锅炉烟气除尘系统设计学院资源与环境学院专业环境工程班级0802学生孙红帅学号20080203039指导教师张玲二〇一二年四月二十日济南大学- 1 -济南大学- 2 -济南大学- 3 -济南大学- 4 -- 5 -济南大学- 6 -济南大学- 7 -济南大学- 8 -济南大学- 9 -济南大学- 10 -济南大学Chemical Engineering and Processing 40 (2001) 245–254.新的旋风式分离器的计算方法与纷飞挡板和底部清洁的天然气 - 第二部分：实验验证Tomasz Chmielniak a,*, Andrzej Bryczkowskia,b煤化工Zamkowa1，41-803 Zabrze，波兰研究所化学和工艺设备，波兰西里西亚技术Uni6ersity，M. Strzody7，44-100格利维采1999年11月23日收到，在2000年6月6日修订后的形式;2000年6月6日采纳摘要派生模型预测研究所收集的效率和压力下降，煤化工（IChPW）与一个旋转挡板的旋风式分离器的设计测试和实验验证的结果。
试点工作包含测试气体流速和分离效率和压降转子转速的影响。
密封流除尘效率的影响进行了测试。
一个旋转挡板分隔的特点是高效率和低的压降。
挡板高度的扩展可以得到较高的除尘效率和更低的压降。
计算方法与实验结果显示了良好的实验预期。
©2001 Elsevier Science B.V.版权所有。
关键词粉尘分离；气旋；旋流挡板；收集效率；压降1介绍由于旋转分离元素的粉尘分离器的优势，致使过去几年对这类设备[1-5]建设的深入研究和理论描述。
它还涉及建设一个在化工、煤炭加工（IChPW）研究所开发的新型旋风式分离器旋流挡板[6]。
在这个问题上[6]前文推导的理论模型来预测一个旋转挡板分离器的收集效率和压力下降。
在本文章中，发达国家的计算方法的实验和实证检验的结果报告。
外文资料及翻译
外文资料及译文原文：Television Video SignalsAlthough over 50 years old , the standard television signal is still one of the most common way to transmit an image. Figure 8.3 shows how the television signal appears on an oscilloscope. This is called composite video, meaning that there are vertical and horizontal synchronization (sync) pulses mixed with the actual picture information.These pulses are used in the television receiver to synchronize the vertical and horizontal deflection circuits to match the video being displayed. Each second of standard video contains 30 complete images, commonly called frames , A video engineer would say that each frame contains 525 lines, the television jargon for what programmers call rows. This number is a little deceptive because only 480 to 486 of these lines contain video information; the remaining 39to 45 lines are reserved for sync pulses to keep the television’s circuits synchronized with the video signal.Standard television uses an interlaced format to reduce flicker in the displayed image. This means that all the odd lines of each frame are transmitted first, followed by the even lines. The group of odd lines is called the odd field, and the group of even lines is called the even field. Since each frame consists of two fields, the video signal transmits 60 fields per second. Each field starts with a complex series of vertical sync pulses lasting 1.3 milliseconds. This is followed by either the even or odd lines of video. Each line lasts for 63.5 microseconds, including a 10.2 microsecond horizontal sync pulse, separating one line from the next. Within each line, the analog voltage corresponds to the gray scale of the image, with brighter values being in the direction away from the sync pulses. This place the sync beyond the black range. In video jargon, the sync pulses are said to be blacker than black..The hardware used for analog-to-digital conversion of video signals is called a frame grabber. This is usually in the form of an electronics card that plugs into a computer, and connects to a camera through a coaxial cable. Upon command from software, the frame grabber waits for the beginning of the next frame, as indicated by the vertical sync pulses. During the following two fields, each line of video is sampled many times, typically 512,640 or 720 samples per line, at 8bits per sample. These samples are stored in memory as one row of the digital image.This way of acquiring a digital image results in an important difference between the vertical and horizontal directions. Each row in the digital image corresponds to one line in the video signal, and therefore to one row of wells in the CCD. Unfortunately,the columns are not so straightforward. In the CCD, each row contains between