北京化工大学高等有机化学样题博士研究生考研考博入学考试

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北京化工大学攻读博士研究生入学考试的物理化学考试的样题

一、什么是Jahn-Teller 效应？举例说明Jahn-Teller 效应可能对有关化合物合成结构的阻碍二、请举例说明什么是分子识别和超分子自组装三、哪些理论可用来说明配位化合物中的化学键？它们的差不多假设分别是什么？四、请简述沸石的结构特点，并由结构特点推断其在应用方面可能具备的专门五、Langmuir理论有哪些差不多假设？请推导描述H2在金属表面离解吸附的Langmuir方程，并指明方程中每个参数的物理含义。

六、对固体催化剂进行TG－DTA实验，发觉①TG无失重现象，但在同一温度段DTA有热效应；②TG有失重现象，但在同一温度段DTA无热效应。

试说明可能的缘故。

七、某一固体催化剂吸附吡啶后进行程序升温脱附，实验曲线说明在不同的温度段分别有两个吡啶脱附峰，问：①该催化剂表面呈酸性或碱性？②相关于这种性质，该催化剂为平均表面或非平均表面？八、图1为CO2和NH3在ZrO2表面共吸附的程序升温脱附（TPD）谱图，图2为CO2和苯酚(PhOH) 或NH3在ZrO2表面共吸附的TPD谱图。

请依照各谱图特点随吸附过程的变化，判定ZrO2固体的表面性质为酸性依旧碱性，并简要说明酸或碱性可能是如何产生的图1. NH3和CO2双组分共吸附的TPD谱图a. NH3脱附；b. CO2脱附图2. CO2-NH3和CO2-PhOH双组分共吸附TPD时CO2脱附的比较CO2单独吸附∙ CO2在NH3吸附后吸附 CO2吸附后吸附PhOH考试内容大纲1. 化学键理论1.1分子中的共价键1.2 配合物中的化学键1.3 固体中的化学键2. 次级键及超分子结构2.1 氢键及非氢键相互作用2.2 分子识别与超分子组装2.3 主客体体系的键力3. 无机晶体结构3.1 晶体的对称群3.2 晶体结构描述4. C和Si的结构化学把握C和Si结构化学的差不多知识，以及代表性硅酸盐材料的结构特点及应用参考书：1. 麦松威，周公度，李伟基著.《高等无机结构化学》. 北京大学出版社，香港中文大学出版社2. 周公度，段连运编. 《结构化学基础》第3版. 北京大学出版社。

北京化工大学有机化学考研考题选编和答案

10. 橙花油醇的构造式为(CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2C(CH3)=CHCH2OH,它属于
（A）单萜
（B）半萜
（C）倍半萜
（D）双萜
答案：A
说明：绝大多数萜类化合物分子中的碳原子数是异戊二烯五个碳原子的倍数，所以萜类化合物可以按碳原子数分类。含10个碳原子即两个异戊二烯结构单元是单萜，所以正确选项是（A）。
（C）四氢呋喃
（D）吡啶N-氧化物
答案：D
说明：上述化合物中，只有吡啶N-氧化物含有封闭的环状的(4n+2)电子的共轭体系，即符合(4n+2)规则。
所以正确选项为（D）。
7. 室温条件下，除去少量噻吩的方法是加入浓硫酸，震荡，分离。其原因是（ A ）苯易溶于浓硫酸（ B ）噻吩不溶于浓硫酸（ C ）噻吩比苯易磺化，生成的噻吩磺酸溶于浓硫酸（ D ）苯比噻吩易磺化，生成的苯磺酸溶于浓硫酸
HO
CH2OH OH
3. 核酸的基本结构单元是
。
答案：D-核糖、D-2-脱氧核糖、腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、脲嘧啶、胞嘧啶、磷酸。
4.有一个羰基化合物，分子式为C5H10O,核磁共振谱只
有二个单峰，其结构式是
。
答案： (CH3)3CCHO
5. 下列化合物的优势构象式为
。
H3C
H
答案：
H CH3 H
H3C
CH3 N+ CH3 OH-
CH2CH3
答案：中文名称：氢氧化乙基三甲基铵英文名称： ethyltrimethylammonium hydroxide
8. 写出下列化合物的中英文名称。
H3CH2C
CH2CH3 N+ CH2CH3 Br-

