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The United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern IrelandChapter 1 Geography, People and Language全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国）and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）.由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠）and Ireland（爱尔兰）The River Thames(second longest and most important), originates（起源于）in southwestern England -----North Sea.Scotland ( Edinburgh爱丁堡) important river:Clyde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England.Northern Ireland(Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul’s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。

英语国家概况(名词解释)

英语国家概况(名词解释)第一部分英国概况1 the Commonwealth:It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.2. British Empire:Britain has been one of the most important countries in the world. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. It had colonies ont only in North America, but also I Asia, Africa and Australia. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another . The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.3 Alfred the Great: Alfred was the King of Wessex, who was strong enough to defeat the invading Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as ‘the father of the British navy.’He also reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. He translated a Latin book into English. All these make him worthy of his title ‘ Alfred the Great’4Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxon’s time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia,Mercia and Nothumbria have beengiven the name of Heptarchy.5the Witan: The Witnam was thecouncil or meeting of the wisemen. Itwas created by the Anglo-Saxons toadvise the king. It’s the basis of thePrivy Council which still exists today.6 English feudal system: In thissystem, the King owned all the landpersonally, who gave his barons largeestates in England in return for apromise of lilitary service and aproportion of the land’s produce.7 the Black Death: It was the modernname given to the deadly bubonicplague, an epidemic disease spread byrat fleas through Europe in the 14thcentury, particularly in 1347-1350. Itswept through England in the summerof 1348 without warning, and withoutany cure. It killed between one half andone third of the population of England,causing far-reaching economicconsequences.8 Oliver Cromwell: He was the leaderof the Parliamentary Army during theEnglish Civil War in the revolutionaryperiod of the 17th century. He defeatedKing Charles I and condemned him todeath in 1649. After that, he establishedthe Commonwealth in England andbecame the Lord Protector of thecountry. The Commonwealth endedwith the Restoration of Charles II in1660.9 Blood Mary: It is the nicknamegiven to Mary I , the English Queenwho succeeded to the throne afterEdward VI. She was a devout Catholicand had so many protestants burnt todeath that she is remembered less byher official title Mary I that by hernickname Blood Mary.10 the Industrial Revolution :It referto the mechanization of industry andthe consequent changes in social andeconomic organization in Britain in thelate 18th and early 19th centuries.Britain was the first country toindustrialize in Europe.11 Whigs(in Britain):The name ofWhigs originated with the GloriousRevolution. It was known by thenickname. It was a derogatory name forcattle drivers. Loosely speaking, theWhigs were those who opposedabsolute monarchy and supported theright to religious freedom forNonconformists.12 Tories (in Britain) : The name ofTories originated with the GloriousRevolution . It was known by thenickname. It was an Irish wordmeaning thugs. The Tories were thosewho supported hereditary monarchyand were reluctant to remove kings.The Tories were the forerunners of theConservative Party, which still bearsthe nickname today.13 the House of Lords: The House ofLords is a part of Parliament . It ismade up of the Lords Spiritual and theLords Temporal. The main function ofthe House of Lords is to bring the wideexperience of its members into theprocess of law-making.14 the House of Commons:TheHouse of Commons is a part ofparliament , and its members areelected by universal adult suffrage. Itconsists of 651 Members of Parliament(MPs). It has the ultimate authority inmaking laws.15 constitutional monarchy : It is aform of government in which themonarch’s power is limited byParliament. The United Kingdom is aconstitutional monarchy: the head of State is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereigh reigns, but does not rule. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her majestry’s Government.16 the Cabinet:The Cabinet consists of usually 20 most senior ministers. Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsibl to Parliament for the work of their departments.17 the Privy Council:The Privy Council is a consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Gloious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.18 the Metropolitan Police Force:The police service for the United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary.19NHS:The full name of NHS is National Health Service. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical service. The service was established in the United Kingdom in 1948. 20 bank holidays:Official publicholidays are also called ‘bank holidays’.The term ‘Bank Holidays’ goes back tothe Bank Holidays Act of 1871, whichowes its name to the fact that banks areclosed on the days specified.21Remembrance Sunday:The onlyreally important patriotic festival isRemembrance Sunday. It is also calledArmistice Day, which is the Sundaynearest to November 11. On thisSunday the dead of both world wars areremembered in special church servicesand civic ceremonies, the chief ofwhich is the laying of wreathes at theCenotaph, London by members of theroyal family in the presence of leadingstatesmen and politicians.22 Church of England:Church ofEngland is the most importantestablished church in Britain. It islegally recognized as official church ofthe State. It is uniquely related to theCrown in that the Sovereign must be amember of that Church and mustpromise to uphold it. The Church isalso linked with the State through theHouse of Lords, in which the twoarchbishops and some other bishopshave seats.23 Boxing Day:In Britain December26th is called Boxing Day because itwas formerly the custom to give‘Christmas boxes’, or gifts of money ,to servants and tradesmen on this day.24Open University:The OpenUniversity is a non-residentialuniversity. It is so named because it isopen to all to become students. TheUniversity was founded in 1969 andbegan its first courses in 1970. TheUniversity offers degree and othercourses for adult students of all ages inBritain and the other member countriesof the European Union. It uses acombination of specially producedprinted texts, correspondence tuition ,television and radio broadcasts andaudio/ video cassettes.25IRA :The full name for IRA is IrishRepublic Army. It is a nationalistorganization formed by MichaelCollins after the Easter Uprising of1916. The IRA opposed the separationof Northern Ireland from the Republicof Ireland in the 1920s by terroristmethods. It has been responsible formany raids and bomb explosions inEngland and in Northern Ireland.26the Anglo-Irish Treaty: In 1921 theBritish signed the Anglo-Irish Treatyestablishing an Irish Free State withdominion status with a separategovernment in theProtestant-dominated Northern Ireland.27the Great Famine:The GreatFaminine began in Ireland in 1845. Itwas caused by the failure of potatocrop. One of the most dramatic,large-scale sociological consequencesof the Great Famine was a significantpopulation decline in Ireland. Manypeople died of hunger. There was also abig flow of emigration from Ireland.About 6 million people left Irelandeither for Britain, the United States orCanada in the century following theGreat Famine.第二部分美国部分1Ellis Island: Ellis Island of New Yorkas an important immigration receptionspot in the 1890s and at the turn of thecentury.2baby boom: Baby boom refers to thegreat increase of birth ratebetween1946 and 1964. Nearly 80million Americans were born in thisperiod . People born in this period arecalled baby boomers.3 ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’:The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. For a long period of time they were concentrated in the agricultural South, working on plantations growing cotton and tobacco. Their life was no better than that of cattle. In order to keep the black slaves under control, the slave-owners resorted to brutal methods. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the novel giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves.4the Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered to be the most far-reaching act on civil rights in modern times, forbidding discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender and national origin. It’s the result of a strong Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. The act added protections for the rights to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities.5 the Puritans: The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritan leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those he meant to save.6 ‘No taxation without representation’:This was the slogan of the people in the colonies before the War of Independence. They opposed the British policies toward the colonies. By the slogan they declared that, without their representatives taking part in decision-making, they had no obligation to pay taxes.7the Bill of Rights:In 1789, JamesMadison introduced in the House ofRepresentatives a series ofamendments which later were draftedinto twelve proposed amendents andsent to the states for ratification. Ten ofthem were ratified in 1791 and this firstten amendments to the constitutionwere called the Bill of Rights.8 abolitionists:They were people,mostly Northern humanitarians, whostrongly opposed slavery and aimed toabolish the system.9 the Gettysburg Address:TheGettysburg Address refers to the shortspeech made by President Lincolnwhen he dedicated the nationalcemetery at Gettysburg. He ended hisspeech with ‘the government of thepeopled, by the people, for the people,shall not perish from the earth’10 the Emancipation Proclamation:After the Civil War began, Lincolnissued the Emancipation Proclamationto win more support at home andabroad. It granted freedom to all