牛津高中英语课文翻译模块三
模块三牛津高中英语课文翻译定稿版
模块三牛津高中英语课文翻译HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】牛津英语模块3译文Appendix I: TranslationUnit 1Reading雾比尔·洛浓雾警报那天早晨波莉离家时，整个城市已笼罩在灰色的薄雾中。
午餐时分，收音机预报说，薄雾将会在下午变成浓雾。
下午四点，波莉下了班，步入了浓雾中。
她不知道公交车是否还会照常运行。
没有到国王大街的巴士一走到街上，她就快步向平常乘车的公交车站走去。
“您要坐多远？”巴士售票员收下她的车费前问道。
“国王大街。
”波莉答道。
“对不起，小姐，”售票员回答说，“现实情况是雾太浓了，公交车跑不了那么远。
乘地铁到格林公园吧。
那里的天气可能好一点，您也许能叫到一辆出租车。
”高个子男人当波莉打量地铁车厢里的乘客时，她感到她正被一个穿着黑色大衣的高个子男人注视着。
地铁终于到达了格林公园站。
当其他乘客走出车厢时，她扫视了一下她周围的一张张面孔。
那个高个子男人不见了。
脚步声当波莉到达车站入口处时，那里空无一人。
外面，她目光所及之处，雾像浓密的灰云一样聚积着。
什么人也看不见。
波莉朝着公园大街走去。
当她沿着狭窄的街道行走时，她听到了由远及近的脚步声，但当她走到街道拐角处时，脚步声却消失了，突然，波莉感到有一只粗糙的手拂过她的脸颊'并且她还听到了一个男人在她耳边说“对不起”的声音。
那个男人走开了。
她能感到她的心脏因害怕而怦怦地直跳。
热心的陌生人然后，她又听到了那种声音——在她身后响起的轻柔的脚步声。
一分钟前，她曾希望有人跟着来。
现在她则想跑开，可恐惧让她挪不动脚步。
脚步声这会儿似乎很近了。
接着，一个男人的声音从黑暗中传来：“有人吗？”波莉犹豫了。
最终她还是回答道：“你好，我想我是迷路了。
”几秒钟后，一只手伸过来抓住了她的胳膊。
波莉抬头看去，发现是一位长着络腮胡子的老人。
“也许我能帮你。
牛津高中英语模块三unit3课文翻译
失落地文明第一天，月日能获得这次旅行地机会我感到非常幸运.现在我们在意大利，明天我们将游览庞贝.下周我们会飞往中国去楼兰，那是沙漠中地一座被誉为“中国庞贝”地古城.庞贝和楼兰一样，都是很久以前失落了地文明.个人收集整理勿做商业用途第二天，月日今天上午我们听了一场有关庞贝地讲座.这座城市建于公元前世纪，公元前年，罗马人占领了庞贝.后来庞贝成了座繁华地城市.离城市不远处有一座火山.公元年地月日，这座火山喷发了，岩浆、火山灰以及岩石喷涌而出，全部倾泻到四周地乡村.火山喷发持续了两天.很多人被活埋了，整个城市也被掩埋.真是太不幸了！个人收集整理勿做商业用途第三天，月日今天我见到了罗马古城庞贝，它就跟两千年前一模一样.多么奇妙啊!这座城市多年来一直被人们遗忘，直到世纪时一个农民发现了一块刻有文字地石头.人们开始在这一区域挖掘寻宝，这造成了很大地破坏.因此在年，政府将这一区域保护了起来，便于保存和研究.个人收集整理勿做商业用途当我在城中漫步时，我看到保持原样地街道，沿路都有垫脚石，这样下雨天你就不用在泥泞中行走了!我还看到了几处装饰着壁画地房子.我也看到了被活埋地人.原来，火山灰覆盖了没能逃离城市地人，他们地身体几乎全部烧化消失了，只留下火山灰里地人形空当.多年之后，研究者们能够利用这些人形空当制作出逼真地遇难者轮廓.你现在可以在庞贝看到他们，就在原来他们倒下地同样地点.火山还在那里，但现在看起来非常平静.很难想象如此平静地火山如何摧毁了整座城市!个人收集整理勿做商业用途第十天，月日经过好几天地旅程，我们终于抵达了楼兰.这座商业城市在大约两千年前也曾繁华过.它是连接东西方著名地丝绸之路上地停靠站.据信，从公元年到公元年，它已被沙尘暴逐渐吞没.能在这里我好兴奋!个人收集整理勿做商业用途第十一天，月日来自于当地文化研究所地一位学者张教授告诉我们，在年前后，来自欧洲地探险家斯文·赫定发现了楼兰王国地遗迹.斯文发现了埋藏于沙下地建筑遗迹以及许多宝藏，包括钱币、带有图画地壶、像丝绸这样地布料、文献以及壁画.当我们到这座城市时，我们看到了城墙、宫殿、庙宇、作坊及高塔.我们发现楼兰废墟非常有趣.有一条古老地供水系统贯穿市中心.这片沙漠曾经是大树成荫地绿洲，但这些树被砍倒了，那导致楼兰这座城市被沙尘埋葬——多遗憾啊!个人收集整理勿做商业用途新疆发现古希腊塑像最近，研究人员宣布，在中国新疆北部地区发现了一尊小型塑像.这尊金属塑像是一名希腊士兵地造型.当被问及来自遥远希腊地塑像怎么会出现在中国时，研究人员解释说，这无疑是亚历山大大帝地影响所致.个人收集整理勿做商业用途亚历山大大帝(公元前一公元前年)是一位在战斗中击溃了许多希腊城邦地希腊国王之子.岁那年，父亲死后，亚历山大自己成了国王.然而，许多城邦趁势作乱，反对亚历山大，于是他便率领一支军队夺回这些城邦.尽管他地军队仅有三千人，但是他赢得了所有战役，许多敌方士兵投靠了他.个人收集整理勿做商业用途公元前年，他率领当时已达四万两千人地军队进入中东，接着是埃及，兵锋所至，所向披靡.然后，他又将目光转向东方，长驱直入印度，所到之处，攻无不克，战无不胜.似乎没有什么能够阻止他控制整个世界.然而，他自己地军队对无休止地战斗感到厌倦，拒绝再往前走，所以他不得不班师回朝.亚历山大岁时便已占领了辽阔地疆域，前无古人，前面似乎还有更大地辉煌在等着他.可是，公元前年，他发烧病倒，不治身亡.由于他没有儿子，他地将军们便瓜分了他庞大地王国.个人收集整理勿做商业用途亚历山大大帝将希腊文化从欧洲传播到非洲和亚洲，在此后地数个世纪中影响了整个世界.在新疆北部发现地希腊士兵塑像也许是在公元前世纪因贸易而来到中国地.像许多显示希腊影响力地其他古代文物一样，它现在乌鲁木齐地一家博物馆展出.个人收集整理勿做商业用途西方哲学之父“哲学”一词意为“热爱智慧”.哲学可被认为是观察我们周围世界地一种方式，或是解答人生重大问题地一种方式，如：“我们为什么会在这里?”以及“什么是真理?”个人收集整理勿做商业用途西方哲学之父是苏格拉底(公元前—公元前年).苏格拉底是希腊雅典人.在年轻时，他是一名勇敢地士兵.后来，他成了一名教师，但他教书却不收费，靠当一名普通劳动者挣钱.除此以外，我们对他了解很少.由于他从不写书，因此我们对他地哲学也知之甚少.然而，苏格拉底对西方地思想和科学却有着深刻地影响.个人收集整理勿做商业用途为了理解这何以成真，我们必须搞清苏格拉底是怎样教学地.苏格拉底通过提问进行教学.通过这种方式，他盘问学生，要他们完善并阐释自己地论点.很多时候，他地问题让学生们意识到自己地错误.当这种情况发生时，许多学生感到尴尬和气愤，而另外一些学生则会改变他们地观点.苏格拉底探求真理地方式现在被称作苏格拉底问答法.提出一个个问题直至你得出正确答案地这一思路是现代哲学和科学地基础.个人收集整理勿做商业用途很不幸地是，苏格拉底问得太多了.每遇到一个人，他都要提出一些难以回答地问题，惹恼了雅典地许多人.最后，一些人对他忍无可忍，于是便把他送上了法庭，罪名是质疑希腊众神地存在和腐蚀雅典地年轻人.在审判中，他却向法官提出更多问题，以此为自己辩护.这更是雪上加霜.最后，他被迫喝下毒药而被处死.由于他地死，苏格拉底成了所有探求真理地人心目中地英雄.个人收集整理勿做商业用途。
牛津高中英语模块3课文对照翻译百度上传
Unit 1FogFog warningWhen Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, the radioforecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four o'clock, Polly left work andstepped out into the fog .She wondered if the buses would still be running.No buses to King StreetOnce out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.‘How far are you going? ’ the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.‘King Street. ’ said Polly.‘Sorry ，Miss ’ replied the man, ‘ the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. Takethe Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to geta taxi.’A tall manAs Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had a feeling that she was being watched by atall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived at Green Park station. While the rest of thepassengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere tobe soon.FootstepsWhen Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the fog lay like athick, grey cloud. There was no one in sight. Polly set off towards Park Street. As she heard aman’ s voice in her ear saying ‘ Sorry. ’d awayTheman.Shemovecould feel her heart beatingwith fear.The helpful strangerThen she heard the sound again-soft footsteps behind her. A minute before, she had wished forsomeone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps seemed closenow. Then a man’ s voice came out of the darkness.‘ Is anybody there?’Polly hesitated. At last she answered,‘ Hello, I think I’ m lost.’A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring up at theface of an old man with a beard.‘Maybe I can help you. Which road do you want?’ he asked.‘I live at 86 King Street.’ Polly replied.‘Just take my hand.’ said the man.‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took Polly’s hand.‘ Watch out for the step here.’In his other hand the man carried a stick. Polly heard it hit the step.‘ I can remember some te fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I can’ t see your face, but you sound young. How oldare you?’‘Just twenty. ’ answered Polly.‘Ah, twenty ! A nice age to be. I was young once. Now we’re at the crossroads. Turn left here.’‘I’m quite lost now. Are you sure you know the way? again.’‘Of course. You really shouldn’t feel anxious, The grateful helper’ Polly was beginning to feel frightened ’ He held her hand more firmly.‘Here we are. King Street.’ He stopped.‘Thank you so much for coming to my aid.’ said Polly in relief.‘Would you like to come in andrest for a while?’‘It’s very nice of you.’ said the man,‘but I’ll be off. There may be more today,peopleandlostI ’ d like to help them. You see, a fog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the helpthat people give me when it’ s sunny. A blind person like me can’ t get across the road without hel except in a fog like this.’P18ProjectShark attacksThere are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only about 30 types are known to have attackedhuman beings. Many people know that the most dangerous shark is the great white shark, probablybecause they have seen the film Jaws. However, two other sharks are also rather dangerous: thetiger shark and the bull shark. Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows thatsharks seldom attack humans. There are three types of sharkattacks. In the main type, the shark attacks you because it mistakes you for a fish, but when it tasteshuman flesh it decides to give up and swims away. In the second type, the shark pushes you with itsnose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and then bites you if it thinks you are. In thethird type, the shark waits for you to swim by, and then attacks you suddenly. The last two types ofattack more often result in the death of humans.To reduce the risk of a shark attack, you should follow these suggestions.Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still see you but you cannot see them.Do not go swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh wound. Sharks can smell blood over a longdistance.Do not wear bright clothing or jewellery, because sharks are attracted to the flash of, coloursand bright objects. Stay in groups, as sharks usually avoid large numbers of people.Recently, shark attacks have been increasing as water sports are becoming more popular. If ashark attacks you, follow the advice below.Keep calm. Do not panic.Hit the shark on the nose with your fist.Stick your finger in the shark's eye.Don't be frightened by sharks: youare 3o times more likely to be hit by lightning than be attacked by a shark.The wonderful world of pigeonsIt is night. All is quiet. The soldiers are asleep while a guard watches for theenemy. There is a flash, and the sound of guns! They are being attacked!Hundreds of enemy soldiers rush towards them. They are all going to bekilled unless they get help. What should they do?An officer writes a short message quickly on a small piece of paper:'Being attacked! Hurry!'He rolls up the paper and puts it into a small case, and then reaches into acage and gets a bird. Attaching the message to its leg, he sets the bird loose.It immediately flies into the air and disappears in the dark.Will the bird arrive in time? Will they be saved?Though it may seem hard to believe, the bird the officer uses is the same birdoften seen in public parks--the pigeon. Pigeons have a wonderful sense ofdirection and can find their way home over long distances. Indeed, pigeonshave been known to fly home from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That iswhy pigeons have been used since ancient times to carry the news or eventhe mail. However, it was in war that they found their greatest use. Duringboth World War I and II, pigeons were employed by armies to carry messagesto and from the front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and even helpingwin some important victories.How do pigeons find their way? Pigeons appear to have a compass insidethem that tells them which way is north. How this compass works remains amystery. Of course, since a compass alone is not enough to find one's way,they also appear to use their sight and even their sense of smell to tell themwhich way they should go. Unlike humans, they never get lost and canalways find their way home.Unit 2English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people broughtto Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old English is very different from the English we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not beable to understand it if we heard it today. Before the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland — the Angles and the Saxons— occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both theEnglish language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was speltEngle in Old English.) Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words becamepart of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as mush asthe Angles and the Saxons ’ victory aboutyears600 earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, suchas answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the wordsfor most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However,the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic wayof making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such asman/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, HenryⅣ became King of England. His mother tongue was English,and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.ProjectThe development Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western languages in that, instead of an alphabet, ituses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed byputting together different characters. In many cases, a single character can also make up aword. The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking athow these characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancientstory, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing. One winter daywhile he was hunting, he saw the tracks of animals in the snow andobserved that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had theidea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects. Thefirst Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects. Some charactershave been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time.However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawings intostandard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together.This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the characterused nowadays.Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas,some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example,'rest' was made up of the characters for a man and a tree. The character 'prisoner' wasformed with a 'man' inside a square. Other characters were developed for directions andnumbers. It is easy to distinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, thecharacters for 'up' and 'down', which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is thatthey do not show how they should be pronounced. Therefore, a method was developedto have one part of a character indicate the meaning and the other suggest thepronunciation. Many Chinese characters used today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters andnow they have widespread use in China's mainland.The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper. However, this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can stillread books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852). Braille lost hiseyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school for theblind in Paris. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. The whole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such books in it.In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messages at night during times of battle. His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be felt with the fingers. Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a different pattern which consisted of twelve dots. The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message. While the students found the soldier's idea interesting, the system was too difficult to be of practical use. However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it. At the age of fifteen, he created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter. 'Braille', the system for reading used today by blind people around the world, was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers. They can also easily write in Braille with a special typewriter. Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for reading and writing, and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Braille for its peopleto use.Unit 3Lost civilizationsDay 1,15 JulyI feel lucky to have won a place on this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we are visitingPompeii. Next week we are flying to China, and going to Loulan, which is known as China ’ s Pompeiiin the desert. Both Pompeii and Loulan became lost civilizations long ago.Day 2,16 JulyThis morning we attended a lecture about Pompeii. The city was founded in the 8th century BC. In89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city. Near the city was avolcano. On 24th August AD 79, the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of itonto the surrounding countryside. It continued to erupt for the next two days. Many people wereburied alive, and so was the city. How unfortunate!Day 3,17 JulyToday I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! The citywas forgotten for many years until the 18th century when a farmer discovered a stone with writingon it. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage. Thus, in 1860,the area was put under government protection so it could be preserved and studied.When I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones along theroad so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days! I saw several houses which weredecorated with wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive. It turns out that afterthe ash covered the people who failed to feel the city, their bodies nearly completely broke down anddisappeared, leaving empty spaces to produce true-to-life figures of the people who had died in thedisaster. You can see them today in Pompeii , in the same place where the people feel.The volcano is still there, but looks very quiet now. It ’ s hard to imagine how this peaceful volcan destroyed the whole city! Day10,24 JulyFinally, we arrived in Loulan after several days of travelling. This commercial city was busy andwealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a stopping point on the famous Silk Road between the Eastand the west. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD200 toAD400. I am so excited to be here!Day11,25 JulyAn scholar from the local cultural institute, Professor Zhang, told us that around the year 1900 theEuropean explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Seven found theremains of buildings buried beneath the sand, together with a lot of treasures, including coins,painted pots, materials such as silk, documents and wall paintings. When we went to the city, wesaw the city walls, palaces, temples, workshops and towers. We found the ruins most interesting.There was an ancient water system that ran through the middle of the city. The desert was once agreen land with huge trees, but they were cut down and that resulted in the city from being buried bysand— what a pity!ProjectAncient Greek statue found in XinjiangResearchers announced the discovery of a small statue in northern Xinjiang, China, recently. The metal statue is of a Greek soldier. When asked how a statue from distant Greece could have appeared in China, researchers explained that no doubt this was a result of Alexander the Great ’s influence.Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) was the son of a Greek king who defeated many Greek cities in battle. At the age of twenty, Alexander himself became king after his father died. However, many cities rose up against Alexander, so he led an army to take them back. Though his army had only3,000 troops, he won every battle and many enemy soldiers joined him.In 334 BC, he took his army, now with 42,000 men, into the Middle East and then Egypt, defeating every army that stood in his path. Then he turned his eyes east, and marched all the way to India, finding victory wherever he went. It seemed that nothing could stop him from taking control of the entire world. However, his own army grew tired of endless battles and refused to go any further, so he had to turn back. By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more land than anyone before, and it seemed that more glory was waiting ahead of him. Yet, in 323 BC, he came down with a fever and died. Since he had no son, his generals divided his vast kingdom among themselves. Alexander the Great spread the Greek culture from Europe to Africa and Asia, influencing the world for centuries to come. The statue of the Greek soldier found in northern Xinjiang probably came to China in the 4th century BC as a result of trade. Like many other ancient objects that show a Greek influence, it can now be seen in a museum in Urumqi.The father of Western philosophyThe word 'philosophy' means 'love of wisdom'. Philosophy can be thought of as a way of lookingat the world around us, or of answering the great questions of life, such as 'Why are we here?' and'What is truth?'The father of Western philosophy was Socrates (469-399 BC). Socrates was from Athens, in Greece. When he was young, he was a brave soldier. Later, he became a teacher, but he taught for free and earned his salary from being a common worker. Aside from this, we know very little about him. Since he never wrote a book, we also know very little about his philosophy. Yet, Socrates has had a deep influence on Western thought and science. To understand how this can be true, we must understand how Socrates taught. Socrates taught by asking questions. Through this, he challenged his students to develop