北京化工考研试题及答案

北京化工考研试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是北京化工大学的主要研究领域？A. 航空航天B. 化学工程C. 计算机科学D. 法律学答案：B2. 北京化工大学成立于哪一年？A. 1958年B. 1960年C. 1970年D. 1980年答案：A3. 以下哪个不是北京化工大学提供的研究生课程？A. 高分子材料与工程B. 化学工艺C. 金融学D. 应用化学答案：C4. 北京化工大学位于中国的哪个城市？A. 北京B. 上海C. 广州D. 成都5. 北京化工大学拥有多少个学院？A. 14B. 16C. 18D. 20答案：B6. 北京化工大学的主要教学语言是什么？A. 英语B. 法语C. 德语D. 中文答案：D7. 以下哪个是北京化工大学的特色专业？A. 环境工程B. 机械工程C. 材料科学D. 所有选项答案：C8. 北京化工大学是否提供博士课程？A. 是B. 否答案：A9. 北京化工大学是否拥有自己的图书馆？A. 是B. 否10. 北京化工大学的校训是什么？A. 求实创新B. 厚德博学C. 笃学慎思D. 明德至善答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 北京化工大学在以下哪些领域有研究优势？A. 化学工程B. 材料科学C. 环境工程D. 信息科学答案：A, B, C2. 北京化工大学提供的研究生课程包括以下哪些专业？A. 化学工程B. 环境科学C. 经济学D. 机械工程答案：A, B, D3. 北京化工大学的学生可以参加哪些课外活动？A. 学术讲座B. 体育竞赛C. 社团活动D. 艺术表演答案：A, B, C, D三、简答题（每题5分，共10分）1. 简述北京化工大学的历史沿革。

答案：北京化工大学成立于1958年，原名北京化工学院，是一所以化工为特色，工学为主体，工、理、管、文、法、经、教育等多学科协调发展的全国重点大学。

2. 请列举北京化工大学在学术研究方面取得的两项重要成就。

北京化工大学生化反应工程考题类型博士研究生考研考博入学考试

北京化工大学
生化反应工程考题类型（只两题）
1、填空题
例：
对有抑制均相酶催化反应，当提高底物浓度时：
若该反应的抑制程度减小，则为（）抑制；若该反应的抑制程度增大，则为（）抑制；若该反应的抑制程度不变，则为（）抑制。

2、计算题
例：
在一间歇操作的反应器内进行一均相无抑制的酶催化反应：S P 已测得该酶的催化反应动力学参数为：
r max=9mol/(L.h)，Km＝6mol/L；
已知反应底物初始浓度为12mol/L，要求底物最终转化率为0.9。

试求：
1）达到上述转化率要求时，所需反应时间为多少？
2）若该酶在反应中有失活现象，并已测得该酶失活半衰期为4h，则要达到上述转化率所需的反应时间又为多少？
生物反应工程
参考书
1生物反应动力学与反应器（第三版）
戚以政汪叔雄编著
北京化学工业出版社2007.9
2 生物反应工程
戚以政夏杰编著
北京化学工业出版社2004.7。

北京化工大学博士研究生初试资料(2019年)高等有机化学样题

北京化工大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试高等有机化学样题注意事项：1. 答题一律写在答题纸上，写在试卷上均不给分。