slavesin areas still controlled by theConfederacy.11 the First Bontinental Congress: In1774, the First Continental Congresswas held in Philadelphia, whichencouraged Americans to refuse to buyBritish goods, and organized colonialmilitia units.12 the New Deal: The program wasput forward by President Franklin D.Roosevelt in 1932 to deal with theGreat Depression. Roosevelt madeCongress pass a large number of NewDeal acts and helped to set up manyefficient social economical andfinancial systems. The New Deal didhelp overcome the most seriouseconomic crisis of the capitalist systemup to that time.13 the Muchrakers: At the turn of the20th century in the United States, thereemerged a group of reform-mindedjournalists, who made investigationsand exposed various dark sides of theseemingly prosperous society.President Theodore Roosevelt calledthem Muchrakers.14 The stock market crash of 1929:On October24, 1929, the New Yorkstock market crashed. It was calledBlack Thursday, because it was thebeginning of a long economicdepression. The Great Depression hadfar-reaching consequences. It sweptthrough the globe quickly. The rate ofunemployment increased rapidly. Agreat deal of companies and businessesclosed and went into bankruptcy.American economy didn’t recover untilthe New Deal was put forward.15 the Ku Klux Klan: The Ku KluxKlan was the first organized in 1866and then reformed in 1867. The KuKlux Klan terrorized and attacked notonly blacks, but also progressives,labor union organizers ,Communist orsocialist party members.16. McCarthyism:Joseph R.McCarthy was a senator. He started acampain of wild accusation and arrestsin 1950. His full-scale anti-Communisthysteria in American history was calledMcCarthyism . In December 1954,theSenate condemned him for certainimproper, extreme behavior andMcCarthysim ended.17 Richard Nixon: Richard Nixon wasthe former President of the UnitedStates of America. In the early 1970s,he was involved in the Watergatescandal, for which he was forced toresign from the presidency.18Truman Doctrine:On March 20, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.19 monetarist policies:Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian approach was replaced by new monetarist policies, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand. On the one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.20 the US Federal system:It is a system of government in which has two layers of rule. There is central or federal government for the nation which alone has the power to answer questions that affect the nation as a whole. There are also state and local governments . Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution. 21 separation of power:It refers to the principle that the national government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. In the legislative branch, power is divided further nto two houses. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.22 US presidential inauguration: In the US the presidential term of four years begins on January 20. The President starts his official duties with an inauguraton ceremony, traditionally held on the steps of the US Capitol. The President publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the United States. Theoath-taking ceremony is usuallyfollowed by an inauguration address.23 public school: Public schoolsusually larger in size, are operated bypublicly elected or appointed schooloffcials. The program and activities ofthe schools are under the control ofthese officials. The schools aresupported mainly by public funds.24 private school: Private schools arecontrolled by an individual or by anagency other than a state, a subdivisionof a state or the federal government .They are usually supported by fundswhich are not public funds and theoperation of the school’s program restswith people who are not publiclyelected or appointed officials.25 school districts: They aresubdivisions of the states.Currently,there are some 15,500 operating localpublic school districts. Each localschool district has a governing boardwhich is usually elected by thevoters.Its major responsibilities are thehiring of professional and support staff,determining the most suitable localcurriculum, and developing andapproving a budget to carry outeducational program.26 Easter Sunday:Easter Sunday isthe second of the two most importantreligious holidays for Christians. It’s onthe first Sunday after the full moon thatoccurs on or after March 21, and it’sfor celebrating the rising of JesusChrist from his tomb, where he hadlain for three days following his death.On the Easter morning, millions ofpeople gather together to salute anotherEaster dawn. The Easter Parade is verypopular in the United States. There areseveral symbols for Easter. The eggand the hare are those most frequentlyassociated with Easter.27 Halloween:Halloween is anight-time children’s day and a time forfrightening costumes, masks , parties,games and tricks--- all for fun.Children with curious masks fo fromhouse to house to frighten friends orneighbours and threaten them with‘Trick or treat’.第三部分加拿大，澳大利亚28the Canadian Shield : Almost halfof Canada is covered by the CanadianShield. It is a semicircular band ofrocky highlands and plateaus aroundHudson Bay from the northern shoresof Quebec to the Artic shores of theNorthwest Territories. It is a region ofrounded hills, tens of thousands oflakes and swamp. The Shield containsa wealth of minerals , much water andgreat forests.29 the Statute of Westminster: By theStatute of Westminster in 1931 theBritish Dominions, including Canada,were formally declared to be partnernations with Britain and ‘equal instatus, in no way subordinate to eachother’, and bound together only bytheir loyalty to a common Crown.Since then, Canada became a memberof the Commonwealth of Nations.30 Bilingualism in Canada:Bilingualism means having twolanguages. In Canada the officialLanguage Act went into effect in 1969.The Act made English and French theofficial languages of Canada. Theyhave equal status and rights in allinstituations of Parliament and theFederal Government.31 Multiculturalism:For a long timethe Canadian Government pursued apolicy of assimilation , that is toassimilate different minority groups into the mainstream Canadian culture. But immigrants from different countries still kept their own cultures, religious, languages, and ways of life. So in 1976, the Canadian Government adopted a policy of multiculturalism. Accordingly immigrants may be instructed in at least one official language to help them become full participants in Canadian society and, at the same time, are encouraged to maintain their particular cultural heritage.32 school of air :children learn their lessons through a radio educational system called School of the Air. Lessons are transmitted by radio. Homework is now exchanged by fax.33 the Flying Doctors:It is a special health service which provides medical care for people living in isolated areas in Australia. Doctors travel by plane from their base and keep in touch with their patients by radio.34 Maoritanga:In New Zealand, Maoritanga in Maori culture, the Maori way of life and view of the world. Maori views of the world, of nature, of education, of spirituality and of death, are becoming more and more part of the New Zealand way of life.35 Kiwi:The kiwi is a noctural bird that can’t fly in New Zealand. The kiwi is a national symbol an New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.36 the Treaty of Waitangi:The Treaty of Waitangi was an agreement between the chiefs of the Maori people and the British Crown in 1840.37 Waitangi Day:In 1840, the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representng QueenVictoria, and some Maori chiefs,signed the Treaty of Waitangi. ModernNew Zealand was founded. Theanniversary of the signing, February 6,is celebrated as New Zealand NationalDay, Waitangi Day, and is a nationalholiday.38Mark Twain: Mark Twain’s realname was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He gained a wide knowledge ofhumanity through his life experience.In 1865, he became nationally famouswith his short story The CelebratedJumping Frog. The Adventures of TomSawyer was an immediate success as‘a boy book’, and The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn became his masterbook. All stories of his novels aresimple and he presented Americansocial life through portrayal of localplaces he knew best and through hiscolloquial style. His other famousbooks are: A Tramp Abroad, Life on theMississippi, The Gilded Age andInnocents Abroad.39Walt Whitman:Walt Whitman is anAmerican poet. He broke free from theconvention of the poetic rhymeexhibiting a freedom in form unknownbefore. In his masterpiece Leaves ofGrass, he praised the ideas of equalityand democracy and celebrated thedignity, the self-reliant spirit and thejoy of the common man. He was thefirst to explore fully the possibilities offree verse. He invented a completelynew and completely American form ofpoetic expression.40knicherbockers era: In the early partof the nineteenth century, New YorkCity was the centre of Americanwriting. Its writers were called‘Knickerbockers’and the period from1810 to 1840 is known as the‘knickerbockers era’of Americanliterature. The name comes from AHistory of New York, by DiedrickKnickerbocker written by WashingtonIrving.41 Ernest Hemingway:ErnestHemingway was one of the mostimportant American writers in the 20th ,and was the spokensman for the ‘LostGeneration’ of young intellectuals whobecame disappointed and bitter afterWorld War I. He was awarded theNobel Prize for Literature in 1954. Hisfirst important novel The Sun AlsoRises is a description of young peoplein the post-war era.He wrote a lot ofother novels and short stories. AFarewell to Arms and For Whom theBell Tolls are two novels about the Firstand Second World Wars. The Old Manand the Sea is considered to be hisrepresentative work . He is also famousfor his simple style and carefulstructuring of his fiction.42 Theodore Dreiser:TheodoreDreiser was one of the naturalists whoin their works reported truthfully andobjectively the life in the slums. Hisfirst novel Sister Carrie traces thematerial rise of Carrie Meeber and thetragic decline of Hurstwood. Hispursue was to describe the actual stateof things in the United States. Hisdescription of the sharp contrast ofwealth and poverty in Chicago andNew York was another example. Hewas also famous for his Trilogy ofDesire and An American Tragedy ,which is considered to be his best.。

