专题四训练题答案

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2020中考复习——新定义问题专题训练(四)(有答案)

2020中考复习——新定义问题专题训练(四)(有答案)
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知识像烛光,能照亮一个人,也能照亮无数的人。--培根
22. 阅读理解:若 A、B、C 为数轴上三点,若点 C 到 A 的距离是点 C 到 B 的距离 2 倍,
我们就称点 C 是【A,B】的 好点. 例如,如图 1,点 A 表示的数为−1,点 B 表示的数为 2.表示 1 的点 C 到点 A 的距 离是 2,到点 B 的距离是 1,那么点 C 是【A,B】的好点;又如,表示 0 的点 D 到点 A 的距离是 1,到点 B 的距离是 2,那么点 D 就 不是【A,B】的好点,但点 D 是【B、A】的好点. 知识运用: (1)如图 1,点 B 是【D,C】的好点吗?_________(填是或不是);
B. 6
C. 8
2. 若定义新运算 ∗ = 2 − 3 ,则 4 ∗ 1 的值是:
D. −6
A. 5
B. 7
C. 13
D. 15
3. 已知 a,b 为有理数,定义一种运算: ★ = 2 − 3 ,若(5 − 3)★(1 − 3 ) = 29, 则 x 的值为 ( )
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
4. 我们约定 ⊕ = 10 × 10 ,如 2 ⊕ 3 = 102 × 103 = 105,那么 3 ⊕ 8 为( )
=± 2, 1 = 2, 2 =− 2,
7. D
解:根据题中的新定义化简得:2 × 8 + 2 =− (3 + 2) − 6 × 7, 整理得:2 + 3 =− 60, 合并同类项,得:5 =− 60, 系数化为 1,得: =− 12,
8. B
解:结合图象可得[ ]可能为 0 或 1 或 2,
由1
3
答案和解析

2018年中考数学方法技巧:专题四-构造法训练(含答案)

2018年中考数学方法技巧:专题四-构造法训练(含答案)

5.如图F4-3,直线y=kx+b经过A(3,1)和B(6,0)两点,则不等式0<kx+b<x的解为________.方法技巧专题四构造法训练构造法是一种技巧性很强的解题方法,它能训练思维的创造性和敏捷性.常见的构造形式有:1.构造方程;2.构造函数;3.构造图形.一、选择题图F4-11.如图F4-1,OA=OB=OC,且∠ACB=30°,则∠AOB的大小是()A.40°B.50°C.60°D.70°2.已知a≥2,m2-2am+2=0,n2-2an+2=0,则(m-1)2+(n-1)2的最小值是()A.6B.3C.-3D.03.设关于x的一元二次方程(x-1)(x-2)=m(m>0)的两根分别为α,β,且α<β,则α,β满足() A.1<α<β<2B.1<α<2<βC.α<1<β<2D.α<1且β>2二、填空题4.如图F4-2,六边形ABCDEF的六个内角都相等.若AB=1,BC=CD=3,DE=2,则这个六边形的周长等于________.图F4-213图F4-36.关于x的方程a(x+m)2+b=0的解是x1=-2,x2=1(a,m,b均为常数,a≠0),则方程a(x+m+2)2+b=0的解是________.7.[2016·成都]如图F4-△4,ABC内接于⊙O,AH⊥BC于点H,若AC=24,AH=18,⊙O的半径OC=13,则AB =________.图F4-48.如图F4-5,在四边形ABCD中,AB∥DC,E是AD的中点,EF⊥BC于点F,BC=5,EF=3.图F4-5(1)若AB=DC,则四边形ABCD的面积S=________;(2)若AB>DC,则此时四边形ABCD的面积S′________S(用“>”或“=”或“<”填空).三、解答题9.如图F4-6,直立于地面上的电线杆A B,在阳光下落在水平地面和坡面上的影子分别是BC,CD,测得BC=6m,CD=4m,∠BCD=150°,在D处测得电线杆顶端A的仰角为30°,试求电线杆的高度.(结果保留根号)图F4-6参考答案1.C[解析]以点O为圆心,以OA为半径作⊙O.∵OA=OB=OC,∴点B,C在⊙O上.∴∠AOB=2∠ACB=60°.故选C.注:此题构造了圆.2.A[解析](1)当m=n时,(m-1)2+(n-1)2=2(m-1)2.此时当m=1时,有最小值0.而m=1时,代入原方程求得a=.=(m+n)2-2mn-2(m+n)+2=4a2-4-4a+2=4(a-)2-3.∵a≥2,∴当a=2时,(m-1)2+(n-1)2有最小值.∴(m-1)2+(n-1)2的最小值=4(2-)2-3=6.故选A.5.3<x<6[解析]作直线OA,易知直线OA的解析式为y=x.由图可知,不等式kx+b>0的解为x<6;不等式kx+b<x的解为x>3.所以不等式0<kx+b<x的解为3<x<6.注:此题构造了一次函数y=x.7.[解析]如图,作直径AE,连结CE,则∠ACE=90°.32∵不满足条件a≥2,∴舍去此种情况.(2)当m≠n时,∵m2-2am+2=0,n2-2an+2=0,∴m,n是关于x的方程x2-2ax+2=0的两个根.∴m+n=2a,mn=2,∴(m-1)2+(n-1)2=m2-2m+1+n2-2n+11212注:此题根据两个等式构造了一个一元二次方程.3.D[解析]一元二次方程(x-1)(x-2)=m(m>0)的两根实质上是抛物线y=(x-1)(x-2)与直线y=m两个交点的横坐标.如图所示,显然α<1且β>2.故选D.注:此题构造了二次函数.4.15[解析]分别将线段AB,CD,EF向两端延长,延长线构成一个等边三角形,边长为8.则EF=2,AF=4,故所求周长=1+3+3+2+2+4=15.注:此题构造了等边三角形.131133136.x1=-4,x2=-1[解析]根据方程的特点联想二次函数的顶点式.将函数y=a(x+m)2+b的图象向左平移2个单位得函数y=a(x+m+2)2+b的图象,因此将方程a(x+m)2+b=0的解x1=-2,x2=1分别减去2,即得所求方程的解.注:此题构造了二次函数.392∴=.∴AB=.∴AB==.∴AB=BE×tan E=(6+43)×3∵AH⊥BC,∴∠AHB=90°.∴∠ACE=∠AHB.∵∠B=∠△E,∴ABH∽△AEC.AB AH AE·AHAE AC AC∵AC=24,AH=18,AE=2OC=26,18×2639242注:此题构造了直角三角形.8.(1)15(2)=[解析](1)平行四边形的面积等于底乘高;(2)如图,连结BE,并延长BE交CD的延长线于点G,连结CE.易证△EAB≌△EDG.∴BE=EG.∴S四边形ABCD=△SBCG=2△SBCE=BC·EF=15.注:此题根据平行线间线段的中点构造了全等三角形.9.解:如图,延长AD交BC的延长线于E,过点D作DF⊥BE于F.∵∠BCD=150°,∴∠DCF=30°.∵CD=4,∴DF=2,CF=2 3.由题意得∠E=30°,∴DC=DE.∴CE=2CF=43.∴BE=BC+CE=6+4 3.3=23+4.答:电线杆的高度为(23+4)m.注:此题构造了直角三角形.三角函数只能应用于直角三角形中,因此用三角函数解决四边形或斜三角形的问题时,必须构造直角三角形.。

