英国文学整理
英国文学-各时期知识点梳理提纲
英国文学1.中古时期的英国文学Ballad(民谣):(1) Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. (2) Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. (3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of Ancient Marine is a 19th century English ballad.Epic（史诗）:(1) Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. (2) Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics：Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonists.Romance（罗曼文学/骑士文学）:(1) Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. (2) It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. (3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance.Alliteration（押头韵）:(1) Alliteration means a repetition of initial sounds of several words in aline or group. (2) Alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature. (3) Robert Frost’s poem Acquainted with the Night is a case in point: “ I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》:(1)Beowulf , a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. (2) The epic describes the heroic deeds of Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon. (3) The poem conveys a hope that the righteous will triumph over the evil.Geoffrey Chaucer（乔叟）:(1) He is regarded as the father of English poetry. (2) The Canterbury Tales is his masterpiece. (3) He presents, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. (4) Chaucer introduced from France rhymed stanzas of various types (heroic couplet) into English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.(5) It was Chaucer who made London dialect the foundation for modern English speech. (6) His characterization is vivid.His major works: The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯和科丽西德》, The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》, The House of Fame《声誉之堂》.Brief description of The Canterbury Tales: (1) The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s monumental success. (2) It is a collection of stories told b y a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. (3) It was influenced by Boccaccio(薄伽丘)’s Decameron（《十日谈》）. (4) In the poem Chaucer presents, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval society and creates a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. (5) The poem shows Chaucer’s humanism and anticipates a new era to come.William Langland (威廉•兰格伦):(1) Piers Plowman（《农夫皮尔斯》）is a poem that gives a picture of the life in feudal England. (2) It is a protest against the then social injustice.2.文艺复兴时期的英国文学Renaissance(文艺复兴):(1) the word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. (2) The essence of Renaissance is humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. (3) The real mainstream ofthe English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.Humanism(人文主义):(1)Humanismis the essence of Renaissance. (2) It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Spenserian stanza(斯宾塞诗节):（1）Spenserian stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenser .(2) It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter(六步音)，rhyming ababbcbcc. (3) Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.Conceit(奇特的比喻):(1) Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. (2) Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌):(1) Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the name of the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.(2) With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. (3)The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. (4) The imagery is drawn from actual life.Sonnet(十四行诗):（1）Sonnet is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe. (2) A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. (3) Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.Blank verse (无韵体诗):（1）Blank verse is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. (2) It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.Meter（格律）:(1) The word “meter” is derived from the Greek word “metron”, meaning“measure”. (2) In English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. (3) The analysis of meter is called scansion (格律分析).Allegory(寓言) :（1）Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something, especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself. (2) Allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice. (3) Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress,Golding’s Lord of the Flies and Melville’s Moby Dick are three examples of this kind.Stanza(诗节):（1）Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan. (2) The stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.University Wits（大学才子）:（1）University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabeth Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came toLondon with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called “university wits”. (2) Thomas Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lily and Christopher Marlow were among them. (3) They paved the ways, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.Foreshadowing（预兆）:(1) Foreshadowing, in drama, means a method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come. (2) In Shakespeare’s Romeo andJuliet, Romeo’s expression of fear in Act 1, scene 4 foreshadows the catastrophe to come:I fear too early; for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the stars…Soliloquy(独白):(1) Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. (2) In the lines “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act 3, Scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living, and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.Narrative Poem(叙述诗):（1）A Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story.(2) It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer’s The Iliad and The Odysseus, and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.3.启蒙主义时期的英国文学Literary TermsThe Enlightenment Movement（启蒙运动）(1)Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century. (2) The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.(3) Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. (4) It celebrated reason or rationality, equally and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education. (5) Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Johnathan Swift, Richard Bringsley Sheridan, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson,etc.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）(1)In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought abouta revival of interest in the old classical works. (2) This tendency is known as neoclassicism. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Vigil and those of the contemporary French ones. (3) They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.The Graveyard School（墓地派诗歌）(1)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.(2) Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work. The Heroic Couplet（英雄对偶句）The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.Elegy（挽歌）(1)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone. (2) In Memoriam by Alfred Tennyson is a famous elegy.Satire（讽刺）(1)Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. (2) The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society , and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter. (3) Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a great satire of the then English society from different aspects.Sentimentalism（感伤主义）(1)Sentimentalism is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. (2) In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. (3) The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point.Didactic( 说教的）(1)Didactic literature is said to be didactic if it is deliberately teaches some moral lesson. The use of literature for such teaching is one of its traditional justifications. (2) Most modern literary works during the Enlightenment period tended to be didactic.Farce（闹剧/滑稽剧）Farce refers to a play full of ridiculous happenings, absurd actions, and unreal situations, meant to be very funny.Aside（旁白）(1)Aside refers to words spoken by an actor which the other actors are supposed not to hear. (2) An actor’s asides are usually spoken to the audience. (3) Hamlet’s very first line is an aside.Denouement（戏剧结局）Denouement, pronounced Dee-noo-ma, is that part of a drama which follows the climax and leads to the resolution.Name of the WriterAlexander Pope（亚历山大.蒲柏）(1)He is a representative of the Enlightenment and the greatest poet of the Neoclassical period.(2)He is the first to introduce rationalism to England. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order , reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.Works An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》(1) An Essay on Criticism is his masterpiece. It is a didactic poemwritten in heroic couples.(2) It consists of 744 lines and is divided into three parts.(3) It sums up the art of poetry as upheld and practiced by theancientslikeAristotle, and the 18th century European classicists.(4) Pope first laments the dearth of true taste in poetic criticism of hisdayand calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Romanwriters for guidance.(5) It helped spread neoclassicist tradition in England.The Rage of the Lock 《夺发记》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》John Dryden（约翰.德莱顿）(1)He is called “the father of English Criticism”.(2)An Essay of Dramatic Poesy is his masterpiece.Works An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 《论戏剧诗歌》(1) An Essay of Dramatic Poesy is John Dryden’s best work.(2) In it he discusses the works of the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, the English Renaissance, and contemporary France.(3) He was call ed “the father of English Criticism”.All for Love 《一切为了爱》Alexander’s Feast 《亚历山大的宴会》Thomas Gray （托马斯.格雷）He is the leading figure of the Graveyard School.Works Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》(1) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is the most representative workof the Graveyard School.(2)In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and themysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.(3) The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wonderingwhat the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance.Herehe reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocksthegreat ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.4.浪漫主义时期的英国文学Romanticism（浪漫主义）(1)In the middle 18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England. (2) It is characterizedby a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead , romanticism gaveprimary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. (3) In thehistory of literature, romanticism is generally regarded as the thought thatdesignates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see theindividual as the very center of all life and all experience. (4) The EnglishRomantic Period is an age of poetry. Major romantic poets include Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats. Romanticism prevailedin England from 1798 to 1837.Lyric( 抒情诗 )(1)Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion orillustrates some life principle. (2) Lyric often concerns love. “My love is like a red, red rose” is Robert Burns well-known lyric.Byronic Hero( 拜伦式英雄 )(1)Byronic Hero refers to a profound, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. (2) With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(3) Byron’s chief contribution to the English literature is the creation of “Byronic hero”.Terza Rima( 三行诗 )(1)Terza Rima is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme a b a, b c b, c d c, d e d, etc.(2) Shelly’s Ode to the West Wind is a case in point.Ottava Rima( 八行诗 )(1)Ottava Rima is a form of eight-line iambic stanza rhyming a b a b a bc c.(2) Byron’s Don Juan and William Butlter’s Sailing to Byzantium are outstanding examples.Canto( 诗章 )(1)Canto is a section of division of a long poem.(2) The most famous cantos in literature are those that make up Dante’s Division Comedy, a 14th century epic. In English poetry Alexander Pope’s The Rage of the Lock and Byron’s Don Juan are divided into cantos.Gothic Novel( 哥特式小说 )(1)Gothic Novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.(2) Gothic novel empathizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.(3) Gothic originally means in the sense of “medieval, not classical” was applied by Horac e Walpole to his novel The Castle of Otranto, a Gothic story, published in 1765.(4) With its description of the dark and irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelly are typical Gothic romance.High Comedy(正统喜剧 )High Comedy is a comedy that deals with a polite society and depends more on witty dialogue and well-drawn characters than on comic situations.Ode (颂歌)(1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric of some length,praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.(2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case inpoint.Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakes”.William Blake (威廉布莱克)(1)He is one of major English Romantic poets in the 19th century.(2)The distinctive feature of his poetry is the symbolism in wide range.(3)He is famous for his two volumes of poems: Songs of Innocence andSongs of Experience.