英语教学理论与实践

Structural View (1)
• Grammatical units The structural view of lg: (phrases, clauses, 1) Phonology (语音学) sentences) 2) Morphology (形态学/词法) • Grammatical 3) Syntax (句法学) operations (adding, ( phrases, clauses, sentences ) shifting, joining or • Phonological units transforming (phonemes) elements) • Lexical items (function words and structure words)
Welcome to English Methodology!
By Ma Bingjun
Foreign Languages School of Fuyang Teachers College
English Teaching Theory and Practice
Unit 1 Language and Language Learning
The process-oriented language learning theory
• A process-oriented language learning theory is a theory built on describing learning processes, such as the following: 1. habit-formation 2. induction 3. Making inferences 4. hypothesis-testing (假设检验的方法) 5. generalization (概括)
Language and Language Learning
1. People started learning a foreign language at different ages. 2. Different people have different experiences in learning a foreign language. 3. Different people have different reasons in learning a foreign language. 4. People learn a foreign lg in different lgs. 5. Different people have different capabilities 6. The way you learn is the way you teach.
1. When did you start learning the foreign language (s)? 2. How do you feel about learning a language? 3. Why do you learn a foreign language? 4. In what way are you learning a foreign language? Do you think you’re efficient/successful learner? 5. Do you like the way you learnt the foreign lg? 6. How do you think you’ll teach in the future?
Behaviorist Theory
• Skinner: Language is also a form of behaviour. • Language teaching in USA: The Audio-Lingual Method (the ―listen-and-repeat‖ drilling activities). • In ALM, mistakes were immediately corrected.
Functional View
Johnson & Morrow(1981): 1. Syllabus based on Communicative functions 2. Functional view a. Lg: linguistic system b. Means for doing things 3. Functional activities a. Offering b. Suggesting c. Advising d. Apologizing e. Expressing thanks f. Asking the way g. Dating… 2. What is function? 3. What is the notion? Examples of notions: a. Notions of time b. Certainty and possibilitBaidu Nhomakorabea c. Roles ,instruments and Special relationships
Structural View (3)
Methods based on this view Some of the language learning methods based on this view of language are:
• The Audio-lingual method • Total Physical Response • The Silent Way
Structural View (2)
Areas of research drawn on
Here are some of the areas of research in this view of language:
• • • •
Linguistic analysis Textual discourse analysis Target of language learning The target of language learning, in the structural view, is the mastery of elements of this system.
• The Natural Approach
Interactional View
Interactional view: Communicative tool Establish social relations Maintain social relations Learners‘ tasks: a. Grammar b. Vocabulary c. Rules for using them In a whole range of
The Cognitive Theory
• Chomsky: • Language is not a form of behaviour. It is an intricate (complicated) rule-based system. (Language is rule-governed.) • There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced. (Language is generative. )
Behaviorist Theory
• Watson an Raynor:
a stimulus-response theory of psychology
According to the theory: Forms of bebaviour such as motions, habits, etc. are seen as elements that can be observed and measured.
Functional View
Areas of research drawn on Approaches and methods • sociolinguistics based on this view • pragmatics • communicative • semantics approaches Target of language learning • functional-notional To learn to express syllabuses communication functions and categories of meaning.
Behaviorist Theory • “You can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement.‖
1. Number of students 2. The input learners receive 3. The atmosphere
Behaviorist Theory
Behaviorism is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts(neglects) mental activities. Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior.
Communicative contexts Summary: Structural view: Structural rules and voc. Functional view: To use the rules and voc. Interactional view: Appropriancy :To knowwhat/how/when/ where to do
(Harmer. 1983:30)
Behaviorist Theory
Reinforcement (behavior likely to occur again and become a habit)
Stimulus → Organism (beings)→ Response Behavior
No Reinforcement (behavior not likely to occur again )
Structural View (4)
Summary
1. The language system consists of various subsystems: phonetics, grammar and vocabulary 2. We teach the language, we teach the structure and we teach learners the mastery of the elements of this system. 3. The follow methods based on the structural view 1) The Audio-lingual method 2) Total Physical Response 3) The Silent Way
The condition-oriented language learning theory
Condition-oriented language learning theories emphasize the human and physical context in which language learning takes place.