英国高等教育 Higher education in Britain

Higher education in Britain【Abstract】Higher education has a long history in Britain. The British education system is the one of the world's most ancient education systems, which is famous for its higher education.【Key Words】Britain, higher educationBritish emphasis on education , not only gathered the world's most famous and oldest schools and universities, and there is no shortage of new style and awareness of the most innovative institutions. Britain still put Education as a pillar industry in the UK Education policy is to encourage more and more students to the country's educated at the University. UK higher education to implement the two-track system, on the one hand, the autonomy of universities, on the other hand, public colleges and universities. University refers to the classical universities, modern university, University, Open University, and eight universities in Scotland; public colleges and universities in the university refers to the multi-disciplinary Institute of Technology, School of Continuing Education and the Institute of Education. Which multidisciplinary Institute of Technology. Colleges and universities to provide A-level vocational courses, usually grant approved by the local universities, professional qualifications and degrees, including degree certificates, Higher National Certificate (HND) or Certificate of Higher Education (DipHE). The limits of further education colleges and higher education colleges are often very vague and difficult to distinguish from the name of the school. Students need to determine is the end of the course to obtain the required diploma. The only University in the United Kingdom to grant degrees, other educational institutions only qualified recognized by the University in order to grant the degree.The basic situationThere are 165 higher education institutions existing in British. The recruitment of students scale increased in recent years, and it up to 2.396 million in 2008/09 . The student ratio of the local, the countries of the European Union and other countries is about 17:1:2 . The 2008/09 school year, staff number is up to 383000, including 179000 academic staff people, the student and teacher ratio is 13.4:1. The academic staff is occupied 25.6%, while the people engaged in the research is 22.3%, both engaged in teaching and research is 51.5%, part-time teacher accounted for 34.4%.Cultivating mode and systemThere are three years in British university system. The scores of the first year are not included in the three years undergraduate course as British students are expected to learn public courses in the first year. Each department sent excellent teachers to teach the classical courses in professional field. Schools provide a month time for students to choose and determine their professionals. The school year is divided into three semesters, each one include 10 weeks. They focus on improving the comprehensive ability and they encourage students to do some part-time jobs. What’s more, special teachers will help students find jobs. Stude nts would like to spend more time on sports, art, organizations, Practical Work and extracurricular part-time, etc. At the end of every school year, part of the students are asked to repeat a grade or even leave school for the reason thatthey do not fit for their professionals or the schools.They can find a more suitable development direction for their own or replace professional after dropping out. All subjects are reflected in the form of credit, every subject differs from 10 to 20 points. Students are not qualified until they achieve 120 points.The key of educationEvery student is important. The British pay much attention to students' characteristics and follow the educational ideas of attaching importance to individual development. British emphasize on the plan that teach students in accordance of their aptitude.The British higher schools notice creative education of every student. No student can attain high marks if they have no innovation in the courses they focus on. In the British university, almost every course requires students to complete a project with relevant analysis and research. That is, the teacher only give plan or case rather than provide approaching, and student has to complete this with the help of his team or all by himself. This kind of education method make every student in the class can boldly exchange ideas, find and develop their knowledge, improve self-learning, analysis, and reasoning and other many kinds of thinking ability. The teacher is an activity organizer to provide students with the necessary guidance in the course of the events.School of ManagementThe principals in the United Kingdom, primary and secondary school principals power, can be president of the University did not the slightest real power, other countries, the university president is the external representation of the University of the primary administrative leaders, internally, is also the center of the leaders in the school. Britain's university presidents, although the plenary meeting of the President, honorary positions but just a name, usually by a member of the British royal family or celebrities as the implementation of the tenure. Apart from occasionally a major ceremony at the University of principals do not participate in anything of the University. Vice-Chancellor UK University Vice-Chancellor is in fact the top leaders in the school, in general, by the faculty plenary session elected from the dean of the College. The Council is the highest governing body of British universities. The members of this body, including representatives from all sectors. For example, not only the university professors and other teaching staff, as well as political, business representatives. Although these people are not university office, but has an important influence in the University of administrative agencies. They are basically once a work report made by listening to the Vice-Chancellor of the University the right to appoint a new administrative leader. The Council is the executive body of the University by external members and academic researchers. Responsible for Finance, may appoint the teaching staff, and even the Vice-Chancellor of the University, but also the right to approve the recommendations of the Academic Senate to modify the academic charter.Responsible for the academic affairs of the University, Vice-Chancellor is the ex-officio Chairman of the organization, responsibility is accepted the report and recommendations of the Faculty Committee, recommended the appointment of teaching staff, is responsible for undergraduate teaching and discipline, and the right to approve the graduate courses and research programs.The funds of the UK higher educationThe UK higher education funding sources include government appropriations, tuition, scientific research income, social donation and other income. And 50% of the fund sources is from thegovernment.Teaching funds, based on the number of students and the professional standard, achieved by taking measures of computational standard resources and assume that resources ; The main way of scientific research outlays is the quality research foundation, and the evaluation results of scientific research quality decide the grant number.The tuition fee is the main non-governmental source. All of British universities are independent legal entity, who can raise money independently from various channels. But the universities do not make good use of their advantage, so the income of social donation is much lower than the American colleges and universities.The student servicesAs the idea of students foremost, service students become more stable, customer service mode is becoming the trends of the service for students increasingly.Generally speaking, accommodation, vocational guidance, the psychological consultation, health care, economic aid, resource service, sports activities and service for the disabled are passed as the core content of the service work.Professional, professional and network degree is high relatively. Employees have professional doctorate degree in general,and all of them are full-time.Facilitating agency and service items are announced in the website which are clear at a glance, and students can make an appointment for an interview by network or send an email to solve problems.The school provides all kinds of resources to meet the students' practical needs.Schools provide manual instruction related study, the life and work information. They also provide services including laboratory booking, library's 24 hours service, wireless network covering the whole school, network information resources and also provide internships to create a good learning environment.Students also participate in the school construction and self service activities actively .Student delegates join Committees at all levelsso that the students can understand the operation and development trends of the school in time , and maintain their own rights and interests.British universities fund a variety of mass organizations and student union to help students organize, lead and participate in various activities. Some college communities even exceed more than 200.To study abroadUK universities to provide students with opportunities for overseas study has become commonplace, usually to study abroad for a semester or a year, most students learn the language courses, they can go abroad to exercise their language skills, such as this is the case, the course usually lasts four years, students returned to university to complete their studies in the last year. Graduate degreeGraduate degree is often called the "advanced degree". The United Kingdom there are basically two types of graduate degrees: teaching and research style. If students want to continue to pursue a graduate degree, you need to have a good first degree (such as first or second class). The doctorate namely phD, whose full name is "Doctor of Philosophy, has nothing but the degree and Philosophy as a discipline (Philosophy). , Ph.D., is the highest graduate degree, can be any field of study. Master ie, Mphil (Master of Philosophy) is also irrelevant, the Master can be of any subject a year or two-year research degree, and often the transition to the doctorate.Evaluation of performanceThe test system is very strict in Britain. But British exam questions are flexible. They focused on the open subjective topic and rarely given conclusions of should or shouldn’t. British university against the way that examination is everything, so and the exam is not the only criteria. In the final evaluation, students’ standard of scientific researching, practice performances, achievements in scientific researching and their final achievements all accounted for 25%. In addition, the test answer is also quite flexible. All the creative solutions which have innovation significance and research value will get the school’s approvement and encouragement.。