(4)Chil dhood is central to Blake’s concern in these two volumes of poems. Works: Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.Songs of Experience 《经验之歌》Songs of Experience presents a different world, a world ofmisery,poverty, disease, war and repression with amelancholy tone.The Tiger《老虎》The Tiger is also a famous poem by Blake. Lamb in the poem is a symbol of peace and purity whereas tiger a symbol of dreadand violence.Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》Robert Burns （罗伯特彭斯）（1）H e is the greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.（2）I n his poetry he glorifies a natural man—a healthy, joyous and clever Scotch peasant.（3）H e wrote in Scottish dialect, drawing his inspiration from the treasury of Scottish folklore.（4）H is poetry is rich in such qualities as love, humor, pathos and love of nature. All these qualities suggest the coming of EnglishRomanticism.Works：A Red , Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》My Heart’s in the Highland《我的心在高原》Auld Lang Syne《友谊地久天长》Mary Shelly (玛丽雪莱)She was the wife of Percy Bysshe ShelleyWork: Frankenstein《弗兰克肯斯坦》Frankenstein is a Gothic novel.Walter Scott(沃尔特司各特)（1）H e is the creator and a master of the historical novel. His historical novel is his chief contribution to English literature.（2）H is historical novels concern the history of Scotland, English history and the history of European countries.Works: Waverley《威弗利》The Black Dwarf《黑侏儒》Rob Roy《罗伯罗伊》Old Mortality《清教徒》Ivanhoe 《艾凡赫》(1)Ivanhoe is Scott’s masterpiece.(2)It is a novel of English subjectcovering the days after the Norman Conquest.5.维多利亚时期的英国文学Critical Realism(批判现实主义)（1）C ritical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.（2）I t means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction tothe criticism of society and the examination of social issues. （3）R ealist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.（4）C harles Dickens is the most important critical realist.Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独白)（1）D ramatic Monologue，in literature, refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience.（2）R obert Browning’s My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a non-responding audience, revealsnot only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of hisformer duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of hisown personality as well.Psychological novel（心理小说）（1）P sychological novel refers to a kind of novel that dwells on acomplex psychological development and presents much of thenarration through the inner workings of the character’s mind.（2）T hackeray’s characterization of Rebecca Sharp is very much psychological.Point of View（叙述角度）（1）P oint of View can be divided by the narrator’s relationship with the character, represented by the grammatical person: the first-person narrative, the third-person narrative, and omniscientnarrator.（2）I n the first-person narrative, the narrator appears in the novel as “I”or “me”. In the third-person narrative, the narrator does notactually appear and all the characters are referred to as “he” or“they”. If the speaker knows everything including the actions,motives and thoughts of all the characters, the speaker is referredto as omniscient.Plot（情节）(1)Plot refersto the structure of a story.(2)The plot of a literary work includes the rising action, the climax, thefalling action and the resolution. It has a protagonist who is opposed by an antagonist, creating what is called conflict.Flashback (倒叙)（1）F lashback refers to an event which took place prior to the beginning of a story or play.（2）F lashback is used in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. In Hemingway’s The Snow of Kilamanjaro the protagonist, Harry Street, has been injured on a hunt in Africa. Dying, his mind becomes preoccupied with incidents in his past. In a flashback Street remember one of his wartime comrades dying painfully on barded wire on a battlefield in Spain.Allusion(典故/暗指)（1）A llusion means a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize andrespond to.（2）A n allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.（3）T hacker’s Vanity Fair serves as a literary example. The name of the novel is borrowed from the famous scene in John Bunyan’ ThePilgrim’s Progress.Protagonist and Antagonist(正面人物与反面人物)（1）I n a literary work Protagonist refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animal (Antagonist)in accomplishing his or her objective.（2）F or example, Captain Ahab is the protagonist in Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick whereas the white whale (Moby-Dick) is the antagonist.Charles Dickens(查尔斯狄更斯)（1）H e is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. （2）H is works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness of the 19th-century England, particularly London.（3）A ll his works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos Works:Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Oliver Twist criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life.David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》David Copperfield is about the debtor’s prison.Dombey and son《董贝父子》Dombey and son exposes the money-worship that dominates people’s life, corrupts the young and brings tragedy to Mr.Domby’s family.Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Bleak House attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients.Hard Times《艰难时世》Hard Times lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.Great Expectations《远大前程》Our Mutual Friends 《我们共同的朋友》Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friends expose the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people.A Tale of Two City 《双城记》The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》Little Dorrit《小杜丽》The Pickwick Papers Great ExpectationsOur Mutual FriendsRobert Stevenson Treasure Island《金银岛》（罗伯特﹒史蒂文森） Kidnapped 《诱拐》6.现代时期的英国文学Modernism （现代主义）(1)Modernism is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19 century and flourished until 1950s.(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as theoretical case.（3）The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner of an individual.(4)James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Virgina Woolf and William Faulkner are prominent modernist writers.Dadaism（达达主义）Dadaism refers to a western European artistic and literary movement (1916---1923) that sought the discovery of authentic reality through the abolition of traditional, cultural and aesthetic forms by a technique of comic derision in which irrationality, chance, and intuition were the guiding principles.Stream of Consciousness（意识流）(1)Stream of Consciousness has something to do with a method of storytelling in which the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. It is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than the events themselves.(2) Among English writers, James Joyce and Virgina Woolf are two major advocates of this technique.The Theater of Absurd（荒诞派戏剧）(1)The Theater of Absurd is a kind of drama that explains an existential ideology and presents a view of absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of nonrealistic form.(2)The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world. His play, Waiting for Godot, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.。
英国文学 整理
Term Definition：Alliteration（押头韵）: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word.Arthurian legend（亚瑟王传奇）: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.Sonnet（十四行诗）: A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language:( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc .(2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee.Conceit（夸张）: From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）: A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc.Romance（传奇小说）: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne.Renaissance（文艺复兴）: Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in thesixteenth century, and did not have its flowering until the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. It also has been described as the birth of the modem world out of the ashes of the Dark Ages. Soliloquy（独白）: Soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud.Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌）: A term that can be applied to any poetry that deals with philosophical or spiritual matters but that is generally limited to works written by a specific group of 17th century poets who wrote in the manner of the poet John Donne. The metaphysical poets are linked by style and modes of poetic organization. Common elements include the following: (1) an analytical approach to subject matter; (2) colloquial language; (3) rhythmic patterns that are often rough or irregular, and (4) the metaphysical conceit, a figurative device used to capture thought and emotion as accurately as possible.Graveyard school of poetry（墓园派诗歌）: It refers to a group of 18 century English poets who emphasized subjectivity, mystery, and melancholy. Death, mortality (immortality), and gloom were frequent subjects or elements of their meditative poems, which were often actually set in graveyards. Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is the most famous example.In the year 1066, the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of HastingsIn the 14th century, the two most important writers are Chaucer and Langland.Today Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English Poetry” but also as “the father of English fiction”. His masterpiece is The Canterbury TalesThe fifteenth century has been described as the barren age in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English balladsIn the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose name is Thomas Malory He wrote an important work called Morte D’Arthur.“the Canterbury Tales” contain in fact a general Prologue and only 24 tales, of which two are left unfinished.The Prologue provides a framewor k for the tales in “the Canterbury Tales” , and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.“the Canterbury Tales” is Chaucer’s greatest work and written for the greater part in heroic couplets.the name of the “jolly innkeeper” in “ the Canterbury Tales” is Harry Baily, who proposes that each pilgrim of the 32 should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.“the Canterbury Tales” opens with a general Prologue where we are told of a company of polgrims that gathered at Tabard Inn in Southwark, a suburb of London.The Pilgrims in “the Canterbury Tales” are on their way to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket at a place named Canterbury.Chaucer’s work “The Canterbury Tales” gives us a picture of th e condition of English life of his day, such as its work and play, its deeds and dreams , its fun and sympathy.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.Thom as More wrote his famous prose work “Utopia”.In Elizabeth Period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made him one of the best essayists in English literature.Edmund Spencer is often referred to as “the poet’s poet”.Spencer is generally regarded as the greatest nondramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age. His fame is chiefly based on his masterpiece “The Faerie Queene”.“When in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes” is the beginning line of a sonnet written by William Shakespeare.In the Elizabethan Age, William Shakespeare the greatest playwright of England.In Elizabethan Period, Francis Bacon wrote many excellent essays, such as “Of Studies”. Edmund Spencer wrote the masterpiece “The Faerie Queene”.“Hamlet”, “Othello”, “King Lear”, and “Macbeth”are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.Christopher Marlowe was the most gifted of the university wits. He Produced in all six plays and several poems.“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” is one of William Shakespeare’s best known sonnets.“The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus” is one of Christopher Marlowe’s best plays.“Of Youth and Age” is one of the essays written by Francis Bacon.In 1642, civil war broke out in England, the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell. In 1649, Charles I was sentenced to death, and England was declared to be a commonwealth.The revolution period is also called the Puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.The Revolution Period produced one of the most important poets in English literature, whose name is John Milton.John Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century, and one of the giants of English literature.In Revolution Period John Milton towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval period.During the civil war and the commonwealth, there were two leaders in England, Cromwell , the man of action, and John Milton, the man of thought.In 1637 Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, Lycidas, to memorize the tragic death of a Cambridge friend.Milton wrote his masterpiece Paradise Lost during his blindness.In the field of prose writing of the Puritan Age,John Bunyan occupied the most important place.The Pilgrim’s Progress has been one of the most popular pieces of Christian writing produced during the Puritan Age.John Bunyan wrote his masterpiece The Pilgrim’s P rogress during his second imprisonment.The Pilgrim’s Progress gives a vivid and satirical description of Vanity Fair which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.Dryden wrote many works on literary criticism, and has been regarded as the earliest literary critic of real importance in the history of English literature. The famous piece is “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy”. He has been called Father of English prose.“All for Love” is Dryden’s tragedy based on the story of Antony and Cleopatra under the influence of Shakespeare’s tragedy “Antony and Cleopatra”.The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of John Milton and in the prose writing of John Bunyan , and also in the plays and literary criticism of John Dryden.。
