Exercise 语言和语言学
语言学和语言的关系
语言学和语言的关系
语言学是研究语言的学科，它涉及到语音、语法、语义、语用、历史发展等方面。
语言是人类交流的工具，它是由一定的语言符号组成的，具有表达意义、传递信息的功能。
语言学与语言之间的关系非常密切，语言学的研究对象就是语言，而语言也是语言学的研究成果。
语言学的研究范围十分广泛，涉及到语言的各个方面。
例如，语音学研究的是语音的发音和音节的组合方式；语法学研究的是词汇和语法结构的组合方式；语义学研究的是词语和句子的意义；语用学研究的是语言在交际中的使用规则和策略等。
语言学为人们深入了解和研究语言提供了科学的方法和理论。
通过语言学的研究，人们可以掌握语言的规律和特点，更好地理解自然语言的本质和变化。
语言学与语言的关系不仅仅是相互支持、相互促进的，更是相互依存、相互影响的。
语言学研究的成果不仅可以指导语言学习和使用，也可以促进语言的发展和变革。
而语言的实际使用也为语言学提供了研究的素材和数据。
总之，语言学和语言之间的关系是相互影响、相互依存的。
语言学的研究成果可以指导语言的学习和使用，而语言的实际使用也为语言学研究提供了重要的数据和素材。
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语言学知识点
语言学知识点语言学是研究语言的科学，旨在理解人类语言的本质和语言的使用方式。
它涉及语音学、语法、语义、语用学等多个领域。
本文将介绍语言学的一些基本知识点。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）语音学研究的是语音的产生、传播和接收。
语音学家使用国际音标来表示语音。
国际音标包含了各种音素的符号，用以表示特定的语音。
2. 语音语调（Intonation）语音语调是对词语和句子的声调、强弱和节奏的研究。
它包括音高（pitch）、音量（volume）、语速（tempo）等方面的表达。
语音语调可以影响对话的意义和情感。
3. 语法（Grammar）语法是语言学中研究句子结构的学科。
它研究句子如何组成、如何变化以及如何表达语义。
语法分为句法（Syntax）和词法（Morphology）两个方面。
4. 句法（Syntax）句法研究句子内部成分的组合规则。
它关注句子的结构、语序以及成分之间的关系。
研究句法可以帮助我们理解和构建正确的句子。
5. 词法（Morphology）词法研究词的内部结构和变化规律。
它关注单词的构成要素（词根、词缀等）以及单词形态的变化。
6. 语义学（Semantics）语义学是研究词义和句义的学科。
它关注语言符号与现实世界之间的关系，研究词语和句子的意义。
语义学可以帮助我们理解语言的意义和表达的方式。
7. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学研究语言在具体语境中的使用和解释。
它关注的是说话人的意图、听者的理解以及背后的非字面意义。
语用学帮助我们理解语言的社交功能和交际规则。
8. 语言变体（Language Variation）语言变体指的是同一语言在不同社会群体之间产生的差异。
这些差异可以体现在发音、词汇、语法以及语用等方面。
语言变体是语言学中一个重要的研究领域。
9. 二语习得（Second Language Acquisition）二语习得研究的是学习第二语言的过程和条件。
它包括语言输入、语言输出和语言环境对第二语言学习的影响等方面。
语言学练习Exercise2
Chapter 2 5
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 11. _____ is the smallest linguistic unit. Phoneme 12. According to _____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. the maximal onset principle
Chapter 2 7
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer. 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _____ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones D 16. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _____. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula A
Chapter 2 14
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T __ 30. [p] is voiced bilabial stop. F
语言学Exercise 12
II. Choose the best answer.
12.
The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of _____. A. function B. meaning C. signs D. system A
10.
Systemic-Functional Grammar takes the actual uses of language as the object of study, while Chomsky's TG Grammar takes the ideal speaker's linguistic _____ as the object of study. competence
Exercises
Exercises 12
1
I. Fill in the blanks.
1.
The Prague School practiced a special style of _____ Linguistics. synchronic 2. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between _____ and phonology. phonetics
Exercises 12 15
II. Choose the best answer.
19. TG Grammar has seen _____ stages of development. A. three B. four C. five D. six C
语言学总结
一、语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能（不是很重要）信息功能informative人际功能interpersonal施为功能performative感情功能emotive function寒暄功能phatic communication娱乐功能recreational function元语言功能metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。
如语素和句子的意义语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义4、语言学中的重要区别规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位phoneme3 音位变体allophones4 互补分布complementary distribution5 自由变体free variation6 区别特征distinctive features7 超音段特征suprasegmental feature音节syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation四、形态学1 词的构成语素morpheme自由语素free morpheme粘着语素bound morphemeRoot 词根词缀affix 词干stem屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation首字母缩写词acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked,,slay-slayed 外来词borrowing五、句法学1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment2 结构主义学派the structure approach组合关系syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起聚合关系paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构和成分construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分) 3 直接成分分析法immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。
第一章语言和语言学
第二节 语言的结构
教学目标
理解并掌握语言的层级 理解并掌握语言的两种基本关系 了解语言结构的类型
第二节 语言的结构
本单元知识点： 一、语言的层级 二、语言的子系统 三、语言的基本关系
第二节 语言的结构
重点、难点
语言的上层、下层及其层级特点 语言的四个子系统及其相互关系 语言的两个基本关系 语言的不同结构类型
语言是什么？
（一）语言是……
噢，一个 符号系统
（一）语言是……
从功能上看，
语言最重要的功能 或者说本质功能是 社会交际功能和思维认知 功能。
（二）语言的符号性
（二）语言的符号性
符号、能指、所指
用甲事物代表乙事物，而甲乙两事物 之间没有必然的联系，甲事物就是 代表乙事物的符号。 甲事物就是符 号的能指（形式），乙事物就是符 号的所指（内容、意义）。
从系统角度看，语言符号系统又可分出若干子系统：
四个基本层次（子系统）：语音、词汇、语义、语法 语音 系统 词汇 系统 语义 系统 语法 系统 音质音位（元音、辅音） →音节 超音质音位（调位、时位、量位） 语素层（形位层） 词层→短语层→句层、熟语层 语素义位（形位义位）
词义位（词位义位）→义丛→义场
上面举的例子是语法上的组合关系与聚合关系。 考虑一下，语音上有没有组合关系和聚合关 系？ 提示：组合形成音节 聚合：发音部位、发音方法 • 再考虑一下语义上有没有组合关系和聚合关 系？
• 提示：语义搭配组合 • 从语义的纵向关系考虑（上下义、总分义） • 从语义的横向关系考虑（同义、反义、类义）
思考：
此外，介于词和句子之间的语言单位还有短语，短语是词和词的组 合，但又跟词一样，是构成句子的材料。
语言与语言学-
第一章语言与语言学人类对于语言的研究已有2000多年的历史, 但至今对于语言的定义以及语言的起源仍时有争议。
语言教学和语言作为外语教学也不是近期才有的事, 如何将语言研究的理论成果应用于外语教学也是随着语言研究的不断深入和对外语教学要求的不断强烈越来越受到重视。
关于语言本身的研究, 经历了语文学、对比语言学、描写语言学、解释语言学、语篇和会话研究等几个大的阶段, 这些理论有些应用于外语教学, 取得了很大的成功, 也有些应用于其他方面(如计算机和人工智能) 造福于人类。
在外语教学的历史长河中, 不论是传统的语法—翻译法和直接法, 还是本世纪变化多样的听说法、视听法、功能法和交际法, 无一不体现了各个阶段人们对于语言的认识程度。
因此, 对于语言的认识、对于语言学基本知识的了解与外语教学的研究有着直接的联系。
本章从这样一个角度出发, 对于语言、语言学的基本概念以及它们和外语教学之间的联系做一简要的介绍与分析, 以期达到纵观全局的效果。
第一节语言学是科学一、什么是语言学？关于语言学的定义, 公认的、简明扼要的定义是：语言学是科学地研究语言的学问。
那么, 什么是语言？怎样地研究算是科学？需要进一步的界定。
本节先简单探讨科学的问题, 下节着重讨论语言的定义。
二、科学的含义1. 广义的科学和狭义的科学说语言学是科学, 可以有两层意思。
广义地说, 我们可以认为不论研究语言的普遍规律, 还是研究某一特定语言的特点, 都是一门学问, 都是要在掌握大量语言素材和语言事实的基础上建立某种语言理论的学问。
狭义地说, “语言学是科学” 的说法特指语言学家对待语言研究的科学态度和科学方法, 而运用科学方法和科学态度研究语言正是20世纪语言学的突出特征。
2. 科学的方法运用科学的方法研究语言, 是指运用可以公开交流和描述的方法处理口头的或书面的语言材料, 并依据可以陈述的原则和可以形式化的理论进行证明(Robins, 1989)。
胡壮麟语言学Exercise 12
I. Fill in the blanks.
7.
In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as the _____ Age. Bloomfieldian 8. _____ in language theories is characteristic of America. Descriptivism
Exercises 12 9
II. Choose the best answer.
13.
The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is _____. A. Boas B. Sapir C. Bloomfield D. Harris C
Exercises 12
II. Choose the best answer.
16. _____ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages. A. Traditional B. Structural C. Functional D. Generative A
Exercises
Exercises 12
1
I. Fill in the blanks.
1.
The Prague School practiced a special style of _____ Linguistics. synchronic 2. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between _____ and phonology. phonetics
语言学类的英语单词包括哪些
语言学类的英语单词包括哪些语言学类的英语单词包括哪些词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。
下面是店铺整理的语言学类的英语单词包括哪些，欢迎大家分享、语言学类的英语单词包括哪些 11).linguisticsPlease tell me how to learn the subject of linguistics1).n.语言学请告诉我如何学语言学这门课。
2).oral languageUntil now I still can't understand why the oral language has developed like this2).n.口语直到现在我仍不能理解为什么口语会如此发展。
3).idiomYou may feel surprised that almost every idiom has a story behind it3).n.成语，习语你可能对每一个习语背后都有一个故事感到惊奇。
4).dialectThere are many dialects in the movie, so most of us can't understand its content4).n.方言这部电影里有很多方言，所以我们中的的大多数人是理解不了它的内容的。
5).colloquialI want to find a colloquial word instead of a written word5).adj.口语的我想找一个口语用词，而不是书面用词。
6).terminologyI need to know a lot of medical terminologies to write this article6).n.术语写这文章我需要知道许多医学方面的术语。
