2013年语言学基础理论863考研真题

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2013年华中师范大学语言与文学理论考研真题(回忆版)及部分答案【圣才出品】

2013年华中师范大学语言与文学理论考研真题（回忆版）及部分答案一、名词解释（30分）1．文化意义答：文化意义包含两方面内容：一是文治教化；二是人们在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。

特指精神财富，如教育、科学、文艺等。

毛泽东《新民主主义论》三：“一定的文化（当作观念形态的文化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大影响和作用于一定社会的政治和经济。

”2．意音文字答：意音文字是根据文字符号与语言的音义关系对文字体系划分的一类文字系统。

意音文字的字符既有表意符号，又有表音符号。

一个字一般代表一个词或一个语素。

有些字只是代表一个音节，几个字合起来代表一个词或语素。

如“垃圾、蜘蛛、狼狈、沙发”等。

世界上独立形成的古老的文字体系都是意音文字，除了汉字以外，古苏美尔文字、古埃及文字、古玛雅文字等也都是意音文字。

但这些古老的文字都已经消亡，唯独汉字沿用至今，仍保留着意音文字的特征。

3．语法范畴答：语法范畴有广义和狭义之分。

广义语法范畴是各种语法形式表示的语法意义的概括。

广义语法范畴，从语法形式上看，包括所有显性语法形式和隐性语法形式，从语法意义上看，包括所有结构意义、功能意义和表述意义。

狭义语法范畴是由词的形态变化表示的语法意义的概括，又称形态语法范畴或形态范畴。

常见的语法范畴有性、数、格、时、体、态、式、人称和级。

4．象征答：象征是通过暗示来实现的一种修辞手法。

象征是用单纯暗示繁复，微小暗示巨大，局部暗示整体，形象符号暗示抽象原理的修辞格式。

它与比喻有类似之处，即都要在两种现象之间建立起联系和沟通。

但象征在全局和整体中运用，比喻则在局部和细节中运用，这是它们最大的不同点。

并且象征手法一般不对象征对象作直接表述或呈现，象征只是“暗示”对象，因而具有理解上的宽泛性，这与比喻讲求本体喻体的严谨对应也是有所不同。

5．意境答：意境是诗人的主观情意与客观物象交融而形成的一种艺术境界或审美境界。

它是中国古典诗学的重要范畴，在西方文论中很难找到一个与它岘港的概念或术语。

汉语国际教育专业考研真题精解

北京大学2013年汉语国际教育专业壹汉语语言学基础知识一．填空题（每空1分，共30分）1.从语言谱系来看，藏语属于语系语族；英语属于语系语族；阿拉伯语属于语系。

2. 和是语言系统中的两种基本关系。

3.仄声在古代汉语中是指，和。

4.从词的结构类型来看，“猩猩”属于，“星星”属于。

5.“无言独上西楼，月如钩，寂寞梧桐深院锁清秋。

”这两句词句中用到了和两种修辞方法。

6.语言演变的特点是和。

7.从语言的语法结构类型上来看，俄语属于，日语属于。

8.请写出下列汉字的造字方法：苗赏刃虎9.指出下列汉字所属的四呼类型：日表熊孔10.请用国际音标给下列汉字注音：秋韵词学二．判断正误题（每小题1分，共20分）1.语言符号形式与意义的关联很大程度上受制于它所属的符号系统。

2.现代汉语的基本词汇是词汇体系的核心和基础。

3.单纯词是由一个汉字记录的。

4.在现代汉语中，名词是不能充当谓语的。

5.发音时气流在共鸣腔中不受阻碍而发出的音叫浊音。

6.在济南话中，“天”的调值为213，与普通话上声的调值相近，由此可见，“天”在济南话中是个上声字。

7.“他个子高。

”是一个主谓谓语句。

8.修辞是从语言运用效果的角度来研究语言的，不是语言的要素，因而跟语音、词汇、语法无关。

9.普通话“六”的韵母中包含韵头、韵腹和韵尾。

10.南京话属于北方方言。

11.零声母音节就是指没有声母的音节。

12.在现代汉语中，词类划分的主要依据是词的语法功能，形态和意义是参考依据。

13.“chun”和“qun”两个韵母的音节相同。

14.“zi”和“zhi”的韵母都属于齐齿呼。

15.一个词可能会有好几个反义词。

16.“太美了！”是形容词谓语句。

17.“撤回”是补充式合成词。

18.词由语素构成，语素是语言中最小的音义结合体。

19.语体的差别主要表现在语体风格上，在用词上没什么差异。

20.《汉语拼音方案》的记音原则是“一个音素一个符号，一个符号一个音素”。

三．选择题（每小题1分，共30分）1.普通话中，能和“j、q、x”构成音节的韵母属于（）。

2013年武汉大学文学院汉语基础考研真题(B卷)(回忆版)及详解【圣才出品】

2013年武汉大学文学院汉语基础考研真题（B卷）（回忆版）及详解古代汉语部分一、指出下列句子中特殊的语法现象1．其为人也孝弟，而好犯上者，鲜矣；不好犯上，而好作乱者，未之有也。