英国文学史 整理
时期文学背景文学特点代表作家代表作品古英语6世纪末到7世纪末，肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教，该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗；9世纪，威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化，组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词比德《英国人民宗教史》《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》《贝奥武甫》《朱迪斯》中古英语11世纪诺曼人入侵，古英语渐渐演化为中古英语文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇民谣《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》绿林英雄罗宾汉14世纪后半叶此时期国王查理第二当政，宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语，王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。
口头韵体诗朗兰德乔叟（被称为"英国诗歌之父"）《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶，讽刺社会丑行，表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。
《坎特伯雷故事集》（首创诗歌双韵体，即每两行压韵的五步抑扬格）15世纪马洛礼散文小说《亚瑟王之死》文艺复兴16世纪中叶至17世纪初，伊丽莎白女王时代，英国开始文艺复兴运动。
英国文学得到了空前的发展,在诗歌,散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛.英文的《圣经钦定本》作成于1611年,不仅具有重大的宗教意义,也是一部伟大的文学作品,并且对英国的语言文化产生了深远的影响.它的纯朴,平易,明晰的散文风格奠定了英国散文的传统. 诗歌方面,新的诗体形式如十四行诗,无韵体诗被介绍到英国.社会讽刺诗剧以善于表达活跃躁动的思绪和蕴含哲理而独树一帜思想深刻,文笔简洁,富有警句格言托马斯·莫尔西德尼斯宾塞莎士比亚本·琼森多恩（玄学派诗人）FrancisBacon《乌托邦》十四行诗《仙后》《随笔》戏剧代表文艺复兴时期英国文学的最高成就。
马洛莎士比亚17世纪17世纪是英国社会剧烈动荡的时期之一，由于君主专制和资产阶级之间的矛盾，爆发了1642年的内战并导致了1688年的“光荣革命”。
与政治斗争和资产阶级革命思想紧密相连的是宗教斗争和清教徒思想，因此这一时期的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长，并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向都取材于《圣经》。
英国文学简史 笔记整理
长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟·安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆·琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚
Christopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。马洛
Tamburlaine铁木耳大帝Dr.Faustus浮士德的悲剧The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Passionate Shepherd多情的牧羊人致情人
William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616
The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Lifeand Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗
英国文学知识点整理
英国文学知识点整理不同的分类，会有交叉。
有交叉，才能理解，才能清晰，才能快速记忆，这才是真正的笔记。
(一)各个时期的文学创作术语中世纪文学时期Medieval Literature英雄双韵体the heroic couplet【特点】两行两行押韵，也被称作五步抑扬格iambic pentameter【创始人】杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer文艺复兴时期Renaissance十四行诗sonnet【特点】1韵律：一行隔一行押韵一节中的最后一行又与下一节的第一行押韵第四节只有两行独自押韵，一共十四行。
例一：abab bcbc cdcd ee例二：abab bcbc efef gg 2行数：十四行【创始人】威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare斯宾塞诗体Spenserian【特点】1韵律：韵律复杂，具有音乐性2行数：每节九行【创始人】埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser 素体诗blank verse没有押韵道德剧Morality Play神秘剧Mystery Play奇迹剧Miracle Play抑扬格四音步iambic tetrameter书信体意识流stream of consciousness(二)各种荣誉称谓"之父"称号Title作家主要作品时代流派英国诗歌之父Father of English Poetry杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbury TalesMedieval Literature 十四世纪英国小说之父Father of English Novels丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe鲁宾逊漂流记The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeEnlightenment 18世纪Realistic西欧历史小说之父The Father of Western European Historical Novel沃尔特·司各特Walter Scott密得洛西恩监狱The Heart of MidlothianRealistic Literature十九世纪Romanticism桂冠诗人Poet Laureate约翰·德莱顿John Dryden阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson【作品】记忆方式伊诺克·阿登。
英国文学选读整理资料
英国文学选读整理资料T. S. Eliot1888-1965英国现代主义诗歌代名词◎《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》<The Love Song of J.Alfred>◎《荒原》<The Waste Land> 现代派诗歌经典之作，代表了现代诗歌创作的突出成就William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)去世后被艾略特称为我们时代最伟大的诗人。
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman）戏剧 drama 诗章 canto The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
英国文学基础整理
1. The Anglo-Saxon Period（449~1066）①Beowulf：- The earliest complete epic in English literature- It is regarded as the national epic of the English people2. The Medieval Period（1066~ca.1485）①Medieval Romance：- A popular literary form in the middle ages- Use narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds②Sir Gawain and the Green Knight：- The most important among the King Arthur’s circle- The most accomplished example of medieval romance- Combines two distinct sorts of adventure (the beheading contest and the temptation to commit adultery) with repeated tests of Gawain’s honor (the two parallel sets of exchanges - exchange of blows and exchange of winnings) as well as repeated tests of Gawain’s loyalty③William Langland：→Pi ers, the Plowman- His life’s work，a book of satirical religious allegory- One of the greatest English poems of medieval times- In answer to his anguished question about how he may save his soul，Langland’s narrator，the partly allegorical and partly autobiographical will，is told by Holy Church that he must seek the truth through the natural knowledge of the heart④The Popular Ballads：- A kind of English folk literature，A story told in songs- The greatest impetus to the study of ballad literature：Bishop Percy →Reliques of Ancient English Poetry- The most celebrated ballad singer：Mrs. Brown of Falkland- Masterpiece：→The Wife of Usher’s Well、Sir Patrick Spens、Get Up and Bar the Door (comedy)⑤Geoffrey Chaucer：- The“father of English poetry”- One of the greatest narrative poets in England- Chaucer employed the heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature→The Book of the Duchess - His first important extant poem→Troilus and Criseyde - His most ambitious poem as a complete work- An outstanding verse narrative in the English language.→The Canterbury Tales- One of the most famous works in all literatures- Ranging in status from a Knight to a humble Plowman，the pilgrims are a microcosm of 14th-century English society- The prologues (P66) and tales of the Wife of Bath and the Pardoner are high points of Chaucer’s art3. The 16th - Century English Literature（ca.1485~1603）Key Features of Renaissance：- The humanists showed a thirsting curiosity for classical literature- They had a keen interest in life and human activitiesThe 16th – Century Poetry：①Thomas Wyatt：- First used a couplet for the conclusion of sonnet (十四行诗)- His poems was first published in →Tottel’s Miscellany→They Flee from Me、Forget Not Yet、To His Lute、Is It Possible②Henry Howard，Earl of Surrey：- The one to introduce bland verse (无韵体诗) into English literature→Aeneid-the first English attempts at blank pentameters- Milton called“heroic verse without rhyme”③Edmund Spenser：- Spenserian stanza：A stanza created by Spenser. The stanza contains 9 lines rhymed in ababbcbcc with the first 8 lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter→The Shepherd’s Calendar、Epithalamion、Faerie Queene -The greatest romantic epic poem of the time- His most notable & ambitious poetic achievement- Set in the mythical world of King Arthur and his knightsThe 16th – Century Drama：①Christopher Marlowe：- One of the greatest playwrights in the English Renaissance & a great lyrical poet- He reformed the genre of drama in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works - He made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama- He was Shakespeare’s predecessor，university wit→Hero and Leander、The Passionate Shepherd、Edward The Second→The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus- Faustus is a great scholar who has a strong interest in knowledge. He seeks the power that comes from knowledge，but he is presently weary of the knowledge that cannot provide him with wonders.So with the aid of black magic，he turns to search for power by selling his soul to Devil→Tamburlaine the Great- By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another，Marlowe voiced man’s desire for infinite power and authority(→death)→The Jew of Malta- The play is studied of the lust for wealth (→death)②William Shakespeare：- One of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known- Altogether，he produced 37 plays (history plays，tragedies，comedies，tragic comedies)，2 long narrative poems，and 154 sonnets- Comedies：→Taming of the Shrew、Love’s Labour’s Lost、Much Ado about Nothing、As You Like It、Twelfth Night、Merry Wives of Windsor、The Midsummer Night’s Dream、The Merchant of Venice- History plays：→Henry IV- Tragedies：→Hamlet (※the soliloquy P223)、Othello、King Lear、Macbeth- Romance：→The TempestThe 16th – Century Prose：①Thomas More：- An English saint and humanist- One of the greatest minds of the 16th century→The Life of Johan Picus，Earl of Myrandula→The History of King Richard III→Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulacion→Utopia-A truthful picture of the people’s sufferings on the one hand，on the other hand，the book reveals his ideal of a future happy society4. The 17th - Century English Literature（ca.1603~1700）(turmoil)The 17th – Century Drama：①Ben Johnson：- A major playwright after Shakespeare，remains a fine writer of lyric，a great satirist and a major figure in the classical tradition of literature.→V olpone、The Alchemist、Sejanus、The Devil as an Ass、Epicoene、The Silent Woman、Bartholomew Fair、Every Man in His HumorThe 17th – Century Poetry：①Metaphysical Poetry：- An intellectual poetic style full of conceits and logical reasoning using colloquial language.- Representative：John Donne- The symbol of metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌)- His early poetry is remarkable for realism，psychological penetration，and above all for the range and variety of mood，corresponding to the variety of tone and style. This extends from ecstatic and passionate poems，like The Sun Rising to the deliberately cynical flippancy of The Flea②Cavalier Poets：- Representative：Ben Johnson（见前面的介绍）③John Milton：→Paradise Lost- One of the finest epic poems in the English language- P320 the 1st stanza and its last sentence“I may assert Eternal Providence，and justify the ways of God to men.”→Paradise Regained、Samson AgonistesThe 17th – Century Prose：①Francis Bacon：- The best prose writer of this period →Essays②John Bunyan：- The contemporary of John Milton→The Pilgrim’s Progress- A work of religious faith( ※P362 an excerpt from this book -“The Vanity Fair”)③John Dryden：- The father of English literary criticism- The most important literary figure of the Restoration period- He is known as a poet，playwright and literary critic- The earliest literary critic of real importance in the History of English literature→An Essay of Dramatic Poesy5. The 18th - Century English Literature（1700~1798）(Enlightenment)- People could understand and control the world by means of reason and empirical researchThe 18th – Century Poetry：①Neo-classicism (harmony，elegance，restrained emotion)Alexander Pope：→An Essay on Criticism-A manifest to of English neo-classicism→The Rape of the Lock- One of the best mock epics②Sentimentality (Also neo-classicism)Thomas Gray：- He was known as a sentimental poet→An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard③Pre-romantic：William Blake：- A famous democratic poet whose poetry is mainly about the life in London，chiefly the sufferings and hardships of the common people in the big city→Songs of Innocence、Songs of ExperienceRobert Burns：- The best known Scottish lyric poet- His poems were all short poems about different themes and in different forms- Most of his poems were written in the Scottish dialect yet a few in EnglishJonathan Swift：- One of the greatest masters of prose in the 18th century→Gulliver’s Travels、A Modest Proposal②Samuel Johnson：- An energetic and versatile writer( P441 the last but one paragraph of the letter：※“Is not a patron…”)- The leader of the school of neo-classicism in this period→The Dictionary of the English Language、The Lives of Poets→To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chestfield- His famous prose，which is regarded as the manifesto of independence of literary men in English literatureThe 18th – Century Novel：①Daniel Defoe：- A radical Non-conformist or Dissenter in religion→Robinson Crusoe②Samuel Richardson：- He is famous for his epistolary novel (书信体小说) writing→Pamela (or Virtue Rewarded)③Henry Fielding：- The greatest novelist of the eighteenth century- One of the greatest that English ever produced→Josoph Andrews、The History of Tom Jones (comic epic in prose )、The History of Jonathan Wild the Great、A Foundling、Amelia、5. The (19th –C) Romantic English Literature（1798~1832）Historical Background：- At the end of 18th century，the history in English started to move with a new urgency which was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution- The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The major Romantic poets started a rebellion against theWilliam Wordsworth (poet of nature)：- Calls for simple themes drawn from humble life expressed in the language of ordinary people- He defines the poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings，which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility.”