高考英语阅读理解专题训练:4阅读理解细节理解四附参考答案

高考英语阅读理解专题训练:4阅读理解细节理解四附参考答案

阅读理解-细节理解四1、 A new commodity brings about a highly profitable,fast-growing industry,urging antitrust(反垄断)regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago ,the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns ares being raised by the giants(巨头)that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google,Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime,The giants' success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery, Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant,all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “God’s eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is that antitrust authorities need to move form the industrial age into the21st century. When considering a merger(兼并),for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-borm threat. Whenthis takes place,especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply panies could be forced to consumers what information they hold and how many money they make form emments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users' consent.Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy But if govemments don't wants a data oconomy by a few giants, they must act soon.1.Why is there a call to break up giants?A.They have controlled the data marketB.They collect enormous private dataC.They no longer provide free servicesD.They dismissed some new-born giants2.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?A.Data giants’ technology is very expensiveB.Google’s idea is popular among data firmsC.Data can strengthen giants’ controlling positi onD.Data can be turned into new services or products3.By paying attention to firms’ data assets, antitrust regulatorscould .A.kill a new threatB.avoid the size trapC.favour bigger firmsD.charge higher prices4.What is the purpose o f loosening the giants’ control of data?A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure.ernments could relieve their financial pressure.C.Consumers could better protect their privacy.D.Small companies could get more opportunities.2 、 El Nin o, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nifio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Niño in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱)in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California, th ey are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Niño, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Niños come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施)can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道)make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Niño's harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and woundingpeople. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.1.What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?A.It is named after a South American fisherman.B.It takes place almost every year all over the world.C.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.D.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.2.What may El Niños bring about to the countries affected?A.Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.B.Droughts become more harmful than floods.C.Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.D.Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.3.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________.A.more investment should go to risk reductionernments of poor countries need more aidC.victims of El Niño deserve more compensationD.recovery and reconstruction should come first4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A.To introduce El Niño and its origin.B.To explain the consequences of El Niño.C.To show ways of fighting against El Niño.D.To urge people to prepare for El Niño.3、While WeChat is China's biggest mobile messaging app (应用软件),there are many equivalent(相当的) apps in other countries that offer similar features(特征).WhatsApp (US)Users: more than 300 millionPlatforms: Android, 10S, Windows Phone, BlackBerryFeatures:Text chat, push-to-talk, file sharing, location sharingWith more than 300 million active users, WhatsApp is one of WeChat's biggest competitors. Developed by two ex-Yahoo! employees in 2009, WhatsApp originally focused on text chat, but onAug6 it also started push - to - talk service. It's noted for its accessibility, ease of use and the absence of advertisements. The service is free for the first year, after which $0.99 (6.06 yuan) is charged for one-year subscription.Kakao Talk (South Korea)Users: more than 100 millionPlatforms: Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerry and Bada (an operateing system developed by Samsung)Features: Text chat, group chat, push - to - talk, group calls, file sharingWith more than 100 million users in more than 230 countries, Kakao Talk is a multi - platform ( 多平台 ) texting application that allows users to send and receive messages for free. With Kakao Talk, users can message each other one-on one or in group chats with unlimited numbers of friends. You can also choose from more than 250 animated emoticons (表情符号) and share them with friends.Line (Japan)Users: more than 200 millionPlatforms: Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerry and PCFeatures:Text chat, group chat, push - to - talk, file sharing, location sharing, gaming, stickers.Line tops the list of the most downloaded free apps in 52 countries. Apart from text and voice messaging, Line provides its users with more than 250 original stickers and emoticons to buy from its own shop. In the first quarter of 2013 alone. it made $ ,7 million just from stickers. The popular app also allows friends to battle each other in the LINE Game.1.The first paragraph of the passage is used to _______.A.introduce the most popular mobile messaging apps in ChinaB.talk about new features in the latest mobile messaging appsC.draw readers' attention to various popular mobile messaging appsD.explain how mobile messaging apps have become so popularpared with the other two apps, which of the following features makes Line stand out?A.Group mobile games.B.Free stickers and emoticons.C.Free download of the app.D.Text and group chat.3.One of the popular features of WhatsApp is that users_______.A.can send and receive messages for freeB.can enjoy live video chats within groupsC.don't need to worry about unwanted adsD.regularly set free stickers and emoticons4、 During the past Spring Festival, many children may have received red packets from their families. But Xing Pu, a 40-year-old economist, is asking the government to give red packets to every Chinese citizen.Xing suggested the government give out 1,000 yuan to each Chinese since the government income has increased rapidly in recent years. He said his suggestion would allow everyone to directly enjoy the fruits of the country’s economic success, help the lower-income groups deal with rising prices and increase consumption(消费)around the country.Recent years have seen the government carry out a series of pro-poor(扶贫)and pro-rural(惠农)policies(政策),including increasing spending on public health-care and cutting down the agricultural tax. But the lower-income group still needs more help.Xing said he has borrowed many ideas from practices in countries like theUnited StatesandSingapore. Earlier this year, the governments of the two nations offered cash handouts(救济)to their citizens. As for inC hina, “We can even encourage the rich to donate their 1,000 yuan red packet to the poor,” said Xing.Although Xing’s suggestion has gained wide support among ordinary Chinese on the Internet, many other economists criticized it as unpractical. “To bett er use the increase of money, handing out money is not a solution that holds good for all time. It could be better to improve the public service or cut the price of energy use in daily life,” said Qiao Xinsheng, an economic professor.1.Xing Pu suggested that the government give out 1,000 yuan to each Chinese because ________.A.the poor should get help from the richB.the government should help the richC.the growing economic pie should be shared among the peopleD.the government doesn’t know how to use th e money2.What has the government done to help the lower-income group?A.Spending less on public health care.B.Increasing the agricultural tax.C.Handing out money to every Chinese.D.Carrying out pro-poor and pro-rural policies.3.Xing Pu’s ideas of givi ng red packets to every Chinese citizen mainly came from ________.A.children receiving red packets from their familiesB.the US andSingaporegovernments offering cash handouts to their citizensC.the government’s increasing spending on public health careD.the rising prices in the country4.According to Qiao Xinsheng, what is better than giving out money?A.Supplying food to everyone every day.B.Cutting the price of energy use in daily life.C.Controlling the rising of prices.D.Increasing the government income.5、 Rock music in one form or another is the most popular type of music all over the world. But where did it come from?Rock began in the USA in the early 1950s. At that time, “rhythm and blue” music was very popular with black Americans. “R&B” was a mixture of black religious music and jazz. It had strong rhythms that you could dance to and simple, fast words.Noticing the success of R&B music, white musicians started to copy the same style. By the mid-1950s, this new white R&B music, ca lled rock ’n’ roll, had become very popular. Singers like Elvis Presley and Bill Haley attracted millions of teenage fans. Their music was fast and loud. Many older people thought that rock ’n’ roll was very dangerous.By the early 1960s, even rock ’n’ roll had become old-fashioned. Many of the songs had begun to sound the same. It was at that time that a new group from England became popular — the Beatles.The Beatles first started by singing American style songs, but they soon developed their own style, with more complicated tunes. They also introduced different instruments. Groups like the Beatles had a very important influence on the style of popular music.By the early 1970s, rock ’n’ roll had developed into a new form of music. Electronics had replaced the amplified guitars and drums of rock ’n’ roll. “Rock” had arrived.Rock music had continued to change and develop. It had combined with music from different parts of the world. Today, there are hundreds of different types of rock music, and almost every country has its own form of rock.1.When had rock ’n’ roll become very popular?A.By the mid-1950s.B.By the early 1960s.C.By the mid-1960s.D.By the early 1970s.2.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Beatles?A.It was not an American group.B.This group had their own style.C.This group made American style songs popular.D.The style of popular music had been influenced by this group.3.It can be inferred from the passage that Elvis Presley and Bill Haley________.A.we re singers of “R&B”B.were singers in the mid-1950sC.were members of the BeatlesD.were popular with old people4.What's the best title of the passage?A.Popular MusicB.The History of Rock MusicC.Different Forms of Music in AmericaD.The Beatles6、 I was reading these interesting stories behind a group of great logos in the world. Personally Nike is my favorite one—it’s so simple. And I liked the stories behind them, which made me forget all other things. McDonald’s, Apple, Mercedes Benz and Adidas own great logos as well, and they are among my favorites.NikeIn the Greek myth, Nike is the goddess of victory and the source of inspiration for soldiers. This logo represents the wing in the famous statue of the Greek goddess. Nike’s logo was des igned by Carolyn Davidson in 1971 for $ 35, and was registered as a trademark in 1995.McDonald’sThe logo was designed in 1962 by Jim Schindler to resemble the arch shaped (拱形的) signs on the side of the company’s then walk-up hamburger stand. Later on, the two golden arches were combined together to form the M. The McDonald’s name was added to the logo in 1968.AppleThere are different stories behind Apple’s logo. The first logo was a reference to the religious story of Adam and Eve, in which the apple representedthe fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. One year later, the second logo was designed in 1977 by Steven Jobs and Ronald Wayne, and it described Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. This logo didn’t stay long. One year later it was replaced almost immediately by graphic designer Rob Janoff’s “rainbow apple”, a rainbow-colored silhouette (轮廓) of an apple with a bite taken out of it. And then the rainbow-colored apple was replaced by the one-colored logo in 1998. It has not been changed so far.Mercedes BenzThe Mercedes Benz logo, which was originally created by Gottlieb Daimler in 1909, consists of a simple description of a three- pointed star that represents its rule of the land, the sea and the air. The company was founded by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. Mercedes is the name of Maybach’s elder daughter, while Benz came as a result of a combination with Benz, Cie. and DMG in 1926.1.What does the author think of the stories of the great logos?A.They are boring.B.They are attractiveC.They are out of date.D.They are practical2.What does Nike’s logo stand for?A.The goddess of victoryB.The source of inspiration for soldiersC.The wing of the Greek goddessD.The statue of the Greek goddess3.We can learn that Apple’s present logo is______.A.the religious story of Adam and EveB.Newton’s sitting under an apple treeC.a bitten apple with only one colorD.the rainbow-colored bitten apple4.Which of the following time orders describes the births of the great logos?A.Nike –McDonald’s – Apple – Mercedes Benz.B.Mercedes Benz –McDonald’s – Nike – Apple.C.Mercedes Benz – Apple – Nike –McDonald’s.D.Nike –Mercedes Benz –McDonald’s – Apple.答案以及解析1答案及解析:答案:1.A; 2.C; 3.B; 4.D解析:1.推理判断题,根据第二段第一句中的“Such s ituation"可知答案在第一段,第一段暗示出分化商业巨头的原因是他们控制了数据市场, 故答案为A项。

江苏省2020年中考英语二轮复习专项训练四:连词和代词用法及词义辨析(word版含答案)

江苏省2020年中考英语二轮复习专项训练四:连词和代词用法及词义辨析(word版含答案)