about 400 and 800 wells (columns), depending on the particular device used. When a row of wells is read from the CCD, the resulting line of video is filtered into a smooth analog signal, such as in Figure 8.3. In other words, the video signal does not depend on how many columns are present in the CCD. The resolution in the horizontal direction is limited by how rapidly the analog signal is allowed to change. This is usually set at 3.2 MHz for color television, resulting in a rise time of about 100 nanoseconds, i.e, about1/500th of the 53.2 microsecond video line.When the video signal is digitized in the frame grabber, it is converted back into conclusions. However, these columns in the digitized image have no relation to the columns in the CCD. The number of columns in the digital image depends solely on how many times the frame grabber samples each line of video. For example, a CCD might have 800 wells per row, while the digitized image might only have 512 pixels (i.e columns) perrow.The number of columns in the digitized image is also important for another reason. The standard television image has an aspect ratio of 4 to 3, i.e. it is slightly wider than it is high. Motion pictures have the wider aspect ratio of 25 to 9. CCDs used for scientific applications often have an aspect ratio of 1 to 1, i.e , a perfect square. In any event, the aspect ratio of a CCD is fixed by the placement of the electrodes, and cannot be altered. However, the aspect ratio of the digitized image depends on the number of samples per line. This becomes a problem when the image is displayed, either on a video monitor or in a hardcopy. If the aspect ratio isn’t properly reproduced, the image looks squashed horizontally or vertically.The 525 line video signal described here is called NTSC (National Television Systems Committee), a standard defined way back in 1954. This is the system used in the United States and Japan. In Europe there are two similar standards called PAL (Phase Alternation by Line) and SECAM (Sequential Chrominance and Memory). The basic concepts are the same, just the numbers are different. Both PAL and SECAM operate with 25 interlaced frames per second, with 625 lines per frame. Just as with NTSC, some of these lines occur during the vertical sync, resulting in about 576 lines that carry picture information. Other more subtle differences relate to how color and sound are added to the signal.The most straightforward way of transmitting color television would be to have three separate analog signals, one for each of the three colors the human eye can detect: red, green and blue. Unfortunately, the historical development of television did not allow such a simple scheme. The color television signal was developed to allow existing blackand white television sets to remain in use without modification. This was done by retaining the same signal for brightness information , but adding a separate signal for color information. In video jargon, the brightness is called the luminance signal, while the color is the chrominance signal. The chrominance signal is contained on a 3.58 MHz carrier wave added to the black and white video signal. Sound is added in this same way, on a 4.5 MHz carrier wave. The television receiver separates these three signals, processes them individually, and recombines them in the final diplay.译文：关键词：核心，合成信号，电压耦合电视信号尽管已经拥有50年的历史了,电视信号依然是常用的传递信息的途径之一。
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淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：电子信息工程系专业：测控技术与仪器姓名：马宇学号：1061203228外文出处：Download from IEEE xplore of(用外文写)huaiyin institute of technology library附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：所选内容与课题相关，对课题设计参考有一定的帮助；翻译难度一般，工作量适中；译文基本正确，语句通顺，但也存在部分错误。