7).phoneticsTalking of my poor pronunciation,1 can't help regretting thatI couldn't learn phonetics well.7).n.语音学提起我不好的发音，我一直后悔没有把语音学学好。
语言学和语言的关系
语言学和语言的关系
语言学是研究语言的学科，它涉及到语言的结构、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面。
语言学家通过对语言的研究，可以了解语言的本质、语言的演变、语言的使用等方面的知识。
语言学与语言之间有着密不可分的关系，语言学的研究对象就是语言，而语言的存在也是语言学研究的前提。
语言是人类交流的工具，是人类文明的重要组成部分。
语言的产生和发展是人类文明发展的重要标志。
语言的存在使得人类可以进行有效的交流和沟通，可以传递知识、文化和价值观念。
语言的多样性也是人类文化的重要体现，不同的语言代表着不同的文化和历史背景。
语言学的研究可以帮助我们更好地了解语言的本质和语言的演变。
语言学家通过对语言的研究，可以了解语言的结构和规律，可以发现语言的演变和变化。
语言学的研究还可以帮助我们更好地理解语言的使用，可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言，提高语言的运用能力。
语言学和语言之间的关系是相互依存的。
语言学的研究需要语言的存在，而语言的存在也需要语言学的研究。
语言学的研究可以帮助我们更好地了解语言的本质和语言的演变，可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言，提高语言的运用能力。
而语言的存在也为语言学的研究提供了研究对象和研究材料。
语言学和语言之间的关系是密不可分的。
语言学的研究需要语言的存在，而语言的存在也需要语言学的研究。
语言学的研究可以帮助我们更好地了解语言的本质和语言的演变，可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言，提高语言的运用能力。
语言的存在也为语言学的研究提供了研究对象和研究材料。
语言学与语言习得
语言学与语言习得语言是人类交流与表达的重要工具，而语言学作为对于语言的研究和探索，是帮助我们理解和掌握语言的学科。
与此同时，语言习得则关注于个体在特定环境中如何学习和掌握语言的过程。
本文将从语言学和语言习得的角度来探讨语言的本质和习得的过程。
1. 语言学的定义和分类语言学可以定义为对语言的科学研究，包括语音学、语义学、语法学、语用学等方面的研究内容。
其中，语音学研究语音的产生和发音规律，语义学探讨语言的意义和词义的相关性，语法学研究语言的句法结构和语法规则，而语用学则关注语言的使用和交际功能。
2. 语言习得的过程和影响因素语言习得是指个体在特定环境中通过接触和使用语言逐渐掌握和运用语言的能力。
语言习得过程受到个体年龄、认知能力、环境暴露度等因素的影响。
根据习得的阶段，可以将语言习得分为婴儿期、儿童期和成人期的语言习得。
3. 儿童期语言习得的特点和重要性在语言习得中，儿童期是一个重要的时期。
儿童在接触语言的早期，可以通过模仿和重复的方式学习和习得语言，他们具有丰富的语言学习能力和语音感知的能力。
同时，儿童期的语言习得也可以对个体的智力发展和认知能力产生积极的影响。
4. 第二语言习得的挑战和方法除了儿童期的母语习得，许多人在成年后需要学习第二语言。
第二语言习得过程与母语习得存在一些不同之处。
成年人在语言习得中可能面临着面临着认知机制的限制和习得资源的不足等挑战。
然而，通过适当的教学方法和实践，成年人也可以较好地习得第二语言。
5. 语言习得的意义和应用语言习得不仅仅是个体能够有效交流和表达的基础，也是促进人际交往和文化交流的桥梁。
通过习得不同的语言，个体可以更好地理解和融入不同的文化，促进跨文化交流与合作。
通过对语言学与语言习得的探讨，我们可以更好地理解语言的本质和习得的过程。
语言学帮助我们深入了解语言的各个层面，从语音到语法，从词义到语用，进一步完善我们对语言的认识。
而语言习得研究则帮助我们探索人类语言能力的发展和习得的影响因素，为语言教育和跨文化交流提供了基础。
语言学概述
语言地理学
社会语言学
方言学：方言地理学
语体学
心理语言学
认知语言学
应用语言学
语言教学
第一语言教学
第二语言教学：英语教学
外语教学
话语语言学
实验语言学
数理语言学
代数语言学
统计语言学
应用数理语言学
计算语言学
语料库语言学
中国语言学集论
翻译学
神经语言学
伴随语言学
人类语言学
民族语言学
音韵学
词义学
写作学
语用学
研究这些问题的是社会语言学。与社会语言学关系密切的是方言学。研究区域方言的学科称为方言地理学。语体学近似社会语言学，研究在不同条件下语言使用的语体差异。文体学研究如何造成不同的文章风格。与此近似的传统学科是修辞学，包括雄辩术和作文法。文体学可以说是现代的修辞学。心理语言学从语言出发研究心理，摸索语言与感知、注意、记忆、学习等心理作用的关系。神经语言学探索人们学习语言、运用语言的神经学基础，试图做出人脑控制言语和听觉的模拟。研究伴随着语言交际而发生的种种现象的学科，叫副语言学，也叫伴随语言学。人类语言学研究社会制度、宗教信仰、职业、亲属关系等对语言习惯的影响以及语言对这些东西的或多或少的影响。民族语言学只研究民族类型、民族行为程式与人们的语言之间的关系。数理语言学是研究语言中的数学性质的学科。使用数学方法研究语言，最初是统计音素、语素、词汇等项目，后来人们运用数量计算学并使用各种模式来处理语言材料。数理语言学目前包括代数语言学、统计语言学和应用数理语言学。计算语言学阐明如何利用电子计算机来进行语言研究，其项目有统计资料，检索情报，研究词法、句法，识别文字，合成语音，编制机助教学程序，进行机助翻译等等。
编辑本段未来发展
语言学专业名词
Term 专业名词（中英文）acculturation 文化移入action research 行动研究affect 情感ambiguity 模糊性approach 方法behavioral psychology 行为心理学cognitive psychology 认知心理学communicative competence 交际能力communicative language teaching 交际语言教学constructivism 建构主义content-based instruction 基于内容的教学conversation analysis 话语分析cooperative learning 协作学习deductive learning 演绎式学习design 教学设计discourse 语篇discourse competence 语篇能力drill 反复操练elicit 诱导error 偏误extrinsic motivation 外在型动机first language 第一语言或母语flooding 泛滥法fluency-first instruction 流利度教学foreign language 外语form-focused instruction 形式训练fossilization 僵化freewriting 自由式写作generative linguistics 生成语言学或转换生成语言学gist 主旨grammatical competence 语法能力hedge 推诿illocutionary force/act 言外行为impulsive learner 冲动型学习者incidental feedback 偶然型反馈inductive learning 归纳式学习informed approaches “万能式”交际学习法interference 干扰interlingual transfer 语际迁移intralingual transfer 语内迁移intrinsic motivation 内在型动机L1 第一语言或母语L2 第二语言language ego 语言自我language function 语言功能learning strategy 学习策略learning style 学习方式metalinguistic feedback 显性反馈method 方式方法motivation 动机Natural Approach, The 自然教学法noticing 目标转移overgeneralization 过度概括paralinguistic features 副语言特征pattern practice 句型操练politeness 礼貌原则pragmalinguistic competence 语用能力pragmatics 语用学proficiency 水平或能力recast 重铸，又称隐性反馈reflective learner 思考型学习者reflective style 思考型register 语域repair 修正response 反应role-play 角色扮演school of thought 学派second language 第二语言second language acquisition (SLA) 第二语言习得、简称二语习得slip 失误sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistic competence 社会语言能力sociopragmatic competence 社会语用能力stimulus 刺激strategic competence 策略能力structural linguistics 结构式语言学sustained content 持久性内容syllabus 教学计划syntax 句法target language 目标语言task-based instruction 任务型教学theme-based instruction 主题式教学Total Physical Response (TPR) 直接式沟通教学法或完全生理反应理论variability 变异性whole language 整体语言教学法Explanation 英文释义the process of adapting to a different cultureteacher-initiated classroom research focusing on a specific classroom issue(n.) emotion or feeling; (affective, adj.)a situation in which the intended meaning is not clear(n.) beliefs about the nature of language and language learning based on well-known theories(n.) a branch of psychology that focuses on observable actions, particularly stimulus-response methodsa branch of psychology that focuses on human perception and learning, in contrast with behavioral psychology which focuses on observable behaviorthe ability to communicate in a second or foreign language, requiring knowledge of social, cultural, and pragmatic rulesan approach that emphasizes interaction as both a means and the goal of learning a new languagea school of thought which integrates psychological and linguistic principles and emphasizes social interaction and the discovery, or construction, of meaningwhen a subject, such as math or history, is taught in a second language or when texts from such content areas are used for learning a second languagestudying the ways people participate in conversations and how conversation works in different settingsa learning process in which learners work togetherlearning that starts with learning language rules such as grammar, before practicing those rules(n.) the organizing principle that reflects learning theories, teaching objectives, teacher and student roles, textbooks, and materialslanguage used in particular kinds of speech and writingthe ability to connect longer sentences coherently and to produce long pieces of talk or writing(n.) a technique for practicing language, involving guided repetition to ask careful questions in order to get students to give a specific answer; (elicitation, n.)a mistake learners make when trying to say or write something above their level of languagemotivation that does not come from the learnerthe language used at home, usually in the country or region where that language is spoken; also know as the mother tongue or native languagemultiple exposures to the same language form (such as the simple past tense) within a textan approach to teaching that stresses speakinga language learned in an environment where a different language is spokenexplicit or implicit teaching which is designed to draw students' attention to formwhen the student does not show signs of progress and continues to make the same mistakesa writing activity where the focus is on flow of ideas without concern for language accuracy(n.) a school of thought that views language as a set of fixed rules that can be used to create an unlimited number of sentencesthe main idea or meaning of a written or spoken textthe ability to use the grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of a languageavoiding directness in communication in an attempt to lessen a negative effectthe speaker's intended meaninga learner who has the tendency to respond quickly, responses sometimes involve risk-taking or guessingunplanned, on-the-spot feedback and correction of errorsusing known facts or patterns to form a general rulelanguage learning approaches based on the belief that all communication supports second language acquisitionmaking mistakes in the language being learned by using the same grammatical pattern from the first languagewhen a language learner applies a rule from the first language to the second language, first language interferencewhen a learner applies a rule to all situation such as putting -ed at the end of all verbs to for the simple pastself-motivationthe first language, also know as the mother tongue or native languagethe second or additional language that one learnsthe identity people develop in reference to the language they speak the reason or purpose for saying somethinga technique a learner consciously uses when learning or using languagethe way an individual learner naturally prefers to learnteacher comments or questions used to prompt the students to self-correcta systematic plan based on a set of principles used in presenting material for instructiondesire to learn or do somethinga language teaching method based on principles of first language acquisitionbringing a student's focused attention to something such as a grammar or pronunciation pointwhen a learner applies a rule to all situationsnon-word-based communication, such as intonation or stressan exercise based on practicing the same pattern; a drillan area of pragmatics that focuses on expressing in a manner that are correct for the social situationthe appropriate use of grammatical structures to respond to a speakerthe study of how meaning is expressed and understood in interactionsa student's general ability to use a language(v.) when a teacher says an ill-formed or incomplete sentence correctlya learner who tends to think carefully before responding, making a decision, or solving a problemthe tendency to think carefully before making a decision or solving a problemthe level of formality in speaking or writingany one of a number of strategies to keep a conversation going after communication has broken down, for example, because of a misunderstandingin psychology, any behavior that is caused by a stimulus(n) a classroom activity in which students act out roles in a given situationa way of thinking that is based on a particular theorya language one learns other than one's first, or native, language: target languagea collection of theories and principles about how foreign languages are learned(n.) a language mistake that students can correct on their owna school of thought that focuses on the relationship between language and culturethe ability to use and respond to language appropriately with specific topics, people, and situationsthe culturally appropriate use of the social rules of languagein psychology, an agent that directly causes a behavior; stimuli, pl.the ability to accomplish something, such as a request, through languagea school of thought popular in the 1940s and 1950s that focused on structural characteristics of human languagewhen students study the same subject matter throughout the coursea plan that shows students what they will be studying in a particular course or subjectthe way words are arranged to form sentences or phrasesthe language that is being learnedan approach in which the focus is on the completion of meaningful tasks rather than on the languagewhen students study different themes or topics throughout a course a way of teaching in which the teacher presents language items as instructions and the students have to do exactly what the teacher tells themchange in language use at different times and in different situationsa teaching approach without explicit focus on language rules or formsChinese Explanation 中文释义适应另一种文化的过程。
语言学和语言文学
语言学和语言文学
一、语言学
语言学是一门研究人类语言的学科，主要关注人类语言的性质、结构、演变以及应用。
语言学的研究范围广泛，包括语音学、音韵学、语法学、语义学、语用学等。
1.语音学：研究语言的发音、语音系统及语音变化。
2.音韵学：研究语言的音节、音韵及音变规律。
3.语法学：研究语言的语法结构、语法规则及语法演变。
4.语义学：研究语言的词汇意义、句子意义及语篇意义。
5.语用学：研究语言的交际功能、语境及语言与社会文化的关系。
二、语言文学
语言文学是研究人类语言文化现象的学科，包括文学、历史、哲学、艺术等多个领域。
语言文学的研究范围广泛，包括文学理论、文学史、文学作品分析、文化研究等。
1.文学理论：研究文学的基本概念、文学创作的原理及文学批评的方法。
2.文学史：研究文学的发展历程、文学流派的演变及文学运动的历史背景。
3.文学作品分析：通过对具体文学作品的分析，探讨作品的文学风格、主题、形式及意义。
4.文化研究：研究特定文化背景下的语言文化现象，包括文化传统、文化价值观及文化交流等。
总之，语言学与语言文学是相互关联的学科，前者主要关注语言本身的研究，后者则更加关注语言与文化、历史的联系。
两者相辅相成，共同构成了人类语言文化的综合体系。
英语课程教学论考试重点
Unit 1 Language and Language Learning 语言和语言学习1.Views on language 有关语言的观点Different views on language generate different teaching methodologies. (P2)不同的语言观产生不同的教学方法。
Three different views of language: 三种不同观点的语言:(1). Structural view: language as a system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning (morphology); the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax) (p3) a finite number of such structural items 有限数量的这种结构性产品结构语言理论:语言作为一个系统由各种子系统:音响系统(语音);离散单元的意义(形态);对通信相结合的系统单位的意义(语法)(2). Functional view: Language is not only a linguistic system but alsoa means for doing things. 功能观:语言不仅是一种语言系统,但也做事情的一种方式。
(3). Interactional view: language as a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. (p3)交互语言理论:语言作为一种交际工具来建立和维护人们之间的社会关系。
语言和语言学简答
答：由三个元音组合而成的复元音叫“三合元音”。三合元音一般都是中间响两头弱，因而又叫“中响复元音”。
解释“语”。
答：语是由两个以上的词构成但意义比较凝固，又经常作为一个整体单位使用的固定词组或熟语性语言片断。
解释“一般语汇”。
答：语汇中除去基本语汇以外的那一部分即一般语汇，它包括古语词、方言词、外来词、新造词等。
论述一般语汇与基本语汇的关系。答：语汇中基本语汇以外的词构成语言的一般语汇。一般语汇的特点是不为全民常用、使用范围窄、产生历史较短、构词能力较弱。一般语汇所包含的词的数量大大超过基本语汇的数量，内容也非常复杂。一般语汇对社会的变化很敏感，社会的发展变化首先反映在一般语汇中。一般说来，新词、古语词、外来词及行业用语、科技术语、方言俚语等都属于一般语汇。基本语汇和一般语汇的关系是相辅相成的，一般语汇中大量的词都是在基本词的基础上构成的，反过来，一般语汇又不断地充实基本语汇。
20.解释“复辅音”。答：一个音节内两个或两个以上的辅音的组合叫做“复辅音”。
音位的划分。
答：音位从构成材料上看
，可分为音质音位和非音
质音位。以音素为材料，
通过音质的差别来起辨义
作用的音位叫“音质音位”
。通过音高、音强、音长
来的差别来起辨义作用的
音位叫“非音质音位”。非
音质音位包括利用音高差
别来区别意义的“调位”、
简答汉语普通话的音节结构特点。答：（1）汉语普通话具备V、C－V、V－C、C－V－C这四种音节结构的基本类型，但是汉语普通话的音节中不允许出现两个或几个辅音相连的辅音群。（2）普通话的闭音节中的收尾辅音－G只能是鼻音。（3）普通话音节中的元辅音最多不超过四个。
简答语汇的作用。答：就语汇在每一种语言体系中的地位和作用看，它是语言的建筑材料。我们平时说话、写文章，都是先由一个个的词组成句子，再由句子组成段落、篇章的。所以，语汇在语言构成上占有相当重要的地位，没有语汇就没有语言。
语言学基本知识
语言学基本知识
语言学是一门研究语言的学科。
它涵盖了从语言的结构和规则到语言在社会和文化中的作用的一切内容。
学习语言学需要掌握一些基本知识，这样才能更好地理解语言的本质和语言使用的方式。
首先是语言的分类。
目前全世界有超过7000种语言，根据不同的分类标准，可以将其分为不同的类别。
按语音特征可分为音节语言和音位语言，按语法结构可分为屈折语和不屈折语，按词汇构成可分为孤立语和合成语等。
掌握语言分类的方法可以让我们更好地了解全球语言多样性，对比各种语言的特点和差异。
其次是语言结构。
语言结构包括语音、语法、语义和语用四个方面。
语音是指语言中的音素和音节，语法是指语言中的句法、词法和语法关系，语义是指语言中的词义和句义，语用是指语言使用中的社交和语境因素。
再次是语言习得。
语言习得是指儿童从出生到掌握完整的语言系统的过程。
在这个过程中，儿童会通过模仿、试错和接受输入等方式逐步掌握语言的规则和表达方式。
语言习得过程需要对儿童语言发展的不同阶段和特征有一定的理解，可以帮助我们更好地了解人类语言习得的本质。
最后是语言变化。
语言是一个不断变化和发展的系统，和时代、地域、甚至个人因素有关。
语言变化包括音变、语法变
化、词汇变化等。
了解语言变化的规律和趋势，可以让我们更好地把握语言的历史和未来发展方向。
总之，掌握语言学的基本知识是理解和使用语言的基础。
通过对语言分类、结构、习得和变化等方面的掌握，我们可以更好地了解语言的本质和语言使用的方式，也能更好地应用语言知识到日常生活和职业中。
语言学语言学的基础知识与语言结构解读
语言学语言学的基础知识与语言结构解读语言学是研究语言的学科，旨在了解语言的基础知识和语言结构。
本文将对语言学的基础概念进行解读，以及对语言结构的探讨。
一、语言学的基础知识1. 语言的定义与特点语言是人类交流和表达思想的工具，具有符号系统、等级性、交际功能和创造性等特点。
它不仅是一种沟通工具，还反映了文化、思维方式和社会结构。