- Wordsworth，Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake poets”because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry，beginning as radicals and ending up as conservatives→I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (▲P19)、→She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways、The Solitary Reaper②Samuel Taylor Coleridge (poet of imagination)：- He was both a famous Romantic poet and an important literary critic- His works were marked by mysticism→The Rime of the Ancient Mariner、Kubla Khan③George Gordon Byron (poet of liberty/people)：- On the whole，Byron’s poetry is one of experience. His heroes are more or less surrogates of hi mself，i.e. Byronic hero- He is regarded as “Satanic poet”and the charming of his poetry lies in the exposition and criticism of all social evils in the existing society→Don Juan- A great comic epic of the early 19th century→She Walks in Beauty(▲P75)：④Percy Bysshe Shelley (poet of rhapsody)：→Ode to the West Wind -“If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind?”⑤John Keats (poet of beauty)：→Ode to a Nightingale、(P97 ※“Beauty is truth，truth is beauty”)Jane Austen：→Sense and Sensibility、Northanger Abbey、Mansfield Park、Emma、Persuasion、→Pride and Prejudice( P109※the 3rd paragraph “Elizabeth’s astonishment w as…”)②Walter Scott：- Scott has been considered as the creator or master of historical novels or historical romances.According to the subject matter of his novels，we divided his books into 3groups：- Novels based on the history of Scotland：→Waverley、Rob Roy- Novels based on English history：→Ivanhoe (his masterpiece)- Novels based on Continental history6. The (19th –C) Victorian English Literature（1832~1900）Historical Background：- It’s a long time of prosperity，with social problems and ideological changes. Darwin’s Origin of Species shook the theoretical basis of the conventional religious faith (loss of faith). Utilitarianism (Naturalism：people are totally controlled by natural law) was widely accepted and practicedVictorian Poetry：①Alfred Tennyson：- The most representative Victorian poet→In Memorian②Robert Browning：- His name is often associated with the term“dramatic monologue”that is，a lyric poem which reveals “a soul in action”through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situationCharles Dickens：- The greatest representative of English Critical realists→The Pickwick Papers、Oliver Twist、The Old Curiosity Shop、→Dombey and Son、David Copperfield (autobiographical novel)→Bleak House、Hard Times、A Tale of Two Cities、→Great Expectations(▲P232): -- to be a true，honest man - the expectation②William Makepeace Thackeray：→V anity Fair→The Book of Snobs→The History of Henry Esmond ( His best historical work )③Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte：- One of the famous sister writers in the history of English literature→Jane Eyre→Wuthering Heights④George Eliot：- His concept of determinism(宿命论) is a system of human relationships - private and public→Scenes of Clerical Life、Adam Bede、The Mill on the Floss、Silas Marner、→Romola、Holix the Radical、Daniel Deronda⑤Thomas Hardy：- English poet and regional novelist，famous for his depictions of the imaginary county “Wessex”- Hardy's work reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life→The Return of the Native、The Trumpet Major、→The Mayor of Casterbridge、The Woodlanders、→Tess of the D’Urbervilles、Jude the Obscure7. The Early 20th –Century English Literature（1900~1970）Early 20th –Century Novel：①Joseph Conrad：→Heart of Darkness(One of the pioneers of the modernist novel in English)→Lord Jim(One of the pioneers of the modernist novel in English)→Nostromo② E. M. Forster：- An important member of the Bloomsbury Group，which included some liberal-minded intellectualswho made free discussions and criticisms of the social，religious，and moral issues of the then English society→Howards End、A passage to India③ D. H. Lawrence：- One of the greatest English novelists of the 20th century- The greatest from England proper and from a working-class family→Sons and Lovers、The Rainbow、Women in Love④James Joyce：- One of the most prominent literary figures of the first half of the 20th century→Dubliners、A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man、Ulysses、Finnegans Wake⑤Virginia Woolf：、The WavesWilliam Butler Yeats：→The Lake Isle of Innisfree ( P 490 重点)→Down by the Sally Gardens (P 491 重点)②Thomas Stearns Eliot：→The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock(His most striking early achievement)→The Waste Land(His most important single poem，has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry)Early 20th –Century Drama：①George Bernard Shaw：- Irish dramatist，literary critic，a socialist spokesman，and a leading figure in the 20th century theater.Shaw was a freethinker，a supporter of women's rights and an advocate of equality of income. In 1925 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Shaw accepted the honor but refused the money→Mrs. Warren’s Profession→Major Barbara→Man and Superman→Pygmalion。
外国文学知识点整理
外国文学知识点整理文学是人类思想和情感的表达方式，它通过语言艺术的形式表现出一种独特的审美和人文精神。
作为一门文艺创作与研究的学科，文学研究的范围广泛、涉及面广，包括了许多国家、民族和时期的文学作品。
在这篇文章中，我们将整理外国文学中的一些知识点，以期为广大读者提供一些关于外国文学方面的参考。
一、英国文学1.莎士比亚戏剧莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，其作品包括历史剧、悲剧、喜剧和诗歌等。
其作品不仅深刻地揭示了人性的本质和社会的现实，而且艺术风格独特、语言华丽、寓意深刻、思想博大精深。
其中著名的悲剧有《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》等，喜剧有《威尼斯商人》、《仲夏夜之梦》等。
2.浪漫主义文学19世纪初期，浪漫主义文学在英国迅速兴起。
它主张通过感性和想象力的创作方式来表达个人内心的情感和对人类世界的美好幻想。
著名的浪漫主义文学作家有拜伦、雪莱、济慈、福楼拜等，他们的作品具有感性和浪漫的特点，以诗歌作品为主，包括《查尔德·哈罗德的末日》、《奥德赛》等。
3.狄更斯小说狄更斯是英国文学史上最伟大的小说家之一，他的作品笔触细腻、情节曲折、人物形象深刻、叙事技巧娴熟。
其中代表作有《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》、《大卫·科波菲尔》等，这些作品具有强烈的人道主义精神和对社会问题的关注。
二、法国文学1.十七世纪古典主义文学十七世纪是法国文学的黄金时期，其古典主义文学具有条理和逻辑性强的特点，主张“形式上的完美和内容上的精神高雅”。
著名的古典主义文学家有莫里哀、拉封丹、塞维涅等，他们的作品以戏剧为主，包括《米若》、《提摩尔神庙》等。
2.启蒙主义文学18世纪法国文学的主要特点是启蒙主义精神的兴起，它主张以理性和经验为基础来理解世界和改造现实。
代表作家有伏尔泰、卢梭、孟德斯鸠等，他们的作品涉及社会、政治、哲学等多个领域，如伏尔泰的《舒德尔》、卢梭的《社会契约论》等。
3.19世纪现实主义文学19世纪后期，法国现实主义文学风靡一时，它主张以真实的社会现实为创作内容，并采用严谨的艺术手法来表现人类现实生活的复杂性。
英国文学整理
古英语Anglo-Saxon PoetryRepresentative:The Story of Beowulf (national epic)Features:①alliteration头韵，②metaphors,③understatements中世纪英语1. The RomanceMatters流派: matters of Britain亚瑟王和圆桌骑士matters of Francematters of Rome起源：Celtic legends高潮: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight结束: Le Morte D’Arthur 亚瑟王之死(Thomas Malory)2. LanglandPiers the Plowman 农夫皮埃尔斯Features:①alliteration②written in the form of a dream vision通过梦揭露社会现象③an allegory using symbolism to relate truth运用象征手法的寓言故事3. The BalladsThe Geste of Robin Hood多重性格: ①勇敢聪明②慈善③敌对上层社会④宗教信仰虔诚⑤尊敬国王4. Chaucer1).the founder/father of English poetry.2).studied the poems of Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio.文艺复兴先驱，但没传播3).French/first period:The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇(translated fromFrench)Italian/second:Troilus mand Criseyde特洛伊拉斯和克莱西德English/third:The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（英语写作）4). The Canterbury Tales①Chaucer’s masterpiece, one of the monumental works in EnglishLiterature 巨作，英国文学里程碑作品之一②两方面把故事联系起来：the personality of the host & intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue.③The Wife of Bath④His Language:a).full of humor and satireb).vivid and exact.c).the “heroic couplet”第一个用英雄双行体d).he is the first great poet who wrote in the English language.文艺复兴时期(16th c)1.More1).prose writer2).UtopiaMore’s masterpiece, 对话形式，分两册，第一册说英国社会状况，第二册说Utopia3).评价：a far-sighted thinker有远见；one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.社会主义思想先驱2.Edmund Spenser1).poetry writer2).The Shepherd’s Calendar3).The Faerie Queene①Spenser’s greatest work②dedicated to Queen Elizabeth献给伊莉莎白女王③主导思想：nationalism民族主义,humanism人文主义,puritanism清教主义④Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗节4).评价：the poet’s poet of the period.3.Francis Bacon1).essayist2).the founder of English materialist philosophy英国唯物主义思想奠基者the founder of modern science in England英国现代科学奠基者the first English essayist3).哲学作品：Advancement of Learning; New Instrument4.Drama1).the Miracle Play神秘剧the Morality Play道德剧the Interlude幕间剧the Classical Drama古典剧2).the London Theatre/Globe theatre3).university wits大学6才子Marlowe①Tamburlaine铁木耳The Jew of Malta马耳他岛的犹太人Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧（Marlowe’s masterpiece）②评价：a.the most gifted of the university wits大学6才子中最有才的b.the greatest of the pioneers of English drama英戏剧最伟大的先驱c.His work paved the way for Shakespeare为莎士比亚扫清道路5.Shakespeare(1564-1616)1). The 1st period(学徒阶段)Historical play: HenryⅥ,Parts 1,2,3亨利六世上，中，下RichardⅢ理查德三世Comedy：The Comedy of Errors错中错The Taming of the Shrew驯悍妇The Two Gentlemen of Verona委洛那二绅士Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场Tragedy:Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶The 2nd period(成熟阶段)Comedy: A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第12夜The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流女人Much Ado about Nothing无事生非Historical plays: RichardⅡ理查德二世HenryⅣParts1,2 亨利四世上，下HenryⅤ亨利五世King John约翰王Tragedy: Julius Caesar凯撒The 3rd period(巅峰时期)Tragedy:HamletOthelloKing LearMacbeth*Timon of Athens雅典的泰蒙Comedy:Troilus and Cressida特洛爱丽丝和克莱西达All’s Well That Ends Well终成眷属Measure for Measure恶有恶报Roman tragedy:Antony and Cleopatra安东尼和克里奥佩特拉Coriolanus克里奥兰纳斯The 4th period(暴风雨之后的宁静)Romances/reconciliation play:Pericles佩利克里斯Cymbeline辛柏林The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事Tempest暴风雨Historcal play:HenryⅧ亨利八世2).Hamlet①a book-worm书呆子a).humanist, free from medieval prejudices and superstitions.人文主义者，不受偏见和迷信影响b).he turns to those around him with the same eagerness对周边人很热心c).his intellectual genius is outstanding. He is a close observer of men and manners.对人洞察秋毫②m elancholy忧郁a).melancholy is the keynote of Hamlet性格最重要特点是忧郁b).He is beyond himself with the joy of dicoveryc).In spite of the melancholy and delay in action, he still retains his active energy.③Hamlet is a hero of the Renaissance.3).PoemsVenus and adonisThe rape of lucreceSonnets十四行诗4).Features of Shakespeare’s Drama①One of the founders of realism in world literature现实主义奠基者之一②His dramatic creation often used the method of adoption③A master hand for playwriting④Skilled in many poetic forms⑤Great master of the English language词汇量大6.Ben Jonson1).Every Man in His Humour 人人高兴Volpone 狐狸The Alchemist炼金术师Bartholomew Fair 巴托罗缪市集2).评价：literary king晚年成为当时的文学王A forerunner of classicism in English literature英文学古典主义先驱资产阶级革命时期(17th c)ton1).On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity基督诞生晨颂L’Allegro快乐的人ⅡPenseroso幽思的人Comus科玛斯（假面剧）Lycidas利西达斯Of Reformation in England论英国改革Pamphlets on MarriageAreopagitica论出版自由Defence of the English People为英国人民声辩Second Defence of the English People再为英国人民声辩Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙2).评价：①Milton was political in both his life and his art.②Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature.③Milton is a master of the blank verse.④Milton is a great stylist.文体家⑤Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thoughtand majesty of expression.思想崇高&表达方式华丽2.BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程an allegory3.Metaphysicals形而上学，玄学John Donne①The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.玄学创始人②Representative: Holy Sonnets4.John Dryden1).The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period.2).The forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.英古典主义先驱启蒙运动时期(18th c)1.Classicism2.Addison and Steele1).The Tatler闲谈者（a paper,3 times a week）In order to carry on his social criticism more effectively:①Steele wrote under the pseudonym of “Isaac Bickerstaff”.用笔名②Steele used frequently the correspondence.来信选登2).The Spectator旁观者(a daily paper)3).different stylesSteele: intimate, easy-going, carelessAddison: careful, a great stylist.His essays were the model of English composition by Britishauthors all through the 18th c.4).评价They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel迎来英小说曙光3.Pope1). Pastorals田园组诗Essay on Criticism论批评The Rape of the Lock夺发记The Iliad of Homer荷马的伊利亚特The Odyssey of Homer荷马的奥德赛The Works of Shakespeare莎士比亚集The Dunciad愚人志Essay on Man人论2).评价①an outstanding enlighterner②a master in the art of poetry③perfect in the form of heroic couplets④the most representative of the English classical poetry⑤at his best in satire and epigram擅长讽刺4.Swift1).A Tale of a Tub一个木桶的故事The Battle of the Books书的战争Bickerstaff Almanac比克斯达夫的历书Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记The Draper’s Letters一个麻布商的书信A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议2).评价：①One of the greatest masters of English prose.②语言特色：simple,clear,vigorous,direct,precise③a master satirist, his irony is deadly讽刺大师5.Defoe1).Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙漂流记Captain SingletonMoll Flanders 摩尔·弗兰德斯Colonel Jacque 雅克上校2).Robinson Crusoe①The writers of the Enlightenment attached great importance to the moulding of character注重人物性格塑造②Defoe glorified human labour.赞美人类劳动③The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.书中人物是英早期资产阶级人物代表6.RichardsonPamela 帕梅拉7.Fielding1).Joseph Andrews约瑟夫•安德鲁斯的经历Jonathan Wild大人物Tom Jones汤姆琼斯Amelia阿米莉亚2).评价①Point of view:letters ; principal character ; author②Satire in Fielding’s Novels③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel④A master of style: easy,unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous 文体：不费力，随便，但生动有力⑤He established once for all the form of the modern novel.8.Johnson - Lexicographer字典编写家9.Sentimentalism3个代表：Thomas Gray；William Cowper；George Crabbe10.Pre-Romanticism前浪漫主义BlakeSongs of Innocence天真之歌Songs of Experience经验之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻●Burns作品特征：Scottish dialect苏格兰方言主题特征：①love & friendship②Patriotism③Supporter of the French Revolution④Sympathy for the miseries of the poor people⑤Humor and lightheartedness自由自在浪漫主义时期（1798-1832）1.escapist romanticists消极浪漫主义Passive romanticists. Lake poets湖畔诗人。