英美概况笔记（中英文对照整理版）[1]

英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

自考英语国家概况名词解释

⾃考英语国家概况名词解释英语国家概况名词解释1 The British Empire ⼤英帝国About a hundred years ago, as result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled and empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. The two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nation in 1931.2.Stonehenge-It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes. The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties whit in the commonwealth (1991). 是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独⽴构成的⾃由联合体。

英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备

英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备UKThe geographical names for the UK are the British Isles, Great Britain, England.On the island of Great Britain, there are three political divisions-England, Scotland, and Wales.At present, there are 50 member countries within the commonwealth(1991).The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east.The Celts began to arrive about 700B.C.In the mid-5th century, a new wave of Teutonic invaders came to Britain. The three tribes were Jutes, Saxons, Angles.Jutes, Angles and Saxons from northern Europe started to invade England in the mid-5th century.The small kingdoms of Essex, Sussex and Wessex in the southwest of Britain were established by the Saxons in the 5th century.The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The battle between English troops led by Harold and the Norman troops led by William was fought at Hastings in 1066.The Celts arrived in Britain between 600BC-150BC.Julius Caesar led his army and invaded England in 55BC.For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.Christianity was brought to Britain by St. Augustine in 597.The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Romanmissionaries gained the upper hand in 664.The Norman leader William established the Norman rule in England in 1066.The English language was introduced into England by the Anglo-Saxons who started to invade England in the mid-5th century. According to historical record, it appeared that in 1086 about half of the cultivated land in England was in the hands of 170 tenants-in chief.The Great Charter was signed in 1215 and had 63 clauses.The Hundred Years' War between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453.The Hundred Years' War could be divided into three outstanding stages.Black Death reduced England's population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of the 14th century.Black Death, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas, spread though Europe in the 14th century.The Black Death swept through England on the summer of 1348 without warning.Elizabeth I came to the throne when she was 25 and then she reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years.The Armada was defeated by England in 1588.The Renaissance began in Italy in the early 14 century.England and Scotland was officially united into Great Britain by the Act of Union of 1707.In 1707, the name Great Britain came into being.In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485. Traditional farming involved the open field village, a system that dated back to the 5th century.The open field system lasted till 18th century.By the early 19th century, Britain had a rod network of some 125000 miles.In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Radicals in the Parliament were greatly influenced by ideals of Jeremy Bentham known as “Utilitarianism”.The Chartist Movement was officially launched at a great 1838 meeting in Birmingham, with the aim of pressing the Parliament to accept the People's Charter.In England no females were allowed to vote in national elections before 1918.V otes were granted to English women in the same terms as men after World War I.The spark of the First World War was struck at Sarajevo on June 28 1914, when the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.Queen Elizabeth II was born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953.The foundation of the welfare state of Britain was laid during the years immediately after World War II.The 1960s were known as the Swinging Sixties, the permissive age in Britain.In the general election, an MP candidate must deposit 500 pounds, which is returned if he or she receives 5% or more of the vote cast. The British monarchy can be traced back to at least the 9th century.Either the Conservative Party or the Labor Party has held power since 1945 in Britain.Sovereign's birthday is officially celebrated in June every year by Trooping the Color on Horse Guards Parade.The Houses of Parliament were rebuilt between 1835 and 1857 to the design of Sir Charles Barry after having been destroyed by fire. The House of Commons in the U.K. Consist of 651 Members of Parliament.In Great Britain, almost 80% of medical prescription items are supplied free.The first women priests of Church of England were ordained in March 1994.The position of the Church of Scotland was defined in the Treaty of Union, 1707, and further safeguarded by the Church of Scotland Act, 1921.Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973.The National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based at first on Acts of Parliament.There are nine public holidays in Great Britain, such as New Year's Day, Bank Holiday, Boxing Day, etc.In Britain education is compulsory and free for all between the ages of 5 and 16.About 90% of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attends comprehensive school.First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last 3 years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.In Britain, medical and veterinary courses normally require five years.There are some 90 universities in UK, including the Open University.There are about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published in Britain.The professional football season runs from August until May in U.K.Soccer has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century.The University Boat Race, between eight-oared crew from Oxford and Cambridge, has been rowed on the Thames almost every spring. Pantomime is a kind of play based on a traditional fairy tale and performed at Christmas time.IrelandThe Republic of Ireland's border with Northern Ireland is 434km.The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million, and was expected to reach 4 million by 2000.Migration in Ireland declined sharply after the establishment of the Irish Free State.The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 established an Irish Free State.The creation of Northern Ireland dates from 1921 when the Irish Free State was set up.Ireland declared itself a republic in 1949.The first census of Ireland began in 1821.Eire became the Republic of Ireland in April 1949.The name of the country was officially changed to Ireland in 1937.Today 93% of the Irish population are Roman Catholics.USAThe United Stated had a more or less open-door policy to immigration from independence until the 1960s.By the year of 2050, American population is expected to climb to 383 million.The biggest city in America is New York with a population of18 million (in 1990).The United States has less than 6% of the world's population; yet it produces about 25% of the total world output.The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.The first Negro slaves were brought to Virginia in 1619.Between 1607 and 1773, the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.Britain and America signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783 which recognized the independence of the United States.The American Constitutional system was went up to in 1791.The War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783.During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the old Northwest.The American Civil War broke out in 1861 and ended in 1865.The Civil War was won by the Union, but Lincoln was shot dead by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.The great Puritan immigration began in 1630.The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.The Purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803 from France almost doubled the size of the United States.The war with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848.The Civil War cost America 618000 lives.By 1900 there were 193000 miles of railroad in the United States.The United States government declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.As a result of WWI, the US had changed from a debtor nationto a creditor.The Second World War finally ended in 1945.China and the United States established formal diplomatic relations in 1979.The U.S. Has less than 6% of the world's population, but it produces about 25% of the total world output.The US imports about 13% of all world imports.In 1991, the America's financial deficit reached a record of 268.7 billion.The estimated number of the people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which makes up 14% of the total population. The first ten amendments to the Constitutions, as the foundation of the American constitutional system, were called the Bill of Rights. Woman obtained voting right from the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.In the United States, the first period of the party system arose in the last years of the 18th century over the debate on the ratification of the Constitution.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in the U.S.The US Constitution was officially adopted on March 4, 1789.The federal system set up by the U.S. Constitution has two layers of rule.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The drafters of the U.S. Constitution devised a dual process by which the Constitution could by changed.The Articles of Confederation in the US provided that each state had one vote in Congress, a lawmaking body set up according to the Articles.In the dual process by which the Constitution could be charged, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.Urbanization was realized in the US after WWI.Some of the 77% population in the US lived in more than 283 city areas in 1988.Eduction was made a function of the state under the T enth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.Public education in the United States covers twelve years.Elementary and secondary education in the United States covers 12 years.The total financial support for public schools makes up about 7 percent of the American GNP.High schools are made up of three different types of schools with somewhat different tasks in the U.S.Higher eduction in the U.S. Consists of six types of institutions.The community college made its appearance in the early 1900s.Easter falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon that coincides with, or comes after, the spring equinox.The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 13, 1621.CanadaCanada is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Generally speaking, Canada can be divided into six geographical regions.The bare, thinly populated region of Northern Canada takes up four fifths of the country.The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the 15th century.The English Hudson Bay Company was established in 1670.Since the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.Canada has admitted over 11 million immigrants since Confederation in 1867 and approximately 4.5 million since the end of WWII. AustraliaAustralia is in the southern hemisphere.Australia lies south of the equator(赤道).Australia is located between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.Australia is surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean.In 1996 Australia's population is about 18 million, or about two people to the square kilometer.80% of Australians live in the south and east.Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with 80% of its population living in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns.About 60% of the land in Australia is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties called stations.With regard to its size, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.New ZealandNew Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean.New Zealand is situated about 1500 km to south east of Australia.Because the country is very narrow, no place in New Zealand is more than 110km from the sea.Over ? of the land in New Zealand is more than 200 metres above sea level.New Zealand's climate is temperate and various.。