2. 语言学的研究对象语言学关注的研究对象包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等多个方面。
语音学研究语音的产生和组织，语法学研究句法结构和词汇的规则，语义学研究词义和句子意义，语用学研究语言使用的情境和目的。
3. 语言的层次结构语言的层次结构包括语音、词汇、语法和语义四个层次。
语音层次研究语音的产生和听觉属性，词汇层次研究单词和词汇的组织，语法层次研究句法结构和短语的规则，语义层次研究词义和句子意义。
二、语言结构的解读1. 语音结构语音结构研究语音的组成和组织规律。
语音由语音单位音素组成，而音素则由音素特征和音位组成。
音素特征包括声调、音高、音长等属性，而音位是具体的语音单位，如/m/、/p/等。
2. 词汇结构词汇结构研究词的组成和构词规律。
词是最小的意义单位，包括实词和虚词。
实词是具有独立意义的词，如名词、动词、形容词等，虚词是没有独立意义的词，如冠词、介词等。
3. 语法结构语法结构研究句子的组成和句法规则。
句子由短语组成，短语由词组成。
句子结构包括主谓结构、主谓宾结构、并列结构等。
句子的结构规则决定了句子的语法正确与否。
4. 语义结构语义结构研究词义和句子意义。
词义是词的表面意义，而句子意义是由单词和句子结构组成的更大的意义单位。
语义研究主要包括词义的分类和句子意义的生成规则等。
结论语言学的基础知识包括语言的定义与特点、语言学的研究对象以及语言的层次结构。
在语言结构方面，语音结构研究语音的组成和组织规律，词汇结构研究词的构成和构词规律，语法结构研究句子的组成和句法规则，语义结构研究词义和句子意义。
Exercise_语言和语言学
Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. PerformanceC. langueD. Language2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ andmeanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________.A. general linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. psycholiguisticsD. apllied linguistics5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descrpitveD. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as __________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any othername would smell as sweet’ well illustrates ________.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is ____________.A. performativeB. emotiveC. informativeD. phatic16. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semanti c…linguistic17. The study of _________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. computer- linguisticsD. phonology18. __________ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bangB. headacheC. roseD. impolite20. _________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semanticsD. Morphology and phonology21. The term ________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ________.A. language is arbitraryB. language is used for communicationC. language is basically vocalD. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics.A. MorphologyB. sociolinguicticC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by ______.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. the Prague School25. What are the dual structures of language?A. sounds and lettersB. sounds and meaningsC. letters and meaningD. sounds and symbolsExercise 12 Phonetics语音学1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonant2. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]3. The sound [f] is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle5. Liquids are classicified in the light of __________.A. manners of articulationB. place of articualtionC. place of tongueD. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _________.A. [l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]7. The differnce between [u] abd [u:] us caused by _________.A. the openess of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT________.A. [a:]B. [u:]C. [ æ]D. [u]10. ____________ is the study of al l the sounds that occur in the world’s language.A. MorphologyB. PhoneticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12. [p] is different from [k] in ___________.A. the manner of articulationB. the shape of lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordD. the place of articulation13. In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of_______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental14. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_______.A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula15. [e] is different from [a] in _________.A. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouthB. In the nasal cavityC. Above the tongueD. Inside the larynx17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities?A. the pharynxB. the nasal cavityC. the larynxD. the oral cavity18. “The Adam’s Apple” is ____________.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. [b]B. [m]C. [n]D.[p]Exercise 13 Phonology音位学1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features3. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include________, length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress7. _________ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Phonology8. __________ are used to find the phonemes of a language.A. Minimal pairsB. Free variationC. Constrastive distributionD. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic enviornment, then theyare ________.A. two separate phonemesB. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phonemeD. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy12. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.( )A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words ia a minimal pair?A. but – pubB. wet – whichC. pin-penD. fail- find14. _______ is an indispensible part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentenceare __________.A. NounsB. VerbsC. AdverbsD. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complenetray distribution, they are _______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs18. In the production of a consonants at least ________ articualtiors are involved.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four19. _________ involve more than one manners of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals20. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are __________.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely openExercise 14 Morphology形态学1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphem es in it.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. bookB. boyishC. betD. child7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)______________.A. blended wordB. abbreviated wordC. compound wordD. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others?A. –fulB.-lyC.-edD. -ity9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. gas stationB. town-planningC. headacheD. medicare10. The word “fridge” is formed through_________.A. compoundingB. blendingC. clippingD. back formation11. Which of the following is a typical example of back formation?A. editB. writeC. putD. cook12. Which of the following is NOT invented by way of acronym?A. NATOB. APECC. AIDSD. smog13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme?A. [s]B.[z]C. [ei]D.[is]14. Of all the following four words, which one is different from the other three in terms ofword-formation?A. NationalB. E-mailC. BrunchD. Medicare15. How many bound morphemes are there in the word “internationalism”?A. 2B. 4C. 3D. 116. The two aspects to the meaning of a word are denotation and ___________.A. indicationB. connotationC. conversationD. implication17. A ________ word is a combination of two or more words which functions as a single word.A. compoundB. blendC. shortenedD. clipped18. The word “ typhoon” originated in ________.A. JapaneseB. FrenchC. ChineseD. Spanish19. In terms of lexicology, a word is a combination of sound and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. pronunciation20. The different forms of a morpheme are called ________.A. morphsB. free formsC. allomorphsD. roots21. ___________ are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.A. clipped wordsB. compoundsC. blendsD. acronyms22. In the word “internationalism”, _________ is the root.