and explain their own arguments. In many cases, his questions made his students aware of their own errors. Many students got embarrassed and even angry when this happened, while others changed their opinions. Socrates' way of approaching the truth is now called the Socratic Method. The idea of asking questions until you reach the right answer is the basis of modern philosophy and science.Unfortunately for him, Socrates questioned too much. He always asked challenging questions to everyone he met, upsetting many people in Athens. Finally, some people had had enough of him,so they took him to court for questioning the existence of the Greek gods and for corrupting the young people of Athens. At his trial, he defended himself by asking his judges yet more questions.This just made a bad situation worse. Finally he was put to death by being forced to drink poison. Through his death, Socrates became the hero of all people who search for the truth.Appendix I: TranslationUnit 1Reading雾比尔·洛浓雾警报那天早晨波莉离家时，整个城市已笼罩在灰色的薄雾中。
牛津高中英语模块3workbook句子翻译(课堂PPT)
5 It is certain that you will pass the interview if you are well prepared. 6 John plays basketball better than Sam in that he was in the school basketball team for one year. 7 The sign at the entrance indicates that there are bears in the mountains, so visitors should be careful 8 The simplified version of the book differs greatly from the original version.
3
M3U2
1 While I understand you, I don't agree with you. 2 Can you help me look up the word in the dictionary for me when it is convenient for you? 3 It is said that drinking eight glasses of water a day is good for your skin. 4 The USA made the rose its national flower in 1985. It stands for beauty and love.
牛津高中英语模块3 woபைடு நூலகம்kbook 句子翻译
1
M3UI
1 I wonder if/whether you can give me some advice on how to improve my English 2 Once I receive the tickets, I will call you and let you know. 3 When he woke up, he found himself lying in a warm bed 4 I couldn't speak any French, but a kind man came to my aid ,telling me how to get there.
高中英语牛津译林版(2020)必修第三册全册课文及翻译
Unit 1ReadingThe Amazon rainforest: a natural treasure亚马孙雨林：大自然的宝藏Welcome to the jungle, a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals. This is the Amazon rainforest. As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in maintaining the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem.欢迎来到丛林，这是一片绿色的海洋，处处可闻各种动物的声音。
这里是亚马孙雨林。
作为世界上最大的雨林，它在维系地球生态系统的微妙平衡上扮演着举足轻重的角色。
The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, including Brazil and Peru, and one overseas region of France, all on the South American continent. With an area of around 6 million square kilometres , the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometres in length-roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems. They give this area the richest biodiversity on the Earth: one in ten known species in the world can be found here.亚马孙雨林穿过包括巴西、秘鲁在内的八个国家，以及一块法国的海外领地，都位于南美洲大陆。
牛津高中英语模块课文翻译精编版
牛津高中英语模块课文翻译精编版MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译M1U1ReadingSchoollifeintheUK在英国的学校生活GoingtoaBritishhighschoolforoneyearwasaveryenjoyableandexcitingexperienceforme.在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
我很喜欢英国中学的作息时间，因为学校每天上午大约9点上课，下午大约3点半放学。
ThismeansIcouldgetupanhourlaterthanusual,.这意味着我每天可以比以往晚一个小时起床，因为在中国学校每天上午8点之前就开始上课了。
Onthefirstday,allofthenewstudentsattendedanassemblyintheschoolhall.开学第一天，所有的新生都去学校礼堂参加晨会。
.我当时坐在一个名叫黛安娜的女孩身边。
我们很快就成了最好的朋友。
Duringtheassembly,theheadmastertoldusabouttherulesoftheschool.在晨会上，校长向我们宣布了校规。
.他还告诉我们，赢得尊重的最佳途径就是专心学习并取得好成绩。
这听起来倒是像我在国内就读的学校。
,myclassteacher,wasveryhelpful.过去的一年里我有过许多老师。
海伍德先生，我的班主任，对我的帮助很大。
MyfavouriteteacherwasMissBurke–IlovedthelessonsthatshegaveinEnglishLiterature.我最喜欢的老师是伯克小姐——我喜爱她教的英国文学课程。
.我们班上一共有28个学生。
英国中学的班级差不多就是这么大。
Wehadtomovetodifferentclassroomsfordifferentclasses.我们上不同的课得去不同的教室。
牛津高中英语翻译
模块1课文翻译Unit1Reading在英国的学校生活在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
我很喜欢英国中学的作息时间，因为学校每天上午大约9点上课，下午大约3点半放学。
这意味着我每天可以比以往晚一个小时起床，因为在中国学校每天上午8点之前就开始上课了。
开学第一天，所有的新生都去学校礼堂参加晨会。
我当时坐在一个名叫黛安娜的女孩身边。
我们很快就成了最好的朋友。
在晨会上，校长向我们宣布了校规。
他还告诉我们，赢得尊重的最佳途径就是专心学习并取得好成绩。
这听起来倒是像我在国内就读的学校。
过去的一年里我有过许多老师。
海伍德先生，我的班主任，对我的帮助很大。
我最喜欢的老师是伯克小姐——我喜爱她教的英国文学课程。
我们班上一共有28个学生。
英国中学的班级差不多就是这么大。
我们上不同的课得去不同的教室。
上某些课的时候，班上的同学也不一样，所以对我来说记住所有的人的面孔和名字可是一件难事。
我发现这里布置的家庭作业不像我以前在原来学校时那么繁重，可一开始我还是觉得有些挑战性，因为所有的作业都是英语的。
让我感到幸运的是，所有的老师都给了我很多鼓励，因此，我也喜欢我所学的每一门功课：英语、历史、英国文学、计算机、数学、科学、体育、艺术、烹饪和法语。
我天天都在使用英语，每天还花一个小时在图书馆里阅读英文书籍，因此，我的英语有了很大进步。
午饭休息时间我常去电脑俱乐部，这样我就可以免费给国内的家人和朋友发电子邮件了。
我还额外选了一门功课——每个星期二晚上去听法语。
当我学会如何买菜、配菜和做菜的时候，我发现烹饪真是一种乐趣。
学期末，我们班开了一个派对，我们每个人都要为派对做点吃的。
我们班上所有的同学都喜欢我做的蛋糕，这可真让我高兴。
数学、英语和科学是该校的必修课，但是，如果不喜欢某些科目是可以中断学习的，如历史和法语。
学生可以选修其他的科目，如艺术、计算机或者是西班牙语、德语之类的语言课。
在艺术课上我做了一件小雕塑。
牛津译林版新教材高中英语必修一unit3课文及翻译