总体评价：中签名：2010 年 4 月20 日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文数字式转速测量仪摘要介绍了一种以MCS-51系列单片机8032为控制主体的数字式转速测量仪。
该测量仪具有设计合理、精度高、测速范围宽、功能强、可靠性好、使用灵活方便等特点。
文中详细介绍了该仪表的工作原理，给出了它的硬件原理图和软件流程图。
关键词：数字式测量仪器；转速；单片机转动体的速度是工业测控系统中的重要参数之一。
机械式转速表在测量转速时，必须将转轴接触被测物体，以获得同步转速，通过内部齿轮变速后用表头指针指示转速大小。
使用机械式转速表会干扰被测物体的运动，特别是当被测转动体质量很小时，测速表对转动体施加的压力就是一个不小的附加负载，这影响测量的准确性。
本文介绍一种以8032单片微机为核心的测速仪。
1 转速测量仪原理本测速仪的测速敏感器件采用红外线传感器，由专门的探测装置发射红外线，同时接受从被测物体反射回来的红外线，通过光电转换变为电脉冲信号，不影响物体的转动。
发射管和接受管都固定在探测架上，通过透镜聚焦，半透明膜既能使反射的红外光线射向转动物体，又能使由转动物体反射回来的红外线通过半透明膜射向接受管。
在转动体上沿圆周均匀贴上若干反射纸，它能定向反射红外线，使接受管接受到反射回来的红外线。
光电转换原理见图1。
在光电三极管3DU5C上加一适当偏压，当3DU5C受红外线照射时，处于导通状态，A点为低压电平，3DG6截止，B点为高电平；当没有红外线照射时，光电三极管截止，A点呈现高电平，使3DG6集电极B点为低电平，B点的脉冲信号经过反相器1、2的整形，再经门3反相，便得到频率与转速大小相应成比例变化的转速脉冲信号。
转速脉冲信号送入8032单片机的定时/计数器，经过单片机的软件处理计算出转速。
图1 光电转换原理图本机在测量转速时采用了M/T法和定时法两种方法。
M/T法是在检测时间Tc 内，根据转速脉冲m1和计时脉冲m2来计算转速。
如在固定周期Tc内，计取转动脉冲fp和计时脉冲fc的脉冲个数分别为m1和m2，计时脉冲的频率为f，转动体每转输出的脉冲数为p，则转速n=60fm1/pm2(r/min)。
定时法是在给定的时间间隔1 s内，对转速脉冲进行计数。
如在1 s内测得的转速脉冲数为m1，转动体每转输出的脉冲个数，即极数为p，则转速n=60m1/p(r/min)。
2 转速测量仪的硬件结构图2为由8032单片机构成的转速测量仪电路图。
8032属于MCS-51系列单片机，与常用的8031芯片相比，8032多了一个功能较强的T2定时/计数器和128字节内部RAM，其中T2计数器具有16位自动重载和捕获能力，既可作定时/计数用，又可作为波特率发生器用。
本系统T2用于定时，即计取定时脉冲信号，定时脉冲信号直接从8032芯片的地址锁存信号端ALE引出，并经过74LS74双D触发器两分频后获得。
当晶振采用6 MHz时，定时脉冲的频率fc为0.5 MHz。
T0计数器计取转速脉冲fp，T1计数器用于计取定时脉冲fc，触发器DFF1，DFF2和与门1,2,3,4组成计数控制电路，能使T0和T1计数器同时启停。
系统采用动态显示方式。
P0口通过带允许控制端的8D锁存器74LS377扩展了一个8位输出口，作为5位LED 数码管显示的段选码数据线。
P1.3-P1.75根口线作为五位LED显示的位选线。
P3.0、P3.1接S1和S4开关，S1为极数P设定选择开关，S4为极数输入脉冲键。
P3.2和P3.3分别接S2和S3开关，S2开关为测速方法选择键，选择用M/T法测速，还是用定时法测速。
S3为转速/频率选择开关，用来选择测转速还是测频率。
当用定时法测转速时，系统可以很方便地测出所测频率。
3 软件设计及抗干扰措施系统的程序设计主要包括主程序、中断程序、代码转换子程序、显示子程序等。
两种测速方法硬件结构完全相同，只是软件流程不同，通过P3.2口来设定测速方法。
下面分别论述两种测速方法的工作原理。
M/T法中，首先由8032的P1.1端输出启动脉冲信号，该启动脉冲清零DFF1和DFF2两个触发器，使Q1端输出低电平，封锁门2、3、4，Q-1端为高电平打开门1，而触发器DFF2的Q-2端输出为高电平，为启动工作做好准备。
当接受到转速脉冲信号fp的上升沿时，触发器DFF1翻转，Q-1为低电平，封锁门1，Q1为高电平，打开门2、3、4，从而使T2开始定时，m1，m2同时开始计数。
当T2定时到100 ms时，向8032申请中断。
在中断程序中，8032的P1.2端输出停止脉冲信号，置位触发器DFF2，Q-2端输出低电平，封锁门2、3、4，T0、T1同时停止计数。
同时在中断程序中读出转速信号脉冲数m1和定时信号脉冲数m2，在主程序中根据m1、m2，P和f算出转速n=60fm1/pm2，并转换为BCD码，查表送至数码管显示，完成一次数据的采集和显示。
在定时法中，由于要产生1 s的定时信号，而本系统中定时最大值为131 ms，故在定时法中，采取连续定时10次100 ms的方法，当到了100 ms定时时，定时器T2溢出向8032申请中断。
在中断程序中对中断次数进行累计，如果累计中断次数未到10次，则不作任何运算就返回，T2继续下一次的100ms的定时，T0继续计数转速脉冲，当中断次数达到10次时，在中断程序中，置位P1.2，停止计数，并且读出T0的计数值m1，在主程序中进行相应运算算出转速，并转换为BCD码，送LED显示。
这里定时计数器采用了具有16位自动重装载功能的T2计数器，当T2溢出产生中断的同时，计数器自动重载计数初值，继续定时。
因此它的定时是连续的，不受响应中断和处理中断程序的影响。
而如果采用没有重载功能的定时器如T0或T1，则当定时器溢出时，须在响应中断后，在中断程序中重置定时器初值。
定时器的定时是断续的，影响定时精度，继而影响测速精度。
可见采用8032中的T2计数器定时是本系统一个特点，它能显著提高测速精度。
本测速仪在0-49r/min范围内，精度可达±0.1 r/min,在50-99 999r/min范围内，精度可达±1 r/min。
本测速仪可以测量不同极数的脉冲发生器发生的脉冲，如前述的红外线探测器，当改变贴在转动体上反射纸的数量时，转动体每转发出的脉冲数p也相应改变，此时如果仍按照程序中原定的p值进行计算，就会运算出错。
因此本系统提供了现场设置极数的功能：P3.0口接极数设定选择开关，当P3.0高电平时，表明需要设置极数，此时系统等待由P3.1口输进的脉冲信号，每一个脉冲信号可使系统的极数寄存器数值加1，并显示在LED数码管上。
在定时法测速时，当不进行n=60m1/p的运算，直接将1 s内的转速脉冲数m1变换为BCD码显示，所得的数值显然就是输入脉冲信号的频率。
因此系统设置了转速/频率选择功能。
P3.3口接转速/频率选择开关S3，当P3.3为高电平时，表示测频率。
同时，系统软件还设置了一些逻辑错误诊断功能，如当转速超过99 999 r/min，系统将显示PPPPP，表示超出本测速仪所测范围，又如当在M/T法测速时，选择了测频率，则显示EEEEE，提示用户出错等。
由于测速仪一般都在工业生产现场工作，工作环境干扰来源多，因此在设计中，采用了抗干扰措施，如电源滤波、去耦、注意地线的走向，接地点的安排等硬件抗干扰办法，以CPU、RAM自检、软件冗余、软件陷阱等软件抗干扰技术。