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。

这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, Great Britain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are they different?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。

这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—the northern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There is another country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder of Ireland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

英语国家概况全篇翻译

第八章英国法律与司法机构联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。

但是英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各自独立的法律制度却有大体的相似之处。

苏格兰的法律制度与英国其他地方的制度相异之处更多，但在许多方面有本质上的同一性。

联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有一部完整的法典。

法律来源包括：(1)成文法(议会法案和经议会授权制订的补充法规)；(2)大量的"不成文"法或称习惯法，源于法院或其他的许多判决；(3)平衡法(对习惯法中没有包括到的那些案例的一种补充性法律手段)；(4)欧共体法，英国加入欧盟后要遵守的法律，主要局限于经济和社会问题。

另一共同特点是刑法和民法之间的区别(刑法处理的是针对整个社会的犯罪行为，而民法处理的是个人之间就权利、责任和义务而产生的纠纷，以及个人与群体，群体与群体之间的交往)Ⅰ.刑事诉讼程序在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。

在苏格兰，检察总长，即皇家司法长官负责向高级法院、郡法院和地区法院起诉。

法律规定在全英国任何地方逮捕人，都必须尽快起诉并把其送到到法庭受审。

如果24小时内不能开庭，除非被控人的案情严重，否则皆可保释。

所有刑事审判都在法院公开进行。

因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的，并采取一切可能的步骤不使原告比被告处于有利地位。

审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，若被告的确发表陈述，除非已经以适当的措辞提醒过他，否则他的话不能用作审判他的证据。

不许强迫被告提供证据或在法庭上回答诉方的盘问。

每位被告都有权雇用律师为其辩护，如果他不能支付律师费，可用公共费用提供帮助。

如果他被指控谋杀，自己又无充足的财力，那就必须向他提供法律援助。

在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑(所有审判皆如此)，但陪审团决定是否定罪。

陪审团由法院召集，由普通的独立公民组成。

在英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰陪审团为12人，苏格兰为15人。

英语国家概况一句话简答,,中文版

英语国家概况一句话简答,,中文版1.什么是联合王国的完整名称？它是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

2.什么是两个大岛组成不列颠的？他们是英国和爱尔兰。

3.什么是英国的四个政治分歧？他们是英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

4.联合王国甚么温和的气候，即使它位于北远比我们黑龙江省呢？由于英国的气候受墨西哥湾暖流。

5 英国有.有多少大都市区？英国有七个大都市区。

6.什么是英格兰脊梁呢？它是Pennines。

7.什么是英国第一大湖？它是过冬。

8.从哪种语言是英语得来的？英国主要源自格鲁-撒克逊与诺曼法语的语言。

9.什么是参赛？参赛是诗歌、音乐和其它艺术的威尔士节日。

10.什么苏格兰人过著名的？苏格兰人已成激烈的战士技能、多彩的格子kilts、严密的宗族而闻名。

11.多长时间是在罗马占领下的英国？英国是下近400 年的古罗马人占领。

12.为什么是罗马的英国人出奇有限的影响？罗马对英国人的影响是非常有限的因为罗马人始终被当作奴隶类主体人的英国人，他们从不通婚与本机的英国人。

13.当盎开始在英国定居？盎开始在英国定居在 5 世纪。

14.当英国开始将Christianized？英格兰开始将在579 Christianized。

15.什么是664 惠特比在约克郡的议会的结果？惠特比议会的结果是罗马的传教士占了上风，对凯尔特人的传教士。

16.哈罗德·时候做什么他获悉由T ostig 和Hardrada 哈罗德·诺森堡入侵？他在南方抵制诺曼底的预期的攻击的准备工作。

17 哈罗德· Tostig 和Hardrada.凡打败？哈罗德·击败T ostig 和哈罗德· Hardrada 在斯坦福桥。

18.由谁是威廉·加冕英格兰国王在西敏寺？威廉·加冕英格兰国王在西敏寺由纽约大主教。

19.做威廉后他压抑中北部的撒克逊risings 做？他建了一个字符串的防御城堡，确保整个国家的军事控制。

英语国家概况美国篇中英翻译

chapter 13 geography 地理位置美国的全称是美利坚合众国。

我们通常简称它为美国。

The full name of the United States is the United States of America ，Often we just call it the United States, the U. S. or simply America.1. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州(1959年)。

阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。

Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American(1959年).Alaska lies in northwestern Canada，and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.2.美国陆地面积为930万平方公里。

就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国。

The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia，Canada and China.3.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。