英国文学期末复习资料整理总结
I. Multiple Choice – 2 points eachII. Matching – 1 point eachIII. Literary Terms – 4 points eachAllegory (寓言p64)is aliterary device that uses symbols, characters, and actions to represent truths about human existence. When these symbols, characters, or actions are used together, it creates an extended comparison that gives a message about the real world. Pilgrim’s Progress is an example.是一种文学手段，它使用符号、人物和行为来代表关于人类存在的真理。
当这些符号、字符或动作一起使用时，它会创建一个扩展的比较，提供关于真实世界的信息。
《天路历程》就是一个例子。
Sonnet (十四行诗 p27)A 14-line poem with a definite rhyme scheme and meter. Shakespeare wrote 154 of these kinds of poems.一首十四行诗，有明确的韵脚和韵律。
莎士比亚写了154首这样的诗。
Soliloquy (独白)An extended speech by one person that reveals their inner thoughts, feelings, or intentions. The character is usually alone, and the purpose is to reveal inner thoughts to the audience.一个人的演说，揭示他们内心的想法、感情或意图。
英国文学总结一览表
英国的文学复习资料1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》：the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章romance 传奇文学代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟12、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas[ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of C haucer’s time<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.T he Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen 《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5>The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- V olpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
新编英国文学选读知识点梳理
新编英国文学选读知识点梳理【实用版】目录1.英国文学的历史背景及分期2.英国文学的代表作家及作品3.英国文学的风格特点及影响正文英国文学是西方文学的重要组成部分，其历史悠久，传统深厚。
英国文学的发展可分为几个阶段，其中最重要的阶段包括古英语文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期文学、17 世纪文学、18 世纪文学、19 世纪文学和 20 世纪文学。
在古英语文学阶段，最著名的作品是《贝奥武甫》。
在中世纪文学阶段，英国文学受到了欧洲大陆文学的影响，这一时期的代表作品包括《亚瑟王传奇》和《尼伯龙根之歌》等。
在文艺复兴时期，英国文学迎来了黄金时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞和马洛等文学巨匠的作品至今仍被誉为英国文学的经典。
17 世纪文学以约翰·弥尔顿、约翰·班扬和约翰·德莱顿等人的作品为代表，其中《失乐园》、《天路历程》和《论出版自由》等作品成为这一时期的经典。
18 世纪文学则以丹尼尔·笛福、乔纳森·斯威夫特、理查森·谢里丹和简·奥斯汀等人的作品为代表，这一时期的文学作品反映了工业革命时期的社会变革。
19 世纪文学是英国文学的又一辉煌时期，这一时期的代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯、夏洛蒂·勃朗特、艾米丽·勃朗特和托马斯·哈代等。
20 世纪英国文学则以弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、威廉·萨默塞特·毛姆和阿加莎·克里斯蒂等作家的作品为代表。
英国文学的风格特点多样，受到了历史、地理和文化等多种因素的影响。
英国文学在语言运用、情节安排和人物塑造等方面都有独特的技巧，使其在世界文学史上具有重要地位。
英国文学知识简单整理
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）(该作属于epic民族英雄史诗)开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）Romance (浪漫传奇) 《亚瑟王之死》头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国民谣ballad：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）.托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）.前者将意大利十四行诗引入英国；后者在此基础上，发展了英国十四行诗歌。
英国文学知识点整理
英国文学知识点整理浪漫主义诗歌的第一个大诗人是布莱克。
这个靠镌版谋生的手工匠人是法国革命的热烈的拥护者，但又反对它的哲学基础理性主义，所写的诗也大异于18世纪的优雅含蓄,而着重想象力和神启式的宗教感,初期的《天真之歌》(1789)写得纯真，《经验之歌》(1794)写得沉痛；后来诗风一变，转而写作篇幅巨大的长诗如《四天神》(1804)，其中有一套独特的象征和神话系统。
大学生华兹华斯和柯尔律治却经历了另一种变化，即从拥护法国革命变成反对,于是前者寄情山水,在大自然里找慰藉；后者神游异域和古代，以梦境为归宿。
两人的诗歌合集,题名《抒情歌谣集》,于1798年出版。
两年后再版，华兹华斯加了一个长序，认为“所有的好诗都是强烈情感的自然流露”，主张诗人“选用人们真正用的语言”来写“普通生活里的事件和情境”，而反对以18世纪格雷为代表的“诗歌词藻”。
他进而论述诗和诗人的崇高地位,认为“诗是一切知识的开始和终结,它同人心一样不朽”，而诗人则是“人性的最坚强的保护者，是支持者和维护者。
他所到之处都播下人的情谊和爱”。
这一理论有足够的实践作为支持。
华兹华斯的`小诗清新,长诗清新而又深刻，他的十四行诗雄奇,他的《序曲》(1805)首创用韵文来写自传式的“一个诗人的心灵的成长”，无论在内容和艺术上都开了一代新风。
柯尔律治另有特长。
他的《古舟子咏》(1798)借用了一个充满了奇幻之美的航海故事，探索了罪和赎罪的问题；他的短诗《忽必烈□》(1816)发掘了诗的音乐美和人心的联想作用；他的理论着作《文学传记》(1817)吸收了德国哲学家谢林的论点，对浪漫主义诗歌的特色，尤其是想象力在诗歌创作中的重要作用，作了精辟的论述，使他成为英国文学批评史上最敏锐的理论家之一。
然而这两人的诗才在短期的闪耀之后相继熄灭了，另一代诗人在1815年左右起来，把浪漫主义诗歌带进了更广阔的境界。
拜伦、雪莱、济慈三人各有特色，但是都忠于法国革命的理想。
英国文学知识点总结
莎士比亚莎士比亚（W. William Shakespeare；1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。
莎士比亚的代表作有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》(英：Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello)、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Mac Beth）。
著名喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》（《As you like it》）。
历史剧：《亨利四世》《亨利五世》《查理二世》。
正剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。
还写过154首十四行诗，二首长诗。
本·琼森称他为“时代的灵魂”，马克思称他和古希腊的埃斯库罗斯为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。
虽然莎士比亚只用英文写作，但他却是世界著名作家。
他的大部分作品都已被译成多种文字，其剧作也在许多国家上演。
儒略历1616年4月23日（公历1616年5月3日）病逝，出生日期与逝世日期恰好相同。
莎士比亚和意大利著名数学家、物理学家、天文学家和哲学家、近代实验科学的先驱者伽利略同一年出生。
被人们尊称为“莎翁”。
The course of true love never did run smooth. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)真爱无坦途。
——《仲夏夜之梦》/真诚的爱情之路永不会是平坦的。
Things base and vile, holding no quantity, love can transpose to from and dignity: love looks not with the eyes, but with mind. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)卑贱和劣行在爱情看来都不算数，都可以被转化成美满和庄严：爱情不用眼睛辨别，而是用心灵来判断/爱用的不是眼睛，而是心。
——《仲夏夜之梦》Lord, what fools these mortals be! (A Midsummer N ight’s Dream 3.2)上帝呀，这些凡人怎么都是十足的傻瓜！——《仲夏夜之梦》The lunatic, the lover and the poet are of imagination all compact. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 5.1)疯子、情人、诗人都是想象的产儿。
(完整word版)英国文学整理
英国文学选读Old and Middle English Periods 450-1485Anglo –Saxon Epic Poem Beowulf （贝奥武夫）被认为是英国的民族史诗。
Unit 1 （Middle English period)Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟（1343—1400) —“ Father of modern English poetry"Major works：The Book of the Duchess《公爵夫人之书》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会) 》The House of Fame 《声誉之堂》Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗斯特与克丽西德》代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《卡特伯雷故事》A collection of stories in a frame story，written between 1387 and 1400。
It is the story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims朝圣者to Canterbury。
The pilgrims，who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. If we trust the General Prologue，Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. He never finished his enormous project and even the completed tales were not finally revisedUnit 2（English Renaissance) 1485-1616威廉莎士比亚（William Shakespeare)-—dramatist, poetFour tragedies：Hamlet《哈姆雷特》(hesitation)Othello《奥赛罗》（jealous）King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》(ambition)Four comedies:A Mid Summer Night Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As you like it《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》）The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》Others:Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Sonnet18《十四行诗之18》押韵方式：ABAB,CDCD，EFEF，GGThe University wits: 大学才子a notable group of pioneer English dramatists who wrote during the last 15 years of the 16th century （the Elizabethan era) and who transformed popular drama with their plays of quality and diversity7 talented dramatists:Robert Greene John Lyly Thomas NasheThomas Lodge Thomas Kyd George PeeleFrancis Bacon 弗兰西斯培根（1561—1626）1、A great thinker: （New Instrument《新工具》)the necessity of abandoning a priori speculation in favor of observation and induction.2、The first important English essayist Essays《论说文集》3、The founder of experimental philosophy, the father of modern positivistic philosophy“现代科学的奠基人，英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父”Works : Of Marriage and Single Life《论婚姻和单身》Of Studies《论读书》New Atlantis《新大西岛》Unit 4 The Seventeenth Century 1616—1688一、John Milton（1608—1674）约翰弥尔顿Epic poems:Paradise Lost（1667）《失乐园》Paradise Regained ( 1671）《复乐园》Samson Agonistes (1671)《力士参孙》(长诗）Works：Lycidas （1637)《利西达斯》Areopagitica(1644)《论出版自由》二、John Donne 约翰邓恩（1572-1631)玄学派诗人（metaphysical poets）Works : The Flea《跳蚤》Holy Sonnet 10《圣十四行诗之10》Conceit（奇喻): An elaborate and surprising figure of speech, comparing two very dissimilar things. Unit 5 The Eighteenth Century 1688-1780The Age of Classicism1。
英国文学归纳
Part I Date (1* 10 = 10 points)Historical Context1. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) [Poetry]450 Anglo-Saxon and Jutish Invasions from North-West Germany1066 Death of English King Edward (the Confessor); Election of Harold, Son of Godwin, as King. Norwegian forces defeated at Stamford Bridge (near York) NORMAN CONQUEST: Harold defeated by William of Normandy at Hastings2. The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)1485 The Accession of Henry VII and the Start of the Tudor Dynasty3. The Renaissance (1485-1660) [Drama]1492 Columbus’s voyage to the America1611 Authorized version of Bible4. The 17th Century (1642-1649, 1660-1688)[Poetry, Drama]1642-1651 The English Civil War1660 Restoration1688 Glorious Revolution1689 The Bills of Rights1707 The Act of Union5. The 18th Century:The Age of Enlightenment/Reason [prose, novel]1714-1830 House of Hanover1760-1840 The Industrial Revolution1733 John Kay’s flying shuttle1765 James Watt stream engine6.The Romantic Period (1798-1832):Age of Revolution[Poetry]1789 The beginning of French Revolution/ publication of Wordsworth’s Lyric Ballad 1932 Walter Scott’s death/ Reform Bill7.The Victorian Period (1837-1901):Age of Paradox[Novel]1832-1848 The Chartist Movement1859 On the Origin of Species Charles Darwin1899-1902 The Boer War8.The Twentieth-Century (1900-1945)1917~ The House of Windsor1918 Boundary of literature1936 Edward VIII’s abdication1952~ Elizabeth II1979 Mrs. Thatcher became the first woman P.M.Important works1. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)Bede Ecclesiastical History of the English PeopleCaedmon Caedmon’s hymnCynewulf The Fates of the Apostles The Dream of RoodBeowulf Pagan epic2.The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)1)Romance Cycles(new theme: courtly love)The mater of France : Chanson de RolandThe matter of Rome :The matter of Britain : Sir Gawain and the Green Knights2)Epic : Layamon’s Brut :first national epic in English3)Alliterative Revival :①William Langland Piers the Plowman②John Gower Confessio Amantis4)Ballad : Get up and Bar the Door5)Medieval Drama①Mystery Play②Miracle Play③Morality Play④Interlude6)Prose and Poetry①Sir Thomas Malory : Le Morte D’s Arthur②John Skeleton : The Bowge of Court Magnificence③Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales3. The Renaissance (1485-1660)Key Words: man as center; earthly achievement; individualism1)PoetrySir Thomas Wyatt & Henry Howard SonnetSir Philip Sidney ①Astrophel and Stella②Arcadia ③Defense of Poetry Edmund Spenser The Fairy Queen2)ProseSir Thomas More Utopia 1516Sir Francis Bacon Essay “Of Truth”“Of Studies”Richard Hooker The Law of Ecclesiastical PloiteSir Thomas Nashe The Unfortunate Traveler3)DramaChristopher Marlow ①Tamburlaine the Great ②Dr. Faustus ③The Jew ofMalta ④ Edward ⅡThomas Kyd The Spanish TragedyRobert Greene Frier Bacon and Frier BongayWilliam Shakespeare Halmet Sonnet 184.The 17th Century (1642-1649, 1660-1688) [Poetry and Drama]Key words: strong touch in politics and religion; classicism1)PoetryA. Metaphysical Poet:玄学派诗人①John Donne(the founder ) 1593 Songs ans Sonnets(Frankness and Realism) 1618 Holy Sonnets : Death Be Not ProudA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning②Andrew Marvell To His Coy MistressB. Cabalier Poets:骑士派also knows as the son of Ben(Ben Johnson)没有重要的诗人和作品John MiltonMasque: Comus(1634)Elegy: Lycidas(1637)Poerty : Paradise lost (1667)—a long epic in blank verse, taken from old testament Sonnet: On His Blindness(1655) On His Deceased Wife2)ProseJohn Bunyan: christian writer and preacher--The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程Theme: Christian Sets Out for the Celestial City;*“Vanity Fair”is the best know section in the book3)DramaJacobean Drama: revenge tragedy: John Webster—The Duchess of MalfiCitizen comedy: Thomas Dekker—The Shoemaker’s HolidayDomestic tragedy: 没有加粗加红的Restoration Drama: heroic tragedy: John Dryden—All For LoveComedy of manners: George Etherege—the founder of the comedy of…John Ford: Jacobean and Caroline playwright and poet—Tis Pity She’s a WhoreBen Johnson:Comedy of Humors (癖性喜剧)Satirical Comedy(讽刺喜剧) : The Alchemist(1610) 《炼金术士》Volpone or the Fox (1605) 悲剧结尾City comedy(市民喜剧)Tragedy(悲剧)Masques(宫廷假面剧)Poetry: son of Ben1611 The Works of Benjamin Johnson 合集Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher: A Maid’s Tragedy (1611)5. The 18th Century:The Age of Enlightenment/Reason [prose, novel]Key words: neo-classicism, realism, sentimentalism, pre-romanticism1)Prose①Joseph Addison: The Spectator (periodical)18 critical essay on Paradise LostSir Roger at Church Sir Roger at the Assizes②Richard Steele: The Talta The Spectator③Dr. Samuel Johnson: The Dictionary of the English LanguageLives of English poets④Edward Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of Roman Empire⑤Edmund Burke:The Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublimeand the Beautiful2)PoetryNeo-classicism: Alexander Pope, Satire and Heroic Couple--The Rape of the Lock(1712-14)) Sentimanlism: ①James Thomas The Seasons(1726-1730)②Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard(Graveyard School)Pre-romantic ①William Blake: London; The Tiger; The Chimney Sweeper②Robert Burns: My Heart is in the Highlands; John Anderson, My Jo;A Red Red Rose; To a Mouse3)NovelDaniel Defoe (the father of modern novel, a satire poet) Robinson Crusoe (1719) Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travel A Modest ProposalSamuel Richardson: Pamela(Virtue Rewarded ); ClarissaHenry Fielding: The History of Tom Jones (1749)Laurence Stern: Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy(1767) sentimental novel 4)DramaTragedy: Pseudo-classic Tragedy 伪古典主义悲剧Sentimental comedy 感伤主义剧作Domestic comedy 家庭悲剧Comedy: Oliver Goldsmith: The Good-natur’d Man(1768); She Stops to Conquer(1773) Richard Sheridan: The School for Scandal (1777)The Rivals(1775); The Critical(1779)6. The Romantic Period (1798-1932):Age of Revolution[Poetry]●Change from agricultural to industrial , shift of power●Feature: freedom, individualism; children: pure, holy; everyday speech●Difference between neo-classicism and romanticismReason/ passion, imagination commercial/ natural industrial/ pastoralPresent/past society/individual stability order/freedom1)PoetLake poet①William WordsworthLyric Ballads (1798) with S.T. Coleridge The Prelude 序曲I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Tintern AbbeyShe Dwelt Among the Untrodden WaysThe Solitary Reaper 孤独的割麦女②Samuel Taylor Coleridge(philosophy & literary criticism)The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子吟Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗Biography literature (Prose)文学传记③Robert Southey: Life of Nelson(1813) 纳尔逊传Satanic School (Rebellious, revolutionary, romantic)①George Gordon Byron (Byronic hero)Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812-1818) 《恰尔德．哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan (1819-1824): epic satire《唐璜》She Walks in BeautyWhen We Two Parted②Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱(revolutionary, prophetic, optimistic)Lyric: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂To a Skylark 致云雀Prose:A Defense of Poetry 诗辩—poetry reformDrama: Prometheus Unbound (1819) —symbol of human fulfillmentElegy: Adonais (1821)《阿多尼斯》③John Keats: “Beauty id truth, truth is beauty”Ode on a Grecian Urn Ode to a Nightingale To Autumn Bright Star2)Novel①Walter Scott(founder of historian novel)Waverley(1814)威福利Ivanhoe(1819) 艾凡赫②Jane Austen (1775-1817): comedy of manners 风尚小说Northanger Abbey Pride and Prejudice③Mary Shelley (1797-1851)玛丽．雪莱: gothic traditionFrankenstein (creation, childbirth, responsibility)3)Prose① Charles Lamb: Dream Children: A ReveriePoor RelationsTales from Shakespeare4)Drama①poetic drama 诗剧Wordsworth: The BordersS.T. Coleridge Remorse② Melo Drama 情节剧7.The Victorian Period (1837-1901):Age of Paradox[Novel]Key words: 3 periods: 30-40 rapid economic development and severe social problems50-60 prosperity and relative stability70-1901 decline of the British Empire1)Prose: Silver of prose①Thomas Carlyle (The savage of Chelesea) Past and Present(1843)②Cardinal John Henry Newman (a religious thinker, the leader of Oxford Movement)③Walter Pater (critic) Studies in the History of Renaissance(1837）2)Poetry: stricter morality; severe tone; polish①Alfred Lord Tennyson (Poet Laureate; people’s poet; Lord of Language)Ulysses(dramatic monologue 戏剧独白)Break! Break! Break!(Lyrics)Crossing the Bar②Robert Browning(Forerunner of modernism; dramatic monologue)My Last DuchessThe Ring and the Book(1868-1869)(12 books)--an epic length poemHomme-Thoughts, from Abroad③Matthew Arnold: Dover Beach(1867)④Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Sonnets from the Portuguese(1850)--Robert Browning Wife⑤Thomas Hood: The song of the shirt The Bridge of Signs⑥The pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (1848)3)Novel: Gold age of novel, represent a large and comprehensive social world①Early phase(1830-1850s): optimisticCharles Dickens: Oliver Twist(1838) 雾都孤儿Hard Times (1854)艰难时代Great Expectation (1860-61) 远大前程②Mid and High Victorian Phase(1870s): dichotomy and complexityGeorge Eliot: Adam Bede ; The Mill on the Floss(1860)Anthony Trollope: Barchester Tower(1857)George Meredith: The Egoist(1879)③ Later phase(late 1880s~): naturalismThomas Hardy(fatalism): Tess of the Urbervrlles(1891)Far from the Madding Crowd(1874)Jude the Obscure(1896)④ OthersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair(1847)名利场The History of Henry Esmond(1852)Henry James(American; international theme; the outsider sense): Daisy Miller(1879) Chrlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre(1847)Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton(1848); North and South(1855); Wives and Daughters(1866) Robert Louis Stevenson: The Treasure Island(1883);The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde4)Drama①Oscar Wilde(naturalism; spokesman of Asthetic Movement)The Picture of Dorian(1891) Lady Windermere’e Fan(1892)The Happy Prince and Other Tales(collection)The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) high comedy 高雅喜剧《认真的重要性》Salome (1893) (biblical tragedy) 《莎乐美》8.The Twentieth-Century (1900-1945)Key words: rejection of 19th and the consensus between author and reader1)Poetry: modern poetry to 1945, easy language with various forms①Thomas Hardy(links bewteen 19&20th) Wessex Poems 性格与环境小说The Dynasts(1904-08)群王，唯一的史诗剧The Oxen②Modernist poetry: Imagism 意象派William Bulter Yeats(Irish Renaissance leader-Celtic twilight):Easter 1916The Second Coming(1921)Sailing to ByzantiumThe Lake Isle of InnisfreeT.S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Wasteland(1922)荒原Four Quaetets 四个四重素Objective Correlative 客观时应构2)Drama: drama of ideas①The Theatre of ideasGeorge Bernard Shaw: Major Barbara芭芭拉上校Pygmalion 皮革马利文Saint Joan圣女贞德Widower’s House 1892Mrs. Warren’s Profession Man Superman②Irish Dramatic Revival/RenaissanceJohn Millington Synge: The Thinker’s Wedding in 1908Sean O’Casey: Juno and the Peacock (1924) The Plough and the Stars③The Theater of Entertainment &Poetic DramaW. Somerset Maugham: The Circle (1921)3)Novel: realism VS modernism①Realism:Arnold Bennett: The Old Wives’ Tale (1908)John Galsworthy: The Forsyte SagaH.G. Wells: The Time Machine (1895)②NaturalismSaki: The Unbearable Bassington (1912)③ModernismJoseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness The Nigger of the NarcissusLord Jim NostromoE.M. Forster(freedom,tolerance, individualism)A Passage to India (1924) (Except for the Marabar Caves)Howards EndAspects of the novel 小说面面观D. H. Lawrence(critic to society):Sons and Lovers; The Rainbow; Women in Love④Stream of ConsciousnessVirginia Woolf: Orlando(A Biography) A Room of One’s OwnMrs. Dalloway (An Excerpt) Three GuineasThe (second) Common ReaderJames Joyce: DublinersA Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManUlyssesFinnegan Wake⑤ Satirical FictionAldous Huxley: Brave New World (1932)—anti-UtopiaEvelyn Waugh: A Handful of DustBrideshead RevistedGeorge Owell (political satirist ): Animal FarmNineteen Eight-Four(1949)⑥Woman WritersKatherine Mansfield(modern short story writer): The Garden Party and other storiesBliss&Other StoriesJean Rhys: Wide Saegasso SeaPart III Definition (5 * 4 = 20 points)The Anglo-Saxon Period:Epic:An epic is a long narrative poem (there are 3182 lines in Beowulf) that operates on a grand scale and deals with the deeds of warriors and heroes. Epic poems also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folktales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem.The RenaissanceThe Renaissance was a European phenomenon. It marked a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally it referred to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It had its origin in north Italy in the fourteenth century with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature, and spread northward to other European countries—to France, to Germany, to the Low countries, and lastly to England. It revived the study of Roman and Greek classics and marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution.Humanism:Humanism was a literary and philosophic system of thought which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the centre of its concerns. Originating in Italy during the Renaissance, it soon spread throughout most of Western Europe. Humanist thought was based on a new reading of Greek and Roman literature, an affirmation of the importance of Platonic philosophy, and areinterpretation of the writings of Aristotle.The 17th Century:Classical UnitiesClassicism in the theatre was developed by 17th century French playwrights from what they judged to be the rules of Greek classical theatre, including the “Classical unities” of time, place and action, found in the Poetics of Aristotle.Unity of time referred to the need for the entire action of the play to take place in a fictional 24-hour periodUnity of place meant that the action should unfold in a single locationUnity of action meant that the play should be constructed around a single 'plot-line', such as a tragic love affair or a conflict between honor and duty.The 18th Century:NeoclassicismAll forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writersThe artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy.Literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.The Romantic Period:Romantic MovementAn attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of arts in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th centuryA rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationalityA reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in generalEmphasizing the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendentalRomantic OdeEvolved from the ancient Greek ode, written in a serous tone to celebrate an event or to praise an individual;Not intended to be sung, yet quite emotional;The author focuses on a scene, ponders its meaning, and presents a highly personal reaction to it that includes a special insight at the end of the poem.Historical NovelThe historical novel is a literary genre characterized by the attempt to fuse strong dramatic plot lines and credible human psychology, within a setting constituted from specific historical detail (typically based upon diligent research into actual events, locations, and characters, as well as cultural customs, costume, and speech).The Victorian Age:The Victorian CompromiseThe Victorian compromise” is one wa y of seeing this dilemma. It implies a kind of double standard between national success and the exploitation of lowerclass workers at home and of colonies overseas; a compromise between philanthropy and tolerance (the abolition of slavery, 1833; tolerance for Catholics, 1829) and repression (the punishment of the Tolpuddle Martyrs (托尔普德尔蒙难者), 1834; the conditions of the poor).Aestheticisma literary movement, Aestheticism blossomed during the 1880s, influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites （前拉斐尔派）, John Ruskin and Walter Pater in particular.Aestheticism advocated a sentimental archaism as ideal of beauty, declaring that art is superior to life, proclaiming the famous doctrine of “art for art’s sake”.Aesthetes argued that art exists for the sake of its beauty alone, and that it need serve no political, didactic, or other purpose.Dramatic MonologueDramatic monologue: a poem written in the form of a speech of an individual character; it compresses into a single vivid scene a narrative sense of the speaker’s history and psychological insight into his character.The form is chiefly associated with Robert Browning, who raised it to a highly sophisticated level in such poems as “My Last Duchess”, but it is actually much older.The form is also common in folk ballads, a tradition that Robert Burns imitated with broad satiric effect.The 20th Century: 1900-1945:ModernismA general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature of the early 20th century, including symbolism, futurism, expressionism, imagism, along with innovations of unaffiliated writers.Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader: the conventions of realism, for instance, were abandoned by Franz Kafka. In fiction, the accepted continuity of chronological development was upset by Joseph Conrad, and William Faulkner, while James Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted new ways of tracing the flow of characters’ thoughts in their stream-of-consciousness styles.Stream of ConsciousnessStream of consciousness is a term widely used in discussions of the twentieth-century novel. It is usually used to refer to particular techniques of presentation which a number of Modernist novelists developed.The term refers to the continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind; or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue. For many modern novelists it became a central task to find a way of recording this kind of subjective “flow” in the language and form of the novel.Poems:The Renaissance:William Shakespeare: Sonnet 18The 17th CenturyJohn Donne: “Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud”John Milton: “Sonnet: On His Blindness”The 18th CenturyThomas Gray: “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”The Romantic Period:William Wordsworth: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”George Gordon, Lord Byron: “She Walks in Beauty”Percy Bysshe Shelley: “Ode to the West Wind”John Keats: “Ode on a Grecian Urn”The Victorian Age:Alfred, Lord Tennyson: “Break, Break, Break”Robert Browning: “My Last Duchess”Matthew Arnold: “Dover Beach”Twentieth-Century Literature: 1900-1945:Thomas Hardy: “The Oxen”。
英国文学笔记整理