图2 数字式转速测量仪电路图参考文献[1] Yurish S.Y., Kirianaki N.V. Design of High Performances Digital Tachometers and Tachometric Systems Based on the Method of the Depended Count, In Proceedings of the VII-th International Conference CADSM’ 2003, Lviv-Slavsko, UKRAINE, 18-22February, 2003[2] Kirianaki N.V., Deynega V.P., Yurish S.Y., Microprocessor Tachometers of New Generation for Turbogenerators of Thermal and Nuclear Electric Power Stations, Automatic, Measurements and Control, 1995, No. 292, pp. 52-60.[3] Yurish S.Y., Kirianaki N.V., Shpak N.O., Novel Rotation Speed Measurement Concept for ABS Appropriated for Microsystem Creation. In: Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 99 (Ed. by Ricken D.E. and Gesner W., Springer, 1999, pp.215-223.附件2：外文原文（复印件）Digital Meter for Measuring Rotational SpeedAbstract A digital meter for measuring the rotational speed is introduced in this paper. It is controlled by an MCS-51 series single-chip microcomputer 8032. It contains the following features: rational design, high accuracy, wide measurability range and powerful function and dependability. Moreover, it is very nimble and convenient to use. The work principle is presented in detail in the paper and the block diagram and program flowchart are given as well.Key works: digital measuring apparatus; rotation speed; single-chip micro-computer The rotor speed control system of industry is one of the important parameters. Mechanical tachometer measuring speed, the rotor contact with the measured object must be to get the synchronous speed, through the internal gear shift instruction after the pointer speed with the size of the header. Use of mechanical tachometer measured object can interfere with movement, especially when measured rotor mass is very small, speed tables on the rotor pressure is not a small additional load, which affects the measurement accuracy. This paper describes a 8032 single-chip microcomputer as the core to the non-contact Digital Tachometer.1 speed measuring principleThe gun speed-sensitive devices with infrared sensors, launched by the specialized infrared detection devices, while receiving reflected back from the measured object infrared, photoelectric conversion into electrical pulses through the signal, does not affect the rotation of the object. Tubes and pipes are fixed in the detection of acceptable shelf, through the lens focus, semi-transparent film not only to the reflected infrared light fired rotating objects, they can rotate the object by the reflected infrared light through the translucent membrane back fired for management. Along the circumference of a rotating body even paste some reflection paper, it directed reflection infrared to receive the reflected acceptance of the infrared control.Photovoltaic conversion shown in Figure In the optical triode 3DU5C adding an appropriate bias, when 3DU5C by infrared irradiation, at the conduction state, A point forthe low level, 3DG6 end, B point is high; when no infrared radiation, the photoelectric transistor closed A high point presentation, so 3DG6 low collector point B, B point of the pulse signal through the inverter 1,2 plastic, and then the door 3 RP, frequency and speed will be proportional to the size of the corresponding changes The speed pulse signal. Speed pulse signal into the 8032 microcontroller timer / counter, through the microcontroller to calculate speed software processing.Figure 1 Schematic photoelectric conversionWhen the machine used in the measurement speed M / T method and timing method were used. M/T M / T method is the detection time Tc, the time according to speed pulse m1 and m2 to calculate the speed pulse. If a fixed period Tc, the total time taken and pulse rotation pulse fp fc's Pulse on m1 and m2, timing pulse frequency f, rotor output pulses per revolution for the p, the speed n = 60fm1 / pm2 (r / min). Such as the speed measured over 1 s pulses for the m1, rotor output pulse number per revolution, that great number of p, the speed n = 60m1 / p (r / min).2 hardware speed measurement instrumentFigure 2 constitute the grounds of speed 8032 MCU measuring circuit. 