专题四:连词和代词用法及词义辨析1. ---Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?---Yeah, but I have no idea __________, that’s one of his favorite universities.A. whenB. whyC. thatD. how2. Sometimes we will never know the true value of a moment it becomes a memory.A. ifB. unlessC. becauseD. until3. ---Would you like tea or coffee?---. I'd like some cola.A. NeitherB. EitherC. BothD. Each4. ---What do you think of our school basketball team?---They’re going to lose the match ____________ they improve their skills.A. unlessB. untilC. ifD. as5. ---When shall we go to the Huangshanhu Lake Park, this Saturday or Sunday?---________ is OK. I’m free on the weekend.A. BothB. NoneC. AllD. Either6. ---I joined in the Nanjing Marathon race, _________I couldn’t run as fast as a real athlete.---That’s really great! You are my hero!A. thoughB. untilC. unlessD. if7. He made a serious mistake, but he took action to change that it got worse.A. beforeB. whenC. becauseD. until8. ---I’m looking forward to the film Transformer 6. ___________will it begin?--- ______________ the 28th June, 2019.A. When; UntilB. How long; Not untilC. When; Not untilD. How long; Until9. ---My parents are crazy about Running Man. How about your parents?---_________my dad _________ my mom likes it. But they prefer The Readers.A. Not only,but alsoB. Both,andC. Either,orD. Neither,nor10. ---Does your mother have any hobbies?---No, _______ you call watching TV a hobby.A. unlessB. untilC. ifD. when11. ---Do you have_______ in mind that you’d like for supper? ---Well, _______ is OK with me.A. something; everythingB. anything; anythingC. everything; nothingD. anything; something12. ---Worrying too much is unnecessary.It doesn’t change ________.---Exactly right.There are ________meaningful things to do.A. everything;the moreB.anything; moreC.something; the mostD. nothing; most13. ---Too much homework has made me tired these days, Mr. Wang.---That’s true. But a small tree won’t grow into a big tree_____it experiences lots of winds and rains.A. ifB. becauseC. whenD. unless14.---Life is boring without money.---Perhaps, but it doesn't mean______________, I think.A. somethingB. anythingC. nothingD. everything15. ---Why didn't you tell him about the meeting?---He rushed out of the room I could say a word.A. beforeB. afterC. sinceD. because16. Fans all over the country are talking about ________this football team has never won any matchand ________ to do with it.A. whether; howB. why; howC. whether; whatD. why; what17. Our teachers have been with us for nearly three years we came to junior high school. We should thank them for what they have done for us.A. untilB. beforeC. sinceD. while18. ---I can't find the magazine I bought this morning.---Well, Jack is reading over there. Why not go and see if it is yours?A. itB. thatC. oneD. some19. ---What shall we do to kill time?---Well. _______ it is Wanda Cinema’s half-price day, why not go to watch a film?A. WhileB. SinceC. UnlessD. Though20.---The frozen yogurt tastes like ice cream but has_______ of the fat.---It suits me fine. I'm losing weight.A.noneB.neitherC.anyD.some21. This training program can give you a rise at work, ___________increase your pay by 40%, soyou’d better put some efforts into it.A. as soon asB.so much asC.as well asD.as possible as22.---Keep working hard,you’ll realize your dream of being a writer______you give it up halfway.---I will,thank you,Miss Rowling.A.unlessB.ifC.sinceD.though23.Everyone makes mistakes in life. The key is not to repeat________again.A.itB.thisC.thatD.them24. Teacher Wang recommended me a few foreign movies, but _________was to my taste.A. allB. neitherC. nothingD. none25. my sister I do well in our lessons. My mother is very proud of us.A. Not; butB. Neither; norC. Either; orD. Both; and26. The happiest of people don’t necessarily have the best of everything; they just make the most ofeverything ________ comes along their way.A. whichB. whoC. whenD. that27. ---How is everything going on with you?---Quite well. Not so smoothly as I hope, ________.A. thoughB. insteadC. eitherD. since28. Edward was excited that his wife_______ his children ________ invited to the party with him.A. and; wasB. together; wereC. as well as; wasD. along with; were29. Some passengers were waiting at the bus stop______ the whole roof fell down.A. whileB. whenC. as soon asD. after30. We had to be patient, because it ________some time ________ we got the result.A. would be; beforeB. was; afterC. has been; sinceD. had been; until31. ---Why are you so worried?---I’ve lost the watch _________ my dad bought me on my birthday.A. whatB. whoC. whoseD. which32.The 90-minute documentary, Amazing China(厉害了,我的国), opened in theaters nationwide________ March 2, and similar to______- if not all- of the popular films, it arouses(激发) Chinese pride from deep inside.A.in, someB. on, moreC. on, mostD. in, much33. ---Which film do you like best?--- ________ of them. They are both long and boring.A. NeitherB. AllC. EitherD. None34. I will never forget the people and the things_______ I saw on the Great Wall.A. whoB. whichC. whomD. that35. Bob didn’t get up _________ his mother _________ this morning.A. until; woke him upB. until; woke up himC. after; woke him upD. after; woke up him36.--- Excuse me, John, but which is for me?--- You can take _______ half. They are exactly the same.A. eachB. anyC. eitherD. neither37.I doubt he will work harder than before or not.A.ifB.thatC.whenD.whether38. ---Next week, I’ll go to New York. What should I pay attention to?---Take a map while traveling you have a guide or know the city well.A. sinceB. ifC. unlessD. because39. ---Why don't you like fishing?---Fishing is a hobby needs much patience, but I'm not patient at all.A. whoB. itC. whatD. that40. The old man didn't want to go home at that time. , he wanted to walk along the river.A. HoweverB.ThoughC. AlthoughD. Instead41. My mother is always warning me when I go out, “Don’t get off the bus ______ it is stopping.”A. untilB. whileC. beforeD. after42. are crazy about listening to pop music in their spare time.A. Bill with his friendsB. Neither Victor nor TomC. Not only Tim but also the twinsD. Either Anita or Jack43. Kuiba is the only Chinese cartoon I have seen this year.A. whenB. thatC. whoD. what44. Tina is still working to high standards she has made great achievements.A. asB. ifC. thoughD. because45. ---Mary, I will not go to the cinema this evening. What about you?---Oh, I won’t, _______. I like _____of the three films. They are old and boring.A. too; noneB. either; neitherC. either; noneD.neither; neither46. What a terrible experience! _______, you’re safe now – that’s the main thing.A. AnywayB. MoreoverC. OtherwiseD. Indeed47. We decide to make ________ a rule for us to turn off the lights at 10:30 p.m.A. thatB. thisC. itD. one48.There are many shops on________side of the street and they________ until midnight every day.A. both; are openB. either; aren’t closedC. either; are closedD. both; aren’t closed49. ---In order to get a great future, we should study hard keep in good health.---I can't agree more.A. neither; norB. either; orC. not; butD. not only; but also50. She is uncertain about_____she can get a good job even though she's a top student in her school.A. ifB. thatC. whetherD. /参考答案1-20 BDAAD AACDA BBDDA CCCBA21-40 CADDD DACBA DCDDA CDCDD41-50ACBCC ACBDC。

2014高三化学二轮专题复习强化训练:专题四 化学实验基础综合测试(13年试题+答案+解析)

2014高三化学二轮专题复习强化训练:专题四 化学实验基础综合测试(13年试题+答案+解析)

专题四化学实验基础综合测试(90分钟,100分)一、选择题(本题包括18个小题,每小题3分,共54分)1.(2013·郑州市第一次质检·9)用如图所示装置进行下列实验,实验结果与预测的现象不一致的是()①中的物质②中的物质预测①中的现象A 淀粉-KI溶液浓溴水无明显变化B 石蕊溶液硫酸无明显变化C AlCl3溶液浓氨水有白色沉淀D AgNO3溶液浓盐酸有白色沉淀解析:A项,②中的浓溴水具有挥发性,挥发出的溴蒸气进入①中会置换出碘,而使①中的溶液变蓝色;B项,硫酸不具有挥发性,故①中的石蕊不变色;C 项,②中浓氨水挥发出的氨气进入①中发生反应生成Al(OH)3白色沉淀;D项,②中浓盐酸挥发出的HCl气体进入①中发生反应生成白色沉淀AgCl。

答案:A点拨:本题考查元素化合物及其性质,考查考生的实验分析和推理能力。

难度中等。

2.(2013·河南省适应测试(二)·12)如图所示装置中,试管内的FeI2溶液中滴有KSCN溶液,实验中控制通入Cl2的速度,试管内先观察到紫色,后观察到红色。

下列说法正确的是()A.若Cl2中含较多HCl,实验过程中会产生倒吸现象B.通入足量Cl2后,振荡试管,下层变紫色,上层变红色C.该实验可验证氧化性:Cl2>I2>Fe3+D.试管内反应的离子方程式可表示为Fe2++2I-+Cl2===I2+Fe3++2Cl-解析:A项,导管通入CCl4层中,CCl4能起到缓冲作用而不会发生倒吸现象;B项,3Cl2+2FeI2===2FeCl3+2I2,振荡后I2由水层转移到CCl4层,故下层溶液呈紫色,上层溶液中Fe3+遇KSCN变红色;C项,由反应知氧化性:Cl2>I2,Cl2>Fe3+,但无法证明I2的氧化性强于Fe3+;D项,电荷不守恒,正确的离子方程式为2Fe2++4I-+3Cl2===2I2+2Fe3++6Cl-。

专题四:物质世界 计算解答题 —2021年中考科学复习之专题突破训练

专题四:物质世界 计算解答题 —2021年中考科学复习之专题突破训练

中考物理复习之专题突破训练《专题四:物质世界》计算解答题1.(2020•滕州市校级模拟)冬季里,王瑞妈妈喜欢做“海绵豆腐”涮火锅。

“海绵豆腐”的做法是:将鲜豆腐冰冻保存,食用时解冻,豆腐内的冰会熔化成水并且全部从豆腐中流出,形成有孔洞的海绵状的豆腐,在涮火锅时汤汁就会进入孔洞。

王瑞妈妈买来375g 鲜豆腐,体积约为3300cm ,豆腐含水的质量占总质量的360%(0.9/g cm ρ=冰;设豆腐解冻后孔洞的体积和形状不变)求: (1)鲜豆腐的密度;(2)海绵豆腐内冰所形成的所有孔洞的总体积;(3)若涮锅时海绵豆腐吸收汤之后,将之完好捞出,其质量变为400g ,求汤汁密度。