2. 答题时可不抄题，但必须写清题号。

3. 答题必须用蓝、黑水笔或圆珠笔，用红色笔或铅笔均不给分。

一、测定有机反应历程的原则和基本步骤主要有哪些？（15分）二、简述有机金属化合物的结构特征，主要有哪几种键型，并举例说明。

（15分）三、举例说明加成-消除反应历程。

（15分）四、简述碳正离子的结构以及影响碳正离子的主要因素。

（15分）五、具有R 构型的旋光化合物A(C 5H 10O 2)与NH 3作用生成白色固体，加热这个白色固体得到B(C 5H 11NO), B 用Br 2/OH-处理得C 4H 11N, C 与NaNO 2/HCl 作用放出N 2得到醇D(C 4H 10O)。

（1）反应产物B 、C 、D 是否具有旋光性并解释原因？（2）写出A 、B 、C 、D 的构造式。

（10分）六、由甲苯、丙二酸二乙酯及必要试剂合成：（10分）H 3CCH 2CH 3七、由C 4或C 4以下有机物合成：（10分）2OH 2OH八、某学生由苯为起始原料按下面的路线合成化合物A(C 9H10)：+ClCH 2CH 2CH 3AlCl 32CH 2CH 3Br 2hv 2CH 3Br 3=(A)当他将制得的最终产物进行O 3氧化、还原水解后却得到了四个羰基化合物；经波谱分析得知它们分别是苯甲醛、乙醛、甲醛和苯乙酮。

问：（1）该学生是否得到了A ？（2）该学生所设计的合成路线是否合理？为什么？（3）你认为较好的合成路线是什么？（10分）。

北京化工大学《有机化学》试卷(样题)

稀硫酸 Δ
7
OH
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
8
NH3/H2O H2C
O CH2
H+/H2O
9
O + NaC≡CH
H2O
10
CH3COOH
Br2, 少量磷
11
CH3CH2CH2CONH2 + Br2
NaOH/H2O
第9页
共18页
姓名：
准考证号：
第10页共18页
12
CH3CH2CH2Cl
NaOH/EtOH Δ
+ NaBr
+ KBr NC
Br
(e)
O O S O
NaSCH3 SCH3
8)
下面反应的机理为
(CH3)3CCl (a) E1
9) 下面反应的产物为
H3CH2C CH3 Br CH3CH2OH ?
CH3O -
H3C H3C CH2
(b) E2
(c) SN1
H3CH2C CH3 OCH2CH3
H3CH2C CH3 OCH2CH3 racemic
题号得分满分
z z z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
得分
15
30
30
15
30
15
15
150 分
注意事项答案直接写在试卷上指定部分，若空间不够，可写在答题纸上，但一定要在答题纸上写清楚姓名、准考证号和题号，并请在试卷上该试题答题处注明。答案请用黑色或蓝黑色钢笔或圆珠笔书写，用铅笔或红色笔书写不得分。书写要工整，以避免由于书写不规范或不清楚而导致判卷人员无法理解答卷人表达的内容而导致的失分。

北京化工大学博士研究生考试《智能控制》考博样题

一、基础知识题目（单项选择 / 填空，每题 / 每空2分，共20分）1. G .N. Saridis 在1977年提出了智能控制的三元结构组成是（）、（）、（）。

2. 与经典控制技术相比，智能控制的优势在于：A 控制精度高B 不需要对象的数学模型C 能够有效控制非线性对象D 控制算法简单3. 模糊集合A 和B 的并集是A ∪B ，其隶属函数为（）4. “if x is A, then y is B ”表示了模糊集合A 与B 的：A 模糊合成B 模糊蕴涵C A 包含于BD B 是A 的支集5. BP 神经网络的（）是反向传播的。

6. Hopfield 神经网络：A 是非线性动力学系统B 发散状态会趋于无限C 达到稳定状态时其能量函数取得极值D 收敛时只有一个稳定状态7. 专家控制算法的实质是（）+（）二、模糊控制题目1.（5分）设论域},,,{4321x x x x X =上的模糊集合A ，B 分别是43212.04.09.01x x x x A +++= 4213.08.05.0x x x B ++=求B A B A B A ,,,⋂⋃。

