数据库原理 英文课件chapter2- database_modeling
数据库原理及应用第2章ppt
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2.1.1 关系模型概述
3. 完整性约束。
实体完整性 参照完整性 用户定义完整性 反映应用领域所遵循的约束条件, 体现具体领域中语义约束
2.1.2 关系数据结构
关系模型的数据结构非常简单。在用户看来,关系模 型中数据的逻辑结构是一张二维表。无论是实体还是实体 间的联系均由关系(表)来表示。
表 2.1 一个表示学生的关系
▪ 定义:
• 给定一组域D1,D2,…,Dn,这些域中可以存在相同的域。D1, D2,…,Dn的笛卡尔积为:D1×D2×…×Dn={(d1,d2,…, dn)|di∈Di,i=1,2,…,n}
▪ 说明:
• 其中每一个元素(d1,d2,…,dn)叫做一个n元组(n-tuple)或简 称元组(Tuple)即行。元素中的每一个值di(i=1,2,3……n)叫做 一个分量(Component)即列。
若一个关系有多个候选码,则选定其中一个为主码(Primary key)。 主码的诸属性称为主属性(Prime attribute)。
不包含在任何侯选码中的属性称为非码属性(Non-key attribute)。在 最简单的情况下,侯选码只包含一个属性。
在最极端的情况下,关系模式的所有属性组是这个关系模式的侯选码, 称为全码(All-k) , (b,c,f) , (b,c, g) ,
•
(b,d, f) ,(b,d, g) , (b,e, f) , (b,e, g) }。
2.1.2 关系数据结构
结果用二维表格表示如表2-3所示,共有3个列,12个元组。
表2-3 用二维表格表示 D1×D2×D3
D1
为了维护数据库中的数据完整性,在对关系数据库执行插入、删 除和修改等操作时,必须遵守这三类完整性规则。
精品课程Database Principles数据库原理-PPT课件 154页PPT文档
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CHAPTER 1 THE WORLDS OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
•Evolution of Database Systems •Architecture of DBMS and DBS •Future of Database Systems
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WHY USING ENGLISH TEXTBOOK ?
More computer English words More advanced and newest information Better information retrieval capability More international communication chance
1.1 EVOLUTION OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
1.1.1 Some Basic notions
Data Database (DB) Database Management System (DBMS) Database System (DBS). Database Administrator (DBA)
Database modeling
Relational model: theoretical background and operations
Database database management systems: transactions and security etc.
(database manager)
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SYLLABUS
Background and history of database management systems
数据库系统原理英文PPT课件
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I/O system : drivers
memory controllers (i.e. disk controller),
on the basis of secondary storage’s physical structures, such as storage structures, access method
February 2011
7
第7页/共70页
§1.2 Purpose of Database Systems (cont.)
• Data management on the basis of file systems
• Example
— customer_record=<c_name, c_id, street, city> in Customer_File
February 2011
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第1页/共70页
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS
• Definitions in the textbook • Database (DB) — a collection of interrelated data, stored in systems as files • Database management system (DBMS) — DB, or a collection of interrelated data — set of programs to access the data in DB
• Databases and DBS touch all aspects of our lives • Banking: all transactions • Airlines: reservations, schedules • Universities: registration, grades • Sales: customers, products, purchases • Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain • Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
英文数据库课件
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1.2
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Evolution of Database Management Systems 1.2 Levels of Abstraction 1.3 Data Models 1.4 Components of Database Management Systems
Degree
Credit Academic Division
Adress
Property Division
1.11
2) Database Systems
Advantages of using a DBMS to manage data:
Data independence
Provide an abstract view of data to hide the details of
1.4.1 Data Definition Language 1.4.2 Data Manipulation Language
1.4.3 Database Users
1.4.4 Database Administrator
1.4.5 Transaction Management
1.4.6 Storage Management
File Systems
Database Systems
1.5
1)File Systems
program 1
data 1
program 2
file systems
data 2
program n
data n
1.6
Example
Treasury
Sno Sname Department Allowance
[数据库原理]【英文版】Chapter01
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Mei-Ling Shyu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Miami
Chapter 1
Introduction to Databases
Data Warehousing
Organizations now focus on ways to use operational data to support decision-making, as a means of gaining competitive advantage. However, operational systems were never designed to support such business activities. Organizations need to turn their archives of data into a source of knowledge, so that a single integrated / consolidated view of the organization’s data is presented to the user. A data warehouse was deemed the solution to meet the requirements of a system capable of supporting decision-making, receiving data from multiple operational data sources. The data warehouse integrates corporate application-oriented data from different source systems, which often includes data that is inconsistent. The integrated data source must be made consistent to present a unified view of the data to the users.