2.(2019•济宁)小明用同一物体进行了以下实验。

实验中,保持物体处于静止状态,弹簧测力计的示数如图所示。

请根据图中信息,求:(g 取10/)N kg (1)物体的质量;(2)物体在水中受到的浮力; (3)某液体的密度。

3.(2020•广东模拟)如图甲所示,底面积为250cm 、高为10cm 的平底圆柱形容器和一个质量为100g 的小球置于水平桌面上(容器厚度不计)容器内盛某种液体时,容器和液体的总质量与液体的体积关系如图乙所示,求:①液体的密度是多少3/g cm ?②容器内盛满这种液体后,液体的质量是多少?③容器内盛满这种液体后,再将小球轻轻地放入容器中,小球沉入容器底,待液体溢尽,擦干容器壁,测得总质量为660g ;则小球的密度为多少?4.(2020•甘孜州)建筑工地需要3400m 的沙石,为了估测沙石的密度,用一只空桶平装满一桶沙石,测得桶中的沙石的质量为52kg ,再用这只桶装满一桶水,测得桶中水的质量20kg ,331.010/kg m ρ=⨯水,g 取10/N kg 。

求:(1)桶的容积是多少? (2)沙石的密度是多少?(3)若用一辆载重4000kg 的卡车将沙石运送到工地,至少要运多少车?5.(2019•呼伦贝尔)某同学用天平、玻璃瓶和水来测量某种液体的密度,测得空瓶的质量为25.4g ,瓶中装满水后总质量为47.4g ,将瓶中水全部倒出并装满待测液体后总质量为51.8g 。

2024年中考语文一轮复习基础专题训练:专题四 句子衔接与排序(含答案)

2024年中考语文一轮复习基础专题训练:专题四 句子衔接与排序(含答案)

专题四句子衔接与排序【原创题】1.(原创)下面文段中画横线处,所填语句衔接最恰当的一项是()成功学书籍受热捧,已不是一两年的事了,自从它们诞生后,便成为图书市场的宠儿。

因为这些书籍讲述的,只是一个个他人成功的模式化故事,能起的作用大抵是暂时刺激一下阅读者的神经。

A.即使我们所看到的大多数读过励志书的人,并未在阅读之后志存高远、悬梁刺股、夜以继日,然后精神焕发B.即使并未在阅读之后精神焕发,然后志存高远、悬梁刺股、夜以继日,就像我们所看到的那些读过励志书的大多数人C.但我们所看到的读过励志书的人,大多数并未在阅读之后精神焕发,然后志存高远、悬梁刺股、夜以继日D.但并未在阅读之后精神焕发,然后志存高远、悬梁刺股、夜以继日,就像我们所看到的那些读过励志书的大多数人2.(原创)阅读下面的文字,回答后面的问题。

理想的阶梯,属于珍惜时间的人。

富兰克林有句名言:“你热爱生命吗?那么别浪费时间,因为时间是组成生命的材料。

”许多科学家、文艺家都是同时间赛跑的能手。

他一生留下为人民所深深喜爱的巨著《人间喜剧》,共九十一部小说。

这些血汗的结晶不正是时间与生命的光辉记录吗?下面四句话是从上面的语段中提取出来的,请你为它们正确地排列顺序,并写在文中横线上。

①巴尔扎克用如痴如狂的拼劲,每天奋笔疾书十六七个小时,即使累得手臂疼痛、双眼流泪,也不肯浪费一刻时间。

②这无数次试验的时间从哪里来?就是从常常连续工作两三天的极度紧张中挤出来的。

③鲁迅以“时间就是生命”的格言律己,从事无产阶级文学艺术事业30年,视时间如生命,笔耕不辍。

④爱迪生一生有一千多项发明。

3.(原创)将下面的句子排列成一段语意连贯的话,排列顺序最恰当的一项是()①首战两水洞、激战云山城、会战清川江、鏖战长津湖、血战上甘岭……②事实充分证明,一个觉醒了的、敢于为祖国光荣、独立和安全而奋起战斗的民族是不可战胜的。

③抗美援朝是一个力量悬殊、以弱胜强的战争奇迹。

④用胸膛堵枪眼,以身躯作人梯,忍饥受冻绝不退缩,烈火烧身岿然不动,志愿军将士抛头颅、洒热血,愈战愈勇,越打越强,打出了惊天地、泣鬼神的血性,打败了武装到牙齿的对手,打破了美军不可战胜的神话。

专题四 古代诗歌阅读 2024届五年高考题分类训练(语文)

专题四 古代诗歌阅读  2024届五年高考题分类训练(语文)

专题四古代诗歌阅读文体1 古诗题组一1. [2023新课标Ⅰ卷,9分]阅读下面这首唐诗,完成(1)—(2)题。

答友人论学林希逸逐字笺来学转难①,逢人个个说曾颜②。

那知剥落皮毛处,不在流传口耳间。

禅要自参求印可,仙须亲炼待丹还。

卖花担上看桃李,此语吾今忆鹤山③。

【注】①笺:注释。

这里指研读经典。

②曾颜:孔子的弟子曾参和颜回。

③鹤山:南宋学者魏了翁,号鹤山。

(1)下列对这首诗的理解和赏析,不正确的一项是(3分)( A )A. 诗的首联描述了当时人们不畏艰难、努力学习圣人之道的学术风气。

B. 诗人认为,“皮毛”之下精要思想的获得,不能简单依靠口耳相传。

C. 颈联中使用“自”“亲”二字,以强调要获得真正学识必须亲自钻研。

D. 诗人采用类比等方法阐明他的治学主张,使其浅近明白、通俗易懂。

[解析]“不畏艰难、努力学习圣人之道的学术风气”错,“学转难”表明用“逐字笺”的学习方法难以理解经典真谛,且“逢人个个说曾颜”也并非指努力学习圣人之道,而是讽刺当下人们对圣人之道的学习流于表面。

(2)诗的尾联提到魏了翁的名言:“不欲于卖花担上看桃李,须树头枝底方见活精神也。

”结合本诗主题,谈谈你对这句话的理解。

(6分)答:①卖花担上的桃李,虽然也缤纷绚烂,但活力已经不再。

②唯有回归本原,方能获得学问真谛,就如同在树头枝底欣赏桃李,方能体会到其活泼的精神。

【诗歌鉴赏】这是林希逸对友人关于治学论述的答复。

首联主要写诗人对治学方法的态度和认识。

首句中,“逐字笺”是研读经典的方法,“学转难”道出了诗人认为用“逐字笺”这种学习方法难以领悟经典真谛的观点。

次句写生活中的治学现象,即那些未掌握经典真谛的人,张口闭口都是曾参颜回,做学问流于表面。

这两句看似平铺叙事,实则流露出诗人的嘲讽之情。

颔联说的是“皮毛”之下的精要思想并不存在于人们口耳流传的话语中。

颈联以“参禅”“修仙”为例,以类比的方式阐述自己的治学观点。

诗人认为,求学需要“自参”“亲炼”,如此方可获得学问真谛。

2021届高考化学复习:专题四 典型的非金属及其化合物选择题专题训练(有的答案 详细解答)

2021届高考化学复习:专题四  典型的非金属及其化合物选择题专题训练(有的答案 详细解答)

专题四 典型的非金属及其化合物选择题专题训练1、(2020·泰州高三期末)下列物质的转化在给定条件下不能实现的是( )A .NH 3――――→O 2/催化剂△NO ―――→O 2,H 2O HNO 3 B .浓盐酸――→MnO 2△Cl 2――→石灰乳漂白粉 C .Al 2O 3―――→HCl aq AlCl 3(aq)――→△无水AlCl 3D .葡萄糖――→酒化酶C 2H 5OH ――→O 2/Cu △CH 3CHO 答案 C解析 C 项,AlCl 3溶液加热会水解生成Al(OH)3和HCl ,HCl 挥发,则会促进AlCl 3水解,最终生成Al(OH)3,得不到无水AlCl 3,错误。

2.在给定条件下,下列选项所示的物质间转化均能实现的是( )A .NaCl(熔融)――→电解NaOH ――→Al 2O 3NaAlO 2B .CuO ――→H 2O Cu(OH)2―――――→葡萄糖溶液△Cu 2O C .Cl 2――→H 2点燃HCl ――→NH 3NH 4Cl D .CaCl 2(aq)――→CO 2CaCO 3――→SiO 2高温CaSiO 3 答案 C解析 A 项,熔融NaCl 电解得到Na 和Cl 2,得不到NaOH ,错误;B 项,CuO 不能与水反应得到Cu(OH)2,错误;C 项,H 2在Cl 2中燃烧生成HCl ,HCl 与NH 3生成NH 4Cl ,正确;D 项,CaCl 2溶液与CO 2不能发生反应,错误。

3(2020·宿迁高三期末)在给定条件下,下列选项所示物质间转化均能实现的是( )A .C(焦炭)――→SiO 2高温CO 2――→CaCl 2CaCO 3 B .MgO(s)――→HCl aq MgCl 2(aq)――→电解Mg(s)C .FeS 2(s) ――→O 2高温Fe 2O 3(s)――→CO 高温Fe(s) D .CH 3CH 2Br ――――→NaOH/H 2O CH 2==CH 2―――→一定条件 答案 C解析 B 项,电解熔融MgCl 2会生成Mg ,电解MgCl 2溶液生成Mg OH 2沉淀,错误;D 项,CH 3CH 2Br 与NaOH 水溶液发生取代反应生成CH 3CH 2OH ,卤代烃应该在NaOH 醇溶液中发生消去反应生成乙烯,错误。

2020重庆中考复习数学最值专题训练四(含答案解析)

2020重庆中考复习数学最值专题训练四(含答案解析)