2. （15分）某工业间歇聚合过程的恒温段温度T 的控制非常关键，因此设计了由冷却剂流量F 控制的离散模糊控制系统，结构如图1所示，请原则性讨论此控制系统的设计内容。

二、（神经网络控制题目）1. （5分）图2为一个离散型Hopfield 网络，请写出其神经元结点的状态方程，并说明什么是此神经网络的异步和同步工作方式。

2. （15分）某工业锅炉的温度对象可以采用二阶非线性动态系统描述，即 )]2(),1(),2(),1(),2(),1([)(2211------=k u k u k u k u k y k y f k y图2 图1其中，21,,u u y 分别为窑炉温度、燃料流速和风量流速，图3是设计的此工业窑炉的神经网络控制系统。

a) 请说明这是个什么类型的神经网络控制系统？NN 的作用是什么？b) 请说明NN 的在控制系统中的作用采用BP 网络，请讨论其主要设计内容和设计原则；c) 如果将NN 改造成具有动态性能的网络，可以采用什么方法？画出一种动态网络的结构。

北京化工大学博士入学考题样题

北京化工大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题（样题）注意事项1. 答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题册上的均不给分。

2. 多项选择题的答案只能选一个答案，多选作废。

选定答案后，用铅笔在相应的字母的中部划一条横线。

修改时必须先用橡皮擦净后，再填涂其它选项。

正确方法是：A B C D 。

3. 辨错改错、汉译英和作文用钢笔或圆珠笔写在试卷二的答题纸上。

4. 请在150分钟内答完全部试题，不得拖延时间。

试卷一Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Example: You will hear:You will read: A) 2 hours. B) 3 hours. C) 4 hours. D) 5 hours.From the conversation we know that the two are talking about some work they will start at 9 o'clock in the morning and have to finish by 2 in the afternoon. Therefore, D) "5 hours" is the correct answer. You should choose [D] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.1. A. She knows where Martha has gone.B. Martha will go to the concert by herself.C. It is quite possible for the man to find Martha.D. The man is going to meet Martha at the concert.2. A. The air pollution is caused by the development of industry.B. The city was poor because there wasn't much industry then.C. The woman's exaggerating the seriousness of the pollution.D. He might move to another city very soon.3. A. The man should work harder to improve his grades.B. The man will benefit from the effort he's put in.C. It serves the man right to get a poor grade.D. It was unfair of the teacher to give the man a C.4. A. She can make a reservation at the restaurant.B. The man should decide where to eat.C. She already has plans for Saturday night.D. The man should ask his brother for suggestions.5. A. The man deserved the award.B. The woman helped the man succeed.C. The man is thankful to the woman for her assistance.D. The woman worked hard and was given an award.6. A. Voluntary work can help the man establish connections with the community.B. The man's voluntary work has left him little room in his schedule.C. V oluntary work with the environment council requires a time commitment.D. A lot of people have signed up for voluntary work with the environment council.7. A. The patient must receive treatment regularly.B. The patient can't leave the hospital until the bleeding stops.C. The patient's husband can attend to the business in her place.D. The patient must take a good rest and forget about her business.8. A. Alice does not know much about electronics.B. Alice is unlikely to find a job anywhere.C. Alice is not interested in anything but electronics.D. Alice is likely to find a job in an electronics company.9. A. Jimmy is going to set out tonight.B. Jimmy has not decided on his journey.C. There is no need to have a farewell dinner.D. They may have a dinner when Jimmy's back.10. A. The woman had been planning for the conference.B. The woman called the man but the line was busy.C. The woman didn't come back until midnight.D. The woman had guests all evening.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D.. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. They are delighted because they can enjoy the scenery while driving.B. They are frightened because traffic accidents are frequent.C. They are irritated because the bridge is jammed with cars.D. They are pleased because it saves them much time.12. A. They don't have their own cars to drive to work.B. Many of them are romantic by temperament.C. Most of them enjoy the drinks on the boat.D. They tend to be more friendly to each other.13. A. Many welcome the idea of having more bars on board.B. Many prefer the ferry to maintain its present speed.C. Some suggest improving the design of the deck.D. Some object to using larger luxury boats.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. Coca Cola. B. Sausage. C. Milk. D. Fried chicken.15. A. He has had thirteen decayed teeth.B. He doesn't have a single decayed tooth.C. He has fewer decayed teeth than other people of his age.D. He never had a single tooth pulled out before he was fifty.16. A. Brush your teeth right before you go to bed in the evening.B. Have as few of your teeth pulled out as possible.C. Have your teeth X-rayed at regular intervals.D. Clean your teeth shortly after eating.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. A visit to a prison.B. The influence of his father.C. A talk with some miserable slaves.D. His experience in the war between France and Austria.18. A. He sent surgeons to serve in the army.B. He provided soldiers with medical supplies.C. He recruited volunteers to care for the wounded.D. He helped to flee the prisoners of war.19. A. All men are created equal.B. The wounded and dying should be treated for free.C. A wounded soldier should surrender before he receives any medical treatment.D.A suffering person is entitled to help regardless of race, religion or political beliefs.20. A. To honor Swiss heroes who died in the war.B. To show Switzerland was neutral.C. To pay tribute to Switzerland.D. To show gratitude to the Swiss government for its financial support.Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In this section, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence or replaces the underlined part. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.21. After the gunshot at Columbine in Colorado, the ________ suggested that many schools in theUnited States were full of drugs and weapons.A. pressB. mediumC. channelD. media22. Thanks to modern technology, these results could prove ________ in establishing thecriminal’s identity.A. decisiveB. exactC. destructiveD. definite23. We were most flattered to find that we had a wonderfully _________ audience for last night’sperformance.A. responsiveB. responsibleC. reflectedD. reactive24. The recent fraud scandal involved and discredited a number of the country’s most _______politicians.A. imminentB. superiorC. prominentD. inferior25. Some journalist had written a(n) ________ about him in which some of the facts were untrue.A. outlookB. profileC. appearanceD. performance26. According to the recent census, under-18s ________ nearly 95% of the single children inChinese families.A. composeB. instituteC. proposeD. constitute27. The professor found himself constantly _______ the question: “How could anyone do thesethings?”A. presidingB. poringC. ponderingD. presuming28. Weeks _______ before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery.A. terminatedB. elapsedC. overlappedD. expired29. In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which_______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.A. relieveB. reconcileC. reclaimD. rectify30. How much of your country’s electrical supply is _______ from water power?A. deducedB. detachedC. derivedD. declined31. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data,which she intended to _______ in starting her own business.A. dwell onB. come uponC. base onD. draw upon32. His attempts to _______ the two friends failed because they had complete faith in each other.A. alienateB. abuseC. alleviateD. abandon33. As the old empires were broken up and new states were formed, new official tongues began to_____ at an increasing rate.A. bring upB. build upC. spring upD. strike up34. Many patients insist on having watches with them in hospital, _____ they have no schedules tokeep.A. even thoughB. forC. as ifD. since35. Grand Teton Aational Park embraces the most scenic portion of the glaciated, snow-coveredTeton Range.A. constitutesB. consistsC. preservesD. includes36. Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease that can be either acute or chronic and is frequently recurrent.A. recoveringB. recyclingC. reboundingD. revitalizing37. The only safe way of distinguishing between edible and poisonous mushrooms is to learn to identify the individual species.A. assureB. classifyC. confirmD. recognize38. When an aircraft travels at subsonic speeds the sounds that it generates extend in all directions.A. gives outB. gives awayC. gives offD. gives about39. Lovebirds are noted for their pretty colors and affectionate response to each other.A. fondB. benevolentC. intimateD. attached40. Our new boss is a real joy to work for. She is so appreciative of anything you do for her.A. indebted toB. appealing toC. grateful forD. obliged toPart III Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points)Directions:There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must decide one the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneAmeri cans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance.” Rav itch’s latest bo ok, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not knowa thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistruste d. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”41. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A. The habit of thinking independently.B. Profound knowledge of the world.C. Practical abilities for future career.D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.42. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.A. undervaluing intellectB. favoring intellectualismC. supporting school reformD. suppressing native intelligence43. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are _________.A. identicalB. similarC. complementaryD. opposite44. Emerson, according to the text, is probablyA. a pioneer of education reform.B. an opponent of intellectualism.C. a scholar in favor of intellect.D. an advocate of regular schooling.45. What does the author think of intellect?A. It is second to intelligence.B. It evolves from common sense.C. It is to be pursued.D. It underlies power.Passage TwoSome houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects.Located on the shore of Sullivan's Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane Hugo 10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state.Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina's shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn't strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo's wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan's Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.At first sight, the house on Sullivan's Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble "a large party lantern" at night, according to one observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house's wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings -- long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings mightappear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it. "These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings," said Huff.Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house's ground-to-roof shell. "The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn't look like it's standing with its pant legs pulled up," said Huff. In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained.46. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina's shoreline are required________.A. to be easily reinforcedB. to look smarter in designC. to meet stricter building standardsD. to be designed in the shape of cubes47. The award-winning beach house is quite strong because________.A. it is strengthened by steel rodsB. it is made of redwoodC. it is in the shape of a shellD. it is built with timber and concrete48. Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to ________.A. withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hrB. anchor stronger pilings deep in the sandC. break huge sea waves into smaller onesD. prevent water from rushing into the house49. The main function of the shell is __________.A. to strengthen the pilings of the houseB. to give the house a better appearanceC. to protect the wooden frame of the houseD. to slow down the speed of the swelling water50. It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be_________.A. fancy-lookingB. waterproofC. easily breakableD. extremely strongPassage ThreeEarly in the age of affluence that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive economy ... demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption. ... We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.”Americ ans have responded to Lebow’s call, and much of the world has followed.Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States -- show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.Of course, the opposite of overconsumption —poverty—is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert.If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?51. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II ________.A. gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumersB. gave rise to the dominance of the new egoismC. led to the reform of the retailing systemD. resulted in the worship of consumerism52. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is_______.A. the conversion of the sale of goods into ritualsB. the people’s desire for a rise in their living standardsC. the imbalance that has existed between production and consumptionD. the concept that one’s success is measured by how much they consu me53. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?A. Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.B. Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.C. Because overconsumption won’t last long due to un restricted population growth.D. Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.54. According to the passage, consumerist culture ________.A. cannot thrive on a fragile economyB. will not aggravate environmental problemsC. cannot satisfy human spiritual needsD. will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries55. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.A. human spiritual needs should match material affluenceB. there is never an end to satisfying people’s material needsC. whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issueD. how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problemPassage FourWhen families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma's generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best.But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china inBritain, it spells economic hard times.Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs -- one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company "has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend" toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television; even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it's better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a "real" dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time?Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents ("Chew with your mouth closed." "Keep your elbows off the table.") must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.56. The trend toward casual dining has resulted in_____.A. bankruptcy of fine china manufacturersB. shrinking of the pottery industryC. restructuring of large enterprisesD. economic recession in Great Britain57. Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?A. Family members need more time to relax.B. Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.C. People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.D. Young people won't follow the etiquette of the older generation.58. It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is_____.A. a retailer of stainless steel tablewareB. a dealer in stonewareC. a pottery chain storeD. a producer of fine china59. The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is_____.A. the increased value of the poundB. the economic recession in AsiaC. the change in people's way of lifeD. the fierce competition at home and abroad60. Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life_____.A. are still a must on certain occasionsB. are bound to return sooner or laterC. are still being taught by parents at homeD. can help improve personal relationshipsPassage FiveRichard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners."With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides, feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the rumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient's brain taken before surgery.During these procedures -- operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered -- surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, "We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine."61. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _______.A. will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB. can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC. will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD. can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield62. Richard Satava has visions of_______A. using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB. wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC. wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD. setting up mobile surgical units overseas63. How is virtual reality surgery performed?A. It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.B. Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.C. Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.D. A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.64. During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because _____.A. he is looking at the cuts on a computer screenB. the cuts can be examined from different anglesC. the cuts have been highly magnifiedD. he is wearing 3-D glasses。

