研究生英语多维教程——课后答案讲解学习
【VIP专享】研究生英语系列教程_多维教程_探索_课文答案
1. One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning.2. In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to lease English films in the original to them.3. On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shops, big or small, will come up with it by putting up more discount notices.4. When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in socie they will gradually be~ by the public.5. The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.6. Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertiseto attract customers.7. It is argued that we should withhold the speed of language change; otherwise we may have to learn a new language every twenty years.8. I feel gratitude to him because every time I encountered difficultiesin my study he would help me.9. It will take great pains to improve/change the financial situation ofthe factory.10.Those who advocate the purity of a language protect the language forthesake of their culture.2单元1. Different people have different opinions about whether lying is always bad and whether it should be avoided.2. The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with the skyscrapers of New York.3. The point at which people draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie varies from individual to individual and culture to culture.4. Mothers who spoil their children often turn a blind eye,t~-~re faultsof their children.5. The country needs a leader who will hold the nation togetherwhenviolence breaks out.6. A selfish man categorizes all people into two groups, those he likesand those he dislikes.7. She felt offended at my remarks, but it wasn't my intention to hurt her.8. It is wrong for teachers to stereotype naughty students.9. In some foreign countries, a person who intentionally leaves his jobcan find it easy to step aside for a while, supported by unemployment insurance and other benefits.10. She has gone through tremendous pain since her husband died.那些常常说谎又没有充足理由的人被称为病态说谎者。
研究生英语多维教程——课后答案
研究生英语系列教程·多维教程·熟谙－英语课后答案Book IIUnit 1A.1.????assess2.????alliance3.????outcome4.????ethical5.????identity6.????ambiguous7.????tolerable8.????participates9.????pursuit10.????constructiveB.1.????at stake2.????were obliged3.????the climate of4.????feel well-equipped5.????beyond my grasp6.????cut back7.????other than8.????rise above9.????care about10.????is boundedC.1.????incompetent2.????indulgence3.????migrants4.????probes5.????complex6.????suspense; engaged7.????compassionate; committed8.????tolerant9.????tempted10.????interconnectedD.1.????A. Judging from2.????B. in which3.????C. and4.????D. believe5.????A. is one of/ is that of6.????B. must get7.????C. likely8.????D. unemployed9.????C. as well as/ and10.????B. simplerE.1.????what2.????graduation3.????intend4.????getting5.????eventually6.????survey7.????although8.????graduates9.????transfer10.????rise11.????attending12.????instead13.????cause14.????because15.????attending16.????below17.????failure18.????expectations19.????confidence20.????educationKey to the translation from English to Chinese:1.????德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。
研究生英语系列教程多维教程熟谙正文翻译及课后练习参考答案
Unit3 美国人的酷爱我父亲是别克人。
在经济大萧条以前，他本是史达兹人。
然而，就像成千上万经济状况处于上升阶段的有车族一样，那场可悲的经济逆转使他们非得调整对汽车的胃口不可。
到他死的时候，他开过的那些别克轿车就不只是普通意义上的交通工具了，而且将父亲定位于这样的社会阶层——比庞蒂亚克人富有，但比不上克迪拉克人。
拥有别克轿车让人一看便知父亲的社会地位。
与别克人相当的还有福特人和克莱斯勒人。
我们美国人与汽车的特殊缘分，其坚实的基础就在于对一种轿车品牌的忠诚，这种忠诚因其来之不易而倍受珍惜。
·这就是爱吗?也许用词过分，可美国人对这些机器的尊重甚过所有其他机器——不仅将它们视为20世纪雕塑大观中的标志，而且还将它们视为社会的护身符。
我记忆中的第一辆别克车是一辆闪闪发亮的黑色轿车，椅子的衬垫是厚厚的马海毛，离合器拉杆是新式的。
我父亲爱吹嘘说这辆车一小时能跑120英里。
一想到这样的速度就会令男人们兴奋不已。
我照着家里的菲尔可牌收音机盒里播出的格林，霍利特驾驶的那个神秘机器的名字，给这头漂亮的牲口取了个名副其实的绰号——黑美驹。
20世纪中，电话、电视或者个人电脑，这一切都使人类环境发生了巨大变化。
然而，与电话、电视、电脑不同的是，汽车却享有人格化的地位。
有些汽车可以成为家庭成员，机械宠物。
我们给汽车起名字，在自己·家的车道上精心打扮汽车，在汽车不能满足我们的需要时诅咒它们。
在折旧换新之时为旧车的离去而悲哀。
人们对汽车的热爱让环境保护者、安全为重的倡导者以及社会工程师们感到不安。
他们认为通往人间天堂的道路应该到处都铺设公交运输所必备的发亮轨道。
他们想象着我们加入未来拥挤不堪的自行车行列，而不是像一位激动不已的评论家所预见的那样，坐在“傲慢的双轮马车”方向盘后。
这种态度不是现在才有的。
首先是铁路，接着是汽车造成的人口流动早已使得守旧的特权阶层感到不安。
在战场上有过辉煌，但却以鄙视下层民众而出名的威林顿公爵在150年前就曾反对英国发展铁路，这是因为火车只会怂恿普通人毫无意义地到处走动。
研究生英语多维教程熟谙(正文翻译+课后练习参考答案)
Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。
研究生英语系列教程多维教程探索课后答案
Unit OneAnswer KeyComprehensionA1. D2. It contrasts the attitudes of the French and the English-speaking people toward keeping their mother tongue "pure."3. The author does not appreciate the French attitude. He believes that they have gone to the extreme, because he says that 'the mind boggles at what the world might face. "That means the French are so sensitive that it is difficult to imagine what they will do to keep French pure in the future.4. B5. It refers to the differences between British and American English with regard to pronunciation and spelling of English. The author seems to agree with the Americans' viewpoint.6. C7. The King's English refers to English in its most proper and formal use. However, as it is used in foreign places, it is often used improperly. Here "lingo" mocks the formality of English that no longer exists in these foreign Usages8. Foreign varieties of English are very different from the original standard British English, sometimes they are barely recognizable.9. B10. The author thinks that communication is more important than the purification of the English language.B1. fast delivery (of the product)/rapid killing (of the customer)2. Please hang your own coat and hat here/die by hanging yourself3. "revolutionary" ideas are being sold/disgusting new ideas are being sold4. best bakers/idle, lazy persons5. the latest rnethod/a Christian denomination6. a doctor for women's diseases/regard women as a disease or womanizer (vulgar meaning)7. press the button of the lift to move it/inefficiency of the lift8. how to get service/open the door and call out the words “Room service”. (rude)9. in an European atmosphere/a car that rushes a person to the hospital10. serve the best wine/our wine is very bad; hopeless11. from 12~ 14 o'clock chamber maids are not busy/treat chambermaids unfairly (with possible sexual meaning)12. the pictures were painted in the last ten years/the painters were put to death13. leave your laundry/be naked or take off your clothes14. dancing is going on/very vulgar language (a reference to male sex organs)15. moral requirement for who can share the same room/implies that men and women must marry in order to live togetherVocabulary and StructureA1--b 2--d 3--f4—j 5—I 6--hB1. sensitive2. list3. prevalent4. deficiency5. withheld6. certainty7. functional 8. confronte 9. courtesy10. spared 11. stroke 12. ambitious13. purified 14. highlights 15. noveltyC1. A. sensitive B. sense C. sensitivity2. A. compulsory B. compulsion C. compulsory3. A. Lease B. lease C. leasing4. A. deviate B. deviantly C. deviation5. A. prevalence B. prevalent C. prevalent6. A. deficient B. deficiency C.deficient7. A. extracts B. extracting C. extracted8. A, confronted B. confrontation C. confronted9. A, spare B. spare C. spare10. A. stroke B. stroking C. strokeD1. C. make alternative2. B. of taking advantage3. C. of a head injury4. D. remains5. A. accepted6. A. as much energy as7. C. would end up 8. C. has been9. B. or 10. D. with whichE1. language2. associates3. in-laws4. total5. responds6. swell7. Hardly8. lives9. dreams 10. aloud 11. ourselves 12. so13. distinguishes 14. humanity 15. makes 16. expressed17. source 18. newborn 19. act 20. traditionSpeaking(Open)103fTranslation and Writing在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。
研究生多维教程通达课文解释及课后答案unit1-unit3
博士英语多维教程通达课文解释及课后答案！Unit 1 What Will BeBackground InformationLanguage PointsKey to Exercises1.We’ve now acknowledged some fundamental ancient human forces and the ways they will affect and be affected by the Information Marketplace. And throughout the course of this book we’ve answered the questions we raised at the very beginning. So it is time to finally consider the greatest transformation that the Information Marketplace ha to offer. To get to it, let’s reconstruct the growing crescendo of key discoveries we have made, which together describe “what will be.”2.We began with a simple but far-reaching model of the future world of information as an Information Marketplace, where people and their computers will buy, sell, and freely exchange information. Our first discovery was that this Information Marketplace can indeed be built on a technological foundation: the information infrastructure. We went on to explore the many human-machine interfaces people will use to get in and out of this new edifice, from virtual reality and fancy bodysuits to the lowly keyboard, and singled out speech interfaces as perhaps the most significant and imminent. We explored the pipes that will carry our information and the ways we will bend them to give us the speed, reliability, and security we need. We also saw how a vast array of new shared software tools will evolve on this infrastructure, shifting the attention of the entire software business from individual to interconnected computers. The arrival of this foundation is certain, but it could be delayed by a decade or more if the key players continue their wars for control and their indifference toward the shared infrastructure they all need. We saw too that there won’t be just a handful of winners that will survive t hese wars; the terrain is vast, rich, and full of challenges for almost every supplier and consumer of information to be a winner.3.Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramaticallyaffect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe and generally permeate the thousands of thins we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.4.Putting all these detailed uses in perspective, we came to realize that they are different faces of two major new forces: electronic bulldozers and electronic proximity. Each has broad consequences for society. The electronic bulldozers’ effect is primarily economic, increasing human productivity in both our personal lives and the workplace. The rapid, widespread distribution of information in the form of info-nouns (text, photos, sounds, video) and especially info-verbs (human and machine work on information) is one simple way in which productivity will increase. Automatization is the other powerful effector; machine-to-machine exchanges will off-loaded human brain work the way machines of the Industrial Revolution off-loaded muscle work. We concluded, however, that to enjoy the productivity benefits we will have to avoid and correct certain technological and human pitfalls.5.To better understand the economic impact of the Information Marketplace, we explored the value of information and its consequences. This led us to a few troublesome discoveries: the huge amount of info-junk we’ll have to work hard to avoid and the gap between rich and poor nations (and people) that will increase if we do nothing to stop it. Other economic consequences were less clear, like the unemployment rate ov er the long run, which we can’t fore cast even though we can foresee many new types of jobs.6.Another important discovery from these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to customize information and information work to different huma n and organizational needs. To leverage this power, we’ll need to make our machines considerably easier to use that they are today. With increased productivityand customization, we can look forward to a larger array of better, cheaper. More customized products and services that will reach us even faster than before. More important, by making machines easier to use and giving ourselves the ability to fashion software painlessly and rapidly, we can fulfill the promise of the Information Age to tailor the new technologies to our individual human and organizational purposes, rather than the other way around.7.The second of the two major forces --- electronic proximity --- will increase bya thousand times the number of people we can easily reach and will bring people together across space and time. Many social consequences, good and bad, will arise as this new proximity distributes powers of control from central authorities to the many hands of the world’s people. Groupwork and telework will further help impro ve human productivity. Democracy will spread, as will people’s knowledge of one another’s beliefs, wishes, and problems. The voiceless millions of the world will come to be heard and be better understood, provided that the wealthy nations help the less wealthy ones enter the Information Club. Ethnic groups may become more cohesive, as people belonging to a certain tribe use the Information Marketplace to bind themselves together regardless of where they may be. At the same time. The Information Marketplace will help shared cultures grow in nations that thrive on diversity.And though we need not change our legal framework in any major way to accommodate the Information Marketplace, different nations will need to cooperate on shared conventions for security, billing, and other transnational issues that will surely arise as shared information crosses international barriers. On another level, electronic proximity will foster a shared universal culture, a thin veneer on top of all the world’s individual national cultures. We hope that this ecumenical property of the Information Marketplace to enhance the co-existence of nationalistic identity and international community will help us understand one another and stay peaceful.8.Our exploration then brought us squarely before human emotions and human relationships. We discovered that they will pass only partially through eh Information Marketplace. Physical proximity will still be necessary to consummate these emotions and recharge the batteries that will sustain human relationships between virtual encounters. Finally, we discovered that the primitive forces of the cave that lie at the roots of our emotions and passions do not pass through theInformation Marketplace; deep down, our psyches know that 1s and 0s cannot love, nurture, hurt, or kill us at a distance. Because many of our most valued actions and decisions involve these forces like trust, love, and fear --- the information world will not be a substitute for the physical world.9.Given all these possibilities for change, we considered what might happen when they bump up against the ancient human beings that we are and have been for thousands of years. Predictably, we discovered that we will have difficulty coping with the increased social and technological complexity and overload brought forth by the Information Marketplace. Though we will be potentially close to hundreds of millions of people, we will be able to deal with only a very few of them at any given time. Yet we saw that we might be able to reduce some of these complexity problems by making the artifacts of the Information Age easier to use --- a primary goal for the technologists of the twenty-first century.10.The Information Marketplace will make of us urban villagers --- half urban sophisticate, roaming the virtual globe, and half villager, spending more time at home and tending to family, friends, and the routines of the neighborhood. If our psyches tilt toward the crowded urban info-city, we will become more jaded, more oriented toward the self, and more indifferent, fickle, and casual in our relationships with others, as well as less tightly connected to our families and friends. If we tilt toward the village, we may be surprised by a resurgence of more closely knit families rooted in our tighter human bonds. Indeed, if we use it correctly, the Information Marketplace can be a powerful magniying lens that can amplify goodness --- employing disabled and home-bound workers, matching help needed with help offered via the Virtual Compassion Corps, and helping people learn and stay healthy, among many other possibilities.11.Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, whatever they may be. Some proclaim that the world of information can stand out only by offering educationally and culturally rich opportunities that will benefit humanity. Others will use the Information Marketplace as a new battle ground for the familiar disputes --- capitalism versus socialism, greed versus compassion. Materialism versus spiritualism, practicality versus abstraction --- all suitably described as ‘new’ issues. As in the case ofmoney, there is hardly and event, action, or process that is not linked to and affected by information, so such arguments can sound plausible. But they should not deceive us; the discerning eye w8ill distinguish that which is likely from that which is merely possible.12.The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts --- the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power --- the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have give hundred TV channels.13.The Information Marketplace will transform our society over the next century as significantly as the two industrial revolutions, establishing itself solidly and rightfully as the Third Revolution in modern human history. It is big, exciting, and awesome. We need not fear it any more or any less than people feared the other revolutions, because it carries similar promises and pitfalls. What we needed to do, instead, is understand it, feel it, and embrace it so that we may use it to steer our future human course.14.We could stop here, after putting all these discoveries together, satisfied and impressed with our overarching vision of a third socioeconomic revolution. However, if we look even deeper at the bold and historic imperative that the Information Marketplace calls us to embrace, we will see all three revolutions as part of a far greater movement, well beyond combines, steam engines, and computer --- a movement toward a new age that may liberate the total human potential within each of us.15.On to our final discovery.Background InformationAbout the author and the bookFor two decades, technological oracle, entrepreneur, and consultant Michael policymakers and CEOs (i.e. chief executive officers) on the future course and impact of these technologies. In 1980 Dertouzos predicted today’s world of information with stunning accuracy. Now, in What Will Be he charts a unique and richly detailed map of the ways information technology will alter every facet of our public and private lives, from a few years to a century hence.Dertouzos heads the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science － home of the World Wide Web and birthplace of many of the high-tech products and processes that surround us today. In What Will Be, he offers the ultimate insider’s preview of the inventions that will usher in a Third Revolution to rival the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. And in deft and detailed analysis, Dertouzos reveals the changes we will experience in everyday life, in the pursuit of pleasure, health, learning, office work, commerce, manufacturing, and governance. Debunking the starry-eyed view of new technology promoted by many commentators － while taking the Luddites firmly to task －Dertouzos unveils a crisp picture of the new century’s global information marketplace and shows how it will affect one-half of the world’s industrial economies. He uncovers what’s wrong with technology, explains how we can right the wrongs, and identifies the key trade-offs tomorrow will bring. Dertouzos even highlights what aspects of our society and ourselves will never be altered by technology and offers an inspiring blueprint for how new tech could bridge the centuries-old gaps between reason and the spirit.Bill Gates wrote the foreword to the book. The book has three parts: I. Shaping the Future, which explains the new technologies so that readers can judge unfolding events for themselves; II. How Your Life Will Change, which imagines how and justifies why our lives will be recast; and III. Reuniting Technology and Humanity, which assesses the impact of these changes on our society and our humanity.some fundamental ancient human forcesDertouzos points out that no matter how powerful and pervasive a technological force may be, it will face some immutable human trait that will always act to conserve the constancy and stability of our species. We carry the features and mannerisms of our ancestors as well as our common reflexes and human patterns acquired through evolution. The fear, love, anger, greed, and sadness that we feel today are rootedin the caves that we inhabited thousand of years ago. It was in that ancient setting that the predator’s growl and the enemy’s attack defined primal fear. It was there, too, that our other primal feelings became reinforced － protecting our children, enjoying the pleasure of physical contact with our mate, relying on our fellow tribes people, and so on. These are the forces of the cave. In the new world of information, these fundamental human qualities haven’t left us.the information MarketplaceDertouzos thinks that there is great confusion in the world today about what the “Information Age” is , both physically and functionally. The model of an Information Marketplace is a clean way to envision both. In this Information Marketplace, people and machines buy, sell, and freely exchange information and information services.the questions we raised at the very beginningIn Chapter One of Part I Shaping the Future, the author lists a number of questions the book will tackle. They include: Will computers increase the industrial performance of the world’s nations, or is the help they offer irrelevant to that quest? Will our way of life improve through cheaper, faster, and higher-quality health care and a greater access to knowledge? Or is better information a minor player in these quests? What new software will flourish in the Information Marketplace? How close to the real world can we get wit goggles, tactile bodynets, virtual “feelies” and “ smellies”? Will ordinary citizens be better heard by their governments, or are electronic town halls impossible or achiev3e? What will happen to human relationships?the information infrastructureThe Information Marketplace is more extensive than a village market. It is closer to a bustling metropolis where many people, shops, offices, and organizations busily conduct millions of personal and commercial interactions in pursuit of their own goals. In a real city, these activities are supported by a shared foundation － an infrastructure of roads for the transportation of people and goods; of pipes and wires for moving water, electricity, and phone conversations; of door, locks, andpolice that maintain order; and of some agreed-upon conventions like a common language a nd accepted behaviors t5hat facilitate interactions among the city’s people.In exactly the same way, the Information Marketplace is built on a shared infrastructure made up of all the information tools and services that enable its many activities to function smoothly and productively. This infrastructure will be distributed and owned by all us, not a single organization. It will move the data, voice, text, and X-ray images in the severe-asthma scenario by negotiating automatically with phone, cable, satellite, and wireless carriers and with the kiosk and computers at the radiology lab and doctors’ offices. The infrastructure will support all the online interviews and reviews people will perform in their daily jobs. And it will help transact all the business from the World Shop.virtual realityIt’s a system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment. Various types of devices allow uses to sense and manipulate virtual objects much as they would real objects. This natural style of interaction gives participants the feeling of being immersed in the simulated world. Virtual worlds are crated by mathematical models and computer programs.electronic bulldozers and electronic proximityAccording to Dertouzos, ultimately most of the hardware and communications technologies, human-machine interfaces, middleware, and information infrastructures will either serve as electronic bulldozers or create electronic proximity. The bulldozers will relieve us of the burden of human work, either by completely replacing information-related human activities or by augmenting our ability to carry out these activities with less human work － in short, by increasing our productivity.The second new force arising from the Information Marketplace is electronic proximity. During the Industrial Age people’s physical mobility expanded tremendously, widening a person’s universe of potential relationships from a few hundred village neighbors to hundreds of thousand of people within driving range.As a result, our proximity to people whom we could reach grew a thousandfold. Incredibly, the Information Marketplace will increase this range by yet another thousandfold, to hundreds of millions of people who will be within electronic reach, That is the essence of the gigantic new force we call kilometers but in keystrokes and other electronic gesture, the whole scene will resemble a billion people and machines all squeezed into one electronic city block.two industrial revolutionsThe first industrial revolution began in England when the steam engines was invented in the middle of the eighteenth century. The appearance of the internal combustion engine, electricity, synthetic chemicals, and the automobile by the end of the nineteenth century marked the second industrial revolution.Language Points1.crescendo : a sound or a piece of music that becomes gradually louder; a time when people are becoming more and more excited, anxious, or angrye.g. In the past ten days Zaire has published a mounting crescendo of attacks on Belgium.A crescendo of resentment was built up between the two companies because of series of conflicts in trade transactions.rise to/ reach a crescendo: become gradually loudere.g. It’s possible for the organist to reach a very quick crescendo by using all these stops.2.interface: [C] the part of a computer system through which two different machines are connected; the way in which two subjects, events etc. affect each othere.g. In a press conference, the Prime Minister proposed some new ways of involving young people with the interface between technology and design.They have just designed a new interface between a computer and a typesetting machine, which works extremely well.v.:[+with] connect; cooperatee.g. interface a device with a computerThe computer technicians interface with the flight controllers.3.single out: choose, select one person or thing from among several for special comment, treatment etc.e.g. I imagine that to be singled out by the Captain for a farewell luncheon is indeed an honor.Nana and Margaret were singled out for special praise for their outstanding performance during the experiment.4.imminent : about to happen, usu. Used in reference to things that are unpleasant or that you think will prove to be unpleasante.g. The report points out that there does not seem to be an imminent danger of amine on a world scale.With the election imminent, Churchill returned to London before the meeting was finished.5.We explored the pipes that will carry our information and the ways we will bend them to give us the speed, reliability, and security we need: We search for the pipes that can transfer our information and the way s we will manipulate and apply them to offer us the speed, reliability and security we need. Here the complete clause for “the ways we will bend them” is “ the ways in which we will bend them”. When the preposition “in” is combined with “way” to introduce an attributive clause, it is often omitted.bend