数据库系统概念原书第5版(英文)第一章ppt
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August 15, 2013
Dept. of Comp. Sci. & Tech., Tongji Uni.
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What is a database?
A very large, integrated collection of data
The amount of data is very large The data is structured and interrelated The data is integrated Entities (e.g., students, courses) Relationships (e.g., Li is taking Database and Knowledge) More recently, also includes active components (e.g. “business logic”)
数据库第2章数据模型PPT课件
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2.2.1 基本概念(续)
1、实体(Entity) 实体是客观存在的且可以区别的事物。
2、联系(Relationship) 实体与实体间的关系抽象为联系。
概念数据模型(又称概念模型) 逻辑数据模型(又称数据模型) ➢ 概念模型是对现实世界的第一层抽象,与具体 的计算机系统、DBMS无关。逻辑数据模型的 设计则与DBMS有关。
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现实世界 认识抽象
概念数据模型:信息世界 转换
逻辑数据模型:DBMS支持的数据模型
数据模型转换过程
2.1.1 数据模型的基本组成
B
C
A
m
A-B-C
n
p
B
C
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(2)画出实体集及联系的属性
用无向边把属性框连向与其相关的实体集或联系。
例如学校和教师实体集间存在聘任联系,联系有“聘
任日期”属性,则一个描述学校和教师实体集及其联
系的E-R图如下图所示。
学校代码
学校名称
地址
学校
1
聘任
n
教师
聘任日期
18.08.2020
如果实体集A和实体集B之间有联系A-B,则实 体间联系如下图:
A 1
A-B 1
B
A 1
A-B n
B
A m
A-B n
B
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2)E-R图的构图规则(续)
如果三个上实体集A、B、C之间有联系A-B-C,则实
数据库英文PPT
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DELETE FROM StarsIn WHERE movieTitle = ‘The Maltese Falcon’ AND
movieYear = 1942 AND starName = ‘Sydney Greenstreet’;
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Example: Delete all Tuples
Make the relation Likes empty: DELETE FROM Likes;
Note o WHERE clause needed.
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Specifying Attributes in INSERT
We may add to the relation name a list of attributes. Two reasons to do so:
1. We forget the standard order of attributes for the relation.
2. We don’t have values for all attributes, and we want the system to fill in missing components with NULL or a default value.
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Example: Specifying Attributes
