石油工程专业英语重点段落翻译

1—1Petroleum

1 Petroleum is a substance,usually liquid or gas ,consisting of organic molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Thus the general name “hydrocarbons”is often used.The possible variations in the construction of the molecule and mixtures of different molecules to form naturally occurring oil (crude oil) are virtually limitless.No two crude oils are identical. Because these complex mixtures of organic matter are found in rock,they are called “petroleum”,a word derived from the Latin words for rock (petra) and for oil (oleum).石油是由C，H原子组成的有机物物质，通常成气态或者液态。因此也把石油叫做碳氢化合物。组成原油的分子结构和不同分子的混合物的变化是无限的。没有2种原油是相同的。因为这些复杂的有机物混合物是在岩石中发现的，因此被称为石油，由拉丁文中的岩石和油演化而来。

2 The bed of sedimentary rock in which the petroleum is formed ate called the “source rocks”.They are usually dark gray or black shales,but limestone is a source under some conditions. Shale has an abundance of pore space between the clay particles which can contain liquid ,but the pores are much too tiny to allow the movement of fluids under normal conditions. In other words, shales are not “permeable”.However, the pressure produced by the processes of petroleum generation expels the fluid, and petroleum has to move from the source rock at some stage of development to become economically producible. The event is called

“primary migration”.Once departed from the source bed ,the oil or gas will enter any nearby porous and permeable rock ,such as sandstone or limestone.能够形成石油的沉积岩层称为生油岩。他们通常是深灰色或黑色的页岩，但是在某种条件下石灰岩也是一种生油岩。在泥土颗粒之间，页岩存在着大量能够储集石油的空间，但是在一般条件下，空隙太小而无法让流体流动。换句话说，页岩是非渗透岩石。然而，在石油生成的过程中所产生的压力可以驱赶流体，因此在形成的阶段，石油离开生油岩（聚集在一起），（最后）变成经济可采。这个过程叫做第一次运移。一旦离开生油岩，石油或气体会进入最近的多空隙，渗透的岩石，比如沙岩或者石灰岩。

1—2 Geology of Petroleum

1 Clastic rocks are those that are formed by the accumulation and cementation of sedimentary particles derived from weathered fragments of preexisting rocks. Weathering processes ,such as freezing and thawing, rain ,wind,and other similar events,break down the parent rock into small particles that can then be transported by wind and rain runoff.Stream carry the mud ,sand,and gravel from the source area down to its final resting place,being that a stream channel,floodplain,lake,or ultimately the sea.There it accumulates,is buried and compacts to shale or mudstone,the sands are cemented to from sedimentary rocks.The mud compacts to shale or mudstone,the sands are cemented by silica or calcite to from sandstones,and the gravels become conglomerates.Sandstones,because of

the inherent porosity between their grains,often become excellent reservoirs for oil or natural gas.碎屑岩是由母岩的风化碎屑所形成的沉积颗粒经过聚集，胶结作用而形成的。风化作用，比如冰冻，融化，雨水，风以及其他相似的作用，将母岩弄碎成可以被风和水流带走的碎屑。水流从物源地区将泥土，沙子和砾石搬运到最终的地方，比如河道，冲击平原，湖泊或者大海。在那里它开始聚集，埋藏，并被后来的沉积物质压实，最后胶结成沉积岩。泥土压实形成页岩或者泥岩，沙子通过硅或方解石胶结成沙岩，以及砾石成为砾岩。因为颗粒之间固有的空隙，沙岩通常会成为石油和天然气的极好储集场所

2 There are many reasons to believe that the Earth formed about 4.5billion years ago.However,it was not until the beginning of Cambrian time ,about 545million years ago,that sedimentary rocks containing fossils became abundant.The first four billion years of Earth history,lumped by geologists into Precambrian Era,can only be dated where radioactive minerals are available.有很多证据说明地球形成于大约45亿年前。然而，直到大约5.45亿年前，寒武纪的开始，富含石化的沉积岩石才躲多起来。在地球历史的头40亿年，也就是被地质学家划分成的前寒武纪，只有通过放射性矿物来确定其地质年代。

3 There are many kind of faults,some of which are important as structural traps for petroleum.

Faulting,for example,is important to entrapment and migration of oil.The most common type of fault is the”normal fault”.In this case,rocks along