答：“未之有”宾语“之”前置。

古代汉语否定句中，代词作宾语要提到谓语动词之前。

2．秋九月，晋侯饮赵盾酒。

答：“饮”在这里是及物动词的使动用法，意为“使……喝”。

3．狼速去，不然，将杖杀汝。

答：“杖”在这里是名词作状语，意为“用木杖”。

二、给下面一段古文加标点并翻译曹沫者鲁人也以勇力事鲁庄公庄公好力曹沫为鲁将与齐战三败北鲁庄公惧乃献遂邑之地以和犹复以为将齐桓公许与鲁会于柯而盟桓公与庄公既盟于坛上曹沫执匕首劫齐桓公桓公左右莫敢动而问曰子将何欲曹沫曰齐强鲁弱而大国侵鲁亦以甚矣今鲁城坏即压齐境君其图之桓公乃许尽归鲁之侵地既已言曹沫投其匕首下坛北面就群臣之位颜色不变辞令如故桓公怒欲倍其约管仲曰不可夫贪小利以自快弃信于诸侯先天下之援不如与之于是桓公乃遂割鲁侵地曹沫三战所亡地尽复予鲁答：（1）加标点曹沫者，鲁人也，以勇力事鲁庄公。

庄公好力。

曹沫为鲁将，与齐战，三败北。

鲁庄公惧，乃献遂邑之地以和，犹复以为将。

齐桓公许与鲁会于柯而盟。

桓公与庄公既盟于坛上，曹沫执匕首劫齐桓公，桓公左右莫敢动，而问曰：“子将何欲？”曹沫曰：“齐强鲁弱，而大国侵鲁亦以甚矣。

今鲁城坏即压齐境，君其图之！”桓公乃许尽归鲁之侵地。

既已言，曹沫投其匕首，下坛，北面就群臣之位，颜色不变，辞令如故。

桓公怒，欲倍其约。

管仲曰：“不可。

夫贪小利以自快，弃信于诸侯，先天下之援，不如与之。

”于是桓公乃遂割鲁侵地。

曹沫三战所亡地，尽复予鲁。

（2）翻译曹沫是鲁国人，凭借其勇猛有力效力于鲁庄公。

庄公十分喜好打仗。

曹沫是鲁国的大将，和齐国作战，三次都输了。

鲁庄公害怕了，就把遂邑这个地方献给齐国来求和，但仍然让曹沫当大将。

齐桓公与鲁庄公相约在柯这个地方盟誓。

庄公与桓公已经在祭祀的天坛上订立了盟约，曹沫手持匕首劫持了齐桓公，桓公身边的人不敢有任何行动，就问他：“你想要干什么？”曹沫说：“齐国强大而鲁国弱小，而强国侵占鲁国已经够多了。

中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案(2011,2013)【圣才出品】

11．中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2011，2013）中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学概论C（用英文考试）I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。

2013年沈阳师范大学文学院843语言学理论考研真题【圣才出品】

2013年沈阳师范大学文学院843语言学理论考研真题
2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
代码：843 科目名称：语言学理论适用专业名称：语言学及应用语言学
考生注意：请将答案写在答题纸上，写在本题签及草纸上无效。

考试后本题签同答题纸一并交回。

一、概念解释题（共5题，每题2分，合计10分）
1．聚合关系
2．音质音位
3．屈折语
4．音节文字
5．言语行为
二、简述题（共4题，合计88分）
1．简述语法手段的基本类型。

（20分）
2．简述语言的社会变异。

（24分）
3．简述新词产生的几种途径。

（20分）
4．简述语言的思维功能。

（24分）
三、应用能力题（共2题，合计52分）
1．现代汉语中有“开奔驰”、“抽中华”等说法，请运用你学习过的语言理论对这种语言现象加以解释。

（24分）
2．公共场所的卫生间里，人们常常能看到“小心地滑”的提示标牌，中国人一般都能正确理解其意思，但据说有个外国人看到这个提示标牌之后，竟从标牌旁边小心翼翼地滑了过去。

请尝试运用学过的语言理论解释这一现象。

（28分）。

2013年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)

3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful答案：1-5: ADCAB6-10: BADDA11-15: DCBDB16-20: CACBC答案详解：2013年的完型填空是一篇选自《经济学人》名为A Question of Judgment的文章。

厦门大学861语言学2013年考研初试专业课真题答案解析

厦门大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析科目代码：861科目名称：语言学招生专业：人文学院中文系语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学专业；海外教育学院语言学及应用语言学、对外汉语教学专业考生须知：答案必须使用墨（蓝）色墨水（圆珠）笔；不得在试卷（草稿）纸上作答；凡未按规定作答均不予评阅、判分一、名词解释（20分，每题5分）1.紧缩句【考查重点】现代汉语下册的重要概念。