Of all states of American，Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.4. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。

The Rockies，the backbone of the North American Continent，is also known as the Continental Divide.5. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。

英语国家概况(自测中英互译)——英国篇

第一部分英国第一章国土与人民1、地理名称：大不列颠群岛、大不列颠和英格兰2官方名称、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国3、大不列颠群岛是有两个达到和成百上千个小岛组成的。

两个大岛分别是大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛4大不列颠岛上有3个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士第二章英国的起源1、有记载的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵2、罗马人把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠3爱德华国王因其对宗教的虔诚被封为“忏悔者”，并且他对过时的关心苏护远不及他对修建威斯敏斯特大教堂的关心4、1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上最著名的事件。

征服者威廉几乎没收了所有的土地，并将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。

他用强大的诺曼政府取代了软弱的撒克逊政府。

于是，封建制度在英国完全确立。

它开放了英国与欧走大陆的联系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼-法国文化、语言、习俗和建筑。

教会与罗马联系更为密切，教会法庭与吗，民事法庭分离第三章英国的形成1、在未立案通知下，英国的封建制度完全确立了。

根据此制度，国王个人拥有全国所有的土地。

威廉把英国的大片土地分封给贵族，条件是贵族保证服军役和交租2、威廉用大议会取代了盎格鲁-撒克逊过往的顾问团——贤人会议。

大会以由他的土地承租人组成，一旦国王着急，他们就得为大议会服务3、《大宪章》是约翰国王于1215年在封建贵族的压力下签定的。

《大宪章》共有63条，其中最重要的内容是：没有大议会批准不得征税：只有依照国家有关法律才能逮捕、拘谨自由人及剥夺他们的财产：教会影响收起所有权利且具有选举自由；伦敦河其他城市应保留其古时的权利和特权；全国应统一度量衡4尽管《大宪章》长期以来被普遍认为是英国自由的基础，但它规定的只是国王与贵族之间的封建关系与法律关系，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王的权利，指望权与封建法律的约束下5、战争的起因既有领土因素也有经济因素。