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism23. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. pencil boxB. friedlinessC. deadlineD. upstair24. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________.A. the internal strucutreB. wordC. the rules by which words are formedD. morpheme25. When the suffix ________ is added to a noun, it usually changes this noun into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. erExercise 15 Syntax句法学1. ________mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.A. PragmaticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonetics2. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical3. ________ put forward the idea that sentence can be defined as the maximum free form.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure4. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative districtB. Language associative deviceC. Language aquisicion deviceD. Language aquisicion district5. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite6. The two clauses in a _______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. complexC. completeD. corordinate7. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday8. Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure9. According to ICAnalysis, how many ultim ate constituents are there in the sentence “John leftyesterday”?A. 2B.3C.4D. 110. TG Grammar studies the relationship between language and __________.A. societyB. cultureC. psychologyD. acquisition11. Which of the following does NOT belong to the key concepts of TG Grammar?A. Deep and surface structureB. Universal grammarC. Language acquisition deviceD. Psychological factors12. __________ proposed the theory of Systemic-functional Grammar.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. SaussureD. Bloomfield13. Different from Chomsky, Halliday studies language from a ________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.psychologicalC. culturalD. conventional14. Chomsky holds the view that language is a form of _______; while Halliday regardslanguage as a form of ___________.A. knowing, thinkingB. knowing, doingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowing15. A speaker’s actual utteranc e in Chomsky’s ter minology is called ___.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure16. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consist of ____________elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 517. H alliday’s Systemic-functional Grammar takes _______ as the object of study.A. actual uses of languageB. ideal speaker’s linguistic compete nceC. children’s languageD. adult’s language18. If we use IC Analysis to analyze the sentence I bought the book at the price of 25 yuanyesterday,, where is the first cut?A. Between yuan and yesterdayB. Between I and boughtC. Between book and atD. Between bought and the19. __________ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc) and verb(tense,aspect, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words20. What does “IC” stand for as a syntatic notion and anlytical technique?A. Inferntial Connective.B. Immediate Constituent.C. Inflexional Component.D. Implecative Communication.Exercise 16 Semantics语义学1. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong iscalled _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational2. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy3. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of ______ oppo sites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational4. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above5. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. _______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. "Fair" (lovely) and "fare" (money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc)B. "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C. "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D. "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement"(something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)7. “Clear” and “V ague” are a pair of _____.A. relative antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. root antonymsD. free antonyms8. In the sentence: “ We have courses to make grown man young and young man groan.”________ are used to create an impressive effect.A. homophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. polysemants9. The group of words _____ make up a semantic field.A. rose, lily, tulip violetB. shoes, socks, glasses, booksC. red, white, rose, milkD. father, teacher, dog, son10. “ Hopeful” and “ hopeless” are called ______ on the basis of morphological structure.A. absolute antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivative antonymsD. contraries11. _______ ar e used in the sentence “With IBM we have the power to manage the power”.A. homophonesB. homographsC. full homonymsD. polysemants12. _________ is the study of meaning.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. PhoneticsD. Phonology13. _________ put forward the famous classic semantic triangle in semantics.A. Chomsky & HallidayB. Ogden & RichardsC. Austin & LabovD. Wittgenstein & Austin14. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to __________.A. conceptB. the thoughtC. the real worldD. meaning15. “Woman” in “ The woman in the room is pretty” refers to _______, according to semantictriangle.A. thoughtB. referenceC. referentD. linguistic form16. “Politician” and “statesman” are a pair of _____________.A. collocational synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD.dialectal synonyms17. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult18. A word with several meanings is called ________.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple19. “Dog” and “pig” are ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms20. The color “yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its__________.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning21. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of ________.A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above22. ________ is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical terms, suchthat the former is included in the latter.A. SynonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy23. ________ refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. HomonymyC. SynonymyD. Polysemy24. “ Surprise” and “amaze” are a pair of ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. emotive synonymsC. semantically different synonymsD. stylistic synonyms25. The ambiguity in “pass the port” is ca used by _________.A. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy26. ________ are used in “There is a beautiful sight at our site”.A. homographsB. homophonesC. antonymsD. synonyms27. Which of the following is different from the other three according to the classification ofantonyms on the basis of morphological structure?A. large & smallB. clear & vagueC. buy & sellD. useful & useless28. Antonyms are used to make a(n) ____ in the saying “ Easy come, easy go”.A. contrastB. cohesionC. ironyD. emphasis29. Sources of homonyms include_____.A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above30. Which of the following are contraries?A. old and youngB. dead and aliveC. buy and sellD. west and eastExercise 17 Pragmatics语用学1. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical2. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ________.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20th centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to theconversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. If a sentence is regraded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes ________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance11. A: How are you today?B: Fine, and my family is also fine.This conversation flouts the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. maxim12. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” Obviously violatesthe maxim of ________A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the five types of illocutionary acts classified bySearle?A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. initiative14. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me?” is a(n) ____________.A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive15. “I now declare the meeting open” is a(n)__________.A. declarationB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive16. “I promise to come.” is a(n) _________.A. expressiveB. directiveC. declarationD. commissive17. “ I have never seen the man before.” is a(n) _________.A. directiveB. declarationC. representativeD. commissive18. Locutionary act is ___________.A. the act of expressing the speaker’s intentionB. the act of conveying literal meaningC. the act of resulting from the utteranceD. the effect of the speech19. According to Austin, which of the following can be considered as a performative?A. The earth is round.B. I claim that is my watch.C. He isn’t here.D. It’s Wednesday.20. The meaning of an utterance is considered as __________.A. abstarctB. context-dependentC. decontextualizedD. concrete21. “We do things with words”—this is the main idea of __________.A. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics22. __________ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “Could you close the door?”B. “ I hereby declare Mr. Clinton elected.”C. “ Good morning.”D. “I command you to report at 6 p.m.”23. For the following conversation:A: Did you go to the cinema last night?”B: I stayed at home.________ is the conversational implicature.A. B. went to the cinema. B. A went to the cinema.C. B. did not go to the cinema.D. A and B went to the cinema together.24. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. Quanlity25. In the conversation:A: Where is Mr. Wang?B: Somewhere in Bejing.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. QuanlityExercise 18 Semantic Change词义演变1. The four major ways of semantic change are ________.A. narrowing, extension, elevation and degradationB. specialization, extension, narrowing and degradationC. narrowing, extension, generalization and degradationD. degradation, extension, elevation and degeneration2. ___________ refers to the stretch of meaning.A. SpecializationB. GeneralizationC. DegradationD. Elevation3. Generalization can be illustrated by the following examples EXCEPT________.A. holidayB. orientationC. sancturyD. shroud4. Which of the following means the shrinking of meaning?A. GeneralizationB. DegradationC. SpecializationD. Elevation。
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Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. PerformanceC. langueD. Language2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ andmeanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________.A. general linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. psycholiguisticsD. apllied linguistics5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descrpitveD. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as __________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isn‟t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any othername would smell as sweet‟ well illustrates ________.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user‟sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is ____________.A. performativeB. emotiveC. informativeD. phatic16. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semanti c…linguistic17. The study of _________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. computer- linguisticsD. phonology18. __________ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bangB. headacheC. roseD. impolite20. _________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semanticsD. Morphology and phonology21. The term ________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ________.A. language is arbitraryB. language is used for communicationC. language is basically vocalD. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics.A. MorphologyB. sociolinguicticC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by ______.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. the Prague School25. What are the dual structures of language?A. sounds and lettersB. sounds and meaningsC. letters and meaningD. sounds and symbolsExercise 12 Phonetics语音学1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonant2. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]3. The sound [f] is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle5. Liquids are classicified in the light of __________.A. manners of articulationB. place of articualtionC. place of tongueD. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _________.A. [l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]7. The differnce between [u] abd [u:] us caused by _________.A. the openess of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT________.A. [a:]B. [u:]C. [ æ]D. [u]10. ____________ is the study of al l the sounds that occur in the world‟s language.A. MorphologyB. PhoneticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12. [p] is different from [k] in ___________.A. the manner of articulationB. the shape of lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordD. the place of articulation13. In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of_______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental14. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_______.A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula15. [e] is different from [a] in _________.A. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouthB. In the nasal cavityC. Above the tongueD. Inside the larynx17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities?A. the pharynxB. the nasal cavityC. the larynxD. the oral cavity18. “The Adam‟s Apple” is ____________.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. [b]B. [m]C. [n]D.