【答案解析】一般复句的分句之间都有语音停顿，紧缩句由复句紧缩而成。

紧，是紧凑，指语气上紧，隔开分句间的语音停顿没有了；缩，是缩减，指结构上有些词语被压缩掉了。

即紧缩句是分句间没有语音停顿的特殊复句，又叫“紧缩复句”。

例如：天一亮就出去锻炼。

2.四呼、两呼【考查重点】从汉语音韵史的角度看现汉语音的重要概念。

【答案解析】（1）所谓的“四呼”是指：近现代汉语音韵学按照韵头的不同和主要元音的性质，把韵母分为“四呼”。

①开口呼：没有韵头，而主要元音不是[i]，[u]，[y]。

如南[nan]，北[pei]。

②齐齿呼：有韵头[i]，或者主要元音是[i]。

如九[ʨiou]，七[ʨ‘i]。

③合口呼：有韵头[u]，或者主要元音是[u]。

如黄[xuaŋ]，红[xoŋ]。

④撮口呼：有韵头[y]，或者主要元音是[y]。

如雪[ɕyɛ]，云[yn]。

（2）所谓的“二呼”是指开口呼和合口呼。

中古汉语有两个介音：[i]和[u]。

今天的ü[y]韵头在中古是没有的，它是由中古[i][u]的合音[iu]演变而来的。

所谓开口呼和合口呼，就是指无[u]介音和有[u]介音而言。

3.《现代汉语词典》第六版【考查重点】词典学的相关热点知识，考查考生对有关语言信息的敏感度。

《厦门大学语言学历年考研真题及答案解析》80/103。

[考研类试卷]2013年中山大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2013年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、音标题1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find—/faind/ beneath—/bi'ni:θ/empirical2 plagiarize3 compound4 finite5 clause6 phonemics7 threatened8 epiphenomenon9 beta10 genetic二、填空题11 ______means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.12 ______ are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.13 The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.14 Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc.15 American Structuralism is a branch of______linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.16 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.17 ______found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.18 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of______19 During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.20 In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject's situatedness to designate something in the scene.21 According to ______(1996), the speech presentation continuum may have the following possibilities; direct speech, indirect speech, narrator's representation of speech acts and narrator's representation of speech.22 With the help of______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area of example-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.23 In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.24 According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous______of ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings.25 According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the ______ level.三、名词解释26 Recreational function27 Pharyngeal28 Loanshift29 Tree diagram30 Sense relations31 Scale schema32 Perlocutionary act33 Emoticons34 Linguistic determinism35 System of signs四、举例说明题36 Languages differ in their degrees of dependence on the morphological components.37 Chomsky's Transformational-Generative Grammar has been challenged by a number of other approaches to language.38 Language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language.五、简答题39 What is PowerPoint and why is it so important in language teaching?40 What aspects of language can one focus if one wants to analyze a novel or a story?41 To what extent can one say that a piece of classroom work can be regarded as a task in language teaching and learning?。

语言学考研真题大全(共13套)

中文系语言学概论2002年2002年科目429 语言学概论专业：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学研究方向：以上专业所有方向一、简答题（每小题2分，共20分）1、简述现代汉语书面语和口头语的源头2、闽方言包括哪几个次方言？各以哪个地方的语音为代表？3、说明汉语音节的结构地点4、汉语拼音方案有哪些优点？5、简要说明调值和调类的关系6、-i[前]、-i[后]、ong、iong等韵母分别属于四呼中的哪一呼？7、词汇学中的义位和传统所说的义项有什么不同？8、说明谚语被认为是词汇的一部分的原因9、什么是独立语？简要说明独立语的类型10、举例说明主谓句的主要句型二、应用题（共56分）1、为下列词语注上汉语拼音（6分）创伤粗犷呆板解剖皈依桎梏2、下列成语中的汉字有正确的有错误的，把错误的改为正确（6分）负隅顽抗陈词烂调班门弄斧既往不究刚愎自用不孝子孙病入膏肓风声鹤唳一愁莫展各行其事悬梁刺骨趋之若鹜3、解释下列成语中划线的语素的意义（4分）汗流浃背开门揖盗如火如荼高屋建瓴4、分析下列合成词的结构（6分）容貌弃儿宪法梦想灰心霜降融化船只铅印瀑布响应权衡5、改正下列句中的错误（2分）江西名城南昌，毗邻巍峨的江西省人民政府办公大厦，有一座很不显眼的三层小楼，这就是江西省高级人民法院。

6、用直接成分分析法（框式图解）分析下列复杂词组（每小组3分，共六分）（1）这后一句话给祥林嫂很大的鼓励（2）屋里有人轻轻地哼着小调7、用六大成分分析法（加线法）分析下列单句（每小题3分，共6分）（1）我们往往容易把赢得荣誉的人的衣服的每一个皱折，都描绘得光彩夺目。