领土起因尤其与英国国王拥有法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地有密切联系。

随着法国国王势力日增，他们日益觊觎这篇从他们领土内被分割出去的土地。

英语国家概况中文版

英语国家概况中文版简介英语是世界上最广泛使用的第二语言，也是联合国的一种官方语言。

英语国家是指以英语为母语或官方语言的国家，主要分布在北美、欧洲、澳大利亚和新西兰等地。

本文将介绍英语国家的概况和一些有趣的事实。

北美地区北美地区是英语国家的主要集中地。

美国是世界上最大的英语国家，英语是其最主要的官方语言。

美国的文化、商业和科技对全球产生了深远影响。

加拿大是除美国外人口最多的英语国家，英语是其官方语言之一。

加拿大是一个多元文化的国家，拥有丰富的自然资源和高质量的教育体系。

欧洲欧洲也是英语国家的重要区域。

英国是英语的发源地，英语是其官方语言。

英国对世界文学、艺术、政治和经济都有重要影响。

爱尔兰也是英语国家，英语是其官方语言之一。

爱尔兰以其独特的文化和友好的人民而闻名。

其他欧洲国家如澳大利亚和新西兰也是英语国家。

澳大利亚是南半球最大的英语国家，英语是其官方语言。

澳大利亚以其美丽的自然风景和多元文化而著名。

新西兰是一个位于南太平洋上的岛国，英语是其官方语言之一。

新西兰以其壮丽的自然风光和平静的生活方式而吸引着众多游客。

亚洲在亚洲地区，菲律宾是英语国家之一，英语是其官方语言之一。

菲律宾的人口中有很多人能以流利的英语进行交流。

印度也是一个使用英语广泛的国家，尽管其官方语言是印地语，但英语在印度的政府、商业和教育领域是普遍使用的。

非洲尽管非洲大多数国家的官方语言是其本土语言，但在一些前英国殖民地，如南非和尼日利亚，英语依然是重要的官方语言之一。

这些国家的人民通常会说至少两种或更多种语言。

结论英语国家的分布遍布全球，英语作为一种国际语言在全球范围内发挥着重要的作用。

这些国家的文化、历史和社会风貌各异，但他们之间通过英语语言建立了联系。

无论是在学习、旅游，还是商业交流中，英语都是一门重要的语言。

掌握英语不仅可以帮助我们更好地了解这些国家，还能够与世界各地的人民进行交流和沟通。

以上是对英语国家概况的简要介绍，希望对读者有所帮助。

“英语国家概况”新大纲中文考点（8）

9. Holidays and Festivals 美国的节假⽇ New Year's Day celebration in the U.S. 美国的新年庆祝法定假⽇休假⼀天。

除⼣夜：团聚，聚餐舞会，制定新年计划，纽约时代⼴场辞旧迎新。

新年第⼀天：费城化妆*，玫瑰竞赛——包括*和橄榄球赛。

Practices of Valentine's Day 圣⽡伦丁节的习俗 2⽉14⽇，情⼈的节⽇，典故故事。

赠送卡⽚，巧克⼒，鲜花，糖果，⾹⽔，珠宝，丘⽐特（罗马爱神）的画⽚。

烛光晚餐，⼤学的情⼈舞会。

Easter in the U.S. 美国的复活节 3⽉21⽇，或之后⽉圆后的第⼀个星期⽇。

第⼆个重要的基督教节⽇。

庆祝耶稣。

基督的复活，永恒的⽣命，希望与欢乐。

象征物：鸡蛋和野兔⼦。

孩⼦提着篮⼦找彩蛋，⽩宫滚彩蛋传统，纽约市第五⼤道的复活节*，复活节晚餐，⼤学⽣⼀周的春假。

Independence Day 独⽴纪念⽇ 7⽉4⽇，法定假⽇，美国的国庆节。

1776年7⽉4⽇，⼤陆会议通过并批准了《独⽴宣⾔》。

原13个殖民地成为新独⽴国家。

军队每年放13响礼炮，总统在⽩宫举⾏国宴，焰⽕展⽰，*，乐队⾳乐会，插国旗。

参观国家诞⽣地费城。

穿过独⽴⼤厅，观看⾃由之钟，观赏约翰。

特鲁姆布尔的油画。

Halloween 万圣节前⼣ 10⽉31⽇，孩⼦的娱乐节⽇。

扮⿁吓唬，诡计或招待，索要糖果。

⽟⽶糖，南⽠灯。

点燃营⽕驱⾛⿁怪。

1905年起捐款联合国⼉童基⾦会，获得1965年的诺贝尔和平奖。

Thanksgiving Day 感恩节 11⽉第四个星期⽇，美国的国家和宗教节⽇，国会于1941年宣布。

感谢在过去⼀年中所享受的恩赐，主题是和平，丰收，健康和愉快。

移民的英国清教徒乘“五⽉花号”到达普利茅斯，得到印第安⼈帮助。

第⼀个感恩节，1621年12⽉13⽇。

第⼀个全国感恩节，1789年11⽉26⽇，乔治。

英语国家概况-时间中文说明

1914到1918年第一次世界大战WW 。
1918。允许妇女参加选举National election inEngland1918 allow female to vote
1926， Elizabeth ，诞生,throned in 1952，crowned in 1953
1938，慕尼黑公约Munichagreement, AdolfHitler, / the British policy of appeasement /
1337—1453，英法百年战争，
1348，黑死病，black death。
1350-1650,文艺复兴
1351年,政府颁布法律，禁止农民要求更多的工资.
1381，农民起义，反对律师,地主，神职人员领导者（wat tyler/
Lollards（英）基督教罗拉德派
1455—1485，英国,玫瑰战争，plantagenet金雀花王朝
1673年，颁布法律《宣誓法》（The Test Act)，禁止天主教徒担任公职,规定凡公职人员就职时必须效忠国王、信仰国教
1688 光荣革命，辉格党（反对国王,支持新教徒和宗教自由) 和托利党（保守党前身）
1649—1660，英国君主政体中断。11年。
1658，克伦威尔去世,（1660—1685)查尔斯二世，复辟。
1485，英国文艺复兴 English Renaissance
1564年，Shakespeare诞生在Avon in Warwickshire.England， in 1564。埃文河畔的斯特拉特福
1558-1603年，Elizabeth ,伊丽莎白一世
1588年，打败西班牙无敌舰队 Spanish Armada
英语国家概况时间中文说明

英语国家概况

历史起源
与圣诞节和复活节一样，万圣节和万圣夜都是来自于天主教对其它宗教的节日的吸收、改造和重新诠释。万圣夜起源于不列颠凯尔特人的传统节日，在10月的最后一天，他们相信这是夏天的终结，冬天的开始，这一天是一年的重要标志，是最重要的节日之一，被称为“死人之日”，或者“鬼节”。这一天各种恶鬼出没，死去人们的灵魂也会离开身体，在世间游走，这一天的晚上也就格外危险。为了吓走邪恶的鬼魂，凯尔特人会戴上面具。另外在基督宗教方面，早期的大公教会受到罗马政府的强烈逼迫，有很多基督徒殉道，以后，常有基督徒到这些殉道者致命的地方举行追思活动。后来，因为殉道者众多，故此就有教会设立了专门的日子来纪念。按历史文献，最早如此纪念的是安提约基雅（Antioch）教会，当时纪念的日子是每年圣神降临后的第一个主日。后来教宗格里高利三世（Pope Gregory III，690-741）在罗马圣伯多禄大殿中，把一座小堂奉献给诸圣，并把纪念诸圣的日期改为每年的11月1日。在这个圣日中，教会纪念所有的圣徒，用以表彰他们的圣德，并使教会视他们为效法的楷模。诸圣日的第二天，为诸灵日（All Souls Day），是主后998年，法国克隆尼（Cluny）隐修院的院长圣奥迪罗（St. Odilo）推广的，用以纪念凡在基督里去世的信徒。此日也可以是基督徒扫墓的日子。万圣节和鬼节的习俗，主要是在英伦三岛和北美的前英属殖民地，也就是美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等地。其中美国的万圣夜传统，最初由来自爱尔兰和苏格兰的移民于19世纪传入，而其他发达国家则于20世纪末受美国流行文化影响而开始庆祝万圣夜。

Thanksgiving Day
感恩节是美国和加拿大共有的节日，原意是为了感谢上天赐予的好收成。在美国，自1941年起，感恩节是在每年11月的第四个星期四，并从这一天起将休假两天。像中国的春节一样，在这一天，成千上万的人们不管多忙，都要和自己的家人团聚。加拿大的感恩节则起始于 1879年，是在每年10月第二个星期一，与美国的哥伦布日相同。