2020年重庆中考数学最值专题训练四(含答案)1、如图,在矩形ABCD 中,AB =4,BC =5,点E 是边AD 上一动点,将△ABE 沿直线BE 翻折,得到△FBE ,连接CF 并延长交线段AD 于点G ,则AG 的最大值为( )A .4B .3C .2D .12、(2019春•鄞州区期末)如图,矩形ABCD 中,AB =2,BC =4,点E 是矩形ABCD 的边AD 上的一动点,以CE 为边,在CE 的右侧构造正方形CEFG ,连结AF ,则AF的最小值为.3、如图,在矩形ABCD 中,点E 是AD 边上一点,以CE 为边作正方形ECGF ,连结AF ,若AE =4cm ,AD =6cm ,AB =3cm .则AF 的长度是 cm .4、(2019春•梁溪区期末)如图,正方形ABCD 中,AB =4,点E 为边AD 上一动点,连接CE ,以CE 为边,作正方形CEFG (点D 、F 在CE 所在直线的同侧),H 为CD 中点,连接FH .点E 在运动过程中,HF 的最小值为 .C DGE H5、如图,矩形ABCD中,已知AB=6,BC=8,点E是边AD上一点,以CE为直角边在与点D的同侧作等腰直角△CEG,连结BG,当点E在边AD上运动时,线段BG长度的最小值是()A.2B.10C.10D.146、(2017•龙华区二模)如图,在平面直角坐标系中,已知矩形OABC的顶点A在x轴上,OA=4,OC=3,点D为BC边上一点,以AD为一边在与点B的同侧作正方形ADEF,连接OE.当点D在边BC上运动时,OE的长度的最小值是.7、如图,矩形ABCD中,AB=3,AD=4,点E、F分别是边BC和对角线BD上的动点,且BE=DF,则AE+AF的最小值是.2020年重庆中考数学最值专题训练四(含答案)1、如图,在矩形ABCD中,AB=4,BC=5,点E是边AD上一动点,将△ABE沿直线BE翻折,得到△FBE,连接CF并延长交线段AD于点G,则AG的最大值为()A.4B.3C.2D.1解:如图:∵CF是⊙B切线,∴BF⊥CG,∵折叠,∴∠BAD=∠EFB=90°即BF⊥EF;根据过一点有且只有一条直线与已知直线垂直,∴CG与CE重合即E,G重合;∵四边形ABCD是矩形,∴AB=CD=4,BC=AD=5,AD∥BC;∵折叠,∴∠AEB=∠BEF;∵AD∥BC,∴∠AEB=∠CBE,∴∠CBE=∠BEF,∴BC=GC=5;在Rt△GCD中,DG==3,∴AG的最大值为AD﹣DG=2.故选:C.2、(2019春•鄞州区期末)如图,矩形ABCD中,AB=2,BC=4,点E是矩形ABCD的边AD上的一动点,以CE为边,在CE的右侧构造正方形CEFG,连结AF,则AF的最小值为3.解:过F作FH⊥ED,∵正方形CEFG,∴EF=EC,∠FEC=∠FED+∠DEC=90°,∵FH⊥ED,∴∠FED+∠EFH=90°,∴∠DEC=∠EFH,且EF=EC,∠FHE=∠EDC=90°,∴△EFH≌△EDC(AAS),∴EH=DC=2,FH=ED,∴AF===∴当AE=1时,AF的最小值为33、如图,在矩形ABCD 中,点E 是AD 边上一点,以CE 为边作正方形ECGF ,连结AF ,若AE =4cm ,AD =6cm ,AB =3cm .则AF的长度是 cm .解:如图,作FM ⊥AD 于M ,∵四边形EFGC 是正方形,∴EF =EC ,∠FEC =∠M =90°,∴∠FEM +∠EFM =90°,∠FEM +∠CED =90°,∴∠EFM =∠CED ,在△ECD 和△FEM 中,,∴△ECD ≌△FEM ,∴FM =ED ,CD =EM ,∵AB =CD =EM =3,AE =4.AD =6,∴ED =FM =2,在Rt △AFM 中,AF ===.4、(2019春•梁溪区期末)如图,正方形ABCD 中,AB =4,点E 为边AD 上一动点,连接CE ,以CE 为边,作正方形CEFG (点D 、F 在CE 所在直线的同侧),H 为CD 中点,连接FH .点E 在运动过程中,HF 的最小值为 .A B CDGE H图1 解:如图,连接DF ,过点F 作FM ⊥AD ,交AD 延长线于点M ,过点F 作FN ⊥CD 的延长线于点N , ∵△EFM ≌△CED ,∴CD =EM ,DE =FM ,∴CD =AD =EM ,∴AE =DM ,设AE =x =DM ,则DE =4﹣x =FM ,∵FN ⊥CD ,FM ⊥AD ,ND ⊥AD ,∴四边形FNDM 是矩形,∴FN =DM =x ,FM =DN =4﹣x∴NH =4﹣x +2=6﹣x ,在Rt △NFH 中,HF === ∴当x =3时,HF 有最小值==35、(2017秋•上虞区期末)如图,矩形ABCD中,已知AB=6,BC=8,点E是边AD上一点,以CE为直角边在与点D的同侧作等腰直角△CEG,连结BG,当点E在边AD上运动时,线段BG长度的最小值是()A.2B.10C.10D.14解:如图作GH⊥BA交BA的延长线于H,EM⊥HG于M,交BC于N.则MN⊥BC.设AE=m.∵∠EMG=∠ENC=∠CEG=90°,∴∠MEG+∠CEN=90°,∠CEN+∠ECN=90°,∴∠MEG=∠ECN,∵EG=EC,∴△MEG≌△NCE(AAS),∴EM=CN=AH=8﹣m,MG=EN=6,在Rt△BHG中,BG===,∴m=4时,BG有最大值,最大值为10,故选:B.6、(2017•龙华区二模)如图,在平面直角坐标系中,已知矩形OABC的顶点A在x轴上,OA=4,OC=3,点D为BC边上一点,以AD为一边在与点B的同侧作正方形ADEF,连接OE.当点D在边BC上运动时,OE的长度的最小值是5.解:如图所示:过点D作DG⊥OA,过点E作HE⊥DG.∵DG⊥OA,HE⊥DG,∴∠EHD=∠DGA=90°.∴∠GDA+∠DAG=90°.∵四边形ADEF为正方形,∴DE=AD,∠HDE+∠GDA=90°.∴∠HDE=∠GAD.在△HED和△GDA中,∴△HED≌△GDA.∴HE=DG=3,HD=AG.设D(a,3),则DC=a,DH=AG=4﹣a.∴E(a+3,7﹣a).∴OE==.当a=2时,OE有最小值,最小值为5.7、如图,矩形ABCD中,AB=3,AD=4,点E、F分别是边BC和对角线BD上的动点,且BE=DF,则AE+AF的最小值是.解:如图,作点D关于BC的对称点G,连接BG,在BG上截取BH,使得BH=AD,连接AH.作HM ⊥AB交AB的延长线于M.∵四边形ABCD是矩形,∴AB=CD=3,BC=AD=4,AD∥BC,∴∠ADF=∠DBC,∵DC=CG,BC⊥DG,∴BD=BG,∴∠DBC=∠CBG,∴∠ADF=∠HBE,∵DA=BH,DF=BE,∴△ADF≌△HBE(SAS),∴AF=EH,∴AE+AF=AE+EH≥AH,在Rt△BCD中,BD==5,由△BHM∽△DBC,可得==,∴==,∴BM=,MH=,∴AM=3+=,在Rt△AMH中,AH==,∴AE+AF≥,∴AE+AF的最小值为.。

三年级语文阅读高效训练 专题四 掌握阅读的基本策略(含答案)人教统编版

三年级语文阅读高效训练  专题四  掌握阅读的基本策略(含答案)人教统编版

三年级语文阅读高效训练·专题四:掌握阅读的基本策略重点:《语文课程标准》明确要求:培养学生具有独立阅读的能力,使其学会运用多种阅读方法。

重点学会默读,能初步把握文章的主要内容,体会文章表达的思想感情,能对课文中不理解的地方提出疑问,能复述叙事性作品的大意。

基础知识一、学会预测二、学会复述典例剖析枫树上的最后一片叶子秋风越吹越紧。

枫树上只剩最后一片叶子了。

一只鸟飞来,停歇在枫树枝头。

这时,枫叶很轻地叹了口气,但鸟还是听见了。

鸟对枫树叶子说:“你有什么忧愁吗?请告诉我,我是一只快乐的鸟。

”枫树叶子说:“你很快乐,我可不快乐,我快要凋(diāo)落了,我是枫树上的最后一片叶子。

”鸟笑了:“啊,枫叶,你应该快乐才是,你知道你的伙伴们在哪里吗?”枫树叶子说:“不是掉在地下腐(fǔ)烂了吗?”“不,你只说对一半。

”鸟望着枫树叶子说,“他们都化作了肥料,钴进了你妈妈------枫树的身子里,他们在那儿悄悄藏着,等到春天一来,就会钻进树枝变成一片片新的嫩绿嫩绿的小叶子!”“是吗?”枫树叶子听得出神了。

“是的,你们在进行一场捉迷藏游戏,你们只不过是藏起来,躲过寒冬罢了!”鸟笑着说。

“哦,一场多么有趣的捉迷藏游戏。

”枫树叶子变得像鸟一样快乐了。

这时,一阵寒风吹来,枫树上的最后一片叶子飘飘悠(yōu)悠地落下来,她是那么的轻盈(yíng),仿佛在跳着优美的舞蹈……1.根据短文内容,给下面的句子排列顺序:_________(填序号)。

①第二年春天,枫树长出一片片嫩绿嫩绿的叶子。

②秋天,叶子从树上落下来。

③落叶化作肥料滋养着树妈妈。

④落在地上的叶子腐烂了。

2.读了题目,猜猜文章可能会写些什么内容?__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 3.鸟笑了:“啊,枫叶,你应该快乐才是,你知道你的伙伴们在哪里吗?”枫树叶子说:“不是掉在地下腐(fǔ)烂了吗?”读了这里请你预测一下,故事会如何发展呢?你预测的依据是什么?文中故事的发展是否和你预测的一样呢?__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________参考答案1.②④③①规律总结阅读时,理清故事的起因、经过、结果,就可以很好地概括文章的主要内容。