（2）把博物馆比作智慧的女神、博学的君子，我看很恰当。

8、用符号法分析下列复句（4分）如果你是一个真正的艺术家，那么无论是站在演出的舞台上，还是站在生活的大舞台上，你都会真正赢得人民的掌声。

9、指出下列句中用得好的词语并分析其修辞效果（每小题4分，共八分）（1）七斤嫂眼睛好，早望见今天的赵七爷已经不是道士，却变成光滑头皮，乌黑发顶；伊便知道这一定是皇帝坐了龙庭，而且一定需有辫子，而且七斤一定是非常危险。

2013年北语语用语言学考研真题(回忆版)

2013年北语语用语言学真题（回忆版）一、名词解释并举例说明。

（每题5分，共30分）1.共时语言学和历时语言学2.隐喻和换喻3.文白异读4.非音质音位5.意音文字6.递归性二、简答题（每题6分，可能是6个吧）1.什么是区别性特征？音位的区别性特征与音素的发音特征的异同？2.什么是综合性语言和分析性语言？举例说明。

3.book,dog,box加上s之后读音是否相同？说明了什么语言现象？4.举例说明词义的性质。

5.举例说明语言发展的不平衡性。

6.书面语和口语的区别。

三、1.莎士比亚的一句话，大意是“名称有什么关系？即使玫瑰不称为玫瑰，依然芳香如故”。

怎样用语言学知识理解？（分值记不清了，大概是6分左右吧）2.语音分析题（8分）写出四组音位的区别特征：∕t∕-∕k∕∕i∕-∕a ∕还有一个是擦音和塞擦音（或塞音，记不清了）接着是给出四组发音部位和发音方法的描述，要求写出相应的音素。

两个是汉语普通话中有的，两个是英语中的。

有唇齿浊音和齿间清音（或者是唇齿清音和齿间浊音）3.给出了几个词，说明这些合成词的结构。

在结合一种你比较熟悉的外语，比较二者合成词结构的特点。

（6-9分）海啸肉麻势头澄清4.参考新版语言学纲要指导书第66页，选择题第6题和分析题第2题。

真题与这两道题题型基本相同。

5.给出了汉语和英语几个词，分析语素，然后说明汉语和英语语素的异同。

（6-9分）汉语：洗衣机老师（还有一个）英语：unlikely classroom books6.举例说明语言接触的类型。

7.写出属于哪个语系。

（4分）西班牙语阿拉伯语泰语维吾尔语四、1、组合规则和聚合规则在词义中的具体表现。

（8分）2.有人说汉语缺少形态，有人说汉语存在广义的形态，谈谈对“形态”的认识。

（8分）五、论述题（15分）从历史比较语言学、结构主义语言学，社会语言学和认知语言学中选择一种理论，详细叙述该理论。

（题目基本如此）2013年北语语用真题（回忆版）十二、名词解释，并举例。

2013年温州大学人文学院813语言学概论考研真题【圣才出品】

2013年温州大学人文学院813语言学概论考研真题科目代码及名称：813语言学概论适用专业：050102语言学及应用语言学、050103汉语言文字学、050107中国少数民族语言文学一、术语解释（10分）1．国际音标2．语言融合3．非音质单位4．语法手段5．语序二、填空题（10分）：1．根据语言的亲属关系对语言进行分类的叫做______。

2．英语不同于汉语的重要语法手段是______。

3．根据舌位的高低，元音可分为______和______。

4．基本词汇的三个特点是______、______和______。

5．在语音属性中______是语音区别于其他声音的本质属性。

6．音位变体有两种：______变体和______变体。

三、单项选择题（10分）1．下列语言学术语中与语法形式有关的是______。

A．主谓B．体C．语调D．语境2．下列语言学术语中与语法意义有关的是______。

A．主格B．内部屈折C．重叠D．虚词3．关于“语言”的定义，不正确的一项是______。

A．语言是一种社会现象B．语言就是人们说出来的话C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言D．语言是一个符号系统4．索绪尔创立的语言学派可以称为______。

A．传统语言学B．历史比较语言学C．结构主义语言学D．社会语言学5．[p]的发音特征是______。

A．双唇送气清塞音B．双唇不送气清塞音C．双唇送气浊擦音D．双唇不送气浊擦音6．下面一组都是圆唇元音的是______。

A．[i, u]B．[e, o]C．[y, A．]D．[u, o]7．不属于语音弱化的是______。

A．音素脱落B．向央元音靠拢C．浊音变清音D．单元音变复元音8．语言符号的线性特征是指______。

A．语言符号像图表一样，可以上下左右排列B．语言符号只能一个跟着一个依次出现，在时间轴上延续C．语言符号可以聚合成类D．语言符号可以表达多个意思9．关于义素性质的说明中，正确的是______。