英语国家概况之英国时间线

Hundreds of years ago, Britain didn't have just one king - it had lots! Celtic kings and princes ruled Scotland, Ireland and Wales, and everything else was divided up between tribes of Anglo-Saxons.Each tribe had its own king. Sometimes one king became more powerful than the others, and for a while he would be overlord or chief king.Then in early 800s, bands of Danish Vikings from northern Europe began attacking Britain. In 878, the Saxon King of Wessex, Alfred the Great won a great battle against the Danes and forced them to agree to peace. Much of Britain was divided into Danish land (the Danelaw) and Anglo-Saxon Land (England).Gradually the Danes and the Saxons learned to live together and in 924 Athelstan (Alfred's grandson) became king of both Saxon and Danish lands - the first 'King of England'. But England wasn't peaceful for long. After about 60 years, the Viking raids began again - and only ended in 1016, when the Danish King, Canute, became King of England.The longest reigning monarch is Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years.The present queen has reigned for more than 50 years.Only five other kings and queens in British history have reigned for 50 years or more. These are:Timeline of the Kings and Queens of EnglandKingdomfrom 1603 to the present dayUntil 1603 the English and Scottish Crowns were separate.The NormansKing William I, the Conqueror 1066 - 1087Invaded England from Normandy. Defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings .In 1085 the Doomsday Survey was begun and all England was recorded so William knew exactly what his new kingdom contained. The Domesday Book was, in effect, the first national census.The Doomsday BookWhen William died his lands were divided between his eldest two sons. Robert inherited Normandy, while William became king of England.King William II, Rufus 1087 - 1100Son of William I. He was called William Rufus or William the Redbecause of the reddish colour of his hair and complexion. He was killed in the New Forest by a stray arrow while out hunting, maybe accidentally, there is some doubt about this. The Rufus Stone in The New Forest marks the spot where he fell.King Henry I 1100 - 1135The fourth and youngest son of William I. Henry's two sons were drowned so his daughter Matilda was made his successor. When Henry died the Council considered a woman unfit to rule so offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I.King Stephen 1135 - 1154Nephew of Henry I and grandson of William l. The Welsh and Scots invaded. Civil war followed between King Stephen and Matilda, Henry I's daughter. A compromise was decided, Matilda's son, Henry Plantagenet, was to be king when Stephen died.Empress Matilda 1141Daughter of Henry I.England's first female monarch. She was called the Empress because her dead husband had been the German Emperor. She had a very badtemper and wasn't very popular.The PlantagenetsThe Plantagenets were a huge powerful family not just in England but throughout Europe.King Henry II 1154 - 1189Son of Matilda and grandson of Henry I. Came to the throne at just 21. He ruled for thirty-four years, but spent only fourteen of them in England. He controlled more of France than the King of France.Thomas Becket was Henry II's Chancellor before the king made him Archbishop of Canterbury, even though he had never been a priest. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas A Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. Henry's eldest son, also called Henry, died before his father so in 1189 his second son, Richard, succeeded to the throne.King Richard I the Lionheart 1189 - 1199Third and eldest surviving son of Henry II. He was in England for only ten months, spending the other time fighting in the *Crusades. He spoke very little English.He is usually depicted as a brave, warrior king, and was given the nickname 'Lionheart'.Richard had no children, so the next king was his brother John.*The Crusades were a series of nine religious wars waged from 1095 to liberate the Holy Land from Islamic rule.King John 1 1199 - 1216Fourth child of Henry II and brother of Richard l.Responsible for the Magna Carta (Great Charter) giving justice to all.King Henry III 1216 - 1272Eldest son of John I. Henry was 9 years old when he became king. His reign lasted fifty-six years, making it the longest of any English monarch (NB not British monarch)In 1264 Henry was captured during a civil war and was forced to set up a 'Parlement' (from the French "parler", to talk) at Westminster, the start of the House of Commons.He rebuilt Westminster Abbey.King Edward I 1272 - 1307Eldest son of Henry III. Edward 'Longshanks' (so called because he was over 6ft tall) fought wars against the Scots King Robert the Bruce and was called 'the hammer of the Scots'. Edward formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing together the knights, clergy, nobilityand burgesses of the cities, bringing Lords and Commons together for the first time.King Edward II 1307 - 1327Son of Edward I. He was called Edward of Carnarvon after his birthplace in Wales. Edward's wife raised an army to take over the Kingdom. He was murdered in gaol.King Edward III 1327 - 1377Son of Edward II. Edward came to the throne at the age of 14. He fought many battles against the Scots and the French. Set up the Order of the Garter. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Black Death' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England.The Black PrinceEdward's lll's eldest son was also called Edward. He was known as the Black Prince because of the colour of his armour.Richard II 1377 - 1399Son of Edward the Black Prince and grandson of EdwardIII. Richard ruled at the time of Chaucer the poet.His cousin, Henry IV, had him murdered in prison to takeover the throne.The House of LancasterHenry IV 1399 - 1413Henry was eldest son of John of Gaunt (fourth son of Edward III) and grandson of Edward III. He came to the English throne by force. He made his cousin Richard ll, abdicate, and then seized the crown himself. This started a dispute between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.Henry died of leprosy in 1413.Henry's coronation on 13 October 1399 was the first occasion after the Norman Conquest when the monarch made an address in English.Henry V 1413 - 1422Son of Henry IV. He was the first English king who could read and write easily in English.Henry was 14 years old when he fought his first battle.He fought the French in the battle of Agincourt and won. Died at the age of 35.Henry VI 1422 - 1461, 1470 - 1471Henry succeeded the throne when he was only 9 months old.He was crowned King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on 16 December 1431. He lost the English claim to all French soil except for Calais.He was very ill during his reign.The war of the roses began between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.He founded Eton College in 1440.He was murdered in the Tower of London a few days after the Yorkist' victory in the Wars of Roses at Tewkesbury.The House of YorkKing Edward IV 1461 -1470, 1471 - 1483Came to the throne in 1461 after defeating Henry Vl at the Battle of Towton, in Yorkshire. He was just 19 years old. Tried to bring peace to the country. During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster by William Caxton.King Edward V 1483 - 1483Elder son of Edward IV. He reigned for only two months.He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Towerof London. He was only about 12 years old when he died.Tower of LondonKing Richard III 1483 - 1485Younger brother of Edward IV and prime suspect to the suspected murders of the two princes, Edward and Richard.He was killed in battle against Henry Tudor (Henry VII) ending the Wars of the Roses. He was the last English King to die on the Battlefield.The Tudors(Find out more about the Tudors)King Henry VII 1485 - 1509Henry gained the throne when he defeated and killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. The battle ended the War of the Roses, a dispute between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.Kept England peaceful and brought riches to the crown and country.King Henry VIII1509 - 1547Second son of Henry VII. Henry succeeded to the throne because his elder brother Arthur died in 1502. His first wife, Catherine of Aragon, was Arthur's wife.The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives! Argued with the Pope and made himself the head of the new 'Church of England'.Most school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived".King Edward VI 1547 - 1553Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.He was never a healthy King and died aged only 15 years.Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558Daughter of Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragón.Married Philip II of Spain. Wanted to make England Catholic again. Killed many who opposed her which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary.Queen Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.During her reign great adventurers discovered many new lands. Fought off the Spanish Armada.Named James VI of Scotland her heir, uniting the two countries Scotland and England.Elizabeth I was the last ever Queen of England. From now on the monarch, although living in England, would be known as the Monarch of the United Kingdom.The StuartsThe Stuarts were the first kings of the United Kingdom.James I 1603 - 1625When James became King of England, he was already a king - King James VI of Scotland. He was the first monarch to rule both countries and the first to call himself 'King of Great Britain'. However it was not until 1707 that an act of Parliament formally brought the two countries together.James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He had been King of Scotland for twenty-nine years when he acceded to the English throne.James married Anne of Denmark.In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his friends, Catholics, tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could do so.The Gun Powder PlotJames authorised the translation of the King James Bible. He also had Sir Walter Raleigh executedCharles I 1625 - 1649Second son of James I.He was not brought up to be king, but his elder brother, Henry, died of Typhoid at the age of 18.Married Henrietta Maria of France.Fought against the Parliament leading to civil war.Was executed as a result on 30 January 1649.The English Civil War (1642 - 51)The war began in 1642 when, after seeing his rights as king slashed by Parliament, Charles miscalculated by swarming into the Palace of Westminster with several hundred soldiers to arrest five Members of Parliament and a peer he accused of treason. They all escaped, but London was scandalized and the king was forced to flee the city.The war between the Roundheads (supporters of parliament) and the Cavaliers (supporters of the King) began.The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English monarchy with first the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then with a Protectorate (1653–1659), under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector.England became a Republic for eleven yea rs from 1649 - 1660.At first England was ruled by Parliament, but in 1653, Oliver Cromwell, commander of the army, became Lord Protector of England. He held his post until his death in 1658 (when his son briefly took over). Cromwelldid not want to be king and refused the crown when it was offered tohim.The Commonwealth - declared May 19th 1649 ∙Oliver Cromwell (1653-58)∙Richard Cromwell (1658-59)The Stuarts line Restored (The Restoration)Charles II 1660 - 1685Son of Charles I. He was crowned King of Scotland in 1651. When Richard Cromwell lost the confidence of Parliament and abdicated, Charles returned to London in time for his thirtieth birthday and to rule Great Britain (Scotland, England and Wales).Charles saw London recover from the Plague (1665) and Great Fire (1666). Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today.The Great Fire of LondonJames II 1685 - 1688Younger brother of Charles II. James was 15 when his father was executed. He escaped to France in 1648, disguised as a girl.Whilst king, James tried to force people to follow his Roman Catholic faith. He was very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestants, and he was hated by the people. He was forced to give up the crown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.Parliament asked William of Orange to take the throne.William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694Mary, daughter of James II and her Dutch husband were invited to be King and Queen following James abdication.Queen Anne 1702 - 1714Sister of Mary II, the second daughter of James II.Married George of Denmark.All of her 17 children died.1707 Act of Union between Scotland and England formed Great Britain. Last Stuart sovereign.The House of HanovariansAnne died without leaving an heir, succession to the throne passed to Sophia's son George of Hanover.King George I 1714 - 1727Son of Sophia and great-grandson of James I.The first German king of England made little effort to learn the language and customs of the country and communicated with his ministers in French. He spent much of his reign in Hanover.Sir Robert Walpole became England's first Prime Minister.King George II 1727 - 1760Son of George IPreferred Germany to England, but learned to speak English, unlike his father. He was the last English King to appear on the battlefield - against the French at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743.King George III 1760 - 1820George III was the first Hanoverian monarch to be born in England. He was the son of Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, and grandson of George II. George III ruled for 50 years and fathered 15 children. Australia was colonised. His reign was the age of some of the greatest names in English literature - Jane Austen, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth. It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Fox and great captains like Wellington and Nelson.In 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776.The 1790s saw the French Revolution. The wars with France continued until Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815.King George IV 1820 - 1830Eldest son of George III.He became Prince Regent while his father was very ill.Built Brighton Pavilion.King William IV 1830 - 1837Third son of George IIIBecame known as the "Sailor King" after joining the navy from just 13 years old. During his reign England abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833.Queen Victoria1837 - 1901She was the daughter of Edward, duke of Kent (fourth son ofGeorge III) and a niece of George IV and William lV.She married Albert of Saxe - Coburg Gotha. Ruled during theindustrial revolution. The British Empire became powerful, rich and confident. When Victoria died in 1901, after the longest reign in English history, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point. She had 9 children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe.Find out more about Victoria's reignKing Edward VII 1901 - 1910The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Edward was created Prince of Wales almost immediately after his birth.He married Alexandra of Denmark and kept Europe at peace duringhis life. He was known as Edward the Peacemaker. He enjoyed fine food and horse racing.The House of WindsorKing George V 1910 - 1936Second son of Edward VIIRuled Britain during First World War 1914 - 1918.During his reign women were allowed to vote for the first time.Sinn Fein Easter Rising in 1916 led to independent Parliament in Ireland in 1918.King Edward VIII June 1936 - abdicated December 1936Eldest son of George V. Ruled for just 325 days.Abdicated to marry Mrs Wallis Simpson, as he was not able to marry a divorced woman and become King. Mrs. Simpson was an American, a divorcee and had two husbands still living.King George VI 1936 - 1952Second son of George V and the shy brother of Edward VIII.He didn't expect to become King. Ruled during World WarTwo and refused to leave London during the blitz. The two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, spent the war years at Windsor Castle. The post-war years of his reign were ones of great social change and saw the start of the National Health Service. The whole country flocked to the Festival of Britain held in London in 1951Queen Elizabeth II 1952 - present dayElder daughter of George VI.On Nov. 20, 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, duke of Edinburgh. They were in Kenya (en route for a tour of Australia and New Zealand) when theking died (Feb. 6, 1952) and Elizabeth succeeded to the throne. Her coronation, on June 2, 1953, was the first to be televised.Queen Elizabeth II is the 40th monarch (King or Queen) since William the Conqueror obtained the crown of England in 1066.21。

