托福学科分类词汇

1astronomy天文astronomy天文学astronomical天文的astronomical observatory 天文台astronomer天文学家astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos(universe)宇宙cosmology宇宙学infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天的celestial body(heavenly body)天体celestial map(sky atlas)天体图celestial sphere天球dwarf(dwarf star)矮星quasar类星体，类星射电源constellation星座galaxy(Milky Way)新河系cluster星团solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid(asteroid)小行星revolve旋转，绕转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石

comet彗星space(outer space)太空，外层空间spacecraft(spaceship)宇宙飞船spaceman(astronaut)宇航员，航天员space suit宇航服，航天服space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut宇航员star恒星stellar恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨corona日冕chromosphere 色球photosphere色球层convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线chondrite球粒absolute magnitude绝对量级radiation辐射emission发射，散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪

2geography地理geography地理geographer地理学家hemisphere半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel平行圈，纬线latitude纬度longitude经度elevation海拔altitude高度temperate latitudes温带地区horizon地平线equator赤道tropics热带地区Arctic北极Antarctic(Antarctica)南极expedition探险time zone时区topography地形，地形学plain平原plateau(highland)高地lowland 低地basin盆地cavern(cave)洞穴terrain地域subterranean(underground)地底下coastland沿海地区island岛屿continental island大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛continent大陆continental shelf大陆架ranges山脉valley峡谷canyon峡谷channel(strait)海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal)地热terrestrial magnetism(geomagnetism)地磁continental drift大陆漂移学说

sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom海床sediment沉淀物，沉积物tropical热带的temperate温带的frigid寒带的formation形成frost heaving冻胀现象fieldstone卵石

3geology地质学geologist地质学家crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer(stratum,复数strata)地层plate板块fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift(crack; split)断裂disintegration(decomposition)分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock变质岩quartz石英limestone石灰岩marble大理石granite花岗岩lithogenous岩成的lithosphere 岩石圈magma岩浆mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床platinum白金，铂silver 银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍

mercury汞，水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石

glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch(age,period)冰川期glacial drift冰渍iceberg冰山volcano火山active volcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano休眠火山eruption火山喷发crater火山口lava火山岩浆volcanic火山的volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰earthquake(quake; tremor;seism)地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级

seismic wave地震波cataclysm灾变

4anthropologist人类学家paleoanthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家origin起源originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous同一种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族archeologist考古学家excavation挖掘excavate (unearth)挖掘ruins遗迹，废墟remains遗迹，遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物，文物antique古物，古董antiquity古代，古老

Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age（青）铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的archaeology考古学anthropology人类学morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的

5ecology生态学ecologist生态学家ecosystem生态系统balance(of nature)自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse effect温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer (ozonosphere)臭氧层

ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution污染pollution control污染控制air pollution空气污染water pollution水污染noise pollution噪音污染soil pollution土壤污染pollution-free无污染pollutant污染物noxious(toxic)有毒的fumes（有毒）废气waste废物solid waste固体垃圾sewage(wastewater)污水sewage purification污水净化sewage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝

6meteorology气象meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家forecast(predict)预报climate气候atmosphere大气层

troposphere对流层current（气）流vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp(wet;moist; humid)潮湿的humidity湿度moisture潮湿；水分saturate饱和dew露frost霜fog(mist)雾smog烟雾droplet小水珠condense浓缩crystal水晶体downpour (torrential rain)大雨tempest(storm)暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard(snowstorm)暴风雪avalanche(snowslide)雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水breeze微风gale大风

whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado(twister,cyclone)龙卷风funnel漏斗，漏斗云disaster(calamity,catastrophe)灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾

7chemistry化学chemical property化学特性，化学性质chemical composition (makeup)化学成分chemical agent化学试剂chemical reaction化学反应chemical change化学变化chemical bond化学键chemical apparatus化学器械substance (matter;material)物质element元素periodic table周期表hydrogen氢oxygen 氧nitrogen氮

helium氦carbon碳calcium钙silicon硅sulfur硫iodine碘compound化合物hydrocarbon碳氢化合物derivative衍生物alchemy炼金术petroleum(oil)石油petroleum products石油产品crude oil原油refine提炼，精炼gasoline汽油