v.: focus, apply; force to submite.g. He is very firm about it; I cannot bend him.Anyone who applies for this position in the company should bend his or her will to corporate goals.6.The arrival of this foundation is certain, but it could be delayed by a decade or more if the key players continue their wars for control and their indifference toward the shared infrastructure they all need.: Here the word “they” refers to “the key players”. According to the foregoing sentences, key players are “the computer, software, media, telecom, and cable companies”.indifference n.:[U] a complete lack of interest in sth. or someonee.g. Many native speakers of a language show indifference to /towards grammatical points.His attitude to his work is one of bored indifference.7.permeate vt.: penetrate wholly, pervade, soak throughe.g. Toxic chemicals may permeate the soil, threatening the environment.Changes in civilian life have not yet begun to permeate the army.putting all these detailed uses in perspective, we came to realize that﹍: judging the importance of all these detailed uses correctly, we began to find that﹍8.perspective n.: a specific point of view in understanding or judging things or events, esp. one that show them in their true relations to one anothere.g. He wants to leave the country in order to get a better perspective on things.From the top of the hill you can get a perspective of the entire lake.get/keep/put sth in perspective: judge the importance of sth correctlye.g. It will help to put in perspective the vast gulf that separates existing groups.First of all, we ought to get our temporary advantage into some kind of perspective.from the perspective of/from a﹍perspective: from a specific point of viewe.g. Feminists say that the book was written from a male perspective.The novel is written from the perspective of a primary school pupil.in/out of perspective: showing the correct/incorrect relationship between visible objectse.g. The houses don’t seem to be in perspective in your drawing.The drawing of the house is good, but the car is out of perspective.9.Another important discovery from these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to customize information and information work to different human and organizational needs.: One more key finding of these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to make information and information work more suited to human and organizational needs.customize v.: make or change sth according to the buyer’s or user’s needse.g. General Motors will customize Cadillas for special clients.The computer programs can be customized for individual users.10.To leverage this power, we’ll need t o make our machines considerably easier to use than they are today.: To make the best use of the power of the Information Marketplace for economic profits, we’ll need to redesign our machines till they are much more easier to use than now.11.fashion v. :shape or make sth, using your hands or only a few tools; influenceor form someone’s ideas and opinionse.g. He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood.The Japanese authorities want to fashion a new political role for the country.in a ﹍fashion: in a particular waye.g. The authorities appear to have abandoned any attempt to distribute food and water in an orderly fashion.Latha joined her hands together in an Indian fashion and gave a little bow.In/out of fashion: popular/not populare.g. This is a policy that is increasingly out of fashion.Capability and efficiency seem to be coming back into fashion.after the fashion of: (sth.)done in a way that is typical of someonee.g. Leibnitz was another child prodigy who, after the fashion of his kind, was writing Greek and Latin from an early age.12.tailor﹍to: adapt to; make, devise, in such a way that it fits particular needse.g. Our insurance policies are specially tailored to the earnings pattern of the insured at different stages in his career.Experience has taught us to tailor our merchandise to the particular requirements of each overseas market.tailor-made: make-to-measure; make-to-order; exactly suited to a particular need or a particular persone.g. The club is tailor-made for Jane.(The activities of the club fit in perfectlywith HJane’s interests.)John has a new tailor-made suit.(John’s new suit was made especially to fit him.)Mr. Black’s clothes were all tailor-made.(Mr. Black’s clothes were all specially made to his own measurements and wishes.)13.Many social consequences, good and bad, will arise as this new proximity distributes powers of control from central authorities to the many hands of the world’s people.: In this sentence, “good and bad” might be expanded into “b oth good ones and bad ones”.proximity n.: nearness in distance, time etc.e.g. No longer is it the case that national suppliers, because of their proximity, are favored over foreign ones.My newly bought house is in close proximity to the supermarket and the station.14.The voiceless millions of the world will come to be heard and be better understood, provided that the wealthy nations help the less wealthy ones enter the Information Club. “provided” can be replace by “if”.15.cohesive a.: tending to fit together well and form a united wholee.g. The poor do not see themselves as a cohesive group.The members of the group remained remarkably cohesive in the face of difficulty.16.thrive on: enjoy and do well as a result of, perhaps unexpectedlye.g. David throve on a pure meat diet for some time.This is the style of life on which he seems to thrive.17.accommodate v.: get used to a new situatione.g. The eye can accommodate itself to seeing objects at different distances.When you are employed in a new firm you should first of all accommodate yourself to the new circumstances.Or: give someone a place to stay, live, or worke.g. Once you have been accepted at the university they promise to accommodate you in a residence hall nearby.Or: have or provide enough space for a particular number of people or thingse.g. Several jails house twice as many prisoners as they were originally built to accommodate.18.property n.: [C] an attribute, characteristice.g. One of the most important properties of gold is its malleability.Besides having nitrogen-fixing properties, trees can be used as a source of fuel. Or: [U] the thing or things someone ownse.g. They have requested the confiscation of millions of dollar’s worth of property.19.Our exploration then brought us squarely before human emotions and human relationships: Our exploration then brought us face to face with such issues as human emotions and human relationships.20.Physical proximity will still be necessary to consummate these emotions and recharge the batteries that will sustain human relationships between virtual encounters.: People still need body contact or face-to-face communication to thoroughly express their emotions and also receive others’ to maintain the relationships when they exchange emotions on the Internet.。
研究生多维英语系列熟谙课后习题部分及答案(UNIT_1-UNIT_6)
UNIT 1A1. Governor Rockefeller was shocked by what happened and appointed a committee to assess the responsibility.2. Oliver Barrett IV and Jennifer started talking about marriage, thinking they were made for each other .But as a banker and a squeamish(太讲究规矩)parent, Oliver Barrett III refused to give his blessing to the proposed alliance .3. One outcome of the rapid advance of technology is the breakdown of the traditional division of labor between the sexes.4. Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people.But in their profession they work in an arena[ə'ri:nə] n. 舞台；竞技场that puts a high premium on honesty.5. Arthur is captured and visited by Montanelli. Arthur reveals his i dentity to Montanelli, who is delighted to find that he is still alive.6. The wording of the agreement is ambiguous .so both interpretations are valid.7. A lot of the summer jobs available here are only tolerable if you’re young and don’t mind working hard.8. She is isolated from the general problems of society and never participates in any of our discussion.9. The government is selling off the railways, in pursuit of its policy of privatization.10. She criticized my writing but in a way that was very constructive ---I learned a lot from her.B1. The race was her last chance to win a place in the national team so everything was at stake.2. They were obliged to sell their house in order to pay their debts.3. The government needs to find out what the climate of opinion is before it introduces any further changes in the health service.4. Not being a specialist in the subject I don’t feel well-equipped to answer such questions.5. I have failed to pass the examinations again and again. Why is success always beyond my grasp .6. They were forced to cut back production for lack of raw materials.7. We missed the last bus so there was no choice other than to walk home.8. A woman who can rise above克服，超越such disadvantages is clearly exceptional.9. They only care about themselves and the accumulation of their wealth.10. Britain is bounded in the south by the English Channel and Canada bounds the United States on thenorth.C1. I was dismayed at the thought of teaching algebra and geometry—two subjects at which I had been completely incompetent .（否定形式）2. If the hitch-hiker（搭便车）in the US will remember that he is seeking the indulgence of drivers to give him a free ride, and is prepared to give in exchange entertainment and company, and not to go to sleep, he will come across the remarkable, almost legendary, hospitality of the American of the West.3. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and where the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and autumn people traveled from great distances to observe them.4. One question that was solemnly studied in all three probes concerned the action of the referee – Did he act in time to stop the fight?5. The human brain is the most delicate and complex mechanism in all creation and it has a lacework of millions of highly fragile nerve connections.6. Telephone may create unnecessary suspense（悬疑，悬念）and anxiety, as when you wait for an expected call the doesn’t come; or irritating delay, as when you keep ringing a number that is always engaged .7. Winners care about the world and its peoples. They are not isolated from the general problems of society. They are concerned. compassionate（ate具有，富有）and committed to improving the quality of life.8. There’s general feeling that the president has been to tolerant of corruption.9. “Did you apply for that job?”—“Well, I was very tempted but in the end I decided not to.”10. The problems of poverty. homelessness and unemployment are all interconnected .UNIT2A1. viability h. workability2. dynamic i. full of vigor3. interim a. transitional4. legacy e. anything received from an ancestor5. retain k. continue to have6. demise n. end7. assume l. undertake8. assure g. make certain9. liquidity d. quality of being changed from assets into cash10. highlight c. draw attention toB1. No matter how good a company is, it is the market’s perception that counts.2. Chief executives are given responsibility and authority and then expected to act independently.3. A number of studies have indicated that effective leadership can make a difference in organizational performance.4. The Internet boom is creating new opportunities for marketing , advertising, and design experts.5. Company leaders can’t expect too severe punishment if their strategies fail to deliver.6. If the company’s financial health is good and its assets sufficient, it can create capital by voting to issue additional shares of common stock.7. It is said that the frequent transitions from cold to warm weather this spring have caused much illness.8. The word dilemma is used to indicate that the fungus is both helpful and harmful in its effects.9. Rivalry in business is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background.10. The government provides employment and training services for workers, and compensation for those who are temporarily out of work.11. Bely is a whiz at football; he attracts fans of all ages and all races.12. These original documents are invaluable to the company and they should be well preserved.C1. a. The board of directors required that Mr. Brown Justify buying expensive equipment at a time when the company was practicing strict economy.b. The outgoing flow of skills is not the only justification for the failure of the factory.c. Can you prove that your radical actions against them were justifiable ?d. The tourists were justifiably angry about the treatment they had received on the journey.e. I do think that the general manager was quite justified in dismissing his secretary.2. a. The army made a strategic withdrawal and then launched a counterattack against its enemy.b. Asking a management theorist to define strategy is rather like asking a philosopher to define truth.c. Strategics/Strategy is a required course in military academy.d. Can you name some of the internationally famous military strategists?e. By order of the corps commander, the staff officers strategized the military manoeuvre.f. It was not until the war broke out that they realized that the islands were strategically important.3. a. Those who have an advanced university degree or equivalent professional qualifications in the fields of finance banking and business administration are given priority.b. By improving the quality of its products and developing new designs, the firm finally overcame its financial troubles.c. The orphanage received an appreciable contribution from a wealthy German financier.d. Western governments need to reconsider their pledge to finance new reactors for the Ukraine in return for the closure of the Chernobyl power plant.e. Financially ,the joint venture was not as successful as people had expected.4. a. Joan feels resentful that almost every colleague remains indifferent to her pleading.