英国文学笔记整理【Chapter 1】The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 - 1066)1.Norman Conquest ，10662.Beowulf has 3183 lines, 两个国家：the Danes, the Geats形式：alliterative verse / head rhyme 头韵【Chapter 3】The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400)1.Historical backgroundChaucer and William Langland and the writer of Sir Gawain were contemporaries.But he deserves a period of his own.Two historical events which their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer andLangland: The Hundred Years’ War from the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) to the reign of Henry VI (1421-1471), or from 1337-1453; the peasant uprising of 1381, the reign of King Richard II.The French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.William Langland and another writer John Wycliff expressed people’s hatred for the church and the government.2.John Wycliff 约翰·威克里夫One of the first figures who demanded to reform the church.Translated the Bible into standard English. Fixed a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. Father of English prose.3.William Langland威廉·兰格伦作品：Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》, or The Vision of Piers Plowman, another alliterative poem besides Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Giving a realistic picture of the 14th centuryEngland.The form of allegory, a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. A primary or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning. In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity or truth, are personified as characters in the story.4.Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟Died on Oct 25, 1400, buried in the Poet’s Corner in Westminster Abbey.Works divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the 3 periods of his life.(1) 1360-1372, wrote under the influence of the French literature, even translated French poems himself. Poem The Book of the Duchess, much of conventional romance elements in it.(2) 1372-1386, under the influence of the Italian literature. Troilus and Cryseyde, adapted from a long poem by Boccaccio （薄伽丘）, the writer of The Decameron《十日谈》. The Parliament of Fowls and The House of Fame.(3) the last 15 years of his life. The Canterbury Tales between 1387 and 1400. A general prologue and 24 tales that are connected by “links”.（本该有120个故事，只完成了24个）The Canterbury Tales is written in London dialectThere are 31 people in total （算上乔叟和店主）The prologue and most of the tales are written in heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）, i.e. ,a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter （五音步抑扬格）lines.The significance of The Canterbury Tales:(1)A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. Theyrepresent the whole range of 14th century society except the very top and the very bottom. All persons connected with the church are drown with touches of gentle irony and mild satire, with the exception of the poor parson. It should be noted that each character is not only a typical representative of the class to which he or she belongs, but also has an individual character of his or her own.(2)The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. This kind of a collection of tales put together was not rare in history. For example, Boccacio’s The Decameron. But in The Decameron stories are loosely connected and there is no relation between the story and the story teller. In The Canterbury Tales, stories are cleverly woven together by links between the stories. Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers.(3)Chaucer’s humour: Humour is a characte ristic feature of the English literature. Although he was associated with proud and important personages at court he must always have been conscious of the fact that he did not belong to that society. This explains his gentle satire and mild irony. But his satire can be the bitterest in the portrayal of the pardoner and the summoner.(4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language: Ever since the Norman conquest, the French language was the language of the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer wrote in the London dialect of his day, which he handled dexterously. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods. In so doing, Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.【Chapter 4】The Fifteenth Century (1400-1550)Historical events:1.The Hundred Year’s War2.The War of the Roses (1455-1485)The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne.The House of Lancaster →red rose The House of York →white rose3.The discovery of America and the new sea routes4.Reformation of the ChurchPopular BalladsIn the field of literature, folk literature, especially ballads, became an important feature in the 15th century. A ballad is a narration poem that tells a story.★Basic characteristics:1.The beginning is often abrupt.2.There are strong dramatic elements.3.The story is often told through dialogue and action.4.The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic ballads.5.※It contains four-line stanzas. The odd numbered lines have four feet each and the even numbered lines have three feet each. Rhymes fall on the even numbered lines. And there is often a refrain at the end of each stanza.Of special significance are the Robin Hood Ballads.Sir Thomas MalorySir Thomas Malory, the author of The Death of Arthur（亚瑟王之死），was important in the fact that it was he who finally compiled together the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table which were scattered in a number of Frenchromances and made great contribution to the development of English prose.It is interesting to note that Robin Hood and King Arthur were both revived at a time when the medieval spirit of chivalry was dying fast and the feudal order was rapidly becoming a thing of the past.Early English PlaysIn ancient Greece and Rome, drama was one of the most popular forms of entertainment. But the Roman Catholic Church prohibited dramatic performances. It was not until the 9th and the 10th centuries that the Catholic Church allowed some of dramatic performance to be used as part of religious services. For example, on Christmas the clergymen would put on a liturgy（礼拜仪式）of the birth of Christ. By the 14th century, the liturgy had developed into mystery plays and miracle plays.mystery plays →based on stories from the Biblemiracle plays →based on the lives of Christian saints【Chapter 5】The English Renaissance (1550-1642)HumanismRenaissance began in the 14th century in Italy and later spread to France, Spain, the Netherlands, and England. It’s ideal was humanism. Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth” in English.★★★1.With the spreading of the Greek and Roman culture, there appeared a number of humanist scholars who took great interest in the welfare of human beings.2.According to them, it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of his life for an after life.3.They argued that man should be given full freedom toenrich their intellectual and emotional life.4.In religion, they demanded the reformation of the church.5.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life.6.Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund SpenserSpenser’s first important work is The Shephearde’s Calender（牧羊人日记）, a pastoral poem in 12 parts, one for each month of the year.His major achievement, The Faerie Queen, is an unfinished allegorical romance. According to Spenser’s original plan there should be 12 books, each telling the adventures of one of the 12 knights despatched by the Faerie Queen, Gloria, who represents Glory and Queen Elizabeth in particular. However, Spenser only completed 6 of the books, in which the six virtues of Truth, Temperance, Friendship, Justice, Chastity, and Coutesy are presented.Spenserian stanza:九行一节，前八行均为五音步抑扬格，第九行为六个音节The seven deadly sins: Pride（傲慢）,Wrath（暴怒）,Sloth （懒惰）,Greed（贪婪）,Envy（嫉妒）,Gluttony（暴食）, Lust（淫欲）Christopher MarloweChristopher Marlowe was the most prominent of the University Wits.His first play Tamburlaine the Great (1587)（帖木儿大帝）is about the story of Timur the Tartar(1336-1405). The central figure Tamburlaine represents the Renaissance desire for infinite powerand authority. He is not only ruthlessly cruel and brutal in punishing his enemies, but also violently passionate in love.The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus (1592)（浮士德博士的悲剧）,adapted from a popular old German legend, is sort of companion to Tamburlaine in reflecting the Renaissance desire for infinite knowledge. Tired with the scholastic study of the four subjects of Medieval knowledge, that is , Theology, Philosophy, Medicine, and Law, Dr.Faustus turns to magic book and signs a contract with the devil Mephistopheles. He sells his soul to the devil on the condition that the latter will satisfy every demand of his for a period of 24 years.As a dramatist, Marlowe has limitations. His plot construction is loose and his characters are merely embodiments （具体化）of ideas. But Marlowe is the only dramatist of the time who is ever compared with Shakespeare.Ben Jonson coined the phrase “Marlowe’s magic lines”. The blank verse（无韵诗）, i.e. , unrhymed iambic pentameter, used in his dramas, was the chief verse form used by Shakespeare.William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare wrote 37 plays in all during his life.Shakespeare’s writing career may be roughly divided into four stages.1.The early years were years of his apprenticeship, dating from 1592 to 1594.2.The second period is a period of rapid growth and development, dating from 1595 to 1600.3.The third period is a period of gloom and depression, dating from 1601 to 1608.4.The fourth period is a period of restored serenity, from 1608 to 1612.★★★Shakespeare’s achievements:1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.2.Shakespeare’s humanism: More important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age.3.Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. In his plays, he described a great number of characters, ranging from kings to crowns, rascals, and grave-diggers; from lunatics to ghosts; from lovers to man-haters.4.Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audience. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays.5.Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry.6.Shakespeare as a master of the English language: It is estimated that he had a command of about 15,000 words. He was especially successful in handling the different meanings of the same word, or words having the same sound but different meanings.A sonnet （十四行诗）is a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets altogether in number. The 154 sonnets fall into two groups, divided at sonnet 126. The first group was addressed to a Mr. W. H.. The second group was addressed to a dark lady.The metrical form（韵律形式）of Shakespeare’s sonnets isdifferent from that of Petrarach’s（彼特拉克）. Italian Sonnet British SonnetOctave前八行abba abba （提出问题） 3 quatrains（四行诗）abab cdcd efefSestet 后六行cde cde （作出回答） a couplet（双行诗）gg【Chapter 6】The Seventeenth Century (1603-1688)Francis BaconThough Bacon was Shakespeare’s contemporary, he is generally regarded as the chief figure in English prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.As a philoso pher, Bacon is praised by Marx as “the progenitor of English materialism”（英国唯物主义的始祖）. because he stressed the importance of experience, or experiment, which is in direct opposition to the superstitution and scholasticism of the Middle Ages.Bacon’s 58 essa ys were publisher in 1625. They are the author’s reflections an comments, mostly on rather abstract subjects, such as “Of Truth”, “Of Friendship”, and “Of Riches”. They are known for their conciseness, brevity, simplicity, and forcefulness.Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier PoetsDuring the reign of Charles I, there were two schools of poets, metaphysical poets（玄学派诗人）and cavalier poets （骑士派诗人）.The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death, and religion. The chief representative of this school was John Donne.The cavaliers were royalists, whose poetry was marked by courtliness, urbanity, and polish. The chief representative of thecavaliers was Ben Jonson, who besides being a poet, was also a playwright.John Donne作品：Songs and Sonnets, a collection of his 55 love lyrics, was published after his death in 1633.Donne’s love lyrics may be classified into two groups. The poems of one group takes a negative attitude towards love, and those of the other group take a positive attitude towards love.John MiltonThe revolutionary enthusiasm of the bourgeois revolution （资产阶级革命）and the bitter hatred for the despotic ruler is best known in the works of John Milton.In 1665, after seven years’arduous labour in darkness, he finished Paradise Lost, which gave vent to his indignation against Charles II. The story of the epic is based on Genesis. The central theme of the poem deals with the Christian story of “ the fall of man ”. Evidently, the poet intended to write it as a epic and imitated the style of Homer’s epic.Milton’s purpose for writing Paradise Lost, as he puts it very clearly at the beginning of the poem, is to “assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man.”There can hardly be any doubt that Milton’s own sentiments in the days of the Restoration are expressed in the powerful first speech made by Satan excerpted here. But it should be made clear that Milton as a Puritan did not have the least intention of making God a real tyrant to be hated and revenged upon. The rebellions speech by Satan was an outpouring of the poet’s personal hatred for the restored monarch at the time. On the whole, the characters o Satan and his followers are condemned in the epic.In the love between Adam and Eve, Milton voices his enthusiasm for humanistic elements.Characteristics of Milton’s style:1.The blank verse, i.e. , the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect. This richness of poetical style has frequently been called “Miltonic Style”./doc/975668172.html,ton’s style is also commonly said to be Latinate. Milton uses more elaborate patterns drawn from Latin. He is very fond of using inversion.3.Another characteristic of his style is the use of allusions to other works, especially the classic works.John BunyanAs Milton was the chief Puritan poet, so Bunyan was the chief puritan writer of prose.The Pilgrim’s Progress is written in the old fashioned medieval form of allegory and drama. The book opens with the author’s dream in which he sees a man “ with a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back”. The man is Christian the Pilgrim, the book is the Bible, and the burden on his back is the weight of worldly cares and concerns. It tells how Christian starts his pilgrimage from his home to the Kingdom of Heaven, and of his experiences and adventures on his journey.The book’s most significant aspect is its satire, which without doubt is directed at the ruling classes. Especially well known is the description of the Vanity Fair. The punishment of Christian and Faithful for disdaining things in the Vanity Fair mayha ve its significance in alluding to Bunyan’s repeated arrests and imprisonment for preaching. After all, like Milton, Bunyan in his book is preaching his religious views. He satirizes his society which is full of vices that violate the teaching of the Christian religion. However, his Puritanism weakens the effect of his social satire by exhorting his readers to endure poverty with patience in order to seek the “ Celestial City ”. Besides, the use of allegory in most of his works makes his satirical pictures less direct and more difficult to see. His books are more often read as religions books than as piercing exposures of social evils.Bunyan is known for his simple and lively prose style. Everyday idiomatic expressions and biblical language enables him to narrate his story and reveal his ideas directly and in a straightforward way.