北化考博辅导班：2019北化化学工程学院考博难度解析及经验分享

北化考博辅导班：2019北化化学工程学院考博难度解析及经验分享北京化工大学2019年采取普通招考、硕博连读、本科直博方式选拔、招收攻读博士学位研究生。

其中本科直博招生学院为化学工程学院、理学院、生命科学与技术学院、能源学院、软物质科学与工程高精尖创新中心，从应届本科学术型推免生中遴选；普通招考中，在化学工程学院、材料科学与工程学院、理学院、生命科学与技术学院、能源学院、软物质科学与工程高精尖创新中心实行申请考核制。

下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京化工大学化学工程学院考博相关内容。

一、院系简介化学工程学院是北京化工大学核心学院之一，其前身涵盖基本有机合成和无机化工等专业，始建于1958年，与学校同步创建。

1978年院系调整后成立化学工程系，1984年获得博士学位授予权，1988年设立化学工程与技术博士后科研流动站。

1996年由化学工程系、制药与生物工程系、环境工程系和化工研究所组建成立了化学工程学院。

2000年，化学工程与技术获得国家一级学科博士学位授予权。

2001年，化学工程成为国家重点学科。

2005年，化学工程与技术博士后科研流动站被评为全国优秀博士后流动站。

2006年，在教育部评估中心组织的学科评估中，化学工程与技术一级学科在全国同类学科中排名第5。

2007年，化学工程与技术学科成为首批国家一级重点学科。

2014年设立环境科学与工程博士后科研流动站。

化学工程学院是我国化工高等科技人才培养和科学研究的重要基地，已位居于全国著名大学同类院系一流水平行列。

化学工程学院拥有一支由院士、长江学者和国家杰青为核心的、学术造诣深、富有创新精神的中青年学科带头人队伍，师资力量雄厚，现有教职工165人，其中工程院院士1人、科学院双聘院士1人、长江学者特聘教授、长江学者讲座教授、国家杰出青年基金获得者、973首席科学家等高层次人才16人、国家教学名师奖获得者1名、北京市教学名师奖获得者4名、国家优秀青年基金获得者等青年人才8人、教育部新世纪人才16人。

北京化工大学研究生入学教育考试题库

一、单选题：1. 研究生的课程学习实行（） (2.0000)a.考核制b.考分制c.学分制d.学时制2. 同门课程的每次重修成绩（）计入GPA ( 2.0000)a.以下都对b.均不c.最高成绩d.均3. 博士研究生的学制为（）年，学习年限为（）年（含休学） ( 2.0000)a.3，3~6b.2.5，3~6c.不知道d.以上都不对4. 学位证书、毕业证书、结业证书、肄业证书的保管有限期为一年，超过（）年未领取者，视为自动放弃 ( 2.0000) （暂无答案）a.一年b.两年c.三年d.四年5. 博士研究生的培养实行（）制 ( 2.0000)a.以下都对b.学校负责c.学院负责d.导师负责6. GPA的计算结果保留小数点后（）位 ( 2.0000)a.1b.2c.3d.47. 入学前已经在国外（母语为英语的国家）大学获得硕士学位的博士研究生可申请英语免修，成绩计为（）( 2.0000)a. A-b. Ac. B+d .B8. 考生考试获得C+对应绩点为（） ( 2.0000)a.3.33b.3c.2.66d.2.339. 研究生出国参加国际会议（），须在研究生院培养办进行登记并填写《化工大学研究生参加国际会议审批表》，并附上会议邀请信函和短期境外保险单的复印件，审批通过后方可出国。

