托福学科分类词汇

1astronomy天文astronomy天文学astronomical天文的astronomical observatory 天文台astronomer天文学家astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos(universe)宇宙cosmology宇宙学infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天的celestial body(heavenly body)天体celestial map(sky atlas)天体图celestial sphere天球dwarf(dwarf star)矮星quasar类星体，类星射电源constellation星座galaxy(Milky Way)新河系cluster星团solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid(asteroid)小行星revolve旋转，绕转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet彗星space(outer space)太空，外层空间spacecraft(spaceship)宇宙飞船spaceman(astronaut)宇航员，航天员space suit宇航服，航天服space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut宇航员star恒星stellar恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨corona日冕chromosphere 色球photosphere色球层convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线chondrite球粒absolute magnitude绝对量级radiation辐射emission发射，散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪2geography地理geography地理geographer地理学家hemisphere半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel平行圈，纬线latitude纬度longitude经度elevation海拔altitude高度temperate latitudes温带地区horizon地平线equator赤道tropics热带地区Arctic北极Antarctic(Antarctica)南极expedition探险time zone时区topography地形，地形学plain平原plateau(highland)高地lowland 低地basin盆地cavern(cave)洞穴terrain地域subterranean(underground)地底下coastland沿海地区island岛屿continental island大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛continent大陆continental shelf大陆架ranges山脉valley峡谷canyon峡谷channel(strait)海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal)地热terrestrial magnetism(geomagnetism)地磁continental drift大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom海床sediment沉淀物，沉积物tropical热带的temperate温带的frigid寒带的formation形成frost heaving冻胀现象fieldstone卵石3geology地质学geologist地质学家crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer(stratum,复数strata)地层plate板块fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift(crack; split)断裂disintegration(decomposition)分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock变质岩quartz石英limestone石灰岩marble大理石granite花岗岩lithogenous岩成的lithosphere 岩石圈magma岩浆mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床platinum白金，铂silver 银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞，水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch(age,period)冰川期glacial drift冰渍iceberg冰山volcano火山active volcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano休眠火山eruption火山喷发crater火山口lava火山岩浆volcanic火山的volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰earthquake(quake; tremor;seism)地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic wave地震波cataclysm灾变4anthropologist人类学家paleoanthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家origin起源originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous同一种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族archeologist考古学家excavation挖掘excavate (unearth)挖掘ruins遗迹，废墟remains遗迹，遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物，文物antique古物，古董antiquity古代，古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age（青）铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的archaeology考古学anthropology人类学morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的5ecology生态学ecologist生态学家ecosystem生态系统balance(of nature)自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse effect温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer (ozonosphere)臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution污染pollution control污染控制air pollution空气污染water pollution水污染noise pollution噪音污染soil pollution土壤污染pollution-free无污染pollutant污染物noxious(toxic)有毒的fumes（有毒）废气waste废物solid waste固体垃圾sewage(wastewater)污水sewage purification污水净化sewage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝6meteorology气象meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家forecast(predict)预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层current（气）流vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp(wet;moist; humid)潮湿的humidity湿度moisture潮湿；水分saturate饱和dew露frost霜fog(mist)雾smog烟雾droplet小水珠condense浓缩crystal水晶体downpour (torrential