[p]Exercise 13 Phonology音位学1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features3. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include________, length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress7. _________ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Phonology8. __________ are used to find the phonemes of a language.A. Minimal pairsB. Free variationC. Constrastive distributionD. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic enviornment, then theyare ________.A. two separate phonemesB. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phonemeD. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy12. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.( )A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words ia a minimal pair?A. but – pubB. wet – whichC. pin-penD. fail- find14. _______ is an indispensible part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentenceare __________.A. NounsB. V erbsC. AdverbsD. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complenetray distribution, they are _______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs18. In the production of a consonants at least ________ articualtiors are involved.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four19. _________ involve more than one manners of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals20. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are __________.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely openExercise 14 Morphology形态学1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphem es in it.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. bookB. boyishC. betD. child7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)______________.A. blended wordB. abbreviated wordC. compound wordD. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others?A. –fulB.-lyC.-edD. -ity9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. gas stationB. town-planningC. headacheD. medicare10. The word “fridge” is formed through_________.A. compoundingB. blendingC. clippingD. back formation11. Which of the following is a typical example of back formation?A. editB. writeC. putD. cook12. Which of the following is NOT invented by way of acronym?A. NA TOB. APECC. AIDSD. smog13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme?A. [s]B.[z]C. [ei]D.[is]14. Of all the following four words, which one is different from the other three in terms ofword-formation?A. NationalB. E-mailC. BrunchD. Medicare15. How many bound morphemes are there in the word “internationalism”?A. 2B. 4C. 3D. 116. The two aspects to the meaning of a word are denotation and ___________.A. indicationB. connotationC. conversationD. implication17. A ________ word is a combination of two or more words which functions as a single word.A. compoundB. blendC. shortenedD. clipped18. The word “ typhoon” originated in ________.A. JapaneseB. FrenchC. ChineseD. Spanish19. In terms of lexicology, a word is a combination of sound and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. pronunciation20. The different forms of a morpheme are called ________.A. morphsB. free formsC. allomorphsD. roots21. ___________ are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.A. clipped wordsB. compoundsC. blendsD. acronyms22. In the word “internationalism”, _________ is the root.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism23. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. pencil boxB. friedlinessC. deadlineD. upstair24. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________.A. the internal strucutreB. wordC. the rules by which words are formedD. morpheme25. When the suffix ________ is added to a noun, it usually changes this noun into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. erExercise 15 Syntax句法学1. ________mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.A. PragmaticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonetics2. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical3. ________ put forward the idea that sentence can be defined as the maximum free form.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure4. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative districtB. Language associative deviceC. Language aquisicion deviceD. Language aquisicion district5. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite6. The two clauses in a _______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. complexC. completeD. corordinate7. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday8. Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure9. According to ICAnalysis, how many ultim ate constituents are there in the sentence “John leftyesterday”?A. 2B.3C.4D. 110. TG Grammar studies the relationship between language and __________.A. societyB. cultureC. psychologyD. acquisition11. Which of the following does NOT belong to the key concepts of TG Grammar?A. Deep and surface structureB. Universal grammarC. Language acquisition deviceD. Psychological factors12. __________ proposed the theory of Systemic-functional Grammar.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. SaussureD. Bloomfield13. Different from Chomsky, Halliday studies language from a ________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.psychologicalC. culturalD. conventional14. Chomsky holds the view that language is a form of _______; while Halliday regardslanguage as a form of ___________.A. knowing, thinkingB. knowing, doingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowing15. A speaker‟s actual utteranc e in Chomsky‟s ter minology is called ___.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure16. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consist of ____________elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 517. H alliday‟s Systemic-functional Grammar takes _______ as the object of study.A. actual uses of languageB. ideal speaker‟s linguistic compete nceC. children‟s languageD. adult‟s language18. If we use IC Analysis to analyze the sentence I bought the book at the price of 25 yuanyesterday,, where is the first cut?A. Between yuan and yesterdayB. Between I and boughtC. Between book and atD. Between bought and the19. __________ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc) and verb(tense,aspect, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words20. What does “IC” stand for as a syntatic notion and anlytical technique?A. Inferntial Connective.B. Immediate Constituent.C. Inflexional Component.D. Implecative Communication.Exercise 16 Semantics语义学1. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong iscalled _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational2. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy3. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of ______ oppo sites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational4. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above5. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. _______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. "Fair" (lovely) and "fare" (money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc)B. "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C. "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D. "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement"(something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)7. “Clear” and “V ague” are a pair of _____.A. relative antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. root antonymsD. free antonyms8. In the sentence: “ We have courses to make grown man young and young man groan.”________ are used to create an impressive effect.A. homophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. polysemants9. The group of words _____ make up a semantic field.A. rose, lily, tulip violetB. shoes, socks, glasses, booksC. red, white, rose, milkD. father, teacher, dog, son10. “ Hopeful” and “ hopeless” are called ______ on the basis of morphological structure.A. absolute antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivative antonymsD. contraries11. _______ ar e used in the sentence “With IBM we have the power to manage the power”.A. homophonesB. homographsC. full homonymsD. polysemants12. _________ is the study of meaning.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. PhoneticsD. Phonology13. _________ put forward the famous classic semantic triangle in semantics.A. Chomsky & HallidayB. Ogden & RichardsC. Austin & LabovD. Wittgenstein & Austin14. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to __________.A. conceptB. the thoughtC. the real worldD. meaning15. “Woman” in “ The woman in the room is pretty” refers to _______, according to semantictriangle.A. thoughtB. referenceC. referentD. linguistic form16. “Politician” and “statesman” are a pair of _____________.A. collocational synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD.dialectal synonyms17. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult18. A word with several meanings is called ________.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple19. “Dog” and “pig” are ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms20. The color “yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its__________.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning21. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of ________.A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above22. ________ is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical terms, suchthat the former is included in the latter.A. SynonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy23. ________ refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. HomonymyC. SynonymyD. Polysemy24. “ Surprise” and “amaze” are a pair of ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. emotive synonymsC. semantically different synonymsD. stylistic synonyms25. The ambiguity in “pass the port” is ca used by _________.A. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy26. ________ are used in “There is a beautiful sight at our site”.A. homographsB. homophonesC. antonymsD. synonyms27. Which of the following is different from the other three according to the classification ofantonyms on the basis of morphological structure?A. large & smallB. clear & vagueC. buy & sellD. useful & useless28. Antonyms are used to make a(n) ____ in the saying “ Easy come, easy go”.A. contrastB. cohesionC. ironyD. emphasis29. Sources of homonyms include_____.A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above30. Which of the following are contraries?A. old and youngB. dead and aliveC. buy and sellD. west and eastExercise 17 Pragmatics语用学1. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical2. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ________.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something‟s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50‟s of the 20th centuryB. in the early 1950‟sC. in the late 1960‟sD. in the early 21st century8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant‟s contribution be relevant to theconversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. If a sentence is regraded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes ________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance11. A: How are you today?B: Fine, and my family is also fine.This conversation flouts the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. maxim12. The utterance “We‟re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” Obviously violatesthe maxim of ________A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the five types of illocutionary acts classified bySearle?A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. initiative14. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me?” is a(n) ____________.A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive15. “I now declare the meeting open” is a(n)__________.A. declarationB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive16. “I promise to come.” is a(n) _________.A. expressiveB. directiveC. declarationD. commissive17. “ I have never seen the man before.” is a(n) _________.A. directiveB. declarationC. representativeD. commissive18. Locutionary act is ___________.A. the act of expressing the speaker‟s intentionB. the act of conveying literal meaningC. the act of resulting from the utteranceD. the effect of the speech19. According to Austin, which of the following can be considered as a performative?A. The earth is round.B. I claim that is my watch.C. He isn‟t here.D. It‟s Wednesday.20. The meaning of an utterance is considered as __________.A. abstarctB. context-dependentC. decontextualizedD. concrete21. “We do things with words”—this is the main idea of __________.A. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics22. __________ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “Could you close the door?”B. “ I hereby declare Mr. Clinton elected.”C. “ Good morning.”D. “I command you to report at 6 p.m.”23. For the following conversation:A: Did you go to the cinema last night?”B: I stayed at home.________ is the conversational implicature.A. B. went to the cinema. B. A went to the cinema.C. B. did not go to the cinema.D. A and B went to the cinema together.24. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn‟B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. Quanlity25. In the conversation:A: Where is Mr. Wang?B: Somewhere in Bejing.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. QuanlityExercise 18 Semantic Change词义演变1. The four major ways of semantic change are ________.A. narrowing, extension, elevation and degradationB. specialization, extension, narrowing and degradationC. narrowing, extension, generalization and degradationD. degradation, extension, elevation and degeneration2. ___________ refers to the stretch of meaning.A. SpecializationB. GeneralizationC. DegradationD. Elevation3. Generalization can be illustrated by the following examples EXCEPT________.A. holidayB. orientationC. sancturyD. shroud4. Which of the following means the shrinking of meaning?A. GeneralizationB. DegradationC. SpecializationD. Elevation。