（恳求）b. He obviously resents us and I had presumed it was the English he hated.c. She harbored a deep resentment towards her employer for having denied her a promotion.d. Mr White says resentfully that his wife has spoiled their son by giving him too much money.5. a. Only the conductor can perceive the slightest variation from true pitch in each instrument.b. Many investors had a clear perception of the grave situation in the gulf area and soon decided not to start new projects there.c. The fine shades of color in the painting are hardly perceptible.d. He made a very perceptive comment on campaigns needed to combat juvenile delinquency.e. The commission agent declared that this sample was perceptibly different from the goods supplied.6. a. The wild life in Africa is extremely diverse and therefore two wildlife research institutes have been established there.b. The factory may seek to diversify its products to sell in different markets.c. I think diversity of opinions makes for an interesting discussion.d. Earnings were not affected by the decline because of the company’s recent diversification into other lines.e. The band is going to give a diversified musical program ranging from classical to modern.7. a. Should war break out, innumerous works of art, historical monuments and priceless historical records would be ruthlessly destroyed.b. The destructive tornado resulted in great loss of life and property.C. The destruction cause by the earthquake left thousands of people homeless.d. A destructionist is one who delights in or advocates devastation.e. The navy, in the sea warfare, only sent two destroyers because there were no larger ships ready.f. Have you learnt how to distinguish destroying angel from mushroom?g. As reported in the magazine, Schwarzernegger, a Hollywood star, has become weak and destructible because of his illness.8. a. No manufacturer does not wish to develop its domestic and foreign markets.b. Contaminated foods are not marketable; they provide more damage than nutrition.c. The car dealer markets his cars at competitive prices.d. Mr. Swafford has been appointed as the marketing director of the firm.e. The company is a big marketer specializing in gasoline.9. a. Sound policies and favorable environments are essential to the economic prosperity of any county.b. He tells me that his farm is prospering through good management and an absence of calamities.c. Nepal, an agricultural country, has entered into a prosperous period of industrial growth.d. The cherry-trees along the riverbank are growing marketer; they are bound to bear fruit this year.10. a. English is derived in the main from the common Germanic stock.b. Mr. Olin King is really a workaholic; he must derive much pleasure from his work.c. In my opinion, what he set up was nothing but a derivative theory lacking originality.d. Knowledge of investment and financial markets including derivatives would be advantageous, while excellent communication and influencing skills are essential.UNIT 3A1. pick up d. increase in speed2. toll f. total number of death3. electrify j. make sb very excited and surprised4. sprawl a. spread the limbs about5. legitimate i. acceptable, valid6. transit h. the act of passing across7. implement g. carry out; get done8. accommodate e. adapt9. landscape c. a view of scenery on land10. mobility b. easy movement to a different job1. Unlike Japanese workers, American employees have experienced great job mobility.2. The nation’s highway death toll has increased every year since the invention of the automobile.3. We must update our knowledge and accommodate ourselves to the changing world.4. From the church tower. people can enjoy a very beautiful landscape formed by the two hills and the valley.5. He was reading contentedly with his legs sprawled over the arm of the couch.6. You know yourself better than anyone else; do not undertake that project unless you can implement it.7. Sickness is a legitimate reason for a child’s being absent from school.8. It snowed last night and transit across the icy bridge is so dangerous that the bridge has to be closed for the time being.9. Some railroads once run by steam are now electrified to reduce the pollution and accelerate the speed of railroad transportation.10. People who must drive a lot know the big difference gasoline can make in pick up economy and smooth operation.B1. Hotels and restaurants are an Integral part of the city; without them, the city’s tourist industry could not exist.2. Customers will come back, later in life, when they are better off and want to buy more expensive things.3. One of the most impressive projects he has seen in Pudong is the sprawling airport.4. Mexico City is at an elevation of 7,300 feet; three million vehicles clog its streets and in the thin air; engines release twice as many emissions as they would at sea level.5. By 1988 roughly the same large proportion of blacks as of whites lived in metropolitan areas.6. Heavy floods caused by deforestation have recently led Thailand to ban all logging even though the country depends on timber and its products as an important source of employment and foreign exchange.7. People in the middle class or higher, whether they live in developed or less developed countries, are mostly urban, and they are on the move by car incessantly—as commuters, as vacationers.8. No matter how often we reminded our children, they never cleaned their rooms; the clutter in the room became so bad that we couldn’t even open their door.9. Our university canteen is large enough to accommodate all the students and teaching staff.10. During the Second World War. Many Jewish people in Germany were displaced and murdered.C1. The programs to teach young children enabling skills are now being advocated from coast to coast.(全国各地)2. There can be but little doubt that his ancestors where the great unwashed. (下层民众)3. Many people still revere their late premier though he passed away many years ago.4. There are some legitimate reasons for some scientists to denounce the practice of cloning.5. When Lincoln got his Christmas gift, a video game, he tore up the box to get to the cartridge and popped it into the game machine immediately.6. Short of the President himself, probably on one could have convinced people of the feasibility of his welfare programs.7. Sumo wrestlers are noted for their strength, while fencers, for their nimbleness.8. He bought a bicycle and started to ride to work as he could no longer put up with the constriction of movement in the packed bus.9. The judge pronounced that the accused man was guilty of murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment.10. Until a relatively short time ago, traveling abroad was limited to people who were well off or prosperous business people.EToday it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tires of the automobile move America through work and pay. Wheels spin, and people drive off to their jobs. Tires turn, and people shop for the week’s food at the big supermarket down the highway. Hubcaps whirl, and the whole family spends a day at the lake .Each year more wheels crowd the highways a 10million new cars roll out of the factories. One out of every six Americans works at assembling cars. Driving trucks, building roads, or pumping gas, America without cars? It’s unthinkable.But even though the majority of Americans would find it hard to imagine what life would be like without a car, some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion, Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine burns hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of carbon monoxide and other gases into the air. These gases are one source of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to one’s health, especially for someone with a weak heart or a respiratory disease.One answer to the problem of air pollution is to build a car that does not pollute. That’s what several major automobile manufacturers are crying to do.But building a clean car is easier said than done. So far, progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fume altogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inventors are now working on turbine-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and electricity. But most of us won’t be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.UNIT 4A1. a. On a large national scale where the government becomes involved, cooperation is seen as coerciveand destructive rather than voluntary and constructive.b. Political opponents were put into camps during the war and coerced into force labor.2. a. The preoccupation of millions of Americans with status is said to have intensified social stratification in the country.b. The president has been preoccupied with the suffering of the victims since the damaging tornado.3. a. Most surveys find that people are reluctant to place themselves at either the top or the bottom of the social ladder.b. Johnson had a reluctance to agree to their conditions, but he didn’t really have much choice.4. a. Tom changed from a friendly boy into a confused an moody adolescent.b. As children enter adolescence, they begin to demand greater freedom to go where they please, do what they please, and make decisions without parental interference.5. a. The law organized protests and, by implication of opposition.b. What the boss has just said contains implicit approval of your work.6. a. Marriage can be threatened by children who arouse ambivalent between the parents in a variety of ways.b. There are many people, myself among the number, who have a somewhat adolesecnce attitude toward producing off spring.7. a. Both the couple should be responsible for emotional maintenance of the marriage and for raising the children and running the household.b. I’m inclined to share your doubt in regard to the maintainability of the relationship between Dr.Helen Kaplan and her husband.8. a. Young people today are more concerned with self-fulfilment and preserving privacy than those were in 1960s.b. Although party officials give the President their public support, many are saying in private that he may have to resign.9. a. Feelings of patriotism are expressed more clearly an d freely now, but there is little enthusiasm fora return to military conscription during peacetime.b. The exhibition will be of interest to vintage car owners and other motoring enthusiasts.10. a. Drug users develop a tolerance for some drugs, that is they have to take steadily increasing amounts to achieve a given level of effect.b. What these people want is a tolerable existence—more food, better shelter and peace.11. a. According to the statisticians, the estimated number of people afflicted by hunger and malnutrition is about 500 million.b. We spend more on health care than any other nation in the world, yet statistically show that we are not the world’s healthiest nation.12. a. Language makes rational thought possible and enables us to reason, to draw logical conclusions from the evidence of our senses, and to generalize from one event to another.b. It’s unbelievable that Mary, a teenage girl, has learnt to view things with cold rationality.B1. The traditional family with only the husband working can be found most often during the earlier years of marriage when children are being born and cared for.2. The first thing to do in seeking a position is to determine exactly what you want to do, not in terms of a vague objective but with a definite goal.3. Sociologists will manage to find out what lies behind the violence that occurs among affluent families.4. The Rev. Septimus Harding?—Yes, it rings a bell.He’s a character in some novel. I believe, but I can’t remember which one.5. Energy shortage, soaring inflation, rampant unemployment and the threat of war have made adult Americans nervous, and that sense of pervasive worry has been passed on to the nation’s youth.6. The idea of trying to cheat the income tax authorities went against his principles; he had a strong sense of civic responsibility.7. Football fans began lining up early in the morning at the box office to buy cup-tie tickets.8. The chairman gave me a hint that he would like me to think of some ready way of stopping Tom from chiming on the proposal.9. If anyone can think of better course of action, I am open to suggestions.10 . School children brought up in a Western heritage do not know about Shamba Bolongogo.DChildren are now leaving home in late adolescence – an earlier age than in the past. Adolescents are no longer involved in making an economic contribution to the family. In fact , their major economic impact is as consumers, Therefore, the family has little reason to keep the child home as an economic contribution. It is becoming increasingly common for young people to leave home for college or to live with someone else when they become employed. Not only do families have fewer children but they have them in school and out of the home at younger ages than in the past.The most surprising finding with regard to children show a negative impact on marriage due to children. There has been much evidence that children contribute to greater conflict an d uncertainty in a marriage. Studies show that general life satisfaction is highest for People when they are young, married, and childless. Other studies show that American couples with children at home tend to have lower marital satisfaction than those without children. For both men and women, reports of happiness and satisfaction Drop--and don’t rise again until the children are grown and about to leave the nest. UNIT 5A1. You are looking a bit fragile this morning; you must have had too much alcohol last night. A. weak2. As she is allergic to eggs, she cannot eat one without breaking into a rash. B. sensitive3. She still looks weak though her fever subsided after she took some medicine. C. came down4. Relations between the two countries began to deteriorate in 1965. D. worsen5. Economic activity has been organized on the assumption of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20th century until early the 21st century. B. premise6. Amid the usual sound and fury, the main point may be lost; are the level and structure of pay producing the kind of teachers the country needs? A. In7. The government gave money to people to help buy homes outside of the cities. This system of subsidized housing caused many people to leave urban areas. D. aided8. The farm ministers from European countries scheduled an emergency meeting in Luxeboug in hopes of easing the worldwide ”mad cow” panic. B. fear9. In one secne of Modern Time, Charlie Chaplin was shown trying desperately to keep in time with a rapid assembly line. D. hopelessly10. Owing to an acute lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue. B. grave11. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed fantastic two hundred years ago. C. eccentric B1. His education in business school has set him up to step into any kind of business and run it.2. She advised John, ”You should not let your child study in a foreign country; she would n’t fit in there.”3. The young lecturer is popular with his students and every student is thankful for his assistance in their studies.4. With the possibility of redundancy in their minds, middle-aged workers have to work harder to holddown their jobs.5. Transnational corporations usually enjoy a wide reputation for fair dealing which they have built up over many years.6. He very much appreciated his chance to study here because of what he had gone through in his childhood.7. Owing to the fact that each family has only one child, the responsibility of looking after the elderly will heavily weigh heavily on the “only child” generation.8. We hoped that trust would be built up among those four parties but it doesn’t seem to be working out that way.9. The ruling party still won the general election although quite a few members had broken away from the Party.10. Failing in the university entrance examination was bad enough, but even worse was the feeling thatI had let my parents down.DIn the world’s rich countries, when you retire at 65 you can expect to live, on average, for another 15 or 20 years. A hundred years ago you would, on average, have been already dead. The late 20th century has brought to many the ultimate gift; the luxury of aging. But like any luxury, aging is expensive .Governments are fretting about the cost already; but they also know that far worse is to come; Over the next 30 or 40 years, the demographic changes of longer lives and fewer births will force most countries to rethink in fundamental ways their arrangements for paying for and looking after older people.In 1990 18%of people in OECD countries were aged over 60. By 2030 that figure will have risen to over 30%. The share of the “Oldest old” (those over 80) . Now around 3%, is set to double. The vast majority of these older people will be consumers, not producers. Thanks to state transfers, being old in developed countries mostly no longer means being poor. The old people will expect decent pensions to live on; they will make heavy demands on medical services; and some will need expensive nursing care. Yet while their numbers are expanding fast, numbers of people at work-who will have to foot the bill-will stay much the same,so each worker will have to carry a much heavier burden.Mass survival to a ripe old age will not be confined to rich countries. Most developing countries, whose populations are now much younger than the developed world’s are starting to age fast.UNIT 6A1. simplicity(朴素) complexity (复杂)2. domestic(驯养的) wild (野生的)3. deficiency(不足的) surplus (过剩的)4. partially(偏袒地) indifferently (漠不关心地)5. heavenly(神圣的) earthly (沉思的)6. deny(拒绝) acknowledge (承认答谢)7. obscurely(晦涩地) obviously/apparently (明显地)8. enlarge(扩大的) diminish (使减小)9. natural(自然的) artificial (人造的)10. constructive(建设性的) destructive (破坏的)B1. ultimately g. in the end2. intricate j. complicated3. encroachment a. act of intruding gradually4. fertility f. fruitfulness5. pointedly b. markedly6. indispensable h. absolutely essential7. legitimate i. that can be justified8. whatsoever c. of any kind at all9. primeval d. relating to the first age of the world10. beneficent e. having good effect1. That primeval ocean, growing in bulk as the rains slowly filled its basins, must have been faintly salty.2. There is no scientific evidence whatsoever to support the view that assisted suicide should be declared acceptable and legal.3. Most people believe that the study of another nation, its society and culture, not only can be fascinating but also beneficent.4. A scientist is apt to think that all the problems of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science.5. Lung cancer is pointedly linked with air pollution in cities with high concentrations of industry and vehicular traffic.6. The brain of a child has evolved to process speech, not intricate written symbols that represent speech.7. The problem that urban sprawl is encroaching upon the unspoilt countryside deserves more attention from the government and the public.8. Language is indispensable to human life because it gives meaning to otherwise random experiences.9. Adolf Berle drew a legitimate conclusion that business people will undermine business itself as well as their own welfare if they break the law.10. Over cultivation and a long period of soil erosion has reduced the fertility of much of the country’s farmland.C1. In short, the National Research Institute of Police Science is responsible for supporting, from a scientific angle, all police activities, especially criminal investigation.2. The reasons for extremely high medical costs are many and can by no means be attributed to inflation exclusively.3. The country is up against drug abuse, one of the most challenging social problems nowadays.4. Martin Luther King was endowed with a graceful and spirit-stirring eloquence and almost all people, black or white, were under the spell of his effective speech I Have A Dream.5. The plan for introducing new technology at the expense of the existing work force will undoubtedly meet with fierce opposition.6. As a charity, the organization provides food and shelter for people in need, regardless of the reasons for their need.7. Allowing for traffic delays, you had better start earlier if you want to catch Flight 818 for New York City.8. All available evidence goes to show that the general was involved in the conspiracy to overturn the government.9. Mr. Harold Rosen, an obstinate man is always acting on his own judgement; nobody can have influence over him.10. Dutch speakers can usually understand German quite well, but strangely enough not vice versa .EThe survival of wilderness- of places that we do not change, where we allow the existence even of creatures we perceive as dangerous-is necessary. Whether we go to those places or not, we need to know that they exist. We do not need just the great public wildernesses, but millions of small private or semiprivate ones. Wilderness can occupy corners of factory grounds and city lots -places where nature。
(完整版)研究生英语多维教程熟谙(正文翻译+课后练习参考答案)
Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。
研究生英语多维教程课文翻译及课后答案精编版讲解
第一部分课文翻译旅行通用语1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。
几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。
就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。
此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。
法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组) byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。
哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。
2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。
在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。
“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。
许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。
比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。
显而易见，两国英语同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。
当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。
3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下：4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。
他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。
此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。
研究生多视角英语课后答案unit1-unit11
Unit11.There is a striking contrast between the two interpretations. 明显差别2.She’s got a beautiful slender figure and impeccable taste in clothes. 苗条的；无可挑剔的3.The difference between the two is readily discernible. 可识别的，显而易见的4.She didn’t recognize him in his sloppy everyday clothes. 草率的，懒散的5.Sagacious, unlike cleverness, may increase with age. 睿智的6.It is easy to misconstrue confidence as arrogance. 自大7.The soldier followed his heart and still went through with the vow.8.In the process of studying English, it is likely to confuse homograph, homonym,and homophone.9.The grass is glistening with dew-drops.10.You can’t fix the blame on me. I can prove I was somewhere else.Unit21.Those students are studying such fields as genetics and molecular biology.2.His research was used in planning treatments for hyperactive children.3.The company was integrated with the computer giant.4.The citizens’ Forum supported special powers for Quebec but also argued for theretention of a strong government.5.When you summarize, you condense an extended idea or argument into a sentenceor more in your own words.6.Clerical jobs, skills, and workers are concerned with routine work that is done inoffice.7.The bank is alert to the danger.8.Art experts say it is tasteless and aesthetically wrong to replace the missing bodyparts.9.We have compelling reasons for doing so.10.She is undeniably the most gifted student in the class.Unit31、The government’s plans seem good in theory but I doubt if they will work in practice.2、Many diseases are caused by a deficiency of Vitamins E and K in diet.3、I really dislike him because he seems to be revel in all the attention he’s getting.4、There was a great influx of tourists into Brazil during the World Cup, bringing a huge sum of wealth.5、I usually check the door at night before I go to bed, just for the sake of safety.6、His preoccupation with business left little time for his family, so no wonder his wifecomplains a lot.7、They found the deviation of the ship from her intended course, and then they timelyadjusted the ship by use of the compass.8、The friendly contacts between different peoples facilitate the cultural interchange.9、Some of these points will have to be further elaborate as we go into more details on this issue.10、Never boggle at a difficulty because those who never tries will never succeed.Unit41.Was he really a villain, or just a scapegoat?2.With regard to hardness, the diamond is in a class by itself.3.The time when a solar eclipse will occur can be calculated.4.Some praise him, whereas others condemn him.5.I‘ve seen such desire of success before in people who held immense power.6.These are treacherous times for many foreign businesses in China.7.He who knows only how to wield a pen usually feels quite helpless in the face ofpractical problems.8.The author tried to depict the splendor of the sunset.9.They may be able to mediate between parties with different interests.10.Revisionism is already offering alternative views of his achievements.Unit51.However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the humanspecies is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment.A. concernB. determinationC. extensionD. extent2.Throughout the wilderness, post bands provided entertainment and boosted morale.A.InfluencedB. establishedC. raisedD. maintained3.Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation wouldensure wide spread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.A.ExpansionB. extensionC. opportunity to useD. excitement4.Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16000 in 1760, cities grewby exponential leaps through the eighteenth century.A.Long warsB. rapid increasesC. new lawsD. exciting changes5.One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years agowith the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life.A.ChangeB. deathC. exclusiveD. classical6.I admire your foresight and sagacity.A.IntegrityB. quick-witC. insightD. acquaintance7.Regularity ought to be observed, as regularity is very conductive to health.A.BeneficialB. constructiveC. exclusiveD. classical8.It was courageous enough for Galileo to defy the falling object theory developed byAristotle, the authoritative Greek scientist.A.AdvanceB. refuteC. justifyD. translate9.Free medical service is available to nearly all the college students in China.A.ObtainableB. appealingC. convenientD. average10.No one can supersede the position of Irish poet William Butler Yeats in the circleof English poem in the 20th century.A.ChangeB. surpassC. improveD. replaceUnit61.Bill was among the first to gain entry to Buckingham Palace when it opened to thepublic recently.2.Urban planners in practice have to take account of many interest groups in society.3.The situation in Eastern Europe has changed beyond all recognition.4.Then she remembered that they had no mind in any real sense of that word.5.He drew on his experience as a yachtsman to make a documentary program.6.When drivers indicate, they make lights flash on one side of their vehicle to showthat they are going to turn in that direction.7.Your index finger is the finger that is next to your thumb.8.The author tells of a remarkable encounter with a group of South Vietnamesesoldiers.9.I’ll show it to Benjamin. He is bound to know.10.These figures are arrived at on the basis of dentists’ receipts for 1991-1992.Unit71.It is outrageous that these buildings remain empty while thousands of people haveno homes. 