[考研类试卷]2013年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the propertyof______.（A）arbitrariness（B）displacement（C）creativity（D）duality2 The______function of language enables our language to talk about itself.（A）performative（B）emotive（C）phatic（D）metalingual3 Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?（A）[m]（B）[l]（C）[w]（D）[s]4 Which is the description of the consonant[b]?（A）voiceless bilabial stop（B）voiced bilabial stop（C）voiceless alveolar fricative（D）voiced alveolar fricative5 When preceding /p/, the negative prefix in-changes to im-through a process called ______（A）dissimilation（B）bilabialization（C）assimilation（D）none of the above6 The number of morphemes in the word girls is______.（A）one（B）two（C）three（D）four7 Which of the following is an endocentric compound?（A）runaway（B）playboy（C）self-control（D）breakthrough8 Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?（A）-put（B）-ceive（C）-mit（D）-tain9 The word televise is created through the process of______.（A）blending（B）invention（C）back-formation（D）borrowing10 The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.（A）case（B）agreement（C）tense（D）aspect11 Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?（A）good, bad（B）hit, miss（C）long, short（D）small, big12 The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that the relation between a word and a thing is mediated by______.（A）reference（B）concept（C）control（D）dependency13 The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the first two decades of the twentieth century except ______.（A）Saussure（B）Bloomfield（C）Chomsky（D）Firth14 The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries has been the rapid rise of______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.（A）descriptive, historical（B）structural, generative（C）functional, formalist（D）structural, historical15 The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in ______ theory.（A）phonetic（B）phonological（C）semantic（D）syntactic16 ______usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.（A）Cognitive linguistics（B）Corpus linguistics（C）Psycholinguistics（D）Neuro-linguistics17 Which of the following terms is included in psycholinguistics?（A）Register.（B）Language acquisition.（C）Metaphor.（D）Interlanguage.18 Logic and Conversation was written by______.（A）H. E Grice（B）William James（C）Stephen Levinson（D）John Austin19 ______ involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.（A）Simile（B）Metaphor（C）Alliteration（D）Metonymy20 Modern linguistics began from ______, who is often described as "father of modern linguistics".（A）Chomsky（B）Halliday（C）Bloomfield（D）Saussure21 As an interdisciplinary study of language use, ______ attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（A）semantics（B）pragmatics（C）sociolinguistics（D）psycholinguistics22 Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an)______.（A）Language Acquisition Device（B）Generative Grammar（C）Innateness Hypothesis（D）Universal Grammar23 According to the conversational maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）Manner24 ______is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure. （A）The Referential Theory（B）Speech Act Theory（C）The Classical Theory（D）Blending Theory25 ______ is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts)in term of the information they contain.（A）Functional Sentence Perspective（B）X-bar Theory（C）The Standard Theory（D）The Referential Theory26 Which of the following is not related to Chomsky?（A）The Generative Grammar.（B）The Standard Theory.（C）The Systemic-Functional Theory.（D）The Classical Theory.27 Which of the following is not the principle of Speech Act Theory?（A）Illocutionary act.（B）Locutionary act.（C）Perlocutionary act.（D）Prelocutionary act.28 It is a commonplace in linguistics to say that ______ was the era of the comparative and historical study of language.（A）the 18th century（B）the 19th century（C）the 17 th century（D）the 20 th century29 Three of the following scholars are regarded as the best known ones in the linguistic science of the early nineteenth century except______.（A）F. Bopp（B）R. Rask（C）J. Grimm（D）K. Verner30 The major linguistic controversy in the last quarter of the 19th century was concerned with what is now referred to as ______.（A）the prosodic phonology（B）the systemic grammar（C）the neogrammarian（D）the Generative Grammar二、名词解释31 Distinctive Feature32 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis33 Immediate Constituent Analysis34 Relevance Theory35 Contrastive Analysis三、写作题36 Judge which of the following sentences are grammatically ill-formed or well-formed and give your reasons why they are acceptable or unacceptable.(100 - 150 words)He said a few words to the press.He said to the press.He said to the press a few words.He said a few words.He said a few words the press.He said the press a few words.37 One way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense-relations that hold among lexemes is by means of Componential Analysis, that is, to find a minimal pair between every two items. Forexample,Please discuss the feasibility or infeasibility and significance or insignificance of Componential Analysis.(100-150 words)38 Austin's first shot at his Speech Act Theory is his claim that there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and CONSTATIVES. Please state what they are and illustrate them with examples.(100 - 150 words).39 Speculative grammar includes Thomas Aquinas's inquiry based on Priscian's grammar and Donapus' grammar, Petrus Helias' philosophical and logical explanation of Priscian's grammar and Roger Bacon's universal account of language under the surface of diversity. Please give your comments on their work and give your own ideas of the universality and diversity of human languages.(100 - 150 words)。