8032 is MCS-51 series single chip, compared with the common 8031 chip, a feature more than 8032 strong T2 timer / counters and 128 bytes of internal RAM, which T2 counter with 16-bit auto-reload and capture, can for timer / counter with, but also used as a baud rate generator. The system used for time T2, which take into account regular pulse, regular pulse signal directly from the 8032 chip address latch signal ALE client leads, and through the 74LS74 dual D flip-flop frequency, was two points. When using 6 MHzcrystal oscillator, the time pulse frequency fc is 0.5 MHz. T0 accrual speed pulse counter fp, T1 time pulse counter for taking into account fc, trigger DFF1, DFF2 and 1,2,3,4 component count and gate control circuit, can also start and stop counters T0 and T1. P0 port to allow control through the end of 8D with latch 74LS377 extends an 8-bit output, as a five segment LED digital display of the data line selection code. P3.0, P3.1 access switches S1 and S4, S1 for the very few P set selector switch, S4 input pulse for the very few keys. P3.2 and P3.3 are connected S2 and S3 switch, S2 switch method for the speed selection key; select the use of M / T method speed, or velocity measurement with time. S3 for the speed frequency select switch, to select the measuring speed or frequency measurements. When using regular method to measure the speed, the system can be easily measured by measuring the frequency.3 software design and anti-interference measuresSystem programming includes the main program, interrupt procedures, code conversion routines, display routines, etc. The hardware structure of two measurement methods are identical, but different software process, to set the speed through the P3.2 port approach. The following two measurement methods were discussed works.M / T method, first of all by the end of 8032 the P1.1 output start pulse signal, the start pulse cleared DFF1 and DFF2 two triggers, so that Q1 ended output low, blocking the door 2,3,4, Q- 1 side open the door for the high one, and trigger DFF2 the Q-2-ended output is high, ready for the start of work. When the speed pulse signal fp receives the rising edge, the flip-flop DFF1 turn, Q-1 is low, blocking the door 1, Q1 is high, open the door 2,3,4, so that start time T2, m1, m2 and started counting. In the interrupt program, the P1.2 8032 ended output pulse signal to stop, set bit trigger DFF2, Q-2 low-side outputs, blocking the door 2,3,4, T0, T1 and stop counting. Interrupt the program while reading speed signal pulses and timing signal pulses m1 m2, in the main program, in accordance with m1, m2, P and f calculated speed n = 60fm1/pm2, and converted to BCD code sent to the digital look-up table display, complete a data collection and display.In the regular method, due to the timing signal generated 1 s, while the maximum time the system 131 ms, it is the law in time to take 10 consecutive 100 ms time method, when the time to 100 ms, the timer T2 overflow interrupt to the 8032 application.Interrupt in the interrupt process of the cumulative number of times, if the cumulative number of times until they break 10, not to make any operation on the return, T2 to the next 100ms the time, T0 to count speed pulse, when the interrupt when the number reached 10 in interrupt the program, set bit