rain)大雨tempest(storm)暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard(snowstorm)暴风雪avalanche(snowslide)雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水breeze微风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado(twister,cyclone)龙卷风funnel漏斗，漏斗云disaster(calamity,catastrophe)灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾7chemistry化学chemical property化学特性，化学性质chemical composition (makeup)化学成分chemical agent化学试剂chemical reaction化学反应chemical change化学变化chemical bond化学键chemical apparatus化学器械substance (matter;material)物质element元素periodic table周期表hydrogen氢oxygen 氧nitrogen氮helium氦carbon碳calcium钙silicon硅sulfur硫iodine碘compound化合物hydrocarbon碳氢化合物derivative衍生物alchemy炼金术petroleum(oil)石油petroleum products石油产品crude oil原油refine提炼，精炼gasoline汽油methane甲烷solution溶液dissolve溶解solvent溶剂solubility可溶性cohesive聚合力adhesive粘合力atom原子nucleus原子核electron电子neutron中子proton质子molecule分子particle粒子ion离子particle accelerator粒子加速器catalysis（复数catalyses）催化作用catalyst催化剂artificial人造的synthetic合成的synthetic fiber人造纤维polymer聚合物polymerization聚合作用plastic塑料dye染料cosmetics化妆品8．physics物理physics物理mechanics力学thermodynamics热力学acoustics 声学electromagnetism电磁学optics光学dynamics动力学force力velocity速度acceleration加速度equilibrium平衡statics静力学motion运动inertia惯性gravitation引力relativity相对gravity地心引力vibration震动medium(media)媒质frequency频率wavelength 波长pitch音高intensity强度echo回声resonance回声，洪亮sonar声纳ultrasonics超声学electricity电static electricity静电magnetism磁性，磁力magnet磁体electromagnet电磁magnetic field磁场electric current电流direct current(DC)直流电alternating current(AC)交流电electric circuit电路electric charge电荷electric voltage电压electric shock触电electric appliance电器conductor 导体insulator绝缘体semiconductor半导体battery(cell)电池dry battery干电池storage battery蓄电池electronics电子学electronic电子的electronic component(part)电子零件integrated circuit集成电路chip集成电器片，集成块electron tube电子管vacuum tube真空管transistor晶体管amplification(名词)放大amplify（动词）放大amplifier放大器，扬声器oscillation震荡optical光（学）的optical fiber光学纤维lens透镜，镜片convex凸透镜concave凹透镜microscope显微镜telescope望远镜magnifier放大镜spectrum光谱ultraviolet 紫外线X rays X射线Gamma raysγ射线infrared rays红外线microwaves微波dispersion色散transparent透明translucent半透明opaque不透明的9mathematics mathematics数学mathematician数学家arithmetic算术calculation计算calculator计算器abacus 算盘numeral数字sum和total(sum total)总和，总数aggregate总计fraction 分数，小数decimal十进位，（十进）小数digit数字，数位percentage百分比addition加法plus加上subtraction减法minus减去multiplication乘法multiplication table乘法表multiply乘以times乘以power乘方square平方division除法divide除以algebra代数quantity表示量的数（或符号）equation方程式，等式formula公式root根geometry几何geometric几何的dimension维parallel adj.平行的n.平行线quadrilateral四边形square正方形area面积rectangle长方形，矩形polygon多边形cube立方形volume体积sphere球形circle圆形ellipse(oval)椭圆形cone圆锥形circumference圆周diameter直径radius半径triangle三角形angle角degree(角)度calculus微积分differential calculus微分学integral calculus 积分学function函数probability概率statistics统计quantitative量的，数量的qualitative质的，质量的deduction(inference)推论，演绎induction归纳10agriculture农业agriculture(farming)农业agricultural农业的land(soil)土壤；土地soil conservation土壤保护soil erosion泥土流失silt粉砂，泥沙clay 黏土，湿土adobe clod土块agrarian土地的，农业的pilot(experimental)试验性的harrow(rake)耙，耙土ridge田埂furrow犁沟plot（patch）小块地ranch农场，牧场plantation种植园orchard果园nursery苗圃seedbed苗床sickle镰刀spade铲，锹shovel (平头)铲pick稿tractor拖拉机cultivate(till)耕作sow(seed)播种harvest收割weed除草irrigate灌溉manure(fertilizer)肥料spray喷洒（农药）insecticide(pesticide)杀虫剂pest害虫rust锈病grain(cereal)谷物，谷粒granary(grain store)粮仓mill碾，磨wheat小麦corn玉米rice大米barley大麦sorghum高粱oats燕麦rye黑麦millet粟，小米vegetable蔬菜horticulture园艺学hydroponics水栽法，营养液栽培法greenhouse(glasshouse,hotbed)温室cabbage洋白菜lettuce生菜mustard芥菜spinach菠菜broccoli花椰菜cucumber黄瓜eggplant茄子pepper 辣椒pumpkin南瓜tomato西红柿beet甜菜carrot胡萝卜radish小红萝卜pea豌豆soybean大豆celery芹菜garlic大蒜leek韭菜onion洋葱头potato土豆peanut花生sesame芝麻cotton棉花husbandry (animal husbandry)畜牧业pasture牧场livestock家畜fowl(poultry)家禽cattle牛，家畜buffalo野牛dairy(dairy cattle)奶牛dairy farm乳牛场hay （作饲料用）干草haystack干草堆fodder(feed)饲料trough饲料槽barn(shed)牲口槽stable厩，马厩cowshed牛棚pigpen(hog pen,pigsty)猪圈sheepfold(sheep pen)羊栏roost(hen house)鸡舍fish farm养鱼场aquaculture水产养殖11animal动物Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择class纲order 目family科genus属suborder亚目species种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic(life)水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian (amphibious