英语国家概况摘要

第一章国土与人民英国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland),简称“联合王国”(simply U.K),由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰及数百个岛屿组成，首都为伦敦。

大不列颠Great Britain大不列颠群岛British Isles爱尔兰岛Ireland英国河流为不冻河，最长的是赛文河(the Severn River)，次长的也是最重要的是泰晤士河(the Thames River)，尤适于航运。

英国处于温带，由于周围海洋的调节作用，加上从海上吹来的温暖湿润的西南风，和北大西洋暖流的影响，气候为海洋性气候，多雨，气候温差不大。

东南部雨量不足。

英格兰人是原居住在今日德国西北的盎格鲁萨克逊人的后裔，苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人则是凯尔特人的后裔。

语言：主要是英语，少数人说威尔士语。

宗教：多数人信天主教，少数人信基督教。

Knowledge Points✧Britain lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.✧The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.✧Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain (1343m) is located in Scotland.✧The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.✧The Republic of Ireland gained its independence in 1949.✧Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.✧Cardiff/加的夫is the capital of Wales.✧Belfast/贝尔法斯is the capital of North Ireland.✧There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.✧During the Ice Age great ice covered Great Britain.✧Immigrants to Britain are mainly from the West Indies, India, and Pakistan.名词解释：1.The Thames River/泰晤士河(流经牛津,伦敦等)∙The Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain. It is 336 kilometers long, rising in southwest England and flowing through England and out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly, which is very favorable for water transportation.2.The High Landers∙They are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.3.The British Commonwealth/英联邦∙The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of nations in 1931. It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.4.The Chunnel/英吉利海峡隧道(铁路),水底铁路隧道∙In 1985 the British go vernment and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.问答题：1.What are the three natural zones/自然带in Scotland?∙The three natural zones in Scotland are: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands and the southern Uplands. 2.What are the three factors which influence the climate in Britain?1)The surrounding waters.2)The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerly blow over the country all the year round.3)The North Atlantic Drift.3.Describe the geographical position of Britain.∙Britain is an island country, which lies off the west coast of the European continent in the Atlantic Ocean. Or to be more exact, it lies between latitude 50 to 60 degrees north. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.4.Where about in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?∙The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.第二章英国的起源新石器时代不列颠就有了最早的居民---伊比利亚人(Iberians)。

英语国家概况课文翻译

英语国家概况课文翻译注意：以下内容为机器翻译，可能存在语法错误或不准确的翻译。

简介英语是一门全球通用的语言，被广泛使用于众多国家和地区。

许多国家以英语为官方语言，或将其作为第二语言。

本文将介绍几个主要的英语国家，包括英国、美国、澳大利亚和加拿大。

英国英国是英语的发源地，也是英语使用最广泛的国家之一。

英国不仅拥有悠久的历史和文化传统，还是世界上一些顶尖的大学和研究机构的所在地。

英国还以其丰富多样的文学、音乐和戏剧传统而闻名。

美国美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一。

美国是一个多元文化的国家，拥有众多不同背景和语言的人口。

美国文化在世界范围内有着广泛的影响力，其音乐、电影和流行文化深受全球青年的喜爱。

澳大利亚澳大利亚是南半球最大的国家之一。

英语是澳大利亚的官方语言，也是主要语言之一。

澳大利亚以其多样的自然景观和独特的动植物物种而闻名于世。

此外，澳大利亚的体育文化也非常发达，特别是澳式橄榄球和板球。

加拿大加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，也是英语使用广泛的国家之一。

英语是加拿大的官方语言之一，同时法语也是加拿大的官方语言。

加拿大拥有令人惊叹的自然风光，包括壮丽的山脉、湖泊和冰川。

此外，加拿大还以其优质的教育和高科技产业而闻名。

小结英语国家的概况课文翻译主要介绍了英国、美国、澳大利亚和加拿大这几个在英语语言和文化上有着重要地位的国家。

这些国家的多元文化和丰富的历史传统使得英语成为全球通用的语言之一。

熟悉这些国家的文化和背景有助于更好地理解和应用英语。

无论是学习、工作还是旅行，英语国家的概况都是一个重要的学习内容。

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH—SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域1。

Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称：不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等.这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别？When people refer to Britain，they often use different names such as Britain, GreatBritain， England， the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K。

Do they mean the same thing？ Or are theydifferent?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称.它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国.因此,联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠,联合王国或简单地说UK。

这是不列颠岛上的一个国家,首都是伦敦.另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分,在岛的南部.1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

Strictly speaking， the British Isles，Great Britain and England are all geographical names。

英语国家概况-时间中文说明

(完整word版)英语国家概况 谢福之 复习资料(word文档良心出品)

英语国家概况(名词解释)

英美概况笔记（中英文对照整理版）[1]

自考英语国家概况名词解释

英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况全篇翻译

英语国家概况一句话简答,,中文版

英语国家概况 美国篇中英翻译

英语国家概况(自测中英互译)——英国篇

英语国家概况中文版

“英语国家概况”新大纲中文考点（8）

英语国家概况-时间中文说明

英语国家概况

英语国家概况之英国时间线

英语国家概况摘要

英语国家概况课文翻译

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

(完整word版)英语国家概况谢福之复习资料(word文档良心出品)

英语国家概况美国篇中英翻译