2020新译林版高中英语必修一Unit3 Reading翻译UNIT 3 Getting along with othersReadingFriendship on the rock: please advise!AmyMonday 12/10 9:13 p.m.My best friend and I have been close for eight years. When I was an awkward primary school student, she was the popular girl who was willing to make friends with me. Since then, a close friendship has grown between us and she’s been almost like a sister to me. Whether we’re walking to school, doing homework or just hanging out at the weekend, we’re hardly out of each other’s sight. But last Saturday, she broke my heart, and I’m still picking up the pieces.Our original plan was to see a film at the cinema that afternoon. But in the morning, my friend posted a message on social media saying she had a cold. When I called her, she said she might not be able to make it to the cinema. “Don’t worry,”I said.“Get some rest. We can wait till you get better.”Today, however, I received a horrible surprise. A classmate told me she had seen my friend chatting with another girl in a caféon Saturday afternoon. How stupid I was! My friend’s “illness”was a complete lie! Instead of recovering at home, she was out having fun with someone else.I was so angry that I avoided her during school all day, and I still don’t feel like responding to any of her online messages. The stress of this situation is killing me, and I’m at a loss what to do next.CindyMonday 12/10 9:52 p.m.I’m so sorry! But this friendship is worth saving: eight years is a long time! Don’t be so quick to judge your friend.Perhaps she knows she’s in the wrong and wants to apologize, or maybe she has a simple explanation for her behaviour. In any case, find an opportunity to havea full and frank talk with her. Listen to what she has to say, and be sure to explain how you feel. I’m sure you can solve this problem together.DavidTuesday 13/10 8:11 p.m.I definitely understand how you feel. I also had a friend whom I trusted a lot. When I found out that I was tricked byhim, I was really hurt and let go of our friendship. I know you value your friendship and want your friend to value it equally. However, if your friend ignores your feelings or makes you suffer, it’s time to rethink yourrelationship. Talk to her and decide whether this friendship is still important to you. It’s sad to move on, but you have to accept that friends come and go in life.友谊在岩石上：请指教！艾米星期一12/10 9:13 pm我和我最好的朋友已经快八年了。
高中牛津英语模块三 单词默写 英译汉-精选文档
62. bite （bit, bitten） 63. shark 64. jaw 65. bull 66. contrary 67. flesh 68. jewellery 69. attract 70. calm 71. panic 72. fist 73. likely 74. pigeon 75. soldier 76. roll 77. roll up 78. loose 79. employ 80. compass 81. unlike
第2页
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1. be made up of 2. vocabulary 3. nowadays 4. Celtic 5. Germanic 6. mainland 7. Angle 8. Saxon 9. occupy 10. consist 11. consist of 12. mixture 13. name after 14. aside 15. aside from 16. Viking 17. official 18. phrase 19. contribution 20. Norman 21. defeat 22. take control of
65. appearance 66. represent 67. drawing 68. as a whole 69. combine 70. distinguish 71. indicate 72. shortcoming 73. ink 74. eyesight 75. press 76. wire 77. convenient 78. battle 79. pattern 80. drag 81. practical 82. thus 83. typewriter 84. version
牛津高中英语模块3unit2课文
English and its historyAll trough history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays.In fact, we would not bethspoke a language called Celtic .Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland — the Angles and the Saxons—occupied Britain. Old English consist of a mixture of their languages. Boththe English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle wasspelt Engle in Old English. Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings ,people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10 th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words or phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and Saxons, while ill come from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle Englishth thMiddle English is the name give to the English used from around the 12to the 15centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons ’victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entre 250 years they ruled the England, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply(from Old French). It is interestingto learn how words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked as servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words we use for most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said hosen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an –s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this, ModernEnglish includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end he changes in the English language. The question of weather English will keep on changing in the future is easy answer. It is certain thatthis process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.。