animal)两栖动物dinosaur恐龙bird鸟类extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物primates灵长目动物insect昆虫antenna(复数antennae)触须larva幼虫，幼体camouflage伪装pest害虫worm虫，蠕虫hibernate冬眠lizard 蜥蜴chameleon变色蜥蜴regeneration再生turtle龟beast野兽domesticate 驯养predatory(carnivorous)食肉的predator捕食者prey（动词）捕食（名词）被捕食的动物scavenger食腐动物migrate迁移wing翅膀，翼bill（鸟）嘴beak （鹰等的）嘴nest筑巢dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼bat蝙蝠gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩habitat栖息地rodent啮齿动物（如松鼠）primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如珊瑚）shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster对虾crab螃蟹clam蛤蜊sponge海绵coral珊瑚starfish 海星canary金丝雀chirp(鸟，虫的叫声)唧唧squeak（老鼠等）吱吱porpoise海豚sloth树懒slothful懒惰的hygiene卫生sanitation卫生parasite寄生虫moth蛾caterpillar毛虫hordes(昆虫等)群swarms(昆虫等)群flock（鸟，羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落herd兽群bunch（花等）束，捧beaver 海狸monogamous一夫一妻的，一雄一雌的polygamous一夫多妻的，一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的trapper诱捕动物者rhinoceros犀牛niche小生态环境vestige退化器官，遗迹oyster牡蛎ertilizer使…受精larvae幼虫tentacle触角homotherm恒温动物poikilotherm变温动物metabolism新陈代谢baboon狒狒breed(名词)品种，（动词）繁殖multiply（reproduce）繁殖hatch 孵spawn(鱼、虾、蛙等)孵offspring(young)解剖学anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物microbe微生物herbivorous食草的carnivorous食肉的omnivorous杂事的12plant植物botany植物学botanist植物学家botanical(botanic)植物的plant 植物aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root根canopy树冠层，顶棚foliage(leaf)叶leaflet小叶rosette(叶的)丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot(sprout)嫩芽，抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel(skin)果皮shell(硬)果壳husk（干）果壳；（玉米）苞叶trunk树干branch 树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝bark树皮jungle丛林lawn草坪meadow草地，牧场prairie大草原shrub(bush)灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物herb草photosynthesis光合作用symbiosis共生wither(shrivel,fade)凋谢pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉pollination授粉cell细胞tissue组织organ器官system 系统seeds种子everlasting永久的orchid兰花pollinate授粉crossbreed杂交shrub灌木sequoia红杉root pressure根压cohesion-tension凝聚压力bore腔，肠column花柱symbiotic共生的immunity免疫organism生物，有机物necrosis 坏死barren贫瘠futile无用的carbohydrate(starch)碳水化合物（淀粉），糖类glucose 葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin维他命calorie卡路里（热量单位）malnourished营养不良的nutrition营养13politics政治constitution宪法legislation立法Democrats民主党Republicans共和党Amendment修正案Congress美国国会Senate参议院House of Representatives众议院monarchy君主制anarchism无政府主义federal system联邦制presidential system总统制municipal市的，市政的metropolitan大都市的centralized中央集权的ideology意识形态maneuver擦略tariff关税immigrant 移民institutionalize机构化election选举vote投票officeholding任职veto 否决American Revolution美国革命/独立战争Independence War美国独立战争American Civil War美国内战radical激进的,根本的overturning颠覆性的independent独立的breathtaking激动人心的military军事的colonize拓殖，殖民per capita人均treason叛国conspiracy阴谋imprisonment监禁release释放pardon特赦accusation谴责，指控welfare福利patronage资助，赞助unionization联合，结合14education教育educator教育家higher education高等教育moral character道德品质domain领域faculty全体教员alumni校友treasurer生活委员，财务大臣elective system选课制度curriculum课程（总称）discipline学科，管理learn by rote死记硬背15music音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra乐队string弦乐wind管乐shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound drum击鼓footbeat点脚，跺脚percussion 震荡，打击乐器note音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐16psychology心理mental心理的physical身体的，物质的，物理的spiritual心灵的conformity从众majority多数人minority少数人threshold judgment（心理学）初始性判断subject受实验对象17people人物artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor 先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格，体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的，奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的，不可思议的unique独一无二的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的，无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的，情感的sentimental感伤的，多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的，无生命力的patriarchal家长的，族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的nervous紧张的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent 杰出的outstanding杰出的versatile(人)多才多艺的，（物体）多功能的household 家庭的，家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic逼真的symbolic象征性的immortal 不朽的，神nostalgia怀旧主义，思乡emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic经典的posthumous死后的。