( 2.0000)a.前b.后c.无所谓什么时候d.不知道10. 不符合注册条件或未按学校规定交纳培养经费者（） ( 2.0000)a.延期注册b.不予注册c.保留学籍d.勒令退学11. 新生注册信息有误的（） ( 2.0000)a.应在规定的时间在网上修改b.由学院修改c.不知道d.以上都不对12. 休学的研究生应在批准休学后（）个工作日以办理休学手续并离校。

( 2.0000)a.5b.10c.15d.2013. 研究生有下列情形之一者，应予退学 ( 2.0000)a.无论何种原因，在规定的学习年限（含休学）未完成学业的b.休学期满，在学校规定期限未提出复学申请或者申请复学经复查不合格的c.未请假或请假未准，擅自从事与培养计划无关活动连续两周或累计四周以上者d.以上都对14. 非学位课考核方式应写进（） ( 2.0000)a.培养方案b.学生手册c.不知道d.以上都不对15. 研究生因患病或意外事故而不能参加考试的，可申请缓考。

博士考试化学及答案

博士考试化学及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪种元素的原子序数为26？A. 铁（Fe）B. 钴（Co）C. 镍（Ni）D. 锌（Zn）答案：C. 镍（Ni）2. 以下哪种化合物属于共价化合物？A. NaClB. MgOC. HClD. Fe2O3答案：C. HCl3. 以下哪种反应是氧化还原反应？A. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2OB. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2OC. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2D. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O答案：D. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O4. 以下哪种物质是强酸？A. 醋酸（CH3COOH）B. 碳酸（H2CO3）C. 硫酸（H2SO4）D. 氢氟酸（HF）答案：C. 硫酸（H2SO4）5. 以下哪种元素属于过渡金属？A. 氢（H）B. 氦（He）C. 铁（Fe）D. 铅（Pb）答案：C. 铁（Fe）6. 以下哪种物质是两性化合物？A. Al2O3B. MgOC. Na2OD. SiO2答案：A. Al2O37. 以下哪种物质是强碱？A. 氢氧化钠（NaOH）B. 氢氧化钙（Ca(OH)2）C. 氢氧化镁（Mg(OH)2）D. 氢氧化铝（Al(OH)3）答案：A. 氢氧化钠（NaOH）8. 以下哪种元素的原子序数为92？A. 铀（U）B. 钍（Th）C. 镎（Np）D. 钚（Pu）答案：A. 铀（U）9. 以下哪种物质是半导体材料？A. 硅（Si）B. 铜（Cu）C. 银（Ag）D. 金（Au）答案：A. 硅（Si）10. 以下哪种反应是酸碱中和反应？A. 2HCl + Fe → FeCl2 + H2B. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2OC. 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH-D. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O答案：B. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O二、填空题（每题4分，共20分）11. 元素周期表中，第ⅠA族元素具有最外层电子数为______个。

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北京化工大学
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
高等有机化学样题
注意事项：
1. 答题一律写在答题纸上，写在试卷上均不给分。

2. 答题时可不抄题，但必须写清题号。

3. 答题必须用蓝、黑水笔或圆珠笔，用红色笔或铅笔均不给分。

一、测定有机反应历程的原则和基本步骤主要有哪些？
（15分）
二、简述有机金属化合物的结构特征，主要有哪几种键型，并
举例说明。

（15分）
三、举例说明加成-消除反应历程。

（15分）
四、简述碳正离子的结构以及影响碳正离子的主要因素。

（15分）
五、具有R 构型的旋光化合物A(C 5H 10O 2)与NH 3作用生成白
色固体，加热这个白色固体得到B(C 5H 11NO), B 用Br 2/OH-处理得C 4H 11N, C 与NaNO 2/HCl 作用放出N 2得到醇D(C 4H 10O)。