牛津高中英语模块1-5全部英语课文及中文翻译
搜索代码：短语分词不定式完成时with结构句型M1U1 SCHOOL life in the UKGoing to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me. I was very happy with the school hours in Britain because school starts around 9 a.m. and ends about 3.30 p.m. This means I could get up an hour later than usual as schools in China begin before 8 a.m.On the first day, all of the new students attended an assembly in the school hall. I sat next to a girl whose name is Diane. We soon became best friends. During the assembly, the headmaster told us about the rules of the school. He also told us that the best way to earn respect was to devote oneself to study and achieve high grades. This sounded like my school in China.I had many teachers in the past year. Mr. Heywood , my class teacher, was very helpful. My favorite teacher was Miss Burke—I loved the lessons that she gave in English Literature. In our class there were 28 students. This is about the average size for British schools. We had to move to different classrooms for different classes. We also had different students in some classes, so it was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names.I found the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school, but it was a bit challenging for me at firs t because all the homework was in English. I felt lucky as all my teachers gave me much encouragement and I enjoyed all my subjects: English, History, English Literature, Computer Science, Maths, Science, PE, Art, Cooking and French.My English improved a lot as I used English every day and spent an hour each day reading English books in the library.I usually went to the Computer Club during the lunch break, so I could send e-mails to my family and friends back home for free.I also had an extra French class on Tuesday evenings. Cooking was really fun as I learned how to buy, prepare and cook food. At the end of term we held a class party and we all had to cook something. I was glad that all my classmates were fond of the cake that I made.Students at that school have to study Maths, English and Science, but can stop studying some subjects if they don’t like them, for example, History and French. They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science or Languages such as Spanish and German. In the Art class that I took, I made a small sculpture. Though it didn’t look very beautiful when it was finished, I still liked it very much.I missed Chinese food a lot at lunch. British food is very different. British people like eating dessert at the end of their main meal. After lunch, we usually played on the school field. Sometimes I played football with the boys. Sometimes I just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass.I was very lucky to experience this different way of life. I look back on my time in the UK with satisfaction, and I really hope to go back and study in Manchester again.在英国的学校生活在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
牛津高中英语模块三 UNIT THREE 单词
civilization lecture found volcano eruptashpour unfortunate mud decorate flee-fled-fled researcher true-to-life disaster destroy commercial wealthy gradually sandstorm scholar cultural institute ruin remains beneathpot material document explode nearby extreme complain bone wooden leather historical solution expression audience cave ceremony republic chairman harbor n. 文明n. 讲座vt. 兴建，创建n. 火山vi. （火山等）爆发n. 灰，灰烬vi. 涌流，倾泻vt. 倒出adj. 不幸地，遗憾地n. 泥浆，烂泥vt. 装饰，装潢vi/vt. 逃避，逃跑，迅速离开n. 研究者，调查者adj. 逼真的n. 灾难vt. 毁坏，摧毁adj. 商业的，贸易的adj. 富有的，富裕的adv. 渐渐地，逐渐地n. 沙尘暴，风沙n. 学者adj. 文化的n. （教育或其他专业）机构，研究所n. 废墟；损害vt. 破坏，损坏n. 遗物，遗迹，遗骸prep. 在。
之下n. 罐，壶n. 材料；物质adj. 物质的n. 文献，文件vi. 爆炸adj/adv. 在附近（的）adj. 极度的；极端的vi. 抱怨n. 骨骼，骨头adj. 木质的n. 皮革adj. 历史的，与历史研究相关的n. 解决方法，解答n. 表达，表情，神情n. 观众，听众n. 洞穴n. 仪式，典礼n. 共和国；共和政体n. 主席n. 港口navy powerful airfield bomb sailor aircraft carrier declare memorial educate statue troop march glory ahead vast salary aware basis courtcorrupt trial judge poison n. 海军，海军部队adj. 强有力的n. （军事）机场vt. 轰炸n. 炸弹n. 水手，海员n. 飞机n. 航空母舰，运输设备；运输公司vt. 宣布，宣称n. 纪念碑，纪念馆adj. 纪念的vt. 教育n. 雕塑，雕像n. 士兵；军队，部队vi./n. 前进；游行n. 辉煌；荣耀，光荣adv. 在。
牛津高中英语模块3英汉版
必修3 unit 1sense 感觉，感官，意义，感觉到fog 雾weatherman 气象员truth 事实，真相observe 观察，注意到，观察到rest 其他，其余glance 扫视nowhere 无处，到处不是footstep 脚步声，脚本deserted 空无一人的，被离弃的sight 视野，视力，视觉in sight 看得到，在视力范围之内rough 粗糙的brush 轻擦，轻拂，掠过beat （心脏）跳动fear 害怕，恐惧soft （声音）轻的，轻柔的，软的，柔软的wish for 盼望，期盼still 静止的，不动的darkness 黑暗second 秒，片刻reach out （手）伸出，伸出（手）stare 凝视，盯着看stare up at 抬头凝视watch out for 留意，留心，密切注意step 台阶firmly 坚定地，牢牢地helper 帮助者rare稀有的，罕见的pay back 报答，偿还（借款）freeze （使）僵住，呆住be frozen with 由于。
而发呆confidently 自信地，信心十足地personally 亲自，当面smell 味道，气味，嗅觉reduce 减轻，减少volunteer 志愿者experiment 实验，试验sniff 嗅，闻vanilla 香子兰豆，香草香精unpleasant 令人不快的durian 榴莲related 相关的，有了解的be related to 和。
相关，和。