【2014届】中考英语专题强化训练专题四:数词(pdf版含答案)

【2014届】中考英语专题强化训练专题四:数词(pdf版含答案)

专题四 数 词 1.amazing the noodle is! ,and breaks the Guinness World Record as the longest handmade noo⁃dle.A.1,704⁃metre⁃longB.1,704⁃metres⁃longlong D.1,704metre long2.number of the students in our school is about nine . ofA.hundred;Two thirdsB.hundred;Two thirdthirds C.hundreds;Two third3.is the most important meal of a day.The picture200students in a school eat breakfast.From the informa⁃tion,we know the number of the students who usually eat breakfast is .A.20B.24C.404.you know the boy is sitting next to Peter?is Peter’s friend.They are celebrating his birthday.B.that;ninethC./;ninethD.which;ninth5.think of the materials I listened to at the beginning of the examA.three fourths;isB.third four;areC.three fourths;areD.three fourth;are6.Jenny was born .A.on July10,1987B.in July10,1987C.in1987,July10D.on1987,July107.What did the headmaster say about Jim’s .A.two⁃months holidayB.second months’holidayC.two⁃month holidayD.second months holiday8.In1850,about was covered by forests in the US.A.first thirdB.a thirdC.the thirdD.first thirds9.The bridge is about long.A.five hundred metreB.five hundreds of metresC.five hundreds metresD.five hundred metres10.September is month of the year.A.nineB.the ninthC.the ninethD.the nine11.I’m years old.I had a special party on my birthday last Sunday.A.twelve;twelvethB.twelve;twelfthC.twelfth;twelfthD.twelve;twelve12.We are going to study tomorrow.A.lesson fiveB.the lesson fiveC.Lesson FiveD.fifth lesson13.The man made much money when he was in .A.his fortyB.his fortiesC.the fortyD.one’s forties14. How long is the new bridge? It’s about meters.A.nine hundreds and fifty⁃oneB.nine hundred fifty and twoC.nine hundred and fifty⁃oneD.nine hundred fifty two15.Now children,turn to page and look at the picture in Lesson Two.A.twentieth;oneB.twenty;oneC.twentieth;firstD.twenty;first16. What is the date today? It’s .A.ThursdayB.June the fifteenthC.the best dayD.June fifteen17.This picture is quite old.We can still see it was drawn in century.A.sixteenB.the sixteenC.sixteenthD.the sixteenth18.The accident happened on .A.nine day of MarchB.the nine day of MarchC.nine days of MarchD.the ninth of March19.This is a big class and of the students are from the country.A.two thirdB.second threeC.two thirdsD.two three20.We all like the boy .A.of ten years oldB.ten⁃year⁃oldC.at ten years oldD.of age of ten21.We don’t have enough nurses to look after the patients.At least are needed.A.ten another nursesB.more ten nursesC.other ten nursesD.another ten nurses22. What’s the date today? It’s .A.August twenty⁃fiveB.twenty⁃five AugustC.August twenty⁃fifthD.twenty⁃fifths August23. How was your day off yesterday?Perfect!It was birthday of my grandma’s.We had a big family celebration.A.eightyB.the eightiethC.eightiethD.eightyth24. I don’t know how long you can stay with us. About .A.one and two daysB.one and two dayC.one or two dayD.a day or two25.He can’t finish it in five days,so he wants you to give him .A.a sixth dayB.a six dayC.six daysD.the six day专题四 数 词1~5 C A C A C 6~10 A C B D B 11~15 B C B C D 16~20 B D D C A 21~25 D C B D A。

五年级上册英语习题专题训练4 阅读理解(含答案)

五年级上册英语习题专题训练4 阅读理解(含答案)
He is in No. 5 Middle School(中学). He gets up early every day. He isn’t late for school. He studies hard. He can read English well. He often helps us with our English, and we often help him with
A. the same
B. different
( B )2. The woodchuck lives ______.
A. on the ground
B. under the ground
( A )3. Some squirrels live in the ______.
A. trees
B. mountains
( T )1. Shanghai is a city of China. ( T )2. There are many tall buildings in Shanghai. ( F )3. Shanghai is a small modern city. ( T )4. People in Shanghai are very nice. ( T )5. Many people go to the parks on the weekend.
六、Read and judge. 阅读短文,根据短文内容,判 断下列句子是否与内容相符,相符的在括号内写“T” 不相符的写“F”。
There are many mice in a house. The man of the house gets a cat. The cat kills(杀死) many of the mice.

2020中考复习——方法与策略专题训练(四)(有答案)

2020中考复习——方法与策略专题训练(四)(有答案)

2020中考复习——方法与策略专题训练(四)班级:___________姓名:___________ 得分:___________一、选择题1.小学时候大家喜欢玩的幻方游戏,老师稍加创新改成了“幻圆”游戏,现在将−1、2、−3、4、−5、6、−7、8分别填入图中的圆圈内,使横、竖以及内外两圈上的4个数字之和都相等,老师已经帮助同学们完成了部分填空,则图中a+b的值为()A. −6或−3B. −8或1C. −1或−4D. 1或−12.用反证法证明“两条直线相交只有一个交点”,应该先假设()A. 两条直线相交至少有两个交点B. 两条直线相交没有两个交点C. 两条直线平行时也有一个交点D. 两条直线平行没有交点3.如图是琳琳6个装好糖果的礼包盒,每盒上面的数字代表这盒礼包实际装有的糖果数量.她把其中的5盒送给好朋友小芬和小红。

自己留下l盒.已知送的都是整盒,包装没拆过,送给小芬的糖果数量是小红的2倍.则琳琳自己留下的这盒有糖果()A. 15粒B. 18粒C. 20粒D. 31粒4.要将9个参加数学竞赛的名额分配给6所学校,每所学校至少要分得一个名额,那么不同的分配方案共有()A. 56种B. 36种C. 28种D. 72种5.小明训练上楼梯赛跑.他每步可上2阶或3阶(不上1阶),那么小明上12阶楼梯的不同方法共有()(注:两种上楼梯的方法,只要有1步所踏楼梯阶数不相同,便认为是不同的上法.)A. 15种B. 14种C. 13种D. 12种6.小华家要进行室内装修,设计师提供了如下四种图案的地砖,爸爸希望灰白两种颜色的地砖面积比例大致相同,那么下面最符合要求的是()A. B.C. D.7.如图所示,从小明家到学校要穿过一个居民小区,小区的道路均是北南或西东方向,小明走下面哪条线路最短()A. (1,3)→(1,2)→(1,1)→(1,0)→(2,0)→(3,0)→(4,0)B. (1,3)→(0,3)→(2,3)→(0,0)→(1,0)→(2,0)→(4,0)C. (1,3)→(1,4)→(2,4)→(3,4)→(4,4)→(4,3)→(4,2)→(4,0)D. 以上都不对8.中国有个名句“运筹帷幄之中,决胜千里之外”.其中的“筹”原意是指《孙子算经》中记载的“算筹”.算筹是古代用来进行计算的工具,它是将几寸长的小竹棍摆在平面上进行运算,算筹的摆放形式有纵横两种形式(如图).当表示一个多位数时,像阿拉伯计数一样,把各个数位的数码从左到右排列,但各位数码的筹式需要纵横相间:个位、百位、万位数用纵式表示;十位,千位,十万位数用横式表示;“0”用空位来代替,以此类推.例如3306用算筹表示就是,则2022用算筹可表示为()A. B. C. D.二、填空题9.如图,为了测量一个池塘的宽BC,小明在池塘一侧的平地上选一点A,再分别找出线段AB,AC的中点D,E,若小明测得DE的长是20米,则池塘宽BC=________米.10.现定义一种新运算:a∗b=(a+b)(a−b),其中a、b均为有理数,则a∗b+(b−a)∗b=.11.在一个边长为a的正方形地块上,辟出一部分作为花坛,小明设计一种方案,请你写出花坛(图中阴影部分,其中中间阴影部分为一小正方形)面积S的表达式______________.12.将四张花纹面相同的扑克牌的花纹面都朝上,两张一叠放成两堆不变,若每次可任选一堆的最上面的一张翻看(看后不放回),并全部看完,则共有_________种不同的翻牌方式.13.武广高铁连通湖北、湖南、广东三省,北起武汉站,南到广州站,中途共停靠12个车站。

部编版六年级上册语文期末默写专题训练四(含答案)

部编版六年级上册语文期末默写专题训练四(含答案)

部编版六年级上册语文期末默写专题训练四(含答案)1.把下面诗句补充完整。

蒙汉情深何忍别,________。

2.默写古诗。

六月二十七日望湖楼醉书________,________。

________,________。

3.根据课内外积累内容填空。

(1)诗词中的动物别有一番情趣。

虫声传递着夏夜的勃勃生机,“稻花香里说丰年,________。

”鸟鸣声声,谱写着江南春季的美景,“________,水村山郭酒旗风。

”诗词中的风多姿多彩。

西湖上有驱散满夭乌云的风,“________,望湖楼下水如天。

”黄河上有掀起泥沙的风,“九曲黄河万里沙,________。

”(2)《少年闰土》这篇课文的开头特别经典:“________的天空中挂着一轮________的圆月,下面是海边的沙地,都种着一望无际的________的西瓜。

”这篇文章的作者是鲁迅。

他被誉为“民族魂”,他热爱祖国,怀着一颗赤手之心:“________,________,中国才有真进步。

”(3)伯牙和锺子期是一对知音,无论伯牙志在高山,还是志在流水,子期都能听出来:“善哉乎鼓琴,________。

”“善哉乎鼓琴,________。

”我们用“________”比喻知音难觅或乐曲高妙。

(4)祖先留给我们的土地,应当拼死捍卫,不能让人分毫,正如李纲所说:“________,当以死守,________。

”4.运用诗句、名言警句填空。

(1)“雨”是古诗词中常用的意象。

在辛弃疾的《西江月•夜行黄沙道中》中,“七八个星天外,________”是一场突如其来的雨;在杜牧的《江南春》中,“南朝四百八十寺,________”是一场朦胧的雨;在李璟的《摊破浣溪沙》中,“青鸟不传云外信,________”是一场充满愁怨的雨。