骇人的，无法接受的2.My brother was expelled from school for bad behavior. 开除3.Severe iron deficiency can cause developmental delay and迟缓4. A goal just before half-time rescued the match from mediocrity. 平庸5.She has campaigned relentless for her husband’s release from prison. 持续强烈的，不遗余力的6.There was a short skirmish between the political party leaders when the governmentannounced it was to raise taxes. 小矛盾7.Our football coach has worked hard to inculcate a team spirit into the players. 灌输8.There was a hint of smug self-satisfaction in her voice. 自鸣得意的9.They’ll quite happily squander a whole year’s saving on two weeks in the sun. 浪费，挥霍10.Our landlord racked up the rent by 15% this year. 积累，增加Unit81.With her strikingly different looks and sparky presence, Tsui just needs the rightvehicle to launch her beyond supporting role. 活泼的，耀眼的2.They heave out a missile, and the pilot regains control. 举起3.The council’s land is now worth much less than originally hoped because of a slumpin property prices. 暴跌，骤降4.The hare darts off with the velocity of a bird. 飞奔，疾驰5.Behind his cool exterior lurks a reckless and frustrated person. 潜伏6.As we know by now, the galaxy is teeming i n worlds to exploit, and many in ourcosmic neighborhood will contain similar materials to Earth. 多产的，丰富的7.Its rampart still stand strikingly as a reminder of its strategic importance, and thebustling alleyways of the old city retain a medieval to Earth. 城墙8.Anyone who saw Yao Ming tumble to the floor against the Portland Trailblazer(波特兰开拓者队) in the first round of the NBA Playoffs had to feel for the man. 摔倒9.I know this is a terrible name, but when you mentioned the word “Jim”, the nametrips off the tongue. 脱口而出10.A staggering 8.4 million jobs have been lost and the unemployment rate remainsnear double digits. 惊人的Unit9A篇starvation. 激烈的，猛烈的gross income. 总计提升4. She's always comparing me to other people, and somehow I never measure up.符合标准相当大的争论more efficient and productive. 养生法则7. Without microscopes and other modern equipment，attempts to teach science were无用的8. A second major protective function of the skin is the prevention of bacterial infection. 侵入的9. Yet it is those vulnerabilities（缺陷）that make to the audience because they make him more like us.10. On that day, no matter where we came from, what God we prayed to, or what race种族B篇1.her life a misery.那个女演员要求法庭保护，使她不再受那个把她的生活搞得一团糟的痴狂影迷的骚扰。
多维教程-探索(研究生英语)课后习题答案答案1-6
Unit OneAnswer KeyComprehensionA1. D2.It contrasts the attitudes of the French and the English-speaking peopletoward keeping their mother tongue "pure."3.The author does not appreciate the French attitude. He believes that theyhave gone to the extreme, because he says that 'the mind boggles at what the world might face. "That means the French are so sensitive that it is difficult to imagine what they will do to keep French pure in the future.4. B5.It refers to the differences between British and American English withregard to pronunciation and spelling of English. The author seems to agree with the Americans' viewpoint.6. C7.The King's English refers to English in its most proper and formal use.However, as it is used in foreign places, it is often used improperly. Here "lingo" mocks the formality of English that no longer exists in these foreign Usages8.Foreign varieties of English are very different from the original standardBritish English, sometimes they are barely recognizable.9. B10.The author thinks that communication is more important than thepurification of the English language.B1. fast delivery (of the product)/rapid killing (of the customer)2. Please hang your own coat and hat here/die by hanging yourself3. "revolutionary" ideas are being sold/disgusting new ideas are being sold4. best bakers/idle, lazy persons5. the latest rnethod/a Christian denomination6. a doctor for women's diseases/regard women as a disease or womanizer(vulgar meaning)7. press the button of the lift to move it/inefficiency of the lift8. how to get service/open the door and call out the words “Room service”.(rude)9. in an European atmosphere/a car that rushes a person to the hospital10. serve the best wine/our wine is very bad; hopeless11. from 12~ 14 o'clock chamber maids are not busy/treat chambermaidsunfairly (with possible sexual meaning)12. the pictures were painted in the last ten years/the painters were put todeath13. leave your laundry/be naked or take off your clothes14. dancing is going on/very vulgar language (a reference to male sex organs)15. moral requirement for who can share the same room/implies that men andwomen must marry in order to live togetherVocabulary and StructureA1--b 2--d 3--f4—j 5—I 6--hB1. sensitive2. list3. prevalent4. deficiency5. withheld6. certainty7. functional 8. confronte 9. courtesy10. spared 11. stroke 12. ambitious 13. purified 14. highlights 15. noveltyC1. A. sensitive B. sense C. sensitivity2. A. compulsory B. compulsion C. compulsory3. A. Lease B. lease C. leasing4. A. deviate B. deviantly C. deviation5. A. prevalence B. prevalent C. prevalent6. A. deficient B. deficiency C.deficient7. A. extracts B. extracting C. extracted8. A, confronted B. confrontation C. confronted9. A, spare B. spare C. spare10. A. stroke B. stroking C. strokeD1. C. make alternative2. B. of taking advantage3. C. of a head injury4. D. remains5. A. accepted6. A. as much energy as7. C. would end up 8. C. has been9. B. or 10. D. with whichE1. language2. associates3. in-laws4. total5. responds6. swell7. Hardly8. lives9. dreams 10. aloud 11. ourselves 12. so13. distinguishes 14. humanity 15. makes 16. expressed 17. source 18. newborn 19. act 20. tradition Speaking(Open)Translation and Writing在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。
研究生多维教程通达课文解释及课后答案unit1-unit3
研究生多维教程通达课文解释及课后答案unit1-unit3博士英语多维教程通达课文解释及课后答案！Unit 1 What Will BeBackground InformationLanguage PointsKey to Exercises1.We’ve now acknowledged some fundamental ancient human forces and the ways they will affect and be affected by the Information Marketplace. And throughout the course of this book we’ve answered the questions we raised at the very beginning. So it is time to finally consider the greatest transformation that the Information Marketplace ha to offer. To get to it, let’s reconstruct the growing crescendo of key discoveries we have made, which together describe “what will be.”2.We began with a simple but far-reaching model of the future world of information as an Information Marketplace, where people and their computers will buy, sell, and freely exchange information. Our first discovery was that this Information Marketplace can indeed be built on a technological foundation: the information infrastructure. We went on to explore the many human-machine interfaces people will use to get in and out of this new edifice, from virtual reality and fancy bodysuits to the lowly keyboard, and singled out speech interfaces as perhaps the most significant and imminent. We explored the pipes that will carry our information and the ways we will bend them to give us the speed, reliability, and security we need. We also saw how a vast array of new shared software tools will evolve on this infrastructure, shifting the attention ofthe entire software business from individual to interconnected computers. The arrival of this foundation is certain, but it could be delayed by a decade or more if the key players continue their wars for control and their indifference toward the shared infrastructure they all need. We saw too that there won’t be just a handful of winners that will survive t hese wars; the terrain is vast, rich, and full of challenges for almost every supplier and consumer of information to be a winner.3.Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramaticallyaffect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe and generally permeate the thousands of thins we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.4.Putting all these detailed uses in perspective, we came to realize that they are different faces of two major new forces: electronic bulldozers and electronic proximity. Each has broad consequences for society. The electronic bulldozers’ effect is primarily economic, increasing human productivity in both our personal lives and the workplace. The rapid, widespread distribution of information in the form of info-nouns (text,photos, sounds, video) and especially info-verbs (human and machine work on information) is one simple way in which productivity will increase. Automatization is the other powerful effector; machine-to-machine exchanges will off-loaded human brain work the way machines of the Industrial Revolution off-loaded muscle work. We concluded, however, that to enjoy the productivity benefits we will have to avoid and correct certain technological and human pitfalls.5.To better understand the economic impact of the Information Marketplace, we explored the value of information and its consequences. This led us to a few troublesome discoveries: the huge amount of info-junk we’ll have to work hard to avoid and the gap between rich and poor nations (and people) that will increase if we do nothing to stop it. Other economic consequences were less clear, like the unemployment rate ov er the long run, which we can’t fore cast even though we can foresee many new types of jobs.6.Another important discovery from these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to customize information and information work to different huma n and organizational needs. To leverage this power, we’ll need to make our machines considerably easier to use that they are today. With increased productivityand customization, we can look forward to a larger array of better, cheaper. More customized products and services that will reach us even faster than before. More important, by making machines easier to use and giving ourselves the ability to fashion software painlessly and rapidly, we can fulfill the promise of the Information Age to tailor the new technologies to our individual human and organizational purposes, rather than the other wayaround.7.The second of the two major forces --- electronic proximity --- will increase bya thousand times the number of people we can easily reach and will bring people together across space and time. Many social consequences, good and bad, will arise as this new proximity distributes powers of control from central authorities to the many hands of the world’s people. Groupwork and telework will further help impro ve human productivity. Democracy will spread, as will people’s knowledge of one another’s beliefs, wish es, and problems. The voiceless millions of the world will come to be heard and be better understood, provided that the wealthy nations help the less wealthy ones enter the Information Club. Ethnic groups may become more cohesive, as people belonging to a certain tribe use the Information Marketplace to bind themselves together regardless of where they may be. At the same time. The Information Marketplace will help shared cultures grow in nations that thrive on diversity.And though we need not change our legal framework in any major way to accommodate the Information Marketplace, different nations will need to cooperate on shared conventions for security, billing, and other transnational issues that will surely arise as shared information crosses international barriers. On another level, electronic proximity will foster a shared universal culture, a thin veneer on top of all the world’s individual national cultures. We hope that this ecumenical property of the Information Marketplace to enhance the co-existence of nationalistic identity and international community will help us understand one another and stay peaceful.8.Our exploration then brought us squarely before human emotions and human relationships. We discovered that they will pass only partially through eh Information Marketplace. Physical proximity will still be necessary to consummate these emotions and recharge the batteries that will sustain human relationships between virtual encounters. Finally, we discovered that the primitive forces of the cave that lie at the roots of our emotions and passions do not pass through theInformation Marketplace; deep down, our psyches know that 1s and 0s cannot love, nurture, hurt, or kill us at a distance. Because many of our most valued actions and decisions involve these forces like trust, love, and fear --- the information world will not be a substitute for the physical world.9.Given all these possibilities for change, we considered what might happen when they bump up against the ancient human beings that we are and have been for thousands of years. Predictably, we discovered that we will have difficulty coping with the increased social and technological complexity and overload brought forth by the Information Marketplace. Though we will be potentially close to hundreds of millions of people, we will be able to deal with only a very few of them at any given time. Yet we saw that we might be able to reduce some of these complexity problems by making the artifacts of the Information Age easier to use --- a primary goal for the technologists of the twenty-first century.10.The Information Marketplace will make of us urban villagers --- half urban sophisticate, roaming the virtual globe, and half villager, spending more time at home and tending to family, friends, and the routines of the neighborhood. If our psyches tilt toward the crowded urban info-city, we will becomemore jaded, more oriented toward the self, and more indifferent, fickle, and casual in our relationships with others, as well as less tightly connected to our families and friends. If we tilt toward the village, we may be surprised by a resurgence of more closely knit families rooted in our tighter human bonds. Indeed, if we use it correctly, the Information Marketplace can be a powerful magniying lens that can amplify goodness --- employing disabled and home-bound workers, matching help needed with help offered via the Virtual Compassion Corps, and helping people learn and stay healthy, among many other possibilities.11.Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the Information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, whatever they may be. Some proclaim that the world of information can stand out only by offering educationally and culturally rich opportunities that will benefit humanity. Others will use the Information Marketplace as a new battle ground for the familiar disputes --- capitalism versus socialism, greed versus compassion. Materialism versus spiritualism, practicality versus abstraction --- all suitably described as ‘new’ issues. As in the case ofmoney, there is hardly and event, action, or process that is not linked to and affected by information, so such arguments can sound plausible. But they should not deceive us; the discerning eye w8ill distinguish that which is likely from that which is merely possible.12.The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts --- the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, theypresent a much greater power --- the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have give hundred TV channels.13.The Information Marketplace will transform our society over the next century as significantly as the two industrial revolutions, establishing itself solidly and rightfully as the Third Revolution in modern human history. It is big, exciting, and awesome. We need not fear it any more or any less than people feared the other revolutions, because it carries similar promises and pitfalls. What we needed to do, instead, is understand it, feel it, and embrace it so that we may use it to steer our future human course.14.We could stop here, after putting all these discoveries together, satisfied and impressed with our overarching vision of a third socioeconomic revolution. However, if we look even deeper at the bold and historic imperative that the Information Marketplace calls us to embrace, we will see all three revolutions as part of a far greater movement, well beyond combines, steam engines, and computer --- a movement toward a new age that may liberate the total human potential within each of us.15.On to our final discovery.Background InformationAbout the author and the bookFor two decades, technological oracle, entrepreneur, and consultant Michael policymakers and CEOs (i.e. chief executiveofficers) on the future course and impact of these technologies. In 1980 Dertouzos predicted today’s world of information with stunning accuracy. Now, in What Will Be he charts a unique and richly detailed map of the ways information technology will alter every facet of our public and private lives, from a few years to a century hence.Dertouzos heads the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science － home of the World Wide Web and birthplace of many of the high-tech products and processes that surround us today. In What Will Be, he offers the ultimate insider’s preview of the inventions that will usher in a Third Revolution to rival the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. And in deft and detailed analysis, Dertouzos reveals the changes we will experience in everyday life, in the pursuit of pleasure, health, learning, office work, commerce, manufacturing, and governance. Debunking the starry-eyed view of new technology promoted by many commentators －while taking the Luddites firmly to task －Dertouzos unveils a crisp picture of the new century’s global information marketplace and shows how it will affect one-half of the world’s industrial economies. He uncovers what’s wrong with technology, explains how we can right the wrongs, and identifies the key trade-offs tomorrow will bring. Dertouzos even highlights what aspects of our society and ourselves will never be altered by technology and offers an inspiring blueprint for how new tech could bridge the centuries-old gaps between reason and the spirit.Bill Gates wrote the foreword to the book. The book has three parts: I. Shaping the Future, which explains the new technologies so that readers can judge unfolding events for themselves; II. How Your Life Will Change, which imagines howand justifies why our lives will be recast; and III. Reuniting Technology and Humanity, which assesses the impact of these changes on our society and our humanity.some fundamental ancient human forcesDertouzos points out that no matter how powerful and pervasive a technological force may be, it will face some immutable human trait that will always act to conserve the constancy and stability of our species. We carry the features and mannerisms of our ancestors as well as our common reflexes and human patterns acquired through evolution. The fear, love, anger, greed, and sadness that we feel today are rootedin the caves that we inhabited thousand of years ago. It was in that ancient setting that the predator’s growl and the enemy’s attack defined primal fear. It was there, too, that our other primal feelings became reinforced －protecting our children, enjoying the pleasure of physical contact with our mate, relying on our fellow tribes people, and so on. These are the forces of the cave. In the new world of information, these fundamental human qualities haven’t left us.the information MarketplaceDertouzos thinks that there is great confusion in the world today about what the “Information Age” is , both physically and functionally. The model of an Information Marketplace is a clean way to envision both. In this Information Marketplace, people and machines buy, sell, and freely exchange information and information services.the questions we raised at the very beginningIn Chapter One of Part I Shaping the Future, the author lists a number of questions the book will tackle. They include: Will compu ters increase the industrial performance of the world’snations, or is the help they offer irrelevant to that quest? Will our way of life improve through cheaper, faster, and higher-quality health care and a greater access to knowledge? Or is better information a minor player in these quests? What new software will flourish in the Information Marketplace? How close to the real world can we get wit goggles, tactile bodynets, virtual “feelies” and “ smellies”? Will ordinary citizens be better heard by their governments, or are electronic town halls impossible or achiev3e? What will happen to human relationships?the information infrastructureThe Information Marketplace is more extensive than a village market. It is closer to a bustling metropolis where many people, shops, offices, and organizations busily conduct millions of personal and commercial interactions in pursuit of their own goals. In a real city, these activities are supported by a shared foundation － an infrastructure of roads for the transportation of people and goods; of pipes and wires for moving water, electricity, and phone conversations; of door, locks, andpolice that maintain order; and of some agreed-upon conventions like a common language a nd accepted behaviors t5hat facilitate interactio ns among the city’s people.In exactly the same way, the Information Marketplace is built on a shared infrastructure made up of all the information tools and services that enable its many activities to function smoothly and productively. This infrastructure will be distributed and owned by all us, not a single organization. It will move the data, voice, text, and X-ray images in the severe-asthma scenario by negotiating automatically with phone, cable, satellite, and wireless carriers and with the kiosk and computers at theradiology lab and doctors’ offices. The infrastructure will support all the online interviews and reviews people will perform in their daily jobs. And it will help transact all the business from the World Shop.virtual realityIt’s a syst em that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment. Various types of devices allow uses to sense and manipulate virtual objects much as they would real objects. This natural style of interaction gives participants the feeling of being immersed in the simulated world. Virtual worlds are crated by mathematical models and computer programs.electronic bulldozers and electronic proximityAccording to Dertouzos, ultimately most of the hardware and communications technologies, human-machine interfaces, middleware, and information infrastructures will either serve as electronic bulldozers or create electronic proximity. The bulldozers will relieve us of the burden of human work, either by completely replacing information-related human activities or by augmenting our ability to carry out these activities with less human work － in short, by increasing our productivity.The second new force arising from the Information Marketplace is electronic proximity. During the Industrial Age p eople’s physical mobility expanded tremendously, widening a person’s universe of potential relationships from a few hundred village neighbors to hundreds of thousand of people within driving range.As a result, our proximity to people whom we could reach grew a thousandfold. Incredibly, the Information Marketplace will increase this range by yet another thousandfold, to hundreds ofmillions of people who will be within electronic reach, That is the essence of the gigantic new force we call kilometers but in keystrokes and other electronic gesture, the whole scene will resemble a billion people and machines all squeezed into one electronic city block.two industrial revolutionsThe first industrial revolution began in England when the steam engines was invented in the middle of the eighteenth century. The appearance of the internal combustion engine, electricity, synthetic chemicals, and the automobile by the end of the nineteenth century marked the second industrial revolution.Language Points1.crescendo : a sound or a piece of music that becomes gradually louder; a time when people are becoming more and more excited, anxious, or angrye.g. In the past ten days Zaire has published a mounting crescendo of attacks on Belgium.A crescendo of resentment was built up between the two companies because of series of conflicts in trade transactions.rise to/ reach a crescendo: become gradually loudere.g. It’s possible for the organist to reach a very quick crescendo by using all these stops.2.interface: [C] the part of a computer system through which two different machines are connected; the way in which two subjects, events etc. affect each othere.g. In a press conference, the Prime Minister proposed some new ways of involving young people with the interface between technology and design.They have just designed a new interface between a computer and a typesetting machine, which works extremely well.v.:[+with] connect; cooperatee.g. interface a device with a computerThe computer technicians interface with the flight controllers.3.single out: choose, select one person or thing from among several for special comment, treatment etc.e.g. I imagine that to be singled out by the Captain for a farewell luncheon is indeed an honor.Nana and Margaret were singled out for special praise for their outstanding performance during the experiment.4.imminent : about to happen, usu. Used in reference to things that are unpleasant or that you think will prove to be unpleasante.g. The report points out that there does not seem to be an imminent danger of amine on a world scale.With the election imminent, Churchill returned to London before the meeting was finished.5.We explored the pipes that will carry our information and the ways we will bend them to give us the speed, reliability, and security we need: We search for the pipes that can transfer our information and the way s we will manipulate and apply them to offer us the speed, reliability and security we need. Here the complete clause for “the ways we will bend them” is “ the ways in which we will bend them”. When the preposition “in” is combined with “way” to introduce an attributive clause, it is often omitted.bend v.: focus, apply; force to submite.g. He is very firm about it; I cannot bend him.Anyone who applies for this position in the company should bend his or her will to corporate goals.6.The arrival of this foundation is certain, but it could bedelayed by a decade or more if the key players continue their wars for control and their indifference toward the shared infrastructure they all need.: Here the word “they” refers to “the key players”. According to the foregoing sentences, key players are “the computer, software, media, telecom, and cable companies”.indifference n.:[U] a complete lack of interest in sth. or someonee.g. Many native speakers of a language show indifference to /towards grammatical points.His attitude to his work is one of bored indifference.7.permeate vt.: penetrate wholly, pervade, soak throughe.g. Toxic chemicals may permeate the soil, threatening the environment.Changes in civilian life have not yet begun to permeate the army.putting all these detailed uses in perspective, we came to realize that﹍: judging the importance of all these detailed uses correctly, we began to find that﹍8.perspective n.: a specific point of view in understanding or judging things or events, esp. one that show them in their true relations to one anothere.g. He wants to leave the country in order to get a better perspective on things.From the top of the hill you can get a perspective of the entire lake.get/keep/put sth in perspective: judge the importance