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Appendix I: TranslationUnit 1Reading雾比尔·洛浓雾警报那天早晨波莉离家时，整个城市已笼罩在灰色的薄雾中。
午餐时分，收音机预报说，薄雾将会在下午变成浓雾。
下午四点，波莉下了班，步入了浓雾中。
她不知道公交车是否还会照常运行。
没有到国王大街的巴士一走到街上，她就快步向平常乘车的公交车站走去。
“您要坐多远？”巴士售票员收下她的车费前问道。
“国王大街。
”波莉答道。
“对不起，小姐，”售票员回答说，“现实情况是雾太浓了，公交车跑不了那么远。
乘地铁到格林公园吧。
那里的天气可能好一点，您也许能叫到一辆出租车。
”高个子男人当波莉打量地铁车厢里的乘客时，她感到她正被一个穿着黑色大衣的高个子男人注视着。
地铁终于到达了格林公园站。
当其他乘客走出车厢时，她扫视了一下她周围的一张张面孔。
那个高个子男人不见了。
脚步声当波莉到达车站入口处时，那里空无一人。
外面，她目光所及之处，雾像浓密的灰云一样聚积着。
什么人也看不见。
波莉朝着公园大街走去。
当她沿着狭窄的街道行走时，她听到了由远及近的脚步声，但当她走到街道拐角处时，脚步声却消失了，突然，波莉感到有一只粗糙的手拂过她的脸颊'并且她还听到了一个男人在她耳边说“对不起”的声音。
那个男人走开了。
她能感到她的心脏因害怕而怦怦地直跳。
热心的陌生人然后，她又听到了那种声音——在她身后响起的轻柔的脚步声。
一分钟前，她曾希望有人跟着来。
现在她则想跑开，可恐惧让她挪不动脚步。
脚步声这会儿似乎很近了。
接着，一个男人的声音从黑暗中传来：“有人吗？”波莉犹豫了。
最终她还是回答道：“你好，我想我是迷路了。
”几秒钟后，一只手伸过来抓住了她的胳膊。
波莉抬头看去，发现是一位长着络腮胡子的老人。
“也许我能帮你。
你想去哪条路？”他问道。
“我住在国王大街86号，”波莉答道。
“只要拉着我的手就成，”老人说，“跟着我走，不会有事的。
”他拉住波莉的手。
“小心这里的台阶。
”老人的另一只手里攥着一根手杖。
波莉能听见它敲击台阶的声音。
“我还记得几次糟糕的大雾，不过那可能都是在你出生之前的事了。
我看不见你的脸，但你听起来挺年轻。
你多大了？”“刚20岁，”波莉答道。
“啊，20岁，多好的年纪啊。
我也年轻过。
现在我们到了十字路口了。
这里向左转。
”“我是彻底迷路了。
您肯定你认识路吗？”波莉又开始感到害怕了。
“当然肯定，你真的不用担心。
”老人将她的手握得更紧了。
感恩的帮助者“我们到了。
国王大街。
”老人停住了脚步。
“非常感谢您帮忙，”波莉如释重负地说道，“您愿意进屋休息会儿么？”“你真客气，”老人说道，“不过我还是得走了，可能今天还会有更多人迷路，我想帮帮他们。
你瞧，像今天这么大的雾是很少见的。
这给了我一个机会，来回报晴天时人们给我的帮助。
像我这样的盲人没人帮助是根本过不了马路的，除非是在这样的浓雾里。
”Project鲨鱼攻击有将近400种不同种类的鲨鱼，但我们知道只有约30种鲨鱼攻击过人类。
许多人知道最危险的鲨鱼是大白鲨，也许是因为他们看过电影《大白鲨》吧。
然而，另外两种鲨鱼也相当危险：虎鲨和牛鲨。
和许多人可能会认为的正好相反，证据显示鲨鱼极少攻击人类。
鲨鱼攻击人类的情形有三种。
在主要的情形中，鲨鱼攻击你是因为它把你错当成了一条鱼，但当它尝出人肉的味道时，就会决定放弃并游开。
在第二种情形中，鲨鱼会用鼻子推搡你，以弄清你是否适合被食用，如果它觉得适合，便会咬你。
而在第三种情形中，鲨鱼会等待你游过，然后突然攻击你。
后两种攻击类型对人类来说往往是致命的。
遵循这些建议，以降低被鲨鱼攻击的风险：不要在黑暗中游泳。
在黑暗中，鲨鱼仍能看得见你，而你却看不见它们。
如果你有刚受伤的伤口，不要在海洋中游泳。
鲨鱼在很远处便能嗅到血腥味。
不要穿鲜亮的衣服或佩戴珠宝首饰，因为鲨鱼会被颜色或明亮物体的闪光吸引。
集体行动，因为鲨鱼通常会避开人群。
最近，随着水上运动更加普及，鲨鱼攻击事件也在持续增多。
如果鲨鱼攻击你，遵循以下建议：保持冷静。
不要慌张。
用你的拳头击打鲨鱼的鼻子。
用你的手指戳鲨鱼的眼睛。
不要害怕鲨鱼：你被闪电击中的几率要比受到鲨鱼袭击的几率大三十倍。
鸽子的奇妙世界万籁俱寂的夜晚。
除了一名哨兵在站岗放哨，所有士兵都在梦乡。
突然一道闪光，枪声四起！他们遭到攻击了！数百名敌军士兵冲向了他们。
除非获得救援，否则他们全都会被杀死。
他们该怎么办？一名军官飞快地在一张小纸片上写道：“受袭！速援！”他把纸片卷起来，放进一个小盒子里，然后伸手探入一个笼子，捉出一只鸟来。
他将信系在它的腿上后，便松开鸟儿。
它立刻飞向天空，消失在黑暗中。
这只鸟会及时到达吗？他们会得救吗？虽然这似乎令人难以置信，但是那名军官所用的鸟儿和我们常在公园里看到的一种鸟是同样的——鸽子。
鸽子有着极强的方向感，能从很远的地方找到回家的路。
确实，据知鸽子能飞行远达1800公里回到家。
因为这个缘故，鸽子自古以来就被用于携带消息甚至邮件。
然而，它们的最大用途却是在战争中发现的。
在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战期间，鸽子被军方用来和前线往返传递消息，挽救了许多士兵的生命，甚至帮助赢得了一些重要的胜利。
鸽子是怎么认路的呢？鸽子体内似乎有一只罗盘，告诉它们何处是北。
这个罗盘是如何，工作的仍然是个谜。
当然，由于仅靠一只罗盘不足以认路，它们似乎也使用视觉乃至嗅觉去辨明应该走哪条路。
和人类不同，它们从不迷路，总是能找到归家的路。
Unit 2Reading英语及其历史有史以来，在不列颠共同生活着来自许爹不同国家和文化背景的人们。
英语就是由这些人带来的语法和词汇构成的。
那就是为何英语有这么多使人困惑的不解规则。
古英语古英语和现今我们说的英语完全不同。
事实上，如果现在听到古英语，我们会听不懂。
公元5世纪中叶前，生活在不列颠的人都说一种叫凯尔特语的语言。
然后，来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼部族——盎格鲁人和撒克逊人——占领了不列颠。
古英语是他们的语言混合而成的。
（英语及英国人都是从盎格鲁这个词而来的；Angle这个词在古英语里拼作Engle。
）除了像伦敦这样的地名外，极少数的凯尔特单词成了古英语的一部分。
在9世纪末，来自北欧诸国（如丹麦和挪威）的维京人开始向不列颠移居。
他们带来了他们的语言，这些语言也与古英语交汇在了一起。
到了十世纪，古英语已是英格兰的官方语言。
现在当我们讲英语时，我们有时会对用哪些单词或短语而感到困惑。
这是因为英语有着许多来自不同语言的单词和短语，这些单词和短语有着相似的意思。
比如，sick-词就是来自由盎格鲁和撒克逊人曾经用过的一个词，而ill则来自曾经被挪威人用过的一个词。
中古英语中古英语是给大约12世纪到15世纪期间使用过的英语起的名字。
在这一新型英语的发展中，许多东西起了作用。
最大的贡献来自于讲法语的诺曼人，他们于1066年击败英格兰并控制了这个国家。
然而，诺曼征服对英语的影响并不及约600年前盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的胜利对英语产生的影响，那场胜利导致古英语替代了凯尔特语。
尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的整整250年间一直讲法语，但是法语并没有取代英语成为第一语言。
但另一方面，英语也确实借用了许多法语单词，因此产生了更多意思相近的单词，比如answer （来自于古英语）和reply（来自于古法语）。
了解有关动物和肉的词汇是怎么演变而来的，是件挺有趣的事。
诺曼人征服英格兰之后，许多英国人以仆人的身份从事饲养动物的工作。
因此，我们现在所用的大多数表示专为肉食而饲养的动物的单词，比如cow（母牛）、sheep（羊）和pig（猪），来自于古英语。
然而，由于这些动物的肉是供应给话曼人的，所以指代这些动物的肉的词来自于古法语，如beef（牛肉）、mutton （羊肉）、pork（猪肉）和bacon（熏猪肉，成猪肉）。
古法语也为中古英语做出了其他贡献。
在古英语中，单词变复数采用了日耳曼语中单词变复数的方法。
比如说，他们说housen而不是houses，说shosen而不是shoes。
当诺曼人控制英格兰之后，他们开始使用法语的复数构成形式，在house和shoe后面加s。
只有很少的单词保留了日耳曼语的复数形式，如man/men 和child/children。
诺曼征服之后，上层社会的人讲法语，而普通人则讲英语。
但是到了14世纪后半叶时，英语已被英格兰所有社会阶层广泛使用。
1399年，亨利四世成了英格兰国王。
他的母语是英语，他在所有正式场合都使用英语。
现代英语现代英语是在16世纪的文艺复兴时期出现的。
由于这个原因，现代英语中含有许多拉丁语及希腊语单词。
在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大的变化。
当然．这并不是英语语言变化的终结。
英语在未来是否会继续变化，这一问题是很容易问答的。
可以肯定的是，这一变化过程将会继续，人们将会不断地发明新的单词和新的表达方式。
Project汉字的发展汉语与西方语言不同，区别在于它不使用字母，而是用汉字表示思想、物体和行为。
中文的词语是通过把不同的汉字放在一起而组成的。
在许多情况下，一个单字也能构成一个词。
通过研究这些汉字是如何发展的就可以考察汉语的历史了。
汉字起源于数千年前。
根据古代传说，一位名叫仓颉的人发明了汉字。
他在某个冬日打猎时，看到各种动物留在雪中的足迹，他发现足迹的形状各不相同。
于是他想到可以用不同的形状来代表不同物体。
最初的汉字只是表现有形物体的图画。
随着时间的推移，一些汉字被简化了，而另一些则变得更加复杂。
不过总的来说，汉字从图画发展成了标准形式。
表示“山”的汉字最初是三座山峰并列，继而变成了一座山峰和三条线，随着时间的推移，最终演变成了现在使用的字形。
并非所有的汉字都从物体的图画演变而来。
有时候为了表达概念，某些汉字由两个或多个汉字组合而成。
比如，“休”是由表示“人”和“树”的汉字组合而成的，“因”字则是由人字位于框中构成的。
另一些汉字则用于表示方向和数字。
只要看它们的字形，就可以很容易区别它们的意思，比如汉字“上”和“下”，其字形恰好相反。
虽然这几种类型的汉字能够表意，但是它们的缺点之一是其字形不具有表音的功能。
因此便出现了一种应对之策，即汉字的一部分表意，另一部分表音。
今天使用的许多汉字便是用这种方式创造出来的。
20世纪50年代，中国政府推广简化汉字，现在它们已在中国大陆全面普及。
布莱叶盲文的故事通常，当我们谈到阅读时，我们会想到用眼睛去看纸上墨水写成的字母。
然而，情况并不一定总是这样。
比如，盲人无法看到东西，但他们仍能阅读书籍。
将盲人领入阅读世界的人是路易斯·布莱叶(1809-1852)。
布莱叶在三岁时因为受伤而失明。
十岁时，他进入巴黎一所盲人学校就读。
那时候，供盲人阅读的书籍是用纸压在金属丝上来形成字母。
因为金属丝很重，所以每本书都会重达100磅，整个系统使用起来非常不方便。
事实上，学校图书馆也只有14本这样的书。