1. Insert a tuple or tuples. 2. Delete a tuple or tuples. 3. Update the value(s) of an existing tuple or tuples.
数据库系统原理第二章上PPT课件
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第2章 数据模型
概念模型能够方便、 准确地表示出信息世 界中的常用概念。 概念模型的表示方法很多, 最常用的是 P.P.S.Chen于1976年提出的实体-联系方法 (Entity―Relationship) 既用E―R图来描述现实世界的概念模型(也称 为E―R模型)。
第2章 数据模型
实体―联系(E―R) 模型: 现实世界由一组称作实体的基本对象及这些对 象间的联系组成。
第2章 数据模型
例如, 全体学生是一个实体集, 全部课程 也是一个实体集。 实体集可以相交。
例如, 某些教师在本校在职学习, 那么他 们既是教师, 也是学生, 学生实体集和教师实体集是相交的。
第2章 数据模型
2. 属性(attribute) 实体具有的若干特征。 实体通过一组属性来表示, 例如学生具有姓名、 学号等属性。 每个属性都有其取值的范围, 在E-R模型中称 为域。 例如, “姓名”的域是10字符组成的所有字符 串的集合, 属性“学号:的域是所有6位正整数的集合。
4. 键(key) 如何相互区别给定实体集中的实体或给定 联系集中的联系? (1) 实体集的超键--能够惟一标识实体的属性或属性组称为实 体集的超键。
例如, 实体集课程的课程号属性可以将不同 课程区分开来, 因此, 课程号是一个超键。
第2章 数据模型
第2章 数据模型
2.1 实体联系模型 2.2 关系模型 习题2
第2章 数据模型
整体 概述
一 请在这里输入您的主要叙述内容
二
请在这里输入您的主要 叙述内容
三 请在这里输入您的主要叙述内容
第2章 数据模型
2.1 实体―联系模型
根据模型应用的不同目的, 分为两个层次: 1、概念模型(信息模型)---按用户的观点对 数据和信息建模, 主要用于数据库设计; 2、数据模型----按计算机系统的观点对数据建 模, 主要用于DBMS的实现。 (网状模型、 层次模型、 关系模型、对象模型)
数据库原理与应用的英文
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Database Principles and Applications IntroductionThe purpose of this document is to provide an overview of database principles and their applications. The document will discuss the fundamental concepts of databases, including data models, relational databases, and various database management systems. It will also explore the practical applications of databases in different industries and highlight their significance in modern data-driven environments.Table of Contents1.Data Models2.Relational Databases3.Database Management Systems4.Database Applications5.Conclusion1. Data ModelsData models serve as the foundation for organizing and representing data in a structured manner. They define the structure, relationships, and constraints of the data. There are several types of data models, including:•Hierarchical Model: Represents data in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships.•Network Model: Represents data using a graph structure, allowing more complex relationships.•Relational Model: Represents data as tables or relations, with rows and columns.•Object-Oriented Model: Represents data as objects, with attributes and methods.•Entity-Relationship Model: Represents data using entities, attributes, and relationships.2. Relational DatabasesRelational databases are based on the relational model, which organizes data into tables, each with its own columns and rows. The relationships between tables are defined using primary and foreign keys. Key concepts in relational databases include:•Tables: Organized collections of data, with each column representinga specific attribute and each row representing a record.•Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record in a table.•Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two.•Normalization: The process of organizing data to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity.•SQL: Structured Query Language used for managing and querying relational databases.3. Database Management SystemsA Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, manage, and manipulate databases. It provides an interface to interact with the underlying database and includes features such as:•Data Definition Language (DDL): Allows users to create, modify, and delete database structures, tables, and constraints.•Data Manipulation Language (DML): Enables users to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from a database.•Transaction Management: Ensures the integrity and consistency of database operations.•Security: Provides mechanisms for authentication, authorization, and access control.•Query Optimization: Automatically optimizes queries for better performance.Some popular DBMSs include Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.4. Database ApplicationsDatabases have various applications across industries, playing a crucial role in managing and analyzing large amounts of data. Here are a few examples of database applications:•E-commerce: Databases are used to store product information, customer data, and manage orders.