(2)关于爱国,曹植曾说“________,视死忽如归”,陆游则认为“________”。

5.【诗歌】(1)描写天气的诗句:________ (2)描写春光的诗句:________(3)含有节日的诗句:________6.根据提示填空,完成相关练习。

初中生物训练·高效提能 专题四

初中生物训练·高效提能  专题四

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训练·高效提能1.(2012·聊城学业考)某学校生物研究性学习小组的同学用湿度计测量裸地、草地和茂密的灌丛中的湿度,你认为该小组探究的问题是( )A.植物对水分的需求量B.植物对空气湿度的影响C.空气湿度对植物分布的影响D.水分对植物种类的影响2.(2012·东莞学业考)为了解不同浓度的酒精对水蚤心率的影响,生物小组进行实验探究,得到以下数据:上述数据说明( )A.水蚤心率随酒精浓度升高而加快B.10%以下浓度的酒精对水蚤没有危害C.只要酒精浓度不高,对水蚤心率没有影响D.酒精浓度较低时对水蚤心率有促进作用,浓度较高时对其有抑制作用3.(2011·东营学业考)如图实验装置中,能够证明“在有光条件下氧气是由绿色植物释放出来的”实验装置和证明“光是绿色植物进行光合作用的条件”的实验装置分别是( )A.甲与丙、甲与乙B.甲与乙、甲与丁C.甲与丙、乙与丙D.甲与乙、乙与丙4.(2013·东营学业考)如图曲线表示一段时间内某植物叶片吸收二氧化碳与光照强度的关系。

以下分析正确的是( )A.N点表示该植物既不进行光合作用也不进行呼吸作用B.MP段表示该植物的光合作用随光照强度的增强而增强C.MN段表示该植物只进行呼吸作用D.NP段表示该植物只进行光合作用5.(2012·桐城学业考)小明想进一步探究:“动物建立条件反射(复杂反射)后,如果不给予强化,所建立的条件反射(复杂反射)会不会消失?”他选择了经过训练已能对敲击缸壁作出“摄食”动作的小鱼10条(大小和生理状态相同),进行如下实验。

对乙组金鱼应采用的操作是( )A.每天9:00与16:00各训练一次,只敲击缸壁,不喂食B.每天9:00与16:00各训练一次,不敲击缸壁,不喂食C.每天9:00与16:00各训练一次,喂食一段时间后再敲击缸壁D.隔天9:00与16:00各训练一次,喂食一段时间后再敲击缸壁6.(2012·湖州学业考)某同学做了如下实验,能得出的结论是( )A.胰岛素是由胰脏分泌的B.胰岛素注射比口服效果好C.胰岛素能促进葡萄糖储存在肝脏中D.胰岛素具有降低血糖的作用7.(2013·滨州学业考)在用显微镜观察人的口腔上皮细胞的实验中,下列说法正确的是( )A.制作临时装片时要在载玻片的中央滴一滴清水B.盖盖玻片时,使它的一侧先接触载玻片上的液滴,然后缓缓放平C.观察装片时,发现物像在视野的左上方,应将装片向右下方移动D.物像的放大倍数是目镜和物镜放大倍数之和8.制作临时装片时,必须让盖玻片的一边先接触载玻片上的液滴,然后缓缓地盖上。

2.2 专题训练四 伴性遗传的常规题(含答案详解)

2.2 专题训练四  伴性遗传的常规题(含答案详解)

高中生物《遗传与进化》专项训练 专题训练四 伴性遗传的常规题1.如图为人类某单基因遗传病系谱图,下列推断正确的是( )A .可以确定该病为常染色体隐性遗传病B .可以确定1号个体携带致病基因C .可以确定致病基因在Y 染色体上D .若5号个体携带致病基因,则4号个体是杂合子的概率为12答案 B解析 根据题意和分析系谱图可知:1号和2号均正常,但他们有一个患病的儿子(3号),即“无中生有为隐性”,说明该病为隐性遗传病,可能为常染色体隐性遗传病,也可能为伴X 染色体隐性遗传病,A 项错误;该病为隐性遗传病,如果是伴X 染色体隐性遗传病,则致病基因来自1号;如果是常染色体隐性遗传病,则致病基因来自1号和2号,所以可以确定1号个体携带致病基因,B 项正确;由于3号是男性患者,而2号、4号正常,所以可以确定致病基因不在Y 染色体上,C 项错误;若5号个体携带致病基因,该病仍可为伴X 染色体隐性遗传病,则4号个体是杂合子的概率为0,与选项不符,D 项错误。

2.人的红绿色盲症是伴X 染色体隐性遗传病,下图是某家族红绿色盲的遗传系谱图,如果Ⅲ9与一个正常男性结婚,则其子女患红绿色盲的概率是( )A.18B.14C.12 D .0 答案 A解析 假设色盲由b 基因控制,根据红绿色盲的遗传系谱图分析,Ⅲ10为色盲男性(X b Y),则Ⅱ5的基因型为X B X b ,Ⅱ6的基因型为X B Y ,故Ⅲ9的基因型为X B X B 或X B X b 。

如果Ⅲ9(12X B X b 、12X B X B )与一个正常男性(X B Y)结婚,则其子女患红绿色盲的概率为12×14=18。

3.如图是一种伴性遗传病的家系图。

下列叙述错误的是( )A .该病是显性遗传病,Ⅱ4是杂合子B .Ⅲ7与正常男性结婚,子女都不患病C .Ⅲ8与正常女性结婚,儿子都不患病D .Ⅲ6与患病女性结婚,儿子都不患病 答案 D解析 已知该病是伴性遗传病,伴性遗传病包括伴Y 染色体遗传病、伴X 染色体隐性遗传病和伴X 染色体显性遗传病。

2024年秋人教版七年级历史上册 专题训练 专题四 跨学科专题(训练课件)

2024年秋人教版七年级历史上册 专题训练   专题四 跨学科专题(训练课件)
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点拨:根据战国形势图和秦朝形势图对比,结合所学知识 可知,秦朝结束了战国时期争战混乱局面实现了统一,D 正确。开凿灵渠,统一岭南及东南沿海地区是在秦朝而非 战国时期,排除A;从秦朝开始修筑长城,以抵御北方匈 奴的袭扰与史实不符,战国形势图中已经存在长城,排除 B;两图都反映出中央牢牢控制了全国各地的权力与史实 不符,战国时期诸侯兼并战争 不断,中央无法牢牢控制地 方。排除C。


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展板二 【阅读名言——汲取智慧】(2分) (2)二组同学搜集了两则名言,说明下列名言分别反映出怎样
的思想内涵。
富贵不能淫,贫贱不能 人固有一死,死有重于泰
移,威武不能屈,此之谓 山,或轻于鸿毛。
大丈夫。 ——司马迁
——孟子
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答案:思想内涵:孟子:强调做人要有原则,不卑不亢, 具有高尚的道德品质、坚定的立场、坚强的意志和不屈不 挠的精神等。(意思相近,言之有理即可得1分)司马迁: 人活得要有价值、有意义,要具有为理想奋斗、坚韧不拔 的顽强意志。(意思相近,言之有理即可得1分)
期末复习提升——专题训练 专题四 跨学科专题
一、选择题 1. DNA是每个人独特的密码。20世纪80年代后,古DNA开
始成为研究人类遗传与演化历史的有力工具,如同一把 “金钥匙”,不断揭示群体遗传特征和人类演化特点,为 探寻人类起源开辟了一条崭新的道路。据此可知( A ) A. 科技进步拓宽史学研究领域 B. 我国是世界上古人类遗址最多的国家 C. 考古发掘能获得颠覆性结论 D. 基因测序是研究人类起源的唯一途径
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4. 【2024年1月太原期末】《三字经》是我国流传最广、影 响最大的中国传统教育启蒙读物,也是了解社会常识和传 统国学的重要著作。下面节选部分体现了( B ) 高祖兴,汉业建。至孝平,王莽篡。光武兴,为东汉。 四百年,终于献……

新高考生物专题训练4—调节:第11讲 植物的激素调节(学生版含答案详解)

新高考生物专题训练4—调节:第11讲 植物的激素调节(学生版含答案详解)

训练(十一) 植物的激素调节一、单项选择题:本题共11小题,在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1.(2021安徽省淮南二模)从1880年达尔文的金丝雀虉草实验,到1946年在玉米乳熟期籽粒中分离出吲哚乙酸,一直以来,科学家都在对植物激素进行研究。

下列关于植物激素的叙述,正确的是()A.胚芽鞘合成生长素需要适宜光照、温度等条件B.植物合成各种激素的腺体集中分布在幼嫩部位C.除人工合成外,在植物体中才能提取到赤霉素D.在植物体中有部分ATP为生长素运输提供能量2.(2021河北省邯郸二模)不同浓度的生长素对某植物茎的生长的影响如图所示,下列叙述正确的是()A.由图可知,不同浓度的生长素对茎的作用均不同B.若该图表示生长素对根的作用,则P点应向左移动C.M点所示生长素浓度可表示顶芽部位的生长素浓度D.当生长素浓度大于P小于M时,茎的生长受到抑制3.(2021安徽省黄山二质检)实验①:向植株上的一个叶片喷施适宜浓度的细胞分裂素类物质(6-BA),即使其他叶片发黄脱落,被处理的叶片仍然保持绿色,长在枝上;实验②:用一定浓度6-BA在植株上一个叶片随机涂抹4个面积等大的小圆点,周围其他叶片组织开始发黄,小圆点区域仍然会维持绿色。