of sth correctlye.g. It will help to put in perspective the vast gulf that separates existing groups.First of all, we ought to get our temporary advantage into some kind of perspective.from the perspective of/from a﹍perspective: from a specific point of viewe.g. Feminists say that the book was written from a male perspective.The novel is written from the perspective of a primary school pupil.in/out of perspective: showing the correct/incorrect relationship between visible objectse.g. The houses don’t seem to be in perspective in your drawing.The drawing of the house is good, but the car is out of perspective.9.Another important discovery from these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to customize information and information work to different human and organizational needs.: One more key finding of these explorations was the power of the Information Marketplace to make information and information work more suited to human and organizational needs.customize v.: make or change sth according to the buyer’s or user’s needse.g. General Motors will customize Cadillas for special clients.The computer programs can be customized for individual users.10.To leverage this power, we’ll need t o make our machines considerably easier to use than they are today.: To make the best use of the power of the Information Marketplace for economic profits, we’ll need to redesign our machines till they are muchmore easier to use than now.11.fashion v. :shape or make sth, using your hands or only a few tools; influenceor form someone’s ideas and opinionse.g. He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood.The Japanese authorities want to fashion a new political role for the country.in a ﹍fashion: in a particular waye.g. The authorities appear to have abandoned any attempt to distribute food and water in an orderly fashion.Latha joined her hands together in an Indian fashion and gave a little bow.In/out of fashion: popular/not populare.g. This is a policy that is increasingly out of fashion.Capability and efficiency seem to be coming back into fashion.after the fashion of: (sth.)done in a way that is typical of someonee.g. Leibnitz was another child prodigy who, after the fashion of his kind, was writing Greek and Latin from an early age.12.tailor﹍to: adapt to; make, devise, in such a way that it fits particular needse.g. Our insurance policies are specially tailored to the earnings pattern of the insured at different stages in his career.Experience has taught us to tailor our merchandise to the particular requirements of each overseas market.tailor-made: make-to-measure; make-to-order; exactly suited to a particular need or a particular persone.g. The club is tailor-made for Jane.(The activities of the club fit in perfectlywith HJane’s interests.)John has a new tailor-made suit.(John’s new suit was made especially to fit him.)Mr. Black’s clothes were all tailor-made.(Mr. Black’s clothes were all specially made to his own measurements and wishes.)13.Many social consequences, good and bad, will arise as this new proximity distributes powers of control from central authorities to the many hands of the world’s people.: In this sentence, “good and bad” might be expanded into “b oth good ones and bad ones”.proximity n.: nearness in distance, time etc.e.g. No longer is it the case that national suppliers, because of their proximity, are favored over foreign ones.My newly bought house is in close proximity to the supermarket and the station.14.The voiceless millions of the world will come to be heard and be better understood, provided that the wealthy nations help the less wealthy ones enter the Information Club. “provided” can be replace by “if”.15.cohesive a.: tending to fit together well and form a united wholee.g. The poor do not see themselves as a cohesive group.The members of the group remained remarkably cohesive in the face of difficulty.16.thrive on: enjoy and do well as a result of, perhaps unexpectedlye.g. David throve on a pure meat diet for some time.This is the style of life on which he seems to thrive.17.accommodate v.: get used to a new situatione.g. The eye can accommodate itself to seeing objects atdifferent distances.When you are employed in a new firm you should first of all accommodate yourself to the new circumstances.Or: give someone a place to stay, live, or worke.g. Once you have been accepted at the university they promise to accommodate you in a residence hall nearby.Or: have or provide enough space for a particular number of people or thingse.g. Several jails house twice as many prisoners as they were originally built to accommodate.18.property n.: [C] an attribute, characteristice.g. One of the most important properties of gold is its malleability.Besides having nitrogen-fixing properties, trees can be used as a source of fuel. Or: [U] the thing or things someone ownse.g. They have requested the confiscation of millions of dollar’s worth of property.19.Our exploration then brought us squarely before human emotions and human relationships: Our exploration then brought us face to face with such issues as human emotions and human relationships.20.Physical proximity will still be necessary to consummate these emotions and recharge the batteries that will sustain human relationships between virtual encounters.: People still need body contact or face-to-face communication to thoroughly express their emotions and also receive others’ to maintain the relationships when they exchange emotions on the Internet.21.our psyches know that 1s and 0s cannot love: we know that computer are machines and they cannot love22.Given all these possibilities for change, we considered。
研究生英语多维教程熟谙(正文翻译+课后练习参考答案)
Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。
研究生英语系列教程多维教程探索课后练习答案(完整版)
Unit OneKeyComprehensionA1. D2. It contrasts the attitudes of the French and the English-speaking people toward keeping their mother tongue "pure."3. The author does not appreciate the French attitude. He believes that they have gone to the extreme, because he says that 'the mind boggles at what the world might face. "That means the French are so sensitive that it is difficult to imagine what they will do to keep French pure in the future.4. B5. It refers to the differences between British and American English with regard to pronunciation and spelling of English. The author seems to agree with the Americans' viewpoint.6. C7. The King's English refers to English in its most proper and formal use. However, as it is used in foreign places, it is often used improperly. Here "lingo" mocks the formality of English that no longer exists in these foreign Usages8. Foreign varieties of English are very different from the original standard British English, sometimes they are barely recognizable.9. B10. The author thinks that communication is more important than the purification of the English language.B1. fast delivery (of the product)/rapid killing (of the customer)2. Please hang your own coat and hat here/die by hanging yourself3. "revolutionary" ideas are being sold/disgusting new ideas are being sold4. best bakers/idle, lazy persons5. the latest rnethod/a Christian denomination6. a doctor for women's diseases/regard women as a disease or womanizer (vulgar meaning)7. press the button of the lift to move it/inefficiency of the lift8. how to get service/open the door and call out the words “Room service”. (rude)9. in an European atmosphere/a car that rushes a person to the hospital10. serve the best wine/our wine is very bad; hopeless11. from 12~ 14 o'clock chamber maids are not busy/treat chambermaids unfairly (with possible sexual meaning)12. the pictures were painted in the last ten years/the painters were put to death13. leave your laundry/be naked or take off your clothes14. dancing is going on/very vulgar language (a reference to male sex organs)15. moral requirement for who can share the same room/implies that men and women must marry in order to live togetherVocabulary and StructureA1--b 2--d 3--f4—j 5—I 6--hB1. sensitive2. list3. prevalent4. deficiency5. withheld6. certainty7. functional 8. confronte 9. courtesy10. spared 11. stroke 12. ambitious13. purified 14. highlights 15. noveltyC1. A. sensitive B. sense C. sensitivity2. A. compulsory B. compulsion C. compulsory3. A. Lease B. lease C. leasing4. A. deviate B. deviantly C. deviation5. A. prevalence B. prevalent C. prevalent6. A. deficient B. deficiency C.deficient7. A. extracts B. extracting C. extracted8. A, confronted B. confrontation C. confronted9. A, spare B. spare C. spare10. A. stroke B. stroking C. strokeD1. C. make alternative2. B. of taking advantage3. C. of a head injury4. D. remains5. A. accepted6. A. as much energy as7. C. would end up 8. C. has been9. B. or 10. D. with whichE1. language2. associates3. in-laws4. total5. responds6. swell7. Hardly8. lives9. dreams 10. aloud 11. ourselves 12. so13. distinguishes 14. humanity 15. makes 16. expressed17. source 18. newborn 19. act 20. traditionSpeaking(Open)103fTranslation and Writing在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。
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研究生英语多维教程——课后答案研究生英语系列教程·多维教程·熟谙－英语课后答案Book IIUnit 1A.1. assess2. alliance3. outcome4. ethical5. identity6. ambiguous7. tolerable8. participates9. pursuit10. constructiveB.1. at stake2. were obliged3. the climate of4. feel well-equipped5. beyond my grasp6. cut back7. other than8. rise above9. care about10. is boundedC.1. incompetent2. indulgence3. migrants4. probes5. complex6. suspense; engaged7. compassionate; committed8. tolerant9. tempted10. interconnectedD.1. A. Judging from2. B. in which3. C. and4. D. believe5. A. is one of/ is that of6. B. must get7. C. likely8. D. unemployed9. C. as well as/ and10. B. simplerE.1. what2. graduation3. intend4. getting5. eventually6. survey7. although8. graduates9. transfer10. rise11. attending12. instead13. cause14. because15. attending16. below17. failure18. expectations19. confidence20. educationKey to the translation from English to Chinese:1. 德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。
|| 没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。
|| 所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的范围内为他们开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。
2. 们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。
||德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。
”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？ ||美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。
|| 我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。
||这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。
如果我们剥夺了孩子的失败权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:1. Today's university students are struggling to establish themselves, but the y still have ambiguous feelings about their future.2. A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond hi. So the ideal ism of the undergraduate experience must help the student transcend himself.3. We eagerly hope that the lessons leaned in the university will reveal them selves in our performance in the workplace and further education.4. It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduate experience is the only path to success in life.5. We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we k now, the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on the b asis of blind faith in professed experts.6. Our task needs a large group of well-informed, caring young people who canband together, learn from each other, and actively participate in the four mod ernizations.7. If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not only acquire a sold basic education and become competent in a specific field, but also beready to commit themselves to others.8. It is not too much to say that if undergraduates excessively devote thems elves to examinations, the will push competence and commitment to the fringes.9. I didn't even speak to him; much less discuss the reconstruction of your s chool with him.10. Some people think examinations are second to none, but some think ex aminations have a lot of disadvantages. Examinations leave us an open essential qu estion --- what influence do examinations exert on education?Reading Practice:1.C2.A3.A4.D.5.BUnit 2A. 1-H2-I3-A4-E5-K6-N7-L8-G9-D10-CB. 1. perception2. responsibility3. organizational4. marketing5. strategies6. assets7. transitions8. dilemma9. Rivalry10. compensation11. whiz12. invaluableC. 1. Justify, justification, justifiable, justifiably, justified2. strategic, strategy, Strategics/Strategy, strategists, strategized, strateg ically3. finance, financial, financier, finance, Financially4. resentful, resents, resentment, resentfully5. perceive, perception, perceptible, perceptive, perceptibly6. diverse, diversify, diversity, diversification, diversified7. destroyed, destructive, destruction, destructionist, destroyers, destroying , destructible8. markets, marketable, markets, marketing, marketer9. prosperity, prospering, prosperous, prosperously10. derived, derive, derivative, derivativesD.1. A. it even harder2. A. that3. C. not taking enough exercise4. C. to have gone back on5. B. functioning6. D. on7. A. object to seeing8. B. to go with it9. A. to expanding10. A. anxiously awaitingE.1. manufacturers2. natural3. treatment4. experienced5. approached6. relatively7. global8. chaired9. sustainable10. vision11. extended12. improving13. accomplish14. array15. involvement16. activity17. rewarded18. proposals19. domestic20. competitorsKey to the Translation from English to Chinese:Ａ业主/企业创建者不仅进取心强，而且精力充沛。
|| 他们往往擅长于多种技能。
在很多情况之下，他们即是生产专家又是营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。
|| 要接替他们的工作则需要很多的人。
|| 因此家庭企业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明确规定该企业怎样运作。
|| 参予交接过程的每个主要成员也应当制定他们自己的组织构图。
然后,•对它们进行比较。
|| 各机构之间的不同点将表明管理体制上的差异、存在误会的主要方面及观念上分歧。