•Healthcare: Databases store patient records, medical history, and facilitate efficient healthcare management.•Finance: Databases are used for storing financial transactions, managing accounts, and processing payments.•Education: Databases manage student records, course information, and enable online learning platforms.•Logistics: Databases help in tracking inventory, managing supply chains, and optimizing logistics operations.The applications of databases are diverse and extend to almost every industry that deals with data management and analysis.ConclusionDatabase principles and applications are essential in modern data-driven environments. Understanding data models, relational databases, and database management systems is crucial for effective data organization and retrieval. The practical applications of databases span across industries and demonstrate their significance in today’s digital world. By leveraging databases, organizations can efficiently manage and analyze vast amounts of data, enabling informed decision-making and improving overall efficiency.。
mysql原理课件ppt
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MySQL查询处理
将SQL查询语句分解为单词和符号,识别关键字、标识符、操作符等。
词法分析
语法分析
语义分析
根据语法规则将词法分析的结果构建成一颗解析树。
检查解析树中的语义是否合法,例如检查表和列是否存在,数据类型是否匹配等。
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02
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生成多种可能的执行计划
查询优化器会根据统计信息和系统配置生成多种可能的执行计划。
使用SSD硬盘,配置RAID,调整磁盘I/O参数等。
表空间优化
合理规划表空间大小和使用方式,避免空间不足或浪费。
操作系统优化
调整操作系统的参数,如内存分配、进程调度等,以提高MySQL服务器的性能。
MySQL配置优化
根据服务器硬件和业务需求,调整MySQL的配置参数,如缓冲区大小、连接数等。
数据库复制
数据仓库
MySQL可以与移动应用配合使用,提供后端数据库服务。
移动应用
MySQL可以用于存储和管理物联网设备生成的数据。
物联网(IoT)
MySQL数据库系统架构
InnoDB是MySQL的默认存储引擎,支持事务处理、行级锁定和外键约束。
InnoDB
MyISAM
Memory
CSV
MyISAM是MySQL早期版本的默认存储引擎,不支持事务处理,但具有较高的读性能。
详细描述
总结词:MySQL高可用性解决方案是通过多种技术手段来提高数据库的可用性和可靠性,包括主从复制、集群、分片等技术。
MySQL性能优化
优化数据存储
选择合适的数据类型,减少数据冗余,合理组织数据结构。
文件系统优化
使用高性能的文件系统,如XFS或EXT4,并合理配置文件系统参数。
数据库原理24学时英教ppt课件
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– There may be many external schemas in a DB.
• Schema(模式): conceptual schema, logical schema
– Defines data from perspective systems designer;
– Independent of end users & data storage mechanism
?基本概念数据库的概念数据库管理系统的概念和功能数据库系统的概念和组成数据管理技术的发展?数据模型概念模型及er图表示方法数据模型的三大要素数据库领域中常用的数据模型关系模型的数据结构主要操作完整性约束?数据库系统结构数据库的三级模式结构体系结构数据独立性的概念及实现?关系数据库关系数据结构及形式化定义?域笛卡尔积关系主码外码关系模式关系代数运算符使用关系代数描述用户查询?sql语言sql语言的特点sql命令及使用?关系数据理论函数依赖等基本概念1nf2nf3nfbcnf的定义和判断关系模式设计不好可能出现的问题?数据库设计设计er图并转换为关系模式?事务事务的概念及特性?数据库恢复数据库恢复机制的功能故障种类及对数据库可能造成的影响恢复的实现技术备份日志?并发控制并发控制机制的功能并发调度的可串行性的定义封锁的概念?数据库安全性的概念及安全控制技术basicnotions?databasedbinessenceitsnothingmorethanacollectionofinformationthatexistsoveralongperiodoftime
Internal Schema Reflection, so application programs
needn’t been changed. 精选编辑ppt
数据库原理第2章PPT课件
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广义笛卡尔积 (续)
ABC R a1 b1 c1
a1 b2 c2 a2 b2 c1
AB CA BC
a1 b1 c1 a1 b2 c2 a1 b1 c1 a1 b3 c2 a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c1 R × S a1 b2 c2 a1 b2 c2
课程名 Cname 数据库
数学 信息系统 操作系统 数据结构 数据处理 PASCAL语言
先行课 Cpno
5
1 6 7
6
(b)
学分 Ccredit
4 2 4 3 4 2 4
Course
例9
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选择(续)
学 号 课程号 成 绩
Sno Cno Grade
95001
1
92
95001
2
85
95001
3
88
95002
连接运算从R和S的广义笛卡尔积R×S中选 取(R关系)在A属性组上的值与(S关系) 在B属性组上值满足比较关系的元组。
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连接(续)
3)两类常用连接运算
等值连接(equijoin)
什么是等值连接
θ为“=”的连接运算称为等值连接
等值连接的含义
从关系R与S的广义笛卡尔积中选取A、B属性
值相等的那些元组,即等值连接为:
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除(续)
2)除操作是同时从行和列角度进行运算
R
÷
S
3)举例 [例6] (p62)
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除(续)
A
B
C
BCD
a1
b1
c2
b1 c2 d1
a2
b3
(数据库原理课件)Chapter2 Database System Development Lifecycle
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1
centralized approach
2
view integration approach;
3
combination of both approaches.