【Chapter 7】The Eighteenth Century (1688-1798)Neo-classicism★★★The characteristics of neo-classicism:1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic and satirical.3.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred, the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4.It is almost exc lusively a “ town ” poetry, catering to the interests of the “ society ” in great cities.5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “ romantic ”.Daniel DefoeDaniel Defoe is known as a pioneer novelist of England, and also a prolific writer of books and pamphlets on a great variety of subjects.He never stopped his creative activities until at the age of 60, with the publication of Robinson Crusoe, a long imaginative literary masterpiece, he was finally recognized as a major English novelist. Robinson Crusoe is based on a real accident.In Moll Flanders, Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowly woman as the subject of literature.Jonathan SwiftThe Battle of Books is a satire on the controversy among literary people concerning the values of the ancients and moderns.A Tale of the Tab is a satire on the various churches of his time.A Modest Proposal is a more bitter satire on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people.Swift’s masterpiece is Gulliver’s T ravels. The book contains four parts that deal with the four voyages of its hero to strange places. The form of travel literature was popular in his time as there were many books of voyage and travel. Among them were Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe.Alexander Pope。
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英国文学选读Old and Middle English Periods 450-1485Anglo –Saxon Epic Poem Beowulf （贝奥武夫）被认为是英国的民族史诗。
Unit 1 （Middle English period）Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟(1343-1400) —― Father of modern English poetry‖Major works: The Book of the Duches s《公爵夫人之书》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会)》The House of Fame 《声誉之堂》Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗斯特与克丽西德》代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《卡特伯雷故事》A collection of stories in a frame story, written between 1387 and 1400. It is the story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims朝圣者to Canterbury. The pilgrims, who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. If we trust the General Prologue, Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. He never finished his enormous project and even the completed tales were not finally revisedUnit 2(English Renaissance) 1485-1616威廉莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)——dramatist, poetFour tragedies:Hamlet《哈姆雷特》(hesitation)Othell o《奥赛罗》 (jealous)King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》（ambition）Four comedies:A Mid Summer Night Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As you like it《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》)The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》Others:Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Sonnet18《十四行诗之18》押韵方式：ABAB,CDCD,EFEF,GGThe University wits: 大学才子a notable group of pioneer English dramatists who wrote during the last 15 years of the 16th century (the Elizabethan era) and who transformed popular drama with their plays of quality and diversity7 talented dramatists:Robert Greene John Lyly Thomas NasheThomas Lodge Thomas Kyd George PeeleFrancis Bacon弗兰西斯培根（1561-1626）1、A great thinker: (New Instrumen t《新工具》)the necessity of abandoning a priori speculation in favor of observation and induction.2、The first important English essayist Essa ys《论说文集》3、The founder of experimental philosophy, the father of modern positivistic philosophy“现代科学的奠基人，英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父”Works : Of Marriage and Single Lif e《论婚姻和单身》Of Studies《论读书》New Atlantis《新大西岛》Unit 4 The Seventeenth Century 1616-1688一、John Milton（1608—1674）约翰弥尔顿Epic poems:Paradise Lost（1667）《失乐园》Paradise Regained ( 1671)《复乐园》Samson Agonistes (1671)《力士参孙》（长诗）Works:Lycidas (1637)《利西达斯》Areopagitica(1644)《论出版自由》二、John Donne 约翰邓恩（1572-1631）玄学派诗人（metaphysical poets）Works : The Fle a《跳蚤》Holy Sonnet 10《圣十四行诗之10》Conceit(奇喻): An elaborate and surprising figure of speech, comparing two very dissimilar things.Unit 5 The Eighteenth Century 1688-1780The Age of Classicism1.Alexander Pope (英雄双行诗-heroic couplet)Works: Essay on CriticismIt expresses his Neo-classic in poetry.2、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特（the rise of novel）Satirical prose(讽刺性散文): “A Tale of Tub”《一只桶的故事》“A Modest Proposal”《一个温和的建议》:His pity for the oppressed受压迫的, ignorant, populous人口稠密的, and hungry Catholic天主教徒peasants of Ireland; his anger at the rapacious English landlords2. Masterpiece: Gulliver’s Travels《格利佛游记》Lilliput《小人国》Brobdingnag《大人国》Laputa《拉普他岛》Houyhnhnms 《慧骃国》3、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福英国小说家Works：Robison Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》Robinson Crusoe: a hero，an invader, a colonist.The hero is typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical and diligent. Defoe beautifies colonialism and Negro slavery.Main idea: A typical 18th-century English middle-class（中产阶级）man, with great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype(模范) of the pioneer empire builder（扩张主义者先锋）. In describing Crusoe, Defoe glorifies human labor and Puritan fortitude, which save Crusoe from despair and are a source of pride and happiness.Moll Flande rs《摩尔弗兰德斯》:It is written in an autobiographical form called memoir. Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowly woman as the subject of literature4、Samuel Richardson 理查森（1689-1761)1. Pamela《帕姆拉》:first example of the epistolary novel(书信体小说) ,first mature novel to be written in English2、Epistolary novel: a novel of letters; written to teach lesson; the first accepted in eight century in Britain by Samuel Richardson.In a series of Familiar Letters from a Beautiful Yong Damsel to Her Parents (1740)The first English tragic novel ：Clarissa or the History of a Young Lady (1747-48)Pre-Romantic poetry5、Robert Burns (1759—1796) 罗伯特.彭斯A Red ,Red ,Ro se《一朵红红的玫瑰》Auld Lang Syne《昔日时光》6、William Blake (1757-1827) 威廉.布莱克：poet; engraver雕刻师; a precursor（先驱）of the Romantic movement. Mystic and highly symbolic.Works:Songs of Innocence; (1789)《天真之歌》Songs of Experience (1794)《经验之歌》The La m《羔羊》pThe Tyg er《老虎》T he Romantic Period1、William Wordsworth 威廉华尔华兹poet laureate 桂冠诗人the lakers (the lake poets) 湖畔诗人1、It is Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》that ushers in the Romantic age in English literature.2、―Preface to Lyrical Ballads‖Not only does Wordsworth suggest a radical change in subject matter, but he also dramatically shifts focus concerning poetry’s ―proper language.‖ Unlike Pope and his predecessors, Word sworth chooses ―language really used by [people]’—everyday speech. Wordsworth redefines poetry itself: ―For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.‖Wordsworth highlighted poetry’s emotional quality. Imagination, not reason or d isciplined thought, becomes its core.Works：I wandered lonely as a cloud 《我好似一朵流云独自漫游》She dwelt among the untrodden ways2、Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) 赛谬尔泰勒柯勒律治Works：1. Biographia Literaria 《文学传记》2. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子吟》3. Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》Mysticism , exoticism and strong imagination3、George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦(1788-1824)Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan 《唐璜》She Walks in Beauty《她在美中行》When a Man Hath No Freedom to Fight for at Home《当男人没有在家战斗的自由时》4、Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西比希雪莱(1792-1822)1、Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》（Poetic drama）heroic endurance, man’s intellect, defiance against tyranny, love of humanity,2. Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》west wind: a symbol of force that destroys the old, decayed order and constructs a new one.5、John Keats (1795-1821) 约翰.济慈1. Ode to Autumn2. Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》3.Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》Ode: a lyric poem typically of elaborate or irregular metrical （测量的，韵律的）form and expressive of exalted（兴奋的）or enthusiastic emotion.6Jane Austen (1775-1817) 简奥斯丁Reality refers to a trend towards depictions of contemporary life and society "as they were." In the spirit of general realism, realist authors opted for depictions of everyday activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation.Six novels by AustenSense and Sensibility(1811) 《理智与情感》Pride and Prejudice(1813) 《傲慢与偏见》Mansfield Park (1814) 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma(1816) 《爱玛》Persuasion (1818) 《劝导》Northanger Abbey (1818) 《诺桑觉寺》Victorian Literature一. Victorian Novelists1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更斯(1812-1870)1. Novels of social criticism•Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》•Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》•The Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》•Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》•David Copperfield 《大卫，科波菲尔》•Bleak House《荒凉山庄》• A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》•Great Expectations 《远大前程》•Hard Time2Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855) 夏洛特.勃朗特Jane Eyr e《简爱》Shirley 《雪莉》Villette《维莱特》The Professor 《教师》Victorian Poets一、Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)阿尔弗德丁尼生In Memoriam A.H.H .(1850)《悼念》Idylls of the King 《国王之歌》The Eagle《鹰》Break,Break,Break《溅吧，溅吧，溅吧》二、Robert Browning(1812-1889) 罗伯特布朗宁My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》The Ring and the Book《指环与书》Dramatic monologue （戏剧独白）：A dramatic monologue is a piece of spoken verse that offers great insight into the feelings of the speaker.Late Victorian to the First World War一、Oscar Wilde (1854—1900) 奥斯卡王尔德Art’s for art’s sake （为艺术而艺术）：Aesthetic Movement(唯美主义运动)Thomas Hardy(1840—1928)The Return of the Native(1878)《还乡》Tess of the D’Urbervilles(1891) 《德伯家的苔丝》Wessex : Hardy set all of his major novels in the south and southwest of England. He named the area ― Wessex". The idea of Wessex plays an important artistic role in Hardy's works (particularly his later novels), assisting the presentation of themes of progress, primitivism, naturalism.Naturalism: is a literary movement taking place from 1865 to 1900 that uses detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment have inescapable force in shaping human character. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (e.g. the social environment or heredity) influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works often include uncouth or sordid subject matter and expose the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, sex, prejudice, disease, prostitution, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for being too blunt.Modernist LiteratureModern Dramatists 现代剧作家George Bernard Shaw（1856—1950）乔治萧伯纳——a dramatist of high seriousness Mrs. Warren’s Profession(1898)《华伦夫人的职业》Major Barbara （1905）《巴巴拉少校》Pygmalion （1913）《皮格马利翁》Saint Joan（1924）《圣女贞德》Modernist Novelists现代主义小说家James Joyce 詹姆斯.乔伊斯（1882—1941）Dubliners (1914)《都柏林人》的第3篇Araby （阿拉比）A Portrait of the Artist as a You ng（1916）《一个青年艺术家的画像》(首次展示意识流)Ulysses（1922）《尤利西斯》（全文无标点符号）Finnegans Wake(1939)《芬尼根的苏醒》Stream of consciousness(意识流)：P172Virginia Woolf (1882—1941) 弗吉妮娅.伍尔芙Mrs. Dalloway (1925)《达罗卫夫人》To the Lighthouse （1927）《到灯塔去》The Waves(1931) 《海浪》Modernist Poetry一、T.S.Eliot (1888—1965) T.S.艾略特The Waste Land 《荒原》二、William Butler Yeats (1865—1939) 威廉.巴特勒.叶芝——A nobel prize winner ,a modernist poet, a dramatist (Irish)When you are old《当你老了》Down by the Salley Gardens 《柳园》The Second Coming《第二次来临》。