有关上述实验的叙述,合理的是() A.实验①证明了6-BA具有抑制叶片衰老和脱落的功能B.实验②没有对照组,不能证明6-BA具有延缓叶片衰老的作用C.上述实验均证明6-BA能调节植物生命活动,可推知6-BA是一种植物激素D.叶片衰老和脱落是受环境变化致使植物体内激素水平改变引起,与基因表达无关4.(2021湖北省大联考)番茄和葡萄的花中都既有雌蕊又有雄蕊。

生长素常用于无子番茄的形成,赤霉素常用于无子葡萄的形成。

与前者不同,无子葡萄的操作过程中不需要花期去雄。

下列分析正确的是()A.无子番茄的形成只与生长素有关B.无子番茄的性状属于可遗传的变异C.三倍体无子西瓜植株需要进行去雄处理D.赤霉素处理可能导致花粉不育5.(2021山东省德州二模)乙烯是甲硫氨酸在AOC等酶的作用下经过一系列反应合成的,与细胞内的相应受体结合后能促进相关基因表达,进而促进果实的成熟。

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专题四训练题答案
1、【答案】(6分,除标明外,每空1分)
(1)比较不同来源果胶酶的活性(2分)
(2)温度范围设置不合理温度梯度设置不合理
(3)不能未加入缓冲液(其他合理答案也给分)
2【答案】(8分,每空1分)
(1)多聚半乳糖醛酸酶果胶酯酶细胞壁
(2)果胶固体平板划线法或稀释涂布平板法
(3)使果汁变澄清
(4)不能
3【答案】(10分,除标明外,每空2分)
(1)检测该洗衣粉中是否含蛋白酶(1分)
(2)①45 ℃(1分)
②高温破坏了酶的分子结构,使酶活性丧失
③胶片上的蛋白膜消失时间的长短
(3)用蛋白酶分解衣服中的污垢,使污垢中所含的蛋白质分解为小分子,易被洗去
(4)酶本身无毒,含量少,又能被微生物降解,不会引起水体富营养化,可减少环境污染
4【答案】(8分,除标明外,每空2分)
(1)固定化酶比游离酶对温度变化适应性更强且应用范围较广
(2)3%(1分)海藻酸钠浓度较低时包埋不紧密,酶分子容易漏出,数量不足
(3)3(1分)
(4)直接包埋不紧密,酶分子容易漏出
5【答案】(1)萃取蒸馏(2)纤维素酶唯一碳源选择培养基(3)防止高温杀死酵母菌固定的酵母菌细胞数目较少(或海藻酸钠的浓度偏低)(4)防止外来杂菌的污染(无菌技术)干热灭菌法
【解析】(1)天然植物色素对人体健康没有危害,作为添加剂大大丰富了人们的生活。

实验室提取植物色素常用的方法是萃取法;植物芳香油主要通过蒸馏法获得。

(2)纤维素可用来生产乙醇燃料,有些微生物能合成纤维素酶分解纤维素,从土壤中分离此类微生物时需向培养基中加入纤维素粉作为唯一碳源,这种培养基属于选择培养基。

(3)在制备固定化酵母细胞的过程中,溶化好的海藻酸钠溶液要冷却至室温,才能加入已活化的酵母菌,目的是防止高温杀死酵母菌。

如果在CaCl2溶液中形成的凝胶珠颜色过浅,说明固定的酵母菌细胞数目较少(或海藻酸钠的浓度偏低)。

(4)微生物培养过程中,获得纯培养物的关键是防止外来杂菌的污染(无菌技术),其中对培养皿进行灭菌常用的方法是干热灭菌法。

6【答案】(1)木瓜蛋白酶在pH 4~9范围内,木瓜蛋白酶的活力高且稳定单位时间内产物增加(单位时间内反应底物减少)(2)课题:探究酶保护剂的最佳浓度和提取液的最适pH
【解析】(1)由图可知,在一定范围内木瓜蛋白酶的活力不受pH的影响,适宜作为食品添加剂。

蛋白酶的活力可用单位时间内底物的减少量或产物的增加量来表示。

(2)由题意可知,为了进一步确定酶保护剂的最适浓度和提取液的最适pH,可以在题干提供的范围内缩小梯度差,进一步进行实验。

7【答案】(1)果胶分解酶、果胶酯酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(2)提高出汁率使果汁变澄清(3)果胶酶的用量(4)①pH、氧气果胶①固体平板划线法和稀释涂布平板法
【解析】(1)果胶酶是分解果胶的一类酶的总称,包括多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶分解酶、果胶酯酶。

(2)果胶酶能分解果胶,瓦解植物的细胞壁及胞间层,使榨取果汁更容易,因此,榨制果汁前,要将果胶酶与果泥混匀保温,目的是分解细胞壁,提高出汁率。

过滤后要用果胶酶处理果汁,目的是分解果汁中的果胶,使果汁变澄清。

(3)若既考虑缩短反应时间,又考虑成本,使用果胶酶时,除了控制好温度、pH 等外界环境条件外,还应该掌握好果胶酶的用量。

(4)①配制培养基时,除需提供水、无机盐等主要的营养物质外,培养基还需满足微生物生长所需的pH、氧气等条件及特殊营养物质的需求。

为筛选含有高活性果胶酶的优质酵母菌,应以果胶作为唯一的碳源。

①进行酵母菌的纯化,需用固体培养基,最常用的接种方法有平板划线法和稀释涂布平板法。

8【答案】(1)反应柱固定化酶分布着小孔的筛板(2)ABD(3)酶颗粒无法通过,反应溶液却可以自由出入(4)将酶相互连接起来将酶吸附在载体表面上
【解析】与一般的酶制剂相比,固定化酶不仅能与反应物充分接触,还能与产物分离,并且可以反复利用。

但是与固定化细胞相比,固定化酶不能催化一系列的化学反应,并且固定化细胞成本更低,操作更容易。

使用固定化酶技术往往利用一个反应柱,下端有一个分布着小孔的筛板,酶颗粒无法通过筛板,而反应溶液却可以自由出入。

制作固定化葡萄糖异构酶的方式有将酶相互连接起来、将酶吸附在载体表面上。

9【答案】(1)a.保证底物和酶在混合时的温度是相同的b.没有c.pH、果胶酶浓度、果泥量(任选两项) (2)加热时用小火或间断加热细胞体积大,不易从包埋材料中漏出(3)AC
【解析】(1)探究温度对酶活性影响的实验中,温度是自变量,但为了保证实验的正常进行,必须预先达到实验要求条件,该实验利用温度梯度作为相互对照,也就没必要补充果汁和蒸馏水相混合的实验。

(2)固定化细胞技术操作时为了避免海藻酸钠溶液出现焦糊,要注意用小火加热或间断加热;由于细胞体积大,不易从包埋材料中漏出,所以一般采用包埋法固定化。

(3)果胶酶和纤维素酶都不是一种酶而是一类酶的总称,两类酶均是蛋白质,在核糖体上合成。

10.【答案】(1)ab上移(2)B(3)①蛋白酶蛋白酶和脂肪酶①没有差异,因为高温使酶失活
【解析】(1)酶能降低化学反应的活化能,由图可知,ab段表示降低的活化能。

由于无机催化剂的效率没有升高,所以需要的活化能较多,b点上移。

(2)酶浓度增加,反应速率加快,选B。

(3)①由表格可知,甲组洗衣粉去除血渍在50①时较好,可推测酶是蛋白酶。

乙组洗衣粉去除血渍和油渍效果都较好,所以含有蛋白酶和脂肪酶。

①如三组的水温都在90①,则三者几乎没有区别,因为高温使酶失活。

11.【答案】(1)探究温度与醋酸菌发酵速度之间的关系温度(2)防止产生的醋酸挥发影响实验结果的准确性左移锥形瓶中氧气量减少,从而使压强降低有氧呼吸消耗的氧气量
(3)如图
(4)无菌操作,控制好温度和pH等
【解析】(1)本实验探究了温度与醋酸菌发酵速度之间的关系,所以温度是自变量。

(2)NaOH溶液的作用是处理生成的醋酸和CO2,以免影响实验结果的准确性;结果锥形瓶中的气体量减少,小液滴左移。

(3)如果海藻酸钠的浓度过低,形成的凝胶珠所包埋的醋酸菌数目就少,小液滴移动距离就短,所得曲线乙和原曲线相似,但在原曲线的下面。

(4)在利用固定化细胞技术进行生产时,要求无菌操作,同时控制好温度和pH等。

12.【答案】(1)外植体消毒醋酸洋红法激素的种类及其浓度配比(2)CaCl2溶液使海藻酸钠形成凝胶珠高温杀死酵母菌(3)0.6碱性蛋白酶的含量
【解析】(1)进行菊花组织培养的基本操作步骤是制备MS固体培养基、外植体消毒、接种、培养、移栽、栽培。

确定花粉发育时期最常用的染色方法是醋酸洋红法。

花粉经脱分化产生胚状体还是愈伤组织主要取决于培养基中激素的种类及其浓度配比。

(2) 制备固定化酵母细胞时,将溶化好的海藻酸钠溶液冷却至室温后再加入已活化的酵母菌,目的是防止高温杀死酵母菌。

用注射器将海藻酸钠与酵母菌混合液滴加入CaCl2溶液中,可使海藻酸钠形成凝胶珠,固定酵母菌。

(3)分析图二曲线可知,加酶洗衣粉中碱性蛋白酶的最适含量0.6%,本实验自变量是碱性蛋白酶的含量。

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