Database Design. School of software
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3. Requirements collection and analysis
Database Design. School of software
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Stages of the database system development lifecycle
Database Design. School of software
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数据库应用开发周期各个阶段采集的数 据和产生的文档示例
测试方法、测试结果的 分析 用户手册、性能结果分 析、修改的用户需求与 系统说明书
Database Design. School of software
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1. Database planning
Management activities that allow stages of database system development lifecycle to be realized as efficiently and effectively as possible.
包括性能和安全性要求
书
用户对逻辑数据库设计的反 馈和对DBMS的要求
逻辑数据库设计(包括 ER模型、数据字典、 表),物理数据库设计
用户对界面设计的反馈
应用程序设计
Database Design. School of software
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➢Main factors of the data model
➢Data structure ➢Data operation ➢Integrity constraints
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数据模型的组成要素
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概念模型基本概念
实体(Entities)
客观存在并可相互区别的事物,可具体,可抽象
• 例:职工、学生、系
属性(Attribute)
实体具有的某一特性
• 例:学生实体有学号、姓名、性别、出生年份等属性
码(Key)
唯一标识实体的属性集
• 例如 学号是学生实体的码
域 (Domain)
某属性的取值范围
Entity set = rectangle. Attribute = oval, with a line to the rectangle representing its entity set.
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Example
name
address
Stars
Entity set Stars has two attributes, name and address.
supported by some DBMS.
The concept model is a middle layer between the real world and the machine world.
客观对象
概念模型
数据模型
现实世界
信息世界
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机器世界
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The classification of the models
Two steps of the abstraction and modeling: 1. The objective objects in the real world is
abstracted to a concept model. 2. Concept model is converted to a data model that
一对一联系(1:1)
一对多联系(1:n)
多对一联系(n:1)
多对多联系(m:n)
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Entity Sets
Entity = “thing” or object. Entity set = collection of similar entities.
Similar to a class in object-oriented languages.
实体集(Entity Set)同ຫໍສະໝຸດ 实体的集合• 如 全体学生
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概念模型的基本概念
实体间的联系(Relationship)
现实世界中事物内部以及事物之间的联系在信息世 界中反映为实体内部的联系和实体之间的联系
• 例 张山选修数据库课程。
• 学生实体和课程之间通过选修联系
两个实体之间的联系:
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E-R Model
The concept model is represented by Entity-Relationship(E-R)diagrams. The E/R model
Describes kinds of data and how they connected. Can be converted to relational model later.
Attribute = property of (the entities of) an entity set.
Attributes are simple values, e.g. integers or character strings.
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E/R Diagrams
In an entity-relationship diagram:
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Data Model should :
Simulate the real world comparatively truly Be easy to understand Be easy to be implemented by computer
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Abstraction and Modeling
Database Principles
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Chapter 2 Database Modeling
Data Models Concept Model & Data Model Entity-Relationship diagrams
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What are Data Model?
Computer simulation of the real world. To abstract, denote and transact the information in the real world.
communicate with each other. ➢ It should be simple, clear and easy to understand by
users.
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Data model
➢Modeling data from the viewpoint of computer. ➢Mainly used for a DBMS realization. ➢Traditional data models
Concept model
➢ Also called information model. ➢ Modeling data from the viewpoint of users. ➢ a middle layer between the real world and the machine
world. ➢ Mainly used for a database design. ➢ The language in which the database designers and users
数据结构
指所研究数据集合及数据间的联系 是对系统静态特性的描述
数据操作
对数据库中各类数据允许执行的操作及有关的操作规则
• 检索、更新(包括插入、删除、修改)
是对系统动态特性的描述
数据的约束条件
一组数据及其联系所具有的制约规则,用以限定符合数 据模型的数据库状态以及状态的变化,以保证数据的正 确、有效、相容