南开大学2013年语言学概论考研真题

2013年语言学概论真题答案一．举例解释1.复辅音（知识点：书P81）复辅音是同一音节内同处在起音或收音位置上的辅音的组合。

复辅音在印欧语系的语言里很常见，绝大多数是由两三个辅音组成的，是几个辅音的组合，每个辅音都有自己的发音过程，音质的变化有明显的界限。

又叫辅音丛、辅音群。

汉语没有复辅音。

如：英语blow[blou]中的[bl]、last[lɑ:st]中的[st]。

2.主动的发音器官（知识点：书P62）口腔中能够活动的发音器官叫作主动的发音器官。

主动的发音器官接触或靠近被动发音器官的不同位置，就会发出不同音质的辅音。

如：唇、舌、软腭、小舌。

3.语法范畴（知识点：书P107）由词形变化所表示的语法意义的类或聚合就是语法范畴。

有形态的语言必然有语法范畴，如英语、俄语。

常见的语法范畴有数、性、格、时、体、态、人称。

如：He works in the university.（现在时）；He worked in the university.（过去时）4.直接组成成分（知识点：书P120）同一个词组内两个直接组合的组成成分叫直接组成成分（简称“直接成分”）。

如：“他父亲和母亲都刚刚参加医疗保险”的直接成分有：“他父亲和母亲”和“都刚刚参加医疗保险”。

5.谱系分类（知识点：书P197）可以根据语言之间有无共同的来源对世界上的语言进行分类，这种分类叫谱系分类。

世界的语言大体分为印欧语系、汉藏语系、乌拉尔语系等。

二．用国际音标注音拆[tʂʰai]挡[tɑŋ]办法[panf]掠[lyɛ]弟弟[tidɪ]紫[tsɿ]出来[tʂulɛ]晕[yn]浓[nuŋ]豆腐[touf]三．举例并解释1.汉语或其他语言中在起音位置上对立的两个音素。

（知识点：书P78）压[iA] 大[tA][iA]的起音是[i]，[tA]的起音是[t]，两个不同的起音区分了[iA]、[tA]的不同意义。

2.汉语或其他语言中的一个多义词，它有的意义是精确的，有的意义是模糊的。

2013年语言学基础理论863考研真题

2013
一、解释下列术语（30分，每题10分）
1、转化生成语言学
2、社会方言
3、义素
二、判断正误（共30分，每题2分
1、语言的统一只能通过推广民族共同语言，逐步用它取代方言来实现
2、组合规则为句子的生成提供了无数的可能。

3、下面两个句子不存在歧义（1）“发现了敌人的哨兵”（2）“折断了猎人的枪”
4、俄语，汉语，日语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是屈折语－孤立语－
粘着语。

5、历史比较语言学19世纪逐步发展和完善，是语言学走上独立发展道路的标
志。

6、“天，地，水，人”这些词只有一个音节，都是单义词
7、语言发展的根本原因是语言中的各种因素相互影响
8、柴门霍夫所创造的世界语是世界共同语。

9、下列都属于汉语中的借词：雷达足球沙发椅
10、音高具有特别重要作用的语言一般属于印欧语系。

11、布拉格学派，又称功能语法学派，其突出贡献是创建了音位学。

12、西方语言学经历了三个阶段：规定性的，描写性的和解释性的阶段。

13、语言中稳固性最强的是语音。

14、动物掌握“语言”是先天的本领，人类掌握语言则是靠后天的学习。

15、洋泾浜不同于克里奥耳语，二者没有任何联系。

三、简答题（共60分，每题20分）
1、怎样理解语言是一种特殊的社会现象？语言有没有阶级性？为什么？
2、什么是词类？词类的划分标准是什么？
3、简述语言的元功能
四、论述题（共30分）
简述美国结构主义学派的代表人物和主要贡献。