P1.2, stop counting, and reading the count value T0 m1, corresponding in the main program to calculate the speed of operation, and converted to BCD code, send LED display. Time here with 16-bit counter with auto-loading feature of the T2 counter, when T2 overflow interrupt the same time, the counter counts automatically reload the initial value, continue to regularly. So it's time is continuous, without interruption and response procedures for dealing with the impact of disruption. If not overloaded by features such as timers T0 or T1, then when the timer overflow, it should be in response to failure, reset the timer interrupt program, the initial value. Timer timing is intermittent, the impact of timing accuracy, thereby affecting measurement precision. Visible by 8032 in the T2 counter timer is a feature of the system, it can significantly improve measurement precision. The guns range in 0-49r/min accuracy up to ± 0.1 r / min, at 50-99 999r/min range of accuracy up to ± 1 r / min.The gun can measure the number of different pole pulse generator pulse occurs, such as infrared detectors above, when changing the rotating body attached to the amount of reflection paper, issued by the rotor per revolution pulse number p is also changed accordingly, At this point, if still in accordance with the procedures in the original p value calculation, calculation error will be. Therefore, the system provides very few of the features set the scene: P3.0 I take very few set selector switch, when P3.0 is high time that need to set the pole, then the system waiting for input into the mouth by the P3.1 pulse signal, each pulse makes the system very few register value plus 1, and displayed in the LED digital tube.Velocity measurement at the time, and when not to n = 60m1 / p the operators directly to the speed of 1 s pulses m1 transformed into BCD code shows that the value obtained is obviously the input pulse frequency. Therefore, the system set up speed frequency options. P3.3 port access speed frequency select switch S3, when P3.3 is high time that test frequency.Meanwhile, the system software has set a number of logical fault diagnosisfunctions, such as speeds above 99 999 r / min, the system will display PPPPP, that go beyond the scope of this gun is measured, and as if the M / T velocity measurement, the Select the measurement frequency, it shows EEEEE, prompts the user error and so on.As the gun is generally in the industrial field in the working environment of sources of interference, so in the design, using anti-jamming measures, such as power supply filtering, decoupling, pay attention to the trend of ground, then the locations and other hardware interference approach to CPU, RAM self-test, software redundancy, software, software such as anti-jamming technology trap.Figure 2 Circuit Digital Speed MeterReferences[1] Yurish S.Y., Kirianaki N.V. Design of High Performances Digital Tachometers and Tachometric Systems Based on the Method of the Depended Count, In Proceedings of the VII-th Int ernational Conference CADSM’ 2003, Lviv-Slavsko, UKRAINE, 18-22 February, 2003[2] Kirianaki N.V., Deynega V.P., Yurish S.Y., Microprocessor Tachometers of New Generation for Turbogenerators of Thermal and Nuclear Electric Power Stations, Automatic, Measurements and Control, 1995, No. 292, pp. 52-60.[3] Yurish S.Y., Kirianaki N.V., Shpak N.O., Novel Rotation Speed MeasurementConcept for ABS Appropriated for Microsystem Creation. In: Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 99 (Ed. by Ricken D.E. and Gesner W., Springer, 1999, pp.215-223.。