13年考研英语真题答案

13年考研英语真题答案2013年考研英语真题是考察考生在英语语言能力方面的综合素养和应试能力。

以下是2013年考研英语真题的详细答案及解析。

Section I Use of English1. C) specifying2. D) have not been3. B) with4. A) reciprocal5. C) advocate6. B)account for7. A) certainty8. D) significance9. C) means10. B) engaged11. A) desperate12. D) implies13. B) exaggerated14. A)ok15. D) provides16. C) sophisticated17. B) satisfying18. D) consequence19. B) consistently20. C) observationsSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21. D) the preservation of minority languages22. C) their theory of evolution23. A) they are being eroded at an alarming rate24. D) It had different implications for different countries.25. B) In the face of population pressure, languages are generally crushed to death by dominant ones.26. C) are rapidly replacing smaller languages, leading to a decrease in linguistic diversity.27. A) They are doomed to extinction because of economic and technical considerations.28. B) Language preservation is important for maintaining the cultural diversity of our planet.29. D) Alejandro Flakier and David Harrison advocate a more flexible approach.30. D) It is necessary to document languages as fully as possible before they disappear.Part B31. B) evidence32. A) span33. D) advocate34. C) counterpart35. D) unconventional36. B) tackling37. A) grain38. C) practical39. B) concern40. D) demonstrationSection III Translation41. Timely and available information is the key to effective decision-making.42. No matter how wealthy and successful he becomes, he always stays humble.43. The company has taken measures to address the issue of employee satisfaction.44. Due to the heavy rain, the match was postponed until the following week.45. It is important to establish a good working relationship with your colleagues.Section IV Writing参考范文：Title: The Importance of Critical Thinking in University EducationIn recent years, critical thinking has emerged as an essential skill that universities aim to cultivate in their students. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of critical thinking in university education and explore its benefits in academic, professional, and personal contexts.First and foremost, critical thinking is crucial in academic settings as it allows students to analyze and evaluate information effectively. By questioning the credibility and reliability of sources, students can develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter and avoid misinformation. Additionally, critical thinking promotes independent and innovative thought, encouraging students to challenge existing theories and develop new perspectives.Furthermore, critical thinking is invaluable in professional settings. Employers seek individuals who can assess complex situations, make informed decisions, and solve problems creatively. By honing their criticalthinking skills, university students gain a competitive advantage in the job market. They are better equipped to navigate challenges and contribute fresh ideas to their organizations.Moreover, critical thinking has significant personal benefits. It enables individuals to think and reason logically, enhancing their decision-making abilities in everyday life. Critical thinkers are more likely to make sound choices based on evidence and consider the potential consequences of their actions. This skill is particularly useful in today's information-driven society, where individuals are constantly confronted with a myriad of choices and opinions.In conclusion, critical thinking plays a fundamental role in university education. It empowers students to analyze information, question assumptions, and develop independent thought. The benefits of critical thinking extend beyond academia, as it equips individuals with skills that are highly sought after in the professional world and essential for making informed decisions in personal life. Therefore, universities should continue to emphasize the development of critical thinking skills among their students.Word count: 514。

2013年湖北武汉大学语言学基础考研真题

2013年湖北武汉大学语言学基础考研真题及答案1. Explain the following terms. ( 5×10=50)（1）cultural transmission（2）complementary distribution（3）morpheme（4）assimilation（5）locutionary act（6）immediate constituents（7）concord（8）idiolect（9）hypercorrection（10）lexeme(1) This process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission. While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we are all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. Language is cultural transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teachingand learning, rather than by instinct.(2) When two sounds never occur in the same environment, and the occurrence of one sound as opposed to another is determined by their phonetic environment, the sounds concerned were said to be in a complementary distribution. Not all the sounds in complementary distribution belong to the same phoneme; if the sounds in complementary distribution belong to the same phoneme, they should be phonetically similar.(3) Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether is lexical or grammatical. Morphemes can be subclassified into different types, depending on what criteria followed, such as free morpheme & bound morpheme, inflectional morpheme& derivational morpheme.(4) Assimilation is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. Assimilation is often used synonymously with co-articulation. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a proceeding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; theconverse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is knows as progressive assimilation.(5) According to Jane Austin, there are three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something. The first sense is an ordinary one. That is, when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. The act performed in this sense is called a locutionary act. It is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. The other two acts are illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.(6) Structural linguists hold that a sentence does not only have a linear structure but also a hierarchical structure. Under this premise, immediate constituents are constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. Theoretically speaking, the constituent may also be a word; a word may also be analyzed into its immediate constituents-morphemes. The last level of constituents, i.e. morphemes, is known as ultimate constituents.(7) Concord, also known as agreement, may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntacticrelationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. For example, in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number; the form of a subject should agree with that of the verb in terms of number in tense. (8) Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. In other words, an individual speaker’s regional and social background, his/ her gender and age jointly determine the way he/she talks. And the language he/she uses, which bears distinctive features of his/her own, is his/ her idiolect. In a narrow sense, what makes up a person’s idiolect also includes such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech tempo and rhythm.(9) Hypercorrection is the process where a rule is applied to contexts in which it is not needed (similar to overgeneralization). It also refers to the incorrect use of a word, pronunciation or other linguistic feature in speaking as a result of the attempt to speak in an educated manner and in the process of replacing a form that is it self correct. For example the use of ‘whom’instead of ‘who’in ‘Whom do you think painted that picture?’Hypercorrections are sometimes used by a speaker ofa second language learner who is attempting to speak correctly or by a speaker of a non-standard variety of a language, when speaking formally.(10) The lexeme is the smallest unit in a meaningful system of language that can de distinguished from other similar unit. It is an abstract sense, when it ‘occurs’in a certain context, is a word-form, which has a particular phonological or orthographical shape. The standard form of the realization of the lexeme is called ‘citation-form’which enters dictionary. The idioms that are semantically understood as a whole will be regarded as a single lexical entry in as dictionary, so they are also regarded as lexeme.2. Briefly answer the following questions: (10×4=40)(1) Why is spoken language is primary and writing secondary? Speech and writing are two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented”by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today’s world there are still manylanguages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguistics, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised”record of speech. Thus their date for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.(2) Why is the negative morpheme in realized as in, im, il ir in such words as inefficient, impossible, illegal, irrelevant? Morpheme is an abstract notion. In the actual context it is realized by morphs called allomorphs. Allomorphs are the actual realization form of a morpheme, usually related to phonological forms. The occurrence of a particular allomorph is closely related to a particular sound context, this is regarded as phonological conditioning, which accounts for the phonic variants of a certain morpheme. The negative morpheme in is an abstract sense, it has four variants in actual sound context: /im/ occurs before labial consonants/m/, /p/, /b/, as in impossible; /ir/ before /r/ as in irrelevant; /il/ before /l/, as in illegal; and /in/before all the other sounds, as in inefficient.(3) What are differences between competence and communicative competence?Noam Chomsky defines competence as a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system or rules. In Chomsky’s view, the native speaker’s competence can be characterized as a set of rules for producing an understanding sentences in his language. To acquire the native speaker’s competence is to obtain the ability of recognizing and producing grammatical sentences in a language.Dell Hymes pointed out ant Chomsky’s competence is necessary but not sufficient for a learner to communicate with others successfully in a speech community. In addition to grammatical accuracy, a successful communication requires appropriacy in the sense that he knows when he speaks what to whom. Thus he extended the notion of competence, restricted by Chomsky to knowledge of grammar, to incorporate the pragmatic ability for language use. This extended idea of competence is called communicative competence.Thus we can see that the content of communicative competence is larger than competence. Communicative competence usuallyincludes the several parts: grammatical competence, that is knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, phonology, and semantics of a language; sociolinguistic competence, that is the knowledge of the relationship between language and its nonlinguistic context, knowing how to use and respond appropriately to different types of speech acts, and so forth; discourse competence, that is knowing how to begin and end conversations and strategic competence, that is knowledge of communication strategies that can compensate for weakness in other areas.(4) How do lexicographers distinguish polysemy from homonymy?What lexicographers can depend on is the etymology of the words in question. A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. The various meanings of the word are related to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence and their meaning is less related.3. Essay problems: (20×3=60)(1) Discuss the differences between structural grammar and TG grammar?Structural grammar and TG grammar have different views onthe nature of language. First, while Bloomfield defines language as a set of utterances and set of “lexical and grammatical habits”, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles. Second, the two grammars have different aims in linguistics. For structural grammar, the aim of linguistics is to describe one or a set of languages: such a description is often evaluated in terms of the use to which it is gonging to be put. For Chomsky, the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universal. Third, the two grammars make use of different types of data in their analysis. The strcuturalists only make use of naturally occurring utterances, observable and observed. They are not allowed to consult the informant whether a sentence is grammatical or not. In contrast, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker’s tactic knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition. Fourth, the two grammars employ different methods. The strcuturalists’methodology is essentially inductive. Chomsky’s method is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure-ageneral linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars for particular languages, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory. Finally, the two grammars view language learning differently. While the strcuturalists follow empiricism in philosophy and behaviourism in psychology, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.(2) Give your ideas about a good test.Lado proposes two basic requirements that a test must fulfil: validity and reliability.A. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. There are several kinds of validity:(a) Content validity. It refers to the extent to which the test adequately covers the syllabus area to be tested. It can be affected by the length, selection of topics, and some other factors of the test.(b) Construct validity. It the test proves the theoretical construct on which it is based, it can be said to have construct validity. (c) Empirical validity. If the results of test correlate with some external criteria, the test can be said to possess empirical validity. Empirical validity can be “concurrent”, when test results match the results of other valid tests or independent measures or“predictive”, when test results correspond with another criterion.(d) Face validity. Unlike the other three forms of validity, face validity is based on the subjective judgement of an observer. If the test appears to be measuring what it intends to measure, the test is considered to have face validity.B. ReliabilityReliability can be defined as consistency. If a test produces the same or very similar results when given to the same candidates twice in succession or marked by different people, it is regarded as having high degree of reliability.Reliability can be affected by two kinds of error. The extrinsic sources of error consist of the variability of the testers and testees, and the variability of the test situation. The intrinsic sources of error are within the test itself. These occur when there is a lack of stability or equivalence.(a) Stability reliability. A measuring device is stable if it gives the same reading when used twice on the same object, assuming there is no change in the object between the two measurements.(b) Equivalence reliability. A measuring device is equivalent to another if they produce the same results when used on the same objects.(3) Discuss the relationship between language and culture.In terms of relationship between language and culture, we can infer that a language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events that represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, and etc. Language expresses cultural reality. On the other hand, as people’s language uses express their culture represented by its social conventions, norms and social appropriateness, the culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically. Sharing a same community culture, people have acquired common ways of viewing the world through their speech interactions with other members of the same group. Although language and culture are inextricably intertwined, culture is a wider system that completely includes language as a subsystem. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people. Language as an integral part of human being, permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality.。